Inter-simple sequence repeat（ISSR） molecular markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and clustering of 48 introduced and bred cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. Totally 106 DNA bands were amplified by 11 sc...Inter-simple sequence repeat（ISSR） molecular markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and clustering of 48 introduced and bred cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. Totally 106 DNA bands were amplified by 11 screened primers, including 99 polymorphic bands; the percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.40%, indicating a rich genetic diversity in Olea euyopaea L. germplasm resources. Based on Nei＇s genetic distances between various cultivars, a dendrogram of 48 cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. was constructed using unweighted pair-group（UPMGA）method,which showed that 48 cultivars were clustered into four main categories; 84.6% of native cultivars were clustered into two categories; most of introduced cultivars were clustered based on their sources and main usages but not on their geographic origins. This study will provide references for the utilization and further genetic improvement of Olea euyopaea L. germplasm resources.展开更多
Olive fruits are seriously deteriorated by pre and postharvest damage due to the attack of insects, such as Bactrocera olaea, which strongly alters the quality of olives. Defence response in olive fruits injured both ...Olive fruits are seriously deteriorated by pre and postharvest damage due to the attack of insects, such as Bactrocera olaea, which strongly alters the quality of olives. Defence response in olive fruits injured both by pathogens and by mechanical damages has been associated with the enzyme β-glucosidase, which specifically hydrolyses oleuropein, producing highly reactive aldehyde molecules. In situ detection of ^-glucosidase activity in olive fruit tissues following injury, which simulates Bactrocera oleae punctures, is reported. The assay was performed in two cultivars showing different degrees of susceptibilities to fly infestation. In both cultivars, the histochemical assay for β-glucosidase showed that within 20 min after the injury, a strong ^-glucosidase activity could be observed in the damaged tissues. Thereafter a progressive enzyme inactivation occurred starting from tissues around the boundary of the injury with decrease of the enzyme activity and stopped after 3 h. Whereas the mass of active cells reached a distance of （300±50） μm from the edge of the injury. Biochemical analyses showed that in extracts of the injured fruit, β-glucosidase activity rapidly increased within 20 min from injury, thereafter decreasing and reaching values comparable with those in intact fruits. Following puncture, the oleuropein contents did not change significantly in the high susceptibility cultivar, whereas it rapidly decreased in the cultivar showing low susceptibility. The results strongly suggest that olive fruits susceptible towards fly infestation could be related to the ability of the oleuropein-degrading-β-glucosidase to produce the highly reactive molecules in the damaged tissues. As a consequence of puncture, high level of peroxidase activity was detected. This feature also suggested that this enzyme could play a key role in the defence response against insect injuries.展开更多
Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) is found in many parts of the world and cause readuced growth and yield in olive trees. In this study, investigations were carried out to measure the incidence (% infected leaves) and severity (n...Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) is found in many parts of the world and cause readuced growth and yield in olive trees. In this study, investigations were carried out to measure the incidence (% infected leaves) and severity (number of lesions/leaf) of OLS in olive growing regions in Palestine, including the regions of Hebron, Bethlehem, Tulkarm, Salfit, Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah and Qalqiyah. OLS was found in all study areas with significantly higher percent incidences in Jenin and Nablus (67.16% ± 18.16% and 46.06% ± 23.70%, respectively). OLS was more severe in Nablus, Qalqilyah, Jenin and Tulkarm (severity grade 3.0 - 3.7). Analysis indicate that there is a positive correlation (R2 = 0.597) between disease incidence and severity. OLS appeared to be particularly severe on trees that were growing in regions with higher annual rainfall. The correlation between severity and rainfall was positive (R2 = 0.543).展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea(MOE)and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta(AAL)against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeut...Objective:To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea(MOE)and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta(AAL)against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia(B.)microti in vivo.Methods:Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments,8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1× 107 B.microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts.Results:The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of AAL against B.bovis,B.bigemina,B.divergens,B.caballi,and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts.Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney,mouse embryonic fibroblast(NIH/3T3),and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations(EC50)of(794.7±41.9)and(873.9±17.5)μg/mL,respectively.The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B.microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%,respectively.The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy.Conclusions:MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis.Furthermore,the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B.microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.展开更多
Olive(Olea europaea L.)is internationally renowned for its high-end product,extra virgin olive oil.An incomplete genome of O.europaea was previously obtained using shotgun sequencing in 2016.To further explore the gen...Olive(Olea europaea L.)is internationally renowned for its high-end product,extra virgin olive oil.An incomplete genome of O.europaea was previously obtained using shotgun sequencing in 2016.To further explore the genetic and breeding utilization of olive,an updated draft genome of olive was obtained using Oxford Nanopore third-generation sequencing and Hi-C technology.Seven different assembly strategies were used to assemble the fi nal genome of 1.30 Gb,with contig and scaffold N50 sizes of4.67 Mb and 42.60 Mb,respectively.This greatly increased the quality of the olive genome.We assembled 1.1 Gb of sequences of the total olive genome to 23 pseudochromosomes by Hi-C,and 53,518 protein-coding genes were predicted in the current assembly.Comparative genomics analyses,including gene family expansion and contraction,whole-genome replication,phylogenetic analysis,and positive selection,were performed.Based on the obtained high-quality olive genome,a total of nine gene families with 202 genes were identi fi ed in the oleuropein biosynthesis pathway,which is twice the number ofgenes identi fi ed from the previous data.This new accession of the olive genome is of suf fi cient quality for genome-wide studies on gene function in olive and has provided a foundation for the molecular breeding of olive species.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar...Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.展开更多
Assessment of quality of biological control agents is an important step for the success of any biocontrol program.Experiments were carried out to select candidate Trichogramma species for use in biological control of ...Assessment of quality of biological control agents is an important step for the success of any biocontrol program.Experiments were carried out to select candidate Trichogramma species for use in biological control of the olive moth Prays oleae Bern(Lepidoptera,Yponomeutidae).Thirteen local strains were preselected on the basis of the geographical origin and the availability from mass production of the rearing host Ephestia kuehniella ZELL.(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions.Selection tests were focusing on acceptance and preference for P.oleae eggs.In the acceptance test,a single parasitoid female was offered P.oleae eggs on "tricho-card" for 6 hours at 25°C,70% HR and L16:D9 and assessed for parasitism after 6 days.The preference was determined by offering the choice and observing contacts with eggs of the target pest P.oleae and eggs of the host E.kuehniella.Parasitism was therefore assessed 6 days after the experiment under similar laboratory conditions.In host acceptance test,most eggs of P.oleae were parasited by strains belonging to the species T.oleae,T.bourarachae and T.cacoeciae.These strains also showed a high number of contacts with olive moth eggs in preference tests.However,a small number of T.bourarachae observed ovipositions resulted in successful parasitism.Therefore,T.oleae and T.cacoeciae were selected as candidates for further experiments.展开更多
For the first time, the anatomical structure of the leaf, petiole and fruit of the emerald variety Olea europaea, which grows under the conditions of introduction in the Oltinsay district of the Surkhandarya region of...For the first time, the anatomical structure of the leaf, petiole and fruit of the emerald variety Olea europaea, which grows under the conditions of introduction in the Oltinsay district of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan, was studied. The following characteristic diagnostic features were determined: in the leaf—the dorsiventral type of leaf mesophyll;thick-walled outer walls of the epidermis;slightly sinuous outlines of the cells of the adaxial epidermis, rectilinear-abaxial;hypostomotic leaves;non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type;thyroid silver-gray and white-fluffy star-shaped squamous-numerous on the adaxial epidermis than on the adaxial;chlorophyll-bearing palisade and spongy parenchyma;closed collateral type of conductive bundles;the most scleralized leaf due to the presence of filamentous scleroids in it (long, thin, resembling fibers);in the petiole—parenchymal-beam type of structure;the location of the angular collenchyma under the epidermis;closed collateral type of conductive bundles;the presence of thick-walled parenchymal cells and the presence of filiformscleroids;pericarp of the fetus consists of a rigid 1-layer exocarp, parenchymal mesocarp, and sclerenchymal endocarp;the presence of scleroids—stony cells and branched sclerenchymal fibers with drops of oil in the parenchymal cells. Diagnostic signs revealed by us reflect xeromorphic of this species. All the signs were compared, and we came to the conclusion that the anatomical signs of the leaf and the fetus can be useful for providing diagnostic signs for distinguishing the studied taxa, can be used in taxonomy, and can serve to identify plant materials.展开更多
The Bactrocera oleae Rossi fly is the most important olive pest. It is of major economic importance in the olive production area of Essaouira, where weather conditions are optimal for the conduct of the various stages...The Bactrocera oleae Rossi fly is the most important olive pest. It is of major economic importance in the olive production area of Essaouira, where weather conditions are optimal for the conduct of the various stages of its life cycle. The lack of phytosanitary treatments worsens this situation. The development of the larval stages and different generations are related to the phenological stages of the olive and are controlled by changes in habitat conditions. Trapping of adult males by Deltas traps baited with sex pheromone, at the four study sites, has identified some characteristics of the evolution of the adult populations’ flight dynamics. Our main results show a decreasing gradient of early emergences of different stages from the coast to the continental areas as well as the absence of the summer generation at the inner station. Soil analysis in the two stations showed that the hypogenous pupae wintering in the soil survive until June. Knowledge of the factors involved in the bio-ecology of the olive fly and the phenology of the host allows the elaboration of monitoring/ warning calendars, and phytosanitary measures in order to establish an IPM program adapted to the requirements of olive orchards in the region.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the ISSR-PCR reaction system and select polymorphic ISSR primers for Olea euyopaea. [Method] O. euyo- paea genomic DNA was extracted from leaves as the template for optimizati...[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the ISSR-PCR reaction system and select polymorphic ISSR primers for Olea euyopaea. [Method] O. euyo- paea genomic DNA was extracted from leaves as the template for optimization of ISSR-PCR reaction system by single-factor experiments on the main factors including Mg2＋ , dNTPs, primer concentration and template amount. [ Result ] The optimal ISSR-PCR reaction system for O. euyopaea was obtained, with a total system vol- ume of 20μl containing 1 × Taq buffer, 3.5 mmol/L Mg2＋ , 0.4 mmol/L dNTPs, 1.0 μmol/L primers, 1.0 U of Taq DNA polymerase and 20 ng of DNA tem- plate. The optimal ISSR-PCR reaction program was started with predenaturation at 94 ℃ for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94 ℃ for 30 s, annea- ling at 52 - 55 ℃ for 30 s, and extension at 72 ℃ for 2 min ; the amplification was completed by holding the reaction mixture at 72 ℃ for 10 min to allow complete extension of PCR products. PCR products were stored at 4 ℃. Based on the above conditions, 11 primers with high polymorphism, clear amplified bands and good repeatability were selected. [ Conclusion ] This study laid the foundation for further diversity research and species identification of O. euyopaea germplasm展开更多
The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is a major olive pest in Algeriaand other Mediterranean countries. Its attacks, in some cases, seriously compromised production. Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming soil bact...The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is a major olive pest in Algeriaand other Mediterranean countries. Its attacks, in some cases, seriously compromised production. Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming soil bacterium which produces a protein crystal toxic to some insects. The objective of this study was to search for isolates toxic to larvae and adults of B. oleae. Four doses test were performed on neonate larvae, second instar larvae and third instar larvae. Seven Bt strains examined, showed highest toxicity levels against adults. 86% mortality was observed against neonate larvae after 7 days of application by Bt toxin isolate. The mortality of the second instar larvae was 65% mortality at dose of 108 UFC/mL. The third instar larvae was very susceptible to Bt strain with 70% of mortality. This study demonstrated that some local Algerian B. thuringiensis isolates exhibit toxic potential that could be used to control B. oleae.展开更多
Olive(Olea europaea L.)is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees,with high economic,ecological,cultural and scientific value.China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s,and Yunnan P...Olive(Olea europaea L.)is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees,with high economic,ecological,cultural and scientific value.China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s,and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas.Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge.Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)for this plant is well recognized;nevertheless,studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited.Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems,the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)parameters.Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization,suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants.The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil.Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total,and Glomeraceae was the dominant family.The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province,Southwestern China.Furthermore,the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC.The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH,EC,OM,TN,TP and AN.The spore density positively correlated with OM,TN,AN,AP and sand content.Finally,the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content,but negatively correlated with soil pH,TN and silt content.The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop.展开更多
Valleys along Bailong River, Longnan City, Gansu Province are optimal growth region for olive in China, and olive industry has become a local special sup- porting industry, playing a key role in economic advancement a...Valleys along Bailong River, Longnan City, Gansu Province are optimal growth region for olive in China, and olive industry has become a local special sup- porting industry, playing a key role in economic advancement and farmer＇s income improvement. The research analyzed development and restriction factors of olive in- dustry, and proposed some countermeasures, which are of significance for olive in- dustry development in Gansu Province.展开更多
In order to improve the intensive cultivation and management technology of Olea europaea in the high density orchard,through an analysis on the 3 a growth,yield and orchard construction cost for different varieties an...In order to improve the intensive cultivation and management technology of Olea europaea in the high density orchard,through an analysis on the 3 a growth,yield and orchard construction cost for different varieties and different densities in Gansu Wudu ordinary O.europaea orchard and close O.europaea planting orchard,the appropriate conditions,varieties and density for intensive orchard construction were initially selected.The results showed that the tree height growth in the ordinary orchard was 119%of the tree height growth in the high density orchard,while the ground diameter growth in the ordinary orchard was 112%of the ground diameter growth in the high density orchard,but the yield in the ordinary orchard was only 62%of the yield in the high density orchard;of the 8 new varieties introduced from Spain,"Arbequina","Arbosana"and"Koroneiki"were the appropriate varieties for the intensive orchard construction;the ratio of the ordinary orchard construction cost to the high density orchard construction cost was 1∶6.24.Under high water and fertilizer conditions,the ratio of the ordinary orchard yield to the high density orchard yield was 1∶4.481.Therefore,in the flat land area,using the appropriate intensive cultivars,and integrating the high-tech achievements and advanced management tools,can increase output per unit area,and greatly save manpower and land costs,to achieve the purpose of high quality,high yield and stable production.In the production practice,it is necessary to vigorously promote the intensive cultivation technology of O.europaea.展开更多
This paper introduced the preparation work before transplanting big olive trees(Olea europaea L.),including key technical measures such as plant excavation,transportation,planting,and post-planting tending.The aim was...This paper introduced the preparation work before transplanting big olive trees(Olea europaea L.),including key technical measures such as plant excavation,transportation,planting,and post-planting tending.The aim was to provide scientific basis and feasible solutions for adjusting the density of olive trees in Shiyan City,and to assist in the high-quality development of the olive industry.展开更多
The study was conducted at the nursery of Malta station/Duhok. Kurdistan region-lraq, during the season 2011 to study the effect of GA3 and Fe on vegetative growth of two year old of two olive （Olea europaea L.） cul...The study was conducted at the nursery of Malta station/Duhok. Kurdistan region-lraq, during the season 2011 to study the effect of GA3 and Fe on vegetative growth of two year old of two olive （Olea europaea L.） cultivars （Kithary and Sorany）, the transplant were sprayed with four levels （0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L^-1 GA3） and four levels of chelated iron （0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Fe L^-1）. Foliar application of GA3 at 500 mg Ll increased significantly stem diameter （mm）, leaf number, increasing GA3 level up 750 mg L^-1 significantly increase shoot length （cm） plantl, leaf area. However, 50 mg Fe L^-1 increased significantly leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and when treated with 75 mg Fe L^-1 significantly increase stem diameter, shoot length cm plant^-1, leaf fresh weight （g）, leaf dry weight （g）. While, Kithary cultivar significant dominated Sorany cultivar of the most studied characteristics. The interactions between GA3, Fe and cultivars significantly affected on the most of the characteristics studied, foliar sprays of Kithary cultivar with 750 mg Ll GA^-1 and 0 mg Fe Ll significantly increase chlorophyll content and leaf area, and Kithary cultivar when treated only by 75 mg Fe Ll increase significantly plant high （cm）, stem diameter （mm）, leaf dry weight （g） and leaf fresh weight when compared with the control.展开更多
Olea europaea(Family:Oleaceae)is the characteristic fruit tree of the Mediterranean basin.The oil extracted from the fruit was the essential product,olive oil was used for cooking and as salad oil.It was preferred for...Olea europaea(Family:Oleaceae)is the characteristic fruit tree of the Mediterranean basin.The oil extracted from the fruit was the essential product,olive oil was used for cooking and as salad oil.It was preferred for its flavor and beneficial health effects.While,low grade oil was used in cosmetics,as lubricants and for soap production.Plant parts were traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes,malaria,hypertension,coughs,asthma,lumbago,rheumatism,kidney problems,urinary tract infections,nose bleeding,for eye infections and to relieve sore throats.About 676 distinct chemical compounds were identified in the Olea europaea,they were included(fatty acids,phenolic compounds,alcohols,volatiles,phospholipids,triterpenic acids,sterols,hydrocarbons,sugars,amino acids,tocopherols,pigments,and many other compounds).Olea europaea extracts and oil possessed many pharmacological activities included cardiovascular,anti-obesity,antidiabetic,inflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,antimicrobial,antiparasitic,anti-anticancer,immunomodulatory,respiratory,endocrine,reproductive and protective effects.This review discussed the contents,pharmacological,nutritional and therapeutic activities of Olea europaea.展开更多
Bactrocera oleae is the most economically damaging insect of olive in the Mediterranean. As a reliable alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides, botanical pesticides from plant extracts are also considered natur...Bactrocera oleae is the most economically damaging insect of olive in the Mediterranean. As a reliable alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides, botanical pesticides from plant extracts are also considered natural control methods safe for the environment and human health. In practical applications up to date, studies demonstrating toxically effects of biological control agents on the insect have been carried out in organic farming systems based on some industrial microbial formulations. But much less attention has been given to botanical insecticides against B. oleae. Thus, a certified botanical insecticide issue from various plants and approved per Indian and International organic standards was tested against larvae and pupae of the olive pest Bactrocera oleae in the east of Tunisia under laboratory conditions. The experiments were conducted with 3 normal treatments and 1 control. Two techniques were used for larvae and pupae: direct contact using concentration from 0.5;0.750;1 and 1.5 mg/l and fumigation treatment using 2 mg/l conducted in rectangular boxes (25°C - 27°C, 75% - 85% RH and 14:10 LD photo period). For larval stages, LC50 and LC90 values for Ultra-Act were 0.45 and 1.22 mg/L in direct contact and 1.5 - 2 mg/l with fumigation, respectively. For pupal stage, the ID25 and ID50 values were estimated to be 0.71 mg and 1.26 mg respectively corresponding to the inhibition of emergence of 25% and 50% of B. oleae adults from pupa. Our results indicate that sprayed Ultra-Act product has the potential to control the three olive fly instar larvae. Pupal emergency was decreased significantly with fumigation treatment. In conclusion, Ultra-Act is a promising botanical insecticide against B. oleae that could be used as a successful alternative for chemicals in integrated control methods of this pest in Tunisia.展开更多
基金Supported by Key Project of New Product Development in Yunnan Province(2009BB006)~~
文摘Inter-simple sequence repeat（ISSR） molecular markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and clustering of 48 introduced and bred cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. Totally 106 DNA bands were amplified by 11 screened primers, including 99 polymorphic bands; the percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.40%, indicating a rich genetic diversity in Olea euyopaea L. germplasm resources. Based on Nei＇s genetic distances between various cultivars, a dendrogram of 48 cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. was constructed using unweighted pair-group（UPMGA）method,which showed that 48 cultivars were clustered into four main categories; 84.6% of native cultivars were clustered into two categories; most of introduced cultivars were clustered based on their sources and main usages but not on their geographic origins. This study will provide references for the utilization and further genetic improvement of Olea euyopaea L. germplasm resources.
文摘Olive fruits are seriously deteriorated by pre and postharvest damage due to the attack of insects, such as Bactrocera olaea, which strongly alters the quality of olives. Defence response in olive fruits injured both by pathogens and by mechanical damages has been associated with the enzyme β-glucosidase, which specifically hydrolyses oleuropein, producing highly reactive aldehyde molecules. In situ detection of ^-glucosidase activity in olive fruit tissues following injury, which simulates Bactrocera oleae punctures, is reported. The assay was performed in two cultivars showing different degrees of susceptibilities to fly infestation. In both cultivars, the histochemical assay for β-glucosidase showed that within 20 min after the injury, a strong ^-glucosidase activity could be observed in the damaged tissues. Thereafter a progressive enzyme inactivation occurred starting from tissues around the boundary of the injury with decrease of the enzyme activity and stopped after 3 h. Whereas the mass of active cells reached a distance of （300±50） μm from the edge of the injury. Biochemical analyses showed that in extracts of the injured fruit, β-glucosidase activity rapidly increased within 20 min from injury, thereafter decreasing and reaching values comparable with those in intact fruits. Following puncture, the oleuropein contents did not change significantly in the high susceptibility cultivar, whereas it rapidly decreased in the cultivar showing low susceptibility. The results strongly suggest that olive fruits susceptible towards fly infestation could be related to the ability of the oleuropein-degrading-β-glucosidase to produce the highly reactive molecules in the damaged tissues. As a consequence of puncture, high level of peroxidase activity was detected. This feature also suggested that this enzyme could play a key role in the defence response against insect injuries.
文摘Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) is found in many parts of the world and cause readuced growth and yield in olive trees. In this study, investigations were carried out to measure the incidence (% infected leaves) and severity (number of lesions/leaf) of OLS in olive growing regions in Palestine, including the regions of Hebron, Bethlehem, Tulkarm, Salfit, Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah and Qalqiyah. OLS was found in all study areas with significantly higher percent incidences in Jenin and Nablus (67.16% ± 18.16% and 46.06% ± 23.70%, respectively). OLS was more severe in Nablus, Qalqilyah, Jenin and Tulkarm (severity grade 3.0 - 3.7). Analysis indicate that there is a positive correlation (R2 = 0.597) between disease incidence and severity. OLS appeared to be particularly severe on trees that were growing in regions with higher annual rainfall. The correlation between severity and rainfall was positive (R2 = 0.543).
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)(KAKEN Grant Number:18H02337)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea(MOE)and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta(AAL)against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia(B.)microti in vivo.Methods:Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments,8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1× 107 B.microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts.Results:The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of AAL against B.bovis,B.bigemina,B.divergens,B.caballi,and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts.Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney,mouse embryonic fibroblast(NIH/3T3),and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations(EC50)of(794.7±41.9)and(873.9±17.5)μg/mL,respectively.The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B.microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%,respectively.The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy.Conclusions:MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis.Furthermore,the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B.microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000603-3)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution of Chinese Academy of Forestry(CAFYBB2018QB001)。
文摘Olive(Olea europaea L.)is internationally renowned for its high-end product,extra virgin olive oil.An incomplete genome of O.europaea was previously obtained using shotgun sequencing in 2016.To further explore the genetic and breeding utilization of olive,an updated draft genome of olive was obtained using Oxford Nanopore third-generation sequencing and Hi-C technology.Seven different assembly strategies were used to assemble the fi nal genome of 1.30 Gb,with contig and scaffold N50 sizes of4.67 Mb and 42.60 Mb,respectively.This greatly increased the quality of the olive genome.We assembled 1.1 Gb of sequences of the total olive genome to 23 pseudochromosomes by Hi-C,and 53,518 protein-coding genes were predicted in the current assembly.Comparative genomics analyses,including gene family expansion and contraction,whole-genome replication,phylogenetic analysis,and positive selection,were performed.Based on the obtained high-quality olive genome,a total of nine gene families with 202 genes were identi fi ed in the oleuropein biosynthesis pathway,which is twice the number ofgenes identi fi ed from the previous data.This new accession of the olive genome is of suf fi cient quality for genome-wide studies on gene function in olive and has provided a foundation for the molecular breeding of olive species.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.
基金INCODEV (TRIPHELIO) (UE/ 2002-2005) :Sustainable Control of Lepidopterous Pests in Olive Groves - Integration of Egg Parasitoids and Pheromones
文摘Assessment of quality of biological control agents is an important step for the success of any biocontrol program.Experiments were carried out to select candidate Trichogramma species for use in biological control of the olive moth Prays oleae Bern(Lepidoptera,Yponomeutidae).Thirteen local strains were preselected on the basis of the geographical origin and the availability from mass production of the rearing host Ephestia kuehniella ZELL.(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions.Selection tests were focusing on acceptance and preference for P.oleae eggs.In the acceptance test,a single parasitoid female was offered P.oleae eggs on "tricho-card" for 6 hours at 25°C,70% HR and L16:D9 and assessed for parasitism after 6 days.The preference was determined by offering the choice and observing contacts with eggs of the target pest P.oleae and eggs of the host E.kuehniella.Parasitism was therefore assessed 6 days after the experiment under similar laboratory conditions.In host acceptance test,most eggs of P.oleae were parasited by strains belonging to the species T.oleae,T.bourarachae and T.cacoeciae.These strains also showed a high number of contacts with olive moth eggs in preference tests.However,a small number of T.bourarachae observed ovipositions resulted in successful parasitism.Therefore,T.oleae and T.cacoeciae were selected as candidates for further experiments.
文摘For the first time, the anatomical structure of the leaf, petiole and fruit of the emerald variety Olea europaea, which grows under the conditions of introduction in the Oltinsay district of the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan, was studied. The following characteristic diagnostic features were determined: in the leaf—the dorsiventral type of leaf mesophyll;thick-walled outer walls of the epidermis;slightly sinuous outlines of the cells of the adaxial epidermis, rectilinear-abaxial;hypostomotic leaves;non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type;thyroid silver-gray and white-fluffy star-shaped squamous-numerous on the adaxial epidermis than on the adaxial;chlorophyll-bearing palisade and spongy parenchyma;closed collateral type of conductive bundles;the most scleralized leaf due to the presence of filamentous scleroids in it (long, thin, resembling fibers);in the petiole—parenchymal-beam type of structure;the location of the angular collenchyma under the epidermis;closed collateral type of conductive bundles;the presence of thick-walled parenchymal cells and the presence of filiformscleroids;pericarp of the fetus consists of a rigid 1-layer exocarp, parenchymal mesocarp, and sclerenchymal endocarp;the presence of scleroids—stony cells and branched sclerenchymal fibers with drops of oil in the parenchymal cells. Diagnostic signs revealed by us reflect xeromorphic of this species. All the signs were compared, and we came to the conclusion that the anatomical signs of the leaf and the fetus can be useful for providing diagnostic signs for distinguishing the studied taxa, can be used in taxonomy, and can serve to identify plant materials.
文摘The Bactrocera oleae Rossi fly is the most important olive pest. It is of major economic importance in the olive production area of Essaouira, where weather conditions are optimal for the conduct of the various stages of its life cycle. The lack of phytosanitary treatments worsens this situation. The development of the larval stages and different generations are related to the phenological stages of the olive and are controlled by changes in habitat conditions. Trapping of adult males by Deltas traps baited with sex pheromone, at the four study sites, has identified some characteristics of the evolution of the adult populations’ flight dynamics. Our main results show a decreasing gradient of early emergences of different stages from the coast to the continental areas as well as the absence of the summer generation at the inner station. Soil analysis in the two stations showed that the hypogenous pupae wintering in the soil survive until June. Knowledge of the factors involved in the bio-ecology of the olive fly and the phenology of the host allows the elaboration of monitoring/ warning calendars, and phytosanitary measures in order to establish an IPM program adapted to the requirements of olive orchards in the region.
基金Supported by Project of Important New Product Development in Yunnan Province ( 2009BB006)
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the ISSR-PCR reaction system and select polymorphic ISSR primers for Olea euyopaea. [Method] O. euyo- paea genomic DNA was extracted from leaves as the template for optimization of ISSR-PCR reaction system by single-factor experiments on the main factors including Mg2＋ , dNTPs, primer concentration and template amount. [ Result ] The optimal ISSR-PCR reaction system for O. euyopaea was obtained, with a total system vol- ume of 20μl containing 1 × Taq buffer, 3.5 mmol/L Mg2＋ , 0.4 mmol/L dNTPs, 1.0 μmol/L primers, 1.0 U of Taq DNA polymerase and 20 ng of DNA tem- plate. The optimal ISSR-PCR reaction program was started with predenaturation at 94 ℃ for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94 ℃ for 30 s, annea- ling at 52 - 55 ℃ for 30 s, and extension at 72 ℃ for 2 min ; the amplification was completed by holding the reaction mixture at 72 ℃ for 10 min to allow complete extension of PCR products. PCR products were stored at 4 ℃. Based on the above conditions, 11 primers with high polymorphism, clear amplified bands and good repeatability were selected. [ Conclusion ] This study laid the foundation for further diversity research and species identification of O. euyopaea germplasm
文摘The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is a major olive pest in Algeriaand other Mediterranean countries. Its attacks, in some cases, seriously compromised production. Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming soil bacterium which produces a protein crystal toxic to some insects. The objective of this study was to search for isolates toxic to larvae and adults of B. oleae. Four doses test were performed on neonate larvae, second instar larvae and third instar larvae. Seven Bt strains examined, showed highest toxicity levels against adults. 86% mortality was observed against neonate larvae after 7 days of application by Bt toxin isolate. The mortality of the second instar larvae was 65% mortality at dose of 108 UFC/mL. The third instar larvae was very susceptible to Bt strain with 70% of mortality. This study demonstrated that some local Algerian B. thuringiensis isolates exhibit toxic potential that could be used to control B. oleae.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760222)State Forestry Administration of China 948 Project“Introduction of Olive Water and Fertilizer Precise Control Technology”(2014-4-23)the“Plant Nutrition and Mycorrhiza Research”Discipline Team Building Project of Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland(LKYTD-2018-6).
文摘Olive(Olea europaea L.)is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees,with high economic,ecological,cultural and scientific value.China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s,and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas.Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge.Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)for this plant is well recognized;nevertheless,studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited.Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems,the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)parameters.Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization,suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants.The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil.Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total,and Glomeraceae was the dominant family.The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province,Southwestern China.Furthermore,the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC.The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH,EC,OM,TN,TP and AN.The spore density positively correlated with OM,TN,AN,AP and sand content.Finally,the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content,but negatively correlated with soil pH,TN and silt content.The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop.
基金Supported by Young Talents S&T Innovation Plan of Longyuan City,Gansu Province~~
文摘Valleys along Bailong River, Longnan City, Gansu Province are optimal growth region for olive in China, and olive industry has become a local special sup- porting industry, playing a key role in economic advancement and farmer＇s income improvement. The research analyzed development and restriction factors of olive in- dustry, and proposed some countermeasures, which are of significance for olive in- dustry development in Gansu Province.
基金Supported by the Central Finance Forestry Science and Technology Extension Project(2016ZYTG8)
文摘In order to improve the intensive cultivation and management technology of Olea europaea in the high density orchard,through an analysis on the 3 a growth,yield and orchard construction cost for different varieties and different densities in Gansu Wudu ordinary O.europaea orchard and close O.europaea planting orchard,the appropriate conditions,varieties and density for intensive orchard construction were initially selected.The results showed that the tree height growth in the ordinary orchard was 119%of the tree height growth in the high density orchard,while the ground diameter growth in the ordinary orchard was 112%of the ground diameter growth in the high density orchard,but the yield in the ordinary orchard was only 62%of the yield in the high density orchard;of the 8 new varieties introduced from Spain,"Arbequina","Arbosana"and"Koroneiki"were the appropriate varieties for the intensive orchard construction;the ratio of the ordinary orchard construction cost to the high density orchard construction cost was 1∶6.24.Under high water and fertilizer conditions,the ratio of the ordinary orchard yield to the high density orchard yield was 1∶4.481.Therefore,in the flat land area,using the appropriate intensive cultivars,and integrating the high-tech achievements and advanced management tools,can increase output per unit area,and greatly save manpower and land costs,to achieve the purpose of high quality,high yield and stable production.In the production practice,it is necessary to vigorously promote the intensive cultivation technology of O.europaea.
基金Supported by Central Finance Forestry Science and Technology Demonstration and Extension Project (E[2023]TG14).
文摘This paper introduced the preparation work before transplanting big olive trees(Olea europaea L.),including key technical measures such as plant excavation,transportation,planting,and post-planting tending.The aim was to provide scientific basis and feasible solutions for adjusting the density of olive trees in Shiyan City,and to assist in the high-quality development of the olive industry.
文摘The study was conducted at the nursery of Malta station/Duhok. Kurdistan region-lraq, during the season 2011 to study the effect of GA3 and Fe on vegetative growth of two year old of two olive （Olea europaea L.） cultivars （Kithary and Sorany）, the transplant were sprayed with four levels （0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L^-1 GA3） and four levels of chelated iron （0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Fe L^-1）. Foliar application of GA3 at 500 mg Ll increased significantly stem diameter （mm）, leaf number, increasing GA3 level up 750 mg L^-1 significantly increase shoot length （cm） plantl, leaf area. However, 50 mg Fe L^-1 increased significantly leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and when treated with 75 mg Fe L^-1 significantly increase stem diameter, shoot length cm plant^-1, leaf fresh weight （g）, leaf dry weight （g）. While, Kithary cultivar significant dominated Sorany cultivar of the most studied characteristics. The interactions between GA3, Fe and cultivars significantly affected on the most of the characteristics studied, foliar sprays of Kithary cultivar with 750 mg Ll GA^-1 and 0 mg Fe Ll significantly increase chlorophyll content and leaf area, and Kithary cultivar when treated only by 75 mg Fe Ll increase significantly plant high （cm）, stem diameter （mm）, leaf dry weight （g） and leaf fresh weight when compared with the control.
文摘Olea europaea(Family:Oleaceae)is the characteristic fruit tree of the Mediterranean basin.The oil extracted from the fruit was the essential product,olive oil was used for cooking and as salad oil.It was preferred for its flavor and beneficial health effects.While,low grade oil was used in cosmetics,as lubricants and for soap production.Plant parts were traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes,malaria,hypertension,coughs,asthma,lumbago,rheumatism,kidney problems,urinary tract infections,nose bleeding,for eye infections and to relieve sore throats.About 676 distinct chemical compounds were identified in the Olea europaea,they were included(fatty acids,phenolic compounds,alcohols,volatiles,phospholipids,triterpenic acids,sterols,hydrocarbons,sugars,amino acids,tocopherols,pigments,and many other compounds).Olea europaea extracts and oil possessed many pharmacological activities included cardiovascular,anti-obesity,antidiabetic,inflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,antimicrobial,antiparasitic,anti-anticancer,immunomodulatory,respiratory,endocrine,reproductive and protective effects.This review discussed the contents,pharmacological,nutritional and therapeutic activities of Olea europaea.
文摘Bactrocera oleae is the most economically damaging insect of olive in the Mediterranean. As a reliable alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides, botanical pesticides from plant extracts are also considered natural control methods safe for the environment and human health. In practical applications up to date, studies demonstrating toxically effects of biological control agents on the insect have been carried out in organic farming systems based on some industrial microbial formulations. But much less attention has been given to botanical insecticides against B. oleae. Thus, a certified botanical insecticide issue from various plants and approved per Indian and International organic standards was tested against larvae and pupae of the olive pest Bactrocera oleae in the east of Tunisia under laboratory conditions. The experiments were conducted with 3 normal treatments and 1 control. Two techniques were used for larvae and pupae: direct contact using concentration from 0.5;0.750;1 and 1.5 mg/l and fumigation treatment using 2 mg/l conducted in rectangular boxes (25°C - 27°C, 75% - 85% RH and 14:10 LD photo period). For larval stages, LC50 and LC90 values for Ultra-Act were 0.45 and 1.22 mg/L in direct contact and 1.5 - 2 mg/l with fumigation, respectively. For pupal stage, the ID25 and ID50 values were estimated to be 0.71 mg and 1.26 mg respectively corresponding to the inhibition of emergence of 25% and 50% of B. oleae adults from pupa. Our results indicate that sprayed Ultra-Act product has the potential to control the three olive fly instar larvae. Pupal emergency was decreased significantly with fumigation treatment. In conclusion, Ultra-Act is a promising botanical insecticide against B. oleae that could be used as a successful alternative for chemicals in integrated control methods of this pest in Tunisia.
