BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs...BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.展开更多
To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subseq...To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subsequently,the effect of SBOS on microbial community structure and metabolites was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results showed that SBOS was not easily enzymolyzed during simulated digestion and could reach the large intestine through the digestive system.The significant decrease in the molecular mass of SBOS after in vitro fermentation indicated its utilization by the gut microbiota,which increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,thereby reducing the pH of the fermentation broth.Moreover,the core community was found to consist of Blautia,Lactobacillaceae,and Pediococcus.SBOS up-regulated beneficial differential metabolites such as myo-inositol,lactose,and glucose,which were closely related to galactose,amino sugar,and nucleotide sugar metabolism.This study will provide a reference for exploring the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolites of SBOS,and provide a basis for the development and application of SBOS as an ingredient for functional products.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to investigate the association of atopic dermatitis(AD)and anxiety/depression behaviors induced by AD with the intestinal microbiota.Additionally,it sought to evaluate the therapeutic potent...Objective:This study aimed to investigate the association of atopic dermatitis(AD)and anxiety/depression behaviors induced by AD with the intestinal microbiota.Additionally,it sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of mannan oligosaccharide(MOS)in alleviating AD symptoms through the modulation of the gut microbiota and the enhancement of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production.Methods:Female Kunming mice were challenged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB)to induce AD-like symptoms.MOS was administered orally daily for 14 days.On the 6th and 11th days post-modeling,the number of scratching bouts in mice was recorded.Following dissection,epidermal thickness,mast cell infiltration,and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured.Meanwhile,cerebral levels of neurotransmitters,including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and norepinephrine(NE),were assessed.The abundance of intestinal microbiota and fecal concentrations of SCFAs were also analyzed.Results:MOS significantly reduced AD-like symptoms by reducing inflammatory cytokines,as reflected in a significant decrease in the number of scratching bouts,epidermal thickness,mast cells and inflammatory cytokine levels.MOS intervention up-regulated the expression of 5-HT and NE,and consequently alleviated anxiety and depression-like behaviors.Furthermore,compared with the AD group,MOS intervention increased the gut microbiota abundance of mice,especially beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Klebsiella.At the same time,these beneficial bacteria significantly increased the fecal contents of SCFAs,especially propionic acid.Correlation analysis indicated that AD amelioration was positively correlated with fecal SCFAs levels and the proliferation of certain intestinal microbes.Conclusion:MOS intervention could offer a novel approach to managing AD and its psychological comorbidities.展开更多
Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of dis...Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of disaccharides,tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of CS-B and CS-T based on the acid or enzymatic degradation of natural CS polysaccharide in 9 or 10 steps.Our approach is the shortest synthetic route toward size-defined CS-B and CS-T oligosaccharides reported to date.In addition,a regioselective protection method of hydroxyls is highlighted,which has achieved the regioselective protection of 4 hydroxyl groups among 7 equatorial hydroxyl groups.By preparing size-defined rare CS oligosaccharides from commercially available natural CS polysaccharides,this strategy has the potential to meet the need of rare natural oligosaccharides.展开更多
Background Konjac oligosaccharide(KOS),which is produced through the degradation of konjac glucomannan via enzymatic,chemical,or physical treatments,has been found to have laxative effects.The current study aimed to e...Background Konjac oligosaccharide(KOS),which is produced through the degradation of konjac glucomannan via enzymatic,chemical,or physical treatments,has been found to have laxative effects.The current study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the laxative effect of KOS.Methods KOS was administered by gavage to wild-type and 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor(5-HT4R)-knockout C57BL/6 mice subjected to loperamide-induced constipation for four weeks.Following treatment,feces,blood,small intestine,colonic tissue,and intestinal contents were collected.Constipation-related parameters,gastrointestinal hormones,and Ca2+concentrations were evaluated.Histopathological changes were examined via hematoxylin and eosin staining.Immunofluorescence staining,Western blotting,and immunohistochemical staining were performed to detect the 5-HT4R/cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A(PKA)pathway.Isolated smooth muscle cells(SMCs)were treated with KOS and GR113808(a 5-HT4R antagonist),morphologically observed under an inverted microscope,and identified byα-SMA immunofluorescence staining.Cell viability was assessed via CCK-8 assays.5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB pathway activity in SMCs was detected via Western blotting.Results KOS alleviated loperamide-induced constipation in mice.KOS activated the 5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB pathway in loperamide-induced constipated mice.The protective effect of KOS was significantly diminished in 5-HT4R−/−mice.KOS promoted the proliferation of SMCs by activating the 5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB signaling pathway.Conclusion KOS improves loperamide-induced constipation by activating the 5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB signaling pathway.展开更多
Tropomyosin(TM)is the predominant allergenic protein in shrimp,which has induced IgE-mediated food allergy reactions.In this study,Lit v 1 was purified from Penaeus vannamei muscles,which were glyco sylated by pectic ...Tropomyosin(TM)is the predominant allergenic protein in shrimp,which has induced IgE-mediated food allergy reactions.In this study,Lit v 1 was purified from Penaeus vannamei muscles,which were glyco sylated by pectic oligosaccharides.The results showed that di-galacturonic acid(DGA)and galacturonic acid(GA)induced the unfolding of the primary protein structure of TM,and changedα-helical structure,and IgE binding capacity.In addition,compared with TM-sensitized BALB/c mice,GA-modified TM(GA-TM)and DGA-modified TM(DGA-TM)were insufficient to stimulate sensitization,and significantly reduced the hypersecretion of IgE,IgG1,HIS,and IL-4,up-regulated IgG2a and IFN-y levels to improve imbalanced Th1/Th2,Treg/Th17 immunity,and promoted mRNA expression of tight junction proteins.Together,this study confirmed that glycosylation modification alleviated sensitization by altering TM structure,reducing IgE binding allergic inflammatory response,and regulating cytokine immune balance.Overall,these results indicated that glycosylation modification was a promising method for decreasing the allergenic reactivity of allergic proteins.展开更多
The prebiotic effects of hyaluronan(HA)are widely recognized,contributing to improved gut health and immune modulation.Despite its extensive use as dietary supplement,the specific interactions between HA oligosacchari...The prebiotic effects of hyaluronan(HA)are widely recognized,contributing to improved gut health and immune modulation.Despite its extensive use as dietary supplement,the specific interactions between HA oligosaccharides(o-HAs)and the gut microbiome remain largely unexplored.To investigate its role and metabolic fate in gut homeostasis,200 mg/day of o-HAs(average molecule weight 1 kDa)were added to an automated computer-controlled SIMulator of the Gastrointestinal tract(SIMGI).The results revealed a significant reshaping of the intestinal flora composition by o-HAs,notably reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio.Fermentation of o-HAs by gut microbiota significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium,Prevotellaceae_Prevotella,Dialister,Eubacterium,and Sutterella,but decreased that of Catenibacterium,Oscillospira,Klebsiella,and Citrobacter(P<0.05).This corresponded with significant enhancements in the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)such as acetic acid,propionic acid and n-butyric acid,highlighting the significant impact of o-HAs at the genus level.Furthermore,analysis of microbial function predicted the downregulation of pathological events in nine human diseases,particularly infectious ones(parasitic and bacterial).Potential inhibitions were observed in metabolic pathways associated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions as well as cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance.These findings underscore the in vitro prebiotic effects of o-HAs and their potential relevance in managing diverticular diseases or preventing metabolic disorders through the regulation of gut microbiota.展开更多
Background:Chitosan oligosaccharide(COS)is the major degradation product of chitosan by enzymatic processes.COS,with complete water solubility,exerts significant biological effects,including anti-cancer activity.We in...Background:Chitosan oligosaccharide(COS)is the major degradation product of chitosan by enzymatic processes.COS,with complete water solubility,exerts significant biological effects,including anti-cancer activity.We investigated the anti-tumor effects of COS on colorectal cancer as effective therapeutic methods with low side effects are lacking.Methods:COS was obtained from low molecular weight chitosan by an enzymatic method and the anticancer effects were measured by cell viability assay,flow cytometry analysis,Western blotting,and xenograft.Results:COS suppressed the proliferation of SNU-C5 cells compared to other colorectal cancer cells,but higher concentrations were required in the xenograft model.Co-treatment with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)and COS enhanced the anti-cancer effects of 5-FU in SNU-C5 cells in vitro and in vivo.Flow cytometry revealed that COS induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase without 5-FU or at the S and G2/M phases with 5-FU but did not affect cell death pathways.COS increased extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase(ERK)activation with or without 5-FU,whereas 5-FU treatment increased p53 activation.A low-dose of an ERK inhibitor suppressed COS-induced ERK activation and resulted in higher proliferation compared with COS.Conclusions:These results suggest that COS might enhance the anti-cancer effects of 5-FU in SNU-C5 colorectal cancer cells by activating ERK.展开更多
Background:Polygonati cyrtonema Hua(PC)has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor.Oligosaccharide is one of the main active components of P...Background:Polygonati cyrtonema Hua(PC)has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor.Oligosaccharide is one of the main active components of PC.At present,the research on Polygonatum cyrtonema oligosaccharides(PCOS)is not deep,and there is a lack of systematic research on the optimization of extraction process of pcos and the change of pcos and Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide content before and after wine steaming.Methods:The optimum extraction process of oligosaccharides from PC was optimized,and the content of oligosaccharides before and after wine steaming of PC was investigated.The single factor experiment was carried out with the ratio of liquid to material,extraction temperature and extraction time as the investigation factors.The extraction process of PCOS was optimized by Box Behnken design-response surface methodology,and the changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides before and after wine steaming were studied.Results:The optimal extraction process for the PCOS was 32:1 mL/g,85℃,and 1.5 h.The total PCOS decreased slightly after steaming,but the percentage of the total sugar increased.Conclusion:The extraction process of PCOS optimized by response surface method is reasonable and feasible.The changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides during the steaming process of PC can reveal the processing mechanism of PC to a certain extent,and provide scientific basis and technical support for better in-depth excavation and development and utilization of PCOS.展开更多
Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized...Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups:i)normal saline control(NSC),ii)xylotriose(XOS3),iii)xylotetraose(XOS4),iv)mannotriose(MOS3),v)mannotetraose(MOS4),and vi)no injection control(NIC),each containing 4 replicate trays with 8 eggs per replicate.On d 17 of incubation,3 mg of oligosaccharides(except for controls)dissolved in 0.5 mL of 0.85%normal saline were injected into the amnion of Cobb 500 broilers eggs.After hatch,the chicks were raised for 28 d under standard husbandry practices and were fed a commercial broilers diet ad libitum,and samples were collected periodically.Results:The hatchability,growth performance,and relative weights of breast,drumstick,liver,and proventriculus were not different among the treatments(P>0.05).The XOS3 injection increased the total short-chain fatty acid production at d 28 compared with both control groups(P<0.05).The villus height to crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in the XOS4 group than both controls on the hatch day(P<0.01)but were not different among any treatments on d 7 and 28(P>0.05).On the hatch day,the expression level of the CD3 gene(a T cell marker)was increased by XOS3,while the IL-10 gene(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)was reduced by MOS4(P<0.05)compared with both controls.Compared with both controls,XOS3 exhibited a trend of reduction for IL-10(P=0.074).No cytokines or lymphocyte markers were affected by the treatments on d 7(P>0.05),except XOS4 increased IL-4 compared with NSC(P<0.05).The broilers in the MOS4 group had higher operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and had more differentially abundant taxa,including order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae(P<0.05)than both controls on d 28.The predictive functional profiling indicated that the linoleic acid metabolism pathway was enriched in the cecal microbiota of the XOS3 group compared with both controls(P<0.05).Conclusion:The effects of these XOS and MOS on ileal mucosa and immunity are transient,but the effects on fermentation and cecal microbiota are prolonged,and further research is warranted to determine their use as a gut health promoter in poultry.展开更多
The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (la...The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.展开更多
Taxol production of Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. var. mairei (Lemee et Lévl.) Cheng et L. K. Fu induced by oligosaccharide from Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atkinson) Snyder et Hansen was ...Taxol production of Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. var. mairei (Lemee et Lévl.) Cheng et L. K. Fu induced by oligosaccharide from Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atkinson) Snyder et Hansen was studied in suspension cultures, and it was found that oligosaccharide triggered cell apoptosis. Under transmission electron microscope the following morphological changes were observed: cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm, nuclear fragmentation, and the increase of high electron density bodies in vacuole in great quantity. In oligosaccharide_treated cells, agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that DNA was digested into oligonucleosomal fragments that were times of 200 bp appearing as DNA ladders. Control cells were in normal physiological state, they were intact, abundant in organelle and with integral nucleus DNA, and the rate of taxol biosynthesis in these cells was very low. After the oligosaccharide to the culture system, the defense system of cells was elicited and the secondary metabolism was strengthened, i.e. phenolics were accumulated in the medium, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was increased quickly and secondary wall of cells was thickened. The activity of L _phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the critical enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, was increased promptly 1 h after elicitation. The rate of taxol production was improved sharply and the maximal taxol concentration at 72 h was six times that of control. Appearance of cell apoptosis was accompanied with the highest concentration of taxol in suspension cultures.展开更多
[Objective] The induced disease resistance of Antarctic bacteria B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide on cucumber was studied.[Method] Taking the cucumber seedlings as experimental materials,the molecular weight,monosacc...[Objective] The induced disease resistance of Antarctic bacteria B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide on cucumber was studied.[Method] Taking the cucumber seedlings as experimental materials,the molecular weight,monosaccharide composition of Antarctic bacteria B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide were studied,its induced effect on the defense enzyme in cucumber leaves and the induced resistance against powdery mildew were also investigated.[Result] Through gel permeation chromatography,the molecular weight of B-3 oligosaccharides was determined to be 2 112 Da;B-3 oligosaccharides was composed by two monosaccharides including of mannose and glucose.The activities of chinitase,β-1,3-glucanse,phenylanine,ammonialyse（PAL）,superoxide dismutase（SOD）,and peroxidase（POD）in cucumber seedlings all increased compared with control when 0.3%,0.5% and 0.8% B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide were sprayed on the seedlings of cucumber for different times,respectively,which had the similar induction effect with 0.5% chitosan;at the same time,0.5% oligosaccharides could significantly reduce the disease index of cucumber powdery mildew,the control effect reached 24.49%.[Conclusion] B-3 oligosaccharides is expected to be developed as a new type of resistance elicitor.展开更多
Carrageenans(CGNs)are widely used in foods and pharmaceuticals although their safety remains controversial.To investigate the effects of CGNs and CGN-degrading bacteria in the human colon,we screened for CGN degradati...Carrageenans(CGNs)are widely used in foods and pharmaceuticals although their safety remains controversial.To investigate the effects of CGNs and CGN-degrading bacteria in the human colon,we screened for CGN degradation by human fecal microbiota,and for inflammatory response to CGNs and/or CGN-degrading bacteria in germ free mice.Thin-layer chromatography indicated that high molecular weight(MW)CGNs(!100 kDa)remained undegraded in the presence of human fecal microbiota,whereas low MW CGNs,i.e.,k-carrageenan oligosaccharides(KCO,~4.5 kDa)were degraded when exposed to seven of eight human fecal samples,although sulfate groups were not removed during degradation.Bacteroides xylanisolvens and Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples apparently degraded KCO synergistically,with B.xylanisolvens serving as the primary degrader.Combined treatment of KCO with KCO-degrading bacteria led to greater pro-inflammatory effects in the colon and rectum of germ-free mice than either KCO or bacteria alone.Similarly,p-p38-,CD3-,and CD79a-positive immune cells were more abundant in combined treatment group mice than in either single treatment group.Our study shows that KCO-degrading bacteria and the low MW products of KCO can promote proinflammatory effects in mice,and represent two key markers for evaluating CGN safety in foods or medicines.展开更多
Background:Polysaccharides have various biological activities;the complexation of polysaccharides with trace element ions can produce synergistic effects,improving the original biological activities of sugars and trac...Background:Polysaccharides have various biological activities;the complexation of polysaccharides with trace element ions can produce synergistic effects,improving the original biological activities of sugars and trace elements.Methods:The preparation process of chitosan oligosaccharide selenium(COSSe)was optimized by the response surface method,followed by a detailed analysis of the resultant compound’s characteristics.The anti-cancer activity of COSSe was studied using the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 as a cell model.Results:The prepared COSSe response surface was well predicted,indicating successful chitosan oligosaccharide binding with selenium.Response surface method analyses identified the optimal synthesis conditions for COSSe:the reaction time of 5.08 h,the reaction temperature of 71.8°C,and mass ratio(Na2SeO3:chitosan oligosaccharide)of 1.02.Under the optimal conditions,the final product,the selenium content,reached 1.302%.The results of cell experiments showed that COSSe significantly inhibited SKOV3 proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.RNA-seq results showed that chitosan oligosaccharide and COSSe significantly modulated the expression of genes’DNA metabolic processes and cell cycle in SKOV3 cells.Gene enrichment analysis showed the inhibition of the cell cycle,and the results of flow cytometry showed that SKOV3 cells increased in the S phase and decreased in the G2/M phase,with a noted suppression in the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2)and cyclin A1(CCNA1).Conclusion:COSSe has a stronger effect than chitosan oligosaccharide,leading to the arrest of the cell cycle in the S phase.Thus,COSSe may be an effective candidate for the treatment of ovarian cancer.展开更多
In order to determine the role of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADO) in drought stress resistance of tomato (Ly-copersicon esculentum Miller) seedlings, the leaves were exposed to different concentrations of ADO ...In order to determine the role of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADO) in drought stress resistance of tomato (Ly-copersicon esculentum Miller) seedlings, the leaves were exposed to different concentrations of ADO (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30% and 0.50%) after drought stress was simulated by exposing the roots to 0.6 molL-1 PEG-6000 solution for 6 h. Changes in biomass, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA), free proline, total soluble sugars (TSS) and abscisic acid (ABA), the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were measured to investigate the effects of ADO treatment. The results showed that the treatment with an ADO concentration of 0.20% exhibited the highest performance of drought stress resistance in the tomato seedlings by decreasing the electrolyte leakage and the concentration of MDA, increasing the contents of free proline, TSS and ABA, and increasing the activities of CAT, SOD, POD and PAL after treatment with ADO. It is suggested that changes in electrolyte leakage, MDA, osmotic solutes, ABA, anti-oxidative enzyme and PAL activities were responsible for the increased drought stress resistance in tomato seedlings. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of ADO treatment on enhancing the drought stress resistance of tomato seedlings.展开更多
Background: Alginate oligosaccharide(AOS), produced from alginate by alginate lyase-mediated depolymerisation, is a potential substitute for antibiotics and possesses growth-enhancing effects. Nevertheless, the mechan...Background: Alginate oligosaccharide(AOS), produced from alginate by alginate lyase-mediated depolymerisation, is a potential substitute for antibiotics and possesses growth-enhancing effects. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which AOS regulates porcine growth remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the AOS-mediated changes in the growth performance of weaned pigs by determining the intestinal morphology, barrier function,as well as epithelium apoptosis.Methods: Twenty-four weaned pigs were distributed into two groups(n = 12) and received either a basal diet(control group) or the same diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg AOS. On d 15, D-xylose(0.1 g/kg body weight)was orally administrated to eight randomly selected pigs per treatment, and their serum and intestinal mucosa samples were collected 1 h later.Results: Our results showed that inclusion of AOS in the diet for 2 wk increased(P < 0.05) the average daily body weight gain in weaned pigs. Notably, AOS supplementation ameliorated the intestinal morphology and barrier function, as suggested by the enhanced(P < 0.05) intestinal villus height, secretory immunoglobulin A content and goblet cell counts. Compared to the control group, AOS ingestion both decreased(P < 0.05) the total apoptotic percentage and increased(P < 0.05) the proportion of S phase in the intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, AOS not only up-regulated(P < 0.05) the B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL2) transcriptional level but also down-regulated(P < 0.05) the B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein(BAX), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3(caspase-3) and caspase-9 transcriptional levels in the small intestine.Conclusions: In summary, this study provides evidence that supplemental AOS beneficially affects the growth performance of weaned pigs, which may result from the improved intestinal morphology and barrier function,as well as the inhibited enterocyte death, through reducing apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.展开更多
Kiwifruit is an extremely perishable fruit;postharvest disease and senescence during storage can reduce the fruit quality,resulting in economic loss.Considerable research effort has focused on identifying safe and cos...Kiwifruit is an extremely perishable fruit;postharvest disease and senescence during storage can reduce the fruit quality,resulting in economic loss.Considerable research effort has focused on identifying safe and cost-effective ways to preserve fresh kiwifruit.To this end,the present study investigated the effects of alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)soaking treatment on postharvest quality and disease in the‘Bruno’variety of kiwifruit.The involved physiological mechanisms were further explored.The results showed that AOS did not inhibit the growth of Botrytis cinerea in vitro,the causal agent of gray mold in kiwifruit,but reduced the incidence of gray mold and diameter of lesions of kiwifruit during storage.Kiwifruit treated with 50 mg·L-1 AOS showed a higher degree of firmness and lower soluble solid content than control fruit treated with distilled water.Moreover,AOS treatment inhibited the activity of polygalacturonase and pectinesterase,while enhancing the activity of polyphenoloxidase,l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase andβ-1,3-glucanase related to pathogen defense,and also improved total antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH,FRAP,and ABTS methods in kiwifruit.These results indicate that 50 mg·L-1 AOS can confer disease resistance in kiwifruit during storage.展开更多
Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS), belonging to the class of functional marine oligosaccharides, are low-molecular polymers linked by β-1,4-mannuronic acid(M) and α-1,4-guluronic acid(G), which could be classically obt...Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS), belonging to the class of functional marine oligosaccharides, are low-molecular polymers linked by β-1,4-mannuronic acid(M) and α-1,4-guluronic acid(G), which could be classically obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate. With low viscosity and good water solubility, as well as anti-oxidant, immune regulation, anti-bacterial and antiinflammatory activities, AOS have been widely used in medical science and functional food, green agriculture and other fields. As new bio-feed additives, AOS have broad potential applications in animal husbandry. In this review, the sources of alginate, chemical structure and preparation methods of AOS, and their biological activities and application in livestock and poultry are summarized. We expect this review could contribute to lay a foundation of application and further research for AOS in livestock and poultry.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in ...The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides （FOS）, galactooligosaccharides （GOS）, mannanoligosaccharides （MOS）, and ehitooligosaccharides （COS） [1000 mg/（kg body weightd）]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased （P〈0.05） by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.
文摘To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subsequently,the effect of SBOS on microbial community structure and metabolites was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results showed that SBOS was not easily enzymolyzed during simulated digestion and could reach the large intestine through the digestive system.The significant decrease in the molecular mass of SBOS after in vitro fermentation indicated its utilization by the gut microbiota,which increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,thereby reducing the pH of the fermentation broth.Moreover,the core community was found to consist of Blautia,Lactobacillaceae,and Pediococcus.SBOS up-regulated beneficial differential metabolites such as myo-inositol,lactose,and glucose,which were closely related to galactose,amino sugar,and nucleotide sugar metabolism.This study will provide a reference for exploring the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolites of SBOS,and provide a basis for the development and application of SBOS as an ingredient for functional products.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to investigate the association of atopic dermatitis(AD)and anxiety/depression behaviors induced by AD with the intestinal microbiota.Additionally,it sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of mannan oligosaccharide(MOS)in alleviating AD symptoms through the modulation of the gut microbiota and the enhancement of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production.Methods:Female Kunming mice were challenged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB)to induce AD-like symptoms.MOS was administered orally daily for 14 days.On the 6th and 11th days post-modeling,the number of scratching bouts in mice was recorded.Following dissection,epidermal thickness,mast cell infiltration,and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured.Meanwhile,cerebral levels of neurotransmitters,including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and norepinephrine(NE),were assessed.The abundance of intestinal microbiota and fecal concentrations of SCFAs were also analyzed.Results:MOS significantly reduced AD-like symptoms by reducing inflammatory cytokines,as reflected in a significant decrease in the number of scratching bouts,epidermal thickness,mast cells and inflammatory cytokine levels.MOS intervention up-regulated the expression of 5-HT and NE,and consequently alleviated anxiety and depression-like behaviors.Furthermore,compared with the AD group,MOS intervention increased the gut microbiota abundance of mice,especially beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Klebsiella.At the same time,these beneficial bacteria significantly increased the fecal contents of SCFAs,especially propionic acid.Correlation analysis indicated that AD amelioration was positively correlated with fecal SCFAs levels and the proliferation of certain intestinal microbes.Conclusion:MOS intervention could offer a novel approach to managing AD and its psychological comorbidities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81930097,82151223)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFF1203005,2022YFC2303700)。
文摘Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of disaccharides,tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of CS-B and CS-T based on the acid or enzymatic degradation of natural CS polysaccharide in 9 or 10 steps.Our approach is the shortest synthetic route toward size-defined CS-B and CS-T oligosaccharides reported to date.In addition,a regioselective protection method of hydroxyls is highlighted,which has achieved the regioselective protection of 4 hydroxyl groups among 7 equatorial hydroxyl groups.By preparing size-defined rare CS oligosaccharides from commercially available natural CS polysaccharides,this strategy has the potential to meet the need of rare natural oligosaccharides.
文摘Background Konjac oligosaccharide(KOS),which is produced through the degradation of konjac glucomannan via enzymatic,chemical,or physical treatments,has been found to have laxative effects.The current study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the laxative effect of KOS.Methods KOS was administered by gavage to wild-type and 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor(5-HT4R)-knockout C57BL/6 mice subjected to loperamide-induced constipation for four weeks.Following treatment,feces,blood,small intestine,colonic tissue,and intestinal contents were collected.Constipation-related parameters,gastrointestinal hormones,and Ca2+concentrations were evaluated.Histopathological changes were examined via hematoxylin and eosin staining.Immunofluorescence staining,Western blotting,and immunohistochemical staining were performed to detect the 5-HT4R/cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A(PKA)pathway.Isolated smooth muscle cells(SMCs)were treated with KOS and GR113808(a 5-HT4R antagonist),morphologically observed under an inverted microscope,and identified byα-SMA immunofluorescence staining.Cell viability was assessed via CCK-8 assays.5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB pathway activity in SMCs was detected via Western blotting.Results KOS alleviated loperamide-induced constipation in mice.KOS activated the 5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB pathway in loperamide-induced constipated mice.The protective effect of KOS was significantly diminished in 5-HT4R−/−mice.KOS promoted the proliferation of SMCs by activating the 5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB signaling pathway.Conclusion KOS improves loperamide-induced constipation by activating the 5-HT4R/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB signaling pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund(31601395)Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Guizhou Province([2023]016)+1 种基金China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment(2018K01-20171211)Lueyang Black-Bone Chicken Industry Development Research Institute(WJYJY-2021-9)。
文摘Tropomyosin(TM)is the predominant allergenic protein in shrimp,which has induced IgE-mediated food allergy reactions.In this study,Lit v 1 was purified from Penaeus vannamei muscles,which were glyco sylated by pectic oligosaccharides.The results showed that di-galacturonic acid(DGA)and galacturonic acid(GA)induced the unfolding of the primary protein structure of TM,and changedα-helical structure,and IgE binding capacity.In addition,compared with TM-sensitized BALB/c mice,GA-modified TM(GA-TM)and DGA-modified TM(DGA-TM)were insufficient to stimulate sensitization,and significantly reduced the hypersecretion of IgE,IgG1,HIS,and IL-4,up-regulated IgG2a and IFN-y levels to improve imbalanced Th1/Th2,Treg/Th17 immunity,and promoted mRNA expression of tight junction proteins.Together,this study confirmed that glycosylation modification alleviated sensitization by altering TM structure,reducing IgE binding allergic inflammatory response,and regulating cytokine immune balance.Overall,these results indicated that glycosylation modification was a promising method for decreasing the allergenic reactivity of allergic proteins.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32000058)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP622003)。
文摘The prebiotic effects of hyaluronan(HA)are widely recognized,contributing to improved gut health and immune modulation.Despite its extensive use as dietary supplement,the specific interactions between HA oligosaccharides(o-HAs)and the gut microbiome remain largely unexplored.To investigate its role and metabolic fate in gut homeostasis,200 mg/day of o-HAs(average molecule weight 1 kDa)were added to an automated computer-controlled SIMulator of the Gastrointestinal tract(SIMGI).The results revealed a significant reshaping of the intestinal flora composition by o-HAs,notably reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio.Fermentation of o-HAs by gut microbiota significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium,Prevotellaceae_Prevotella,Dialister,Eubacterium,and Sutterella,but decreased that of Catenibacterium,Oscillospira,Klebsiella,and Citrobacter(P<0.05).This corresponded with significant enhancements in the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)such as acetic acid,propionic acid and n-butyric acid,highlighting the significant impact of o-HAs at the genus level.Furthermore,analysis of microbial function predicted the downregulation of pathological events in nine human diseases,particularly infectious ones(parasitic and bacterial).Potential inhibitions were observed in metabolic pathways associated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions as well as cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance.These findings underscore the in vitro prebiotic effects of o-HAs and their potential relevance in managing diverticular diseases or preventing metabolic disorders through the regulation of gut microbiota.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korea government(2021R1F1A1063023)by the Ministry of Education(RS-2023-00270936).
文摘Background:Chitosan oligosaccharide(COS)is the major degradation product of chitosan by enzymatic processes.COS,with complete water solubility,exerts significant biological effects,including anti-cancer activity.We investigated the anti-tumor effects of COS on colorectal cancer as effective therapeutic methods with low side effects are lacking.Methods:COS was obtained from low molecular weight chitosan by an enzymatic method and the anticancer effects were measured by cell viability assay,flow cytometry analysis,Western blotting,and xenograft.Results:COS suppressed the proliferation of SNU-C5 cells compared to other colorectal cancer cells,but higher concentrations were required in the xenograft model.Co-treatment with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)and COS enhanced the anti-cancer effects of 5-FU in SNU-C5 cells in vitro and in vivo.Flow cytometry revealed that COS induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase without 5-FU or at the S and G2/M phases with 5-FU but did not affect cell death pathways.COS increased extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase(ERK)activation with or without 5-FU,whereas 5-FU treatment increased p53 activation.A low-dose of an ERK inhibitor suppressed COS-induced ERK activation and resulted in higher proliferation compared with COS.Conclusions:These results suggest that COS might enhance the anti-cancer effects of 5-FU in SNU-C5 colorectal cancer cells by activating ERK.
基金sponsored by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3504200)High Level Key Discipline Construction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Program(Grant No.zyyzdxk-2023272).
文摘Background:Polygonati cyrtonema Hua(PC)has many pharmacological effects such as immune regulation,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor.Oligosaccharide is one of the main active components of PC.At present,the research on Polygonatum cyrtonema oligosaccharides(PCOS)is not deep,and there is a lack of systematic research on the optimization of extraction process of pcos and the change of pcos and Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide content before and after wine steaming.Methods:The optimum extraction process of oligosaccharides from PC was optimized,and the content of oligosaccharides before and after wine steaming of PC was investigated.The single factor experiment was carried out with the ratio of liquid to material,extraction temperature and extraction time as the investigation factors.The extraction process of PCOS was optimized by Box Behnken design-response surface methodology,and the changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides before and after wine steaming were studied.Results:The optimal extraction process for the PCOS was 32:1 mL/g,85℃,and 1.5 h.The total PCOS decreased slightly after steaming,but the percentage of the total sugar increased.Conclusion:The extraction process of PCOS optimized by response surface method is reasonable and feasible.The changes of total oligosaccharides and total polysaccharides during the steaming process of PC can reveal the processing mechanism of PC to a certain extent,and provide scientific basis and technical support for better in-depth excavation and development and utilization of PCOS.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture,Hatch-Multistate Fundby the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources,University of Hawaii at Manoa,Honolulu,HI,USA
文摘Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups:i)normal saline control(NSC),ii)xylotriose(XOS3),iii)xylotetraose(XOS4),iv)mannotriose(MOS3),v)mannotetraose(MOS4),and vi)no injection control(NIC),each containing 4 replicate trays with 8 eggs per replicate.On d 17 of incubation,3 mg of oligosaccharides(except for controls)dissolved in 0.5 mL of 0.85%normal saline were injected into the amnion of Cobb 500 broilers eggs.After hatch,the chicks were raised for 28 d under standard husbandry practices and were fed a commercial broilers diet ad libitum,and samples were collected periodically.Results:The hatchability,growth performance,and relative weights of breast,drumstick,liver,and proventriculus were not different among the treatments(P>0.05).The XOS3 injection increased the total short-chain fatty acid production at d 28 compared with both control groups(P<0.05).The villus height to crypt depth ratio was significantly higher in the XOS4 group than both controls on the hatch day(P<0.01)but were not different among any treatments on d 7 and 28(P>0.05).On the hatch day,the expression level of the CD3 gene(a T cell marker)was increased by XOS3,while the IL-10 gene(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)was reduced by MOS4(P<0.05)compared with both controls.Compared with both controls,XOS3 exhibited a trend of reduction for IL-10(P=0.074).No cytokines or lymphocyte markers were affected by the treatments on d 7(P>0.05),except XOS4 increased IL-4 compared with NSC(P<0.05).The broilers in the MOS4 group had higher operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and had more differentially abundant taxa,including order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae(P<0.05)than both controls on d 28.The predictive functional profiling indicated that the linoleic acid metabolism pathway was enriched in the cecal microbiota of the XOS3 group compared with both controls(P<0.05).Conclusion:The effects of these XOS and MOS on ileal mucosa and immunity are transient,but the effects on fermentation and cecal microbiota are prolonged,and further research is warranted to determine their use as a gut health promoter in poultry.
文摘The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.
文摘Taxol production of Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. var. mairei (Lemee et Lévl.) Cheng et L. K. Fu induced by oligosaccharide from Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atkinson) Snyder et Hansen was studied in suspension cultures, and it was found that oligosaccharide triggered cell apoptosis. Under transmission electron microscope the following morphological changes were observed: cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm, nuclear fragmentation, and the increase of high electron density bodies in vacuole in great quantity. In oligosaccharide_treated cells, agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that DNA was digested into oligonucleosomal fragments that were times of 200 bp appearing as DNA ladders. Control cells were in normal physiological state, they were intact, abundant in organelle and with integral nucleus DNA, and the rate of taxol biosynthesis in these cells was very low. After the oligosaccharide to the culture system, the defense system of cells was elicited and the secondary metabolism was strengthened, i.e. phenolics were accumulated in the medium, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was increased quickly and secondary wall of cells was thickened. The activity of L _phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the critical enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, was increased promptly 1 h after elicitation. The rate of taxol production was improved sharply and the maximal taxol concentration at 72 h was six times that of control. Appearance of cell apoptosis was accompanied with the highest concentration of taxol in suspension cultures.
基金Supported by National"863"Technology Plan Key Projects-Key Techniques for Utilization of Polar Microbial Resources(2007AA091905)~~
文摘[Objective] The induced disease resistance of Antarctic bacteria B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide on cucumber was studied.[Method] Taking the cucumber seedlings as experimental materials,the molecular weight,monosaccharide composition of Antarctic bacteria B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide were studied,its induced effect on the defense enzyme in cucumber leaves and the induced resistance against powdery mildew were also investigated.[Result] Through gel permeation chromatography,the molecular weight of B-3 oligosaccharides was determined to be 2 112 Da;B-3 oligosaccharides was composed by two monosaccharides including of mannose and glucose.The activities of chinitase,β-1,3-glucanse,phenylanine,ammonialyse（PAL）,superoxide dismutase（SOD）,and peroxidase（POD）in cucumber seedlings all increased compared with control when 0.3%,0.5% and 0.8% B-3 extracellular oligosaccharide were sprayed on the seedlings of cucumber for different times,respectively,which had the similar induction effect with 0.5% chitosan;at the same time,0.5% oligosaccharides could significantly reduce the disease index of cucumber powdery mildew,the control effect reached 24.49%.[Conclusion] B-3 oligosaccharides is expected to be developed as a new type of resistance elicitor.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31870106)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,81991522)+6 种基金Key Research&Development of Zhejiang Province(2018C02048)State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts(2010DS0024-ZZ006)the National Science and Technology Major Project for Significant New Drug Development(2018ZX09735004)Taishan Scholar Climbing Project(TSPD20210304)supported by Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Natural Science Foundation(2020JJ2016)supported by NIGMS R44GM113545 and P20GM103434supported by NIGMS WV-INBRE P20GM103434。
文摘Carrageenans(CGNs)are widely used in foods and pharmaceuticals although their safety remains controversial.To investigate the effects of CGNs and CGN-degrading bacteria in the human colon,we screened for CGN degradation by human fecal microbiota,and for inflammatory response to CGNs and/or CGN-degrading bacteria in germ free mice.Thin-layer chromatography indicated that high molecular weight(MW)CGNs(!100 kDa)remained undegraded in the presence of human fecal microbiota,whereas low MW CGNs,i.e.,k-carrageenan oligosaccharides(KCO,~4.5 kDa)were degraded when exposed to seven of eight human fecal samples,although sulfate groups were not removed during degradation.Bacteroides xylanisolvens and Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples apparently degraded KCO synergistically,with B.xylanisolvens serving as the primary degrader.Combined treatment of KCO with KCO-degrading bacteria led to greater pro-inflammatory effects in the colon and rectum of germ-free mice than either KCO or bacteria alone.Similarly,p-p38-,CD3-,and CD79a-positive immune cells were more abundant in combined treatment group mice than in either single treatment group.Our study shows that KCO-degrading bacteria and the low MW products of KCO can promote proinflammatory effects in mice,and represent two key markers for evaluating CGN safety in foods or medicines.
基金supported by Localization of oxygen radicals and enzymes in bivalve haemocytes to Jing Liu(20230058,6602423063).
文摘Background:Polysaccharides have various biological activities;the complexation of polysaccharides with trace element ions can produce synergistic effects,improving the original biological activities of sugars and trace elements.Methods:The preparation process of chitosan oligosaccharide selenium(COSSe)was optimized by the response surface method,followed by a detailed analysis of the resultant compound’s characteristics.The anti-cancer activity of COSSe was studied using the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 as a cell model.Results:The prepared COSSe response surface was well predicted,indicating successful chitosan oligosaccharide binding with selenium.Response surface method analyses identified the optimal synthesis conditions for COSSe:the reaction time of 5.08 h,the reaction temperature of 71.8°C,and mass ratio(Na2SeO3:chitosan oligosaccharide)of 1.02.Under the optimal conditions,the final product,the selenium content,reached 1.302%.The results of cell experiments showed that COSSe significantly inhibited SKOV3 proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.RNA-seq results showed that chitosan oligosaccharide and COSSe significantly modulated the expression of genes’DNA metabolic processes and cell cycle in SKOV3 cells.Gene enrichment analysis showed the inhibition of the cell cycle,and the results of flow cytometry showed that SKOV3 cells increased in the S phase and decreased in the G2/M phase,with a noted suppression in the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2)and cyclin A1(CCNA1).Conclusion:COSSe has a stronger effect than chitosan oligosaccharide,leading to the arrest of the cell cycle in the S phase.Thus,COSSe may be an effective candidate for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30771646)Shandong Province Independent Innovation Project with the title of ‘Industrialization development of several special seaweeds biological products using integrated technologies’
文摘In order to determine the role of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADO) in drought stress resistance of tomato (Ly-copersicon esculentum Miller) seedlings, the leaves were exposed to different concentrations of ADO (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30% and 0.50%) after drought stress was simulated by exposing the roots to 0.6 molL-1 PEG-6000 solution for 6 h. Changes in biomass, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA), free proline, total soluble sugars (TSS) and abscisic acid (ABA), the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were measured to investigate the effects of ADO treatment. The results showed that the treatment with an ADO concentration of 0.20% exhibited the highest performance of drought stress resistance in the tomato seedlings by decreasing the electrolyte leakage and the concentration of MDA, increasing the contents of free proline, TSS and ABA, and increasing the activities of CAT, SOD, POD and PAL after treatment with ADO. It is suggested that changes in electrolyte leakage, MDA, osmotic solutes, ABA, anti-oxidative enzyme and PAL activities were responsible for the increased drought stress resistance in tomato seedlings. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of ADO treatment on enhancing the drought stress resistance of tomato seedlings.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201403047)
文摘Background: Alginate oligosaccharide(AOS), produced from alginate by alginate lyase-mediated depolymerisation, is a potential substitute for antibiotics and possesses growth-enhancing effects. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which AOS regulates porcine growth remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the AOS-mediated changes in the growth performance of weaned pigs by determining the intestinal morphology, barrier function,as well as epithelium apoptosis.Methods: Twenty-four weaned pigs were distributed into two groups(n = 12) and received either a basal diet(control group) or the same diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg AOS. On d 15, D-xylose(0.1 g/kg body weight)was orally administrated to eight randomly selected pigs per treatment, and their serum and intestinal mucosa samples were collected 1 h later.Results: Our results showed that inclusion of AOS in the diet for 2 wk increased(P < 0.05) the average daily body weight gain in weaned pigs. Notably, AOS supplementation ameliorated the intestinal morphology and barrier function, as suggested by the enhanced(P < 0.05) intestinal villus height, secretory immunoglobulin A content and goblet cell counts. Compared to the control group, AOS ingestion both decreased(P < 0.05) the total apoptotic percentage and increased(P < 0.05) the proportion of S phase in the intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, AOS not only up-regulated(P < 0.05) the B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL2) transcriptional level but also down-regulated(P < 0.05) the B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein(BAX), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3(caspase-3) and caspase-9 transcriptional levels in the small intestine.Conclusions: In summary, this study provides evidence that supplemental AOS beneficially affects the growth performance of weaned pigs, which may result from the improved intestinal morphology and barrier function,as well as the inhibited enterocyte death, through reducing apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0401303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31722043,31930086)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(Y201919)。
文摘Kiwifruit is an extremely perishable fruit;postharvest disease and senescence during storage can reduce the fruit quality,resulting in economic loss.Considerable research effort has focused on identifying safe and cost-effective ways to preserve fresh kiwifruit.To this end,the present study investigated the effects of alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)soaking treatment on postharvest quality and disease in the‘Bruno’variety of kiwifruit.The involved physiological mechanisms were further explored.The results showed that AOS did not inhibit the growth of Botrytis cinerea in vitro,the causal agent of gray mold in kiwifruit,but reduced the incidence of gray mold and diameter of lesions of kiwifruit during storage.Kiwifruit treated with 50 mg·L-1 AOS showed a higher degree of firmness and lower soluble solid content than control fruit treated with distilled water.Moreover,AOS treatment inhibited the activity of polygalacturonase and pectinesterase,while enhancing the activity of polyphenoloxidase,l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase andβ-1,3-glucanase related to pathogen defense,and also improved total antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH,FRAP,and ABTS methods in kiwifruit.These results indicate that 50 mg·L-1 AOS can confer disease resistance in kiwifruit during storage.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0500501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772641)the Basic Science and Research Funding of Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China (2018-YWF-YB-11)。
文摘Alginate oligosaccharides(AOS), belonging to the class of functional marine oligosaccharides, are low-molecular polymers linked by β-1,4-mannuronic acid(M) and α-1,4-guluronic acid(G), which could be classically obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate. With low viscosity and good water solubility, as well as anti-oxidant, immune regulation, anti-bacterial and antiinflammatory activities, AOS have been widely used in medical science and functional food, green agriculture and other fields. As new bio-feed additives, AOS have broad potential applications in animal husbandry. In this review, the sources of alginate, chemical structure and preparation methods of AOS, and their biological activities and application in livestock and poultry are summarized. We expect this review could contribute to lay a foundation of application and further research for AOS in livestock and poultry.
基金Project (No. 2006C12098) supported by the Bureau of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides （FOS）, galactooligosaccharides （GOS）, mannanoligosaccharides （MOS）, and ehitooligosaccharides （COS） [1000 mg/（kg body weightd）]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased （P〈0.05） by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.
