Based on the analysis of typical lacustrine shale oil zones in China and their geological characteristics,this study elucidates the fundamental differences between the enrichment patterns of shale oil sweet spots and ...Based on the analysis of typical lacustrine shale oil zones in China and their geological characteristics,this study elucidates the fundamental differences between the enrichment patterns of shale oil sweet spots and conventional oil and gas.The key parameters and evaluation methods for assessing the large-scale production potential of lacustrine shale oil are proposed.The results show that shale oil is a petroleum resource that exists in organic-rich shale formations,in other words,it is preserved in its source bed,following a different process of generation-accumulation-enrichment from conventional oil and gas.Thus,the concept of“reservoir”seems to be inapplicable to shale oil.In China,lacustrine shale oil is distributed widely,but the geological characteristics and sweet spots enrichment patterns of shale oil vary significantly in lacustrine basins where the water environment and the tectonic evolution and diagenetic transformation frameworks are distinct.The core of the evaluation of lacustrine shale oil is“sweet spot volume”.The key factors for evaluating the large-scale production of continental shale oil are the oil storage capacity,oil-bearing capacity and oil producing capacity.The key parameters for evaluating these capacities are total porosity,oil content,and free oil content,respectively.It is recommended to determine the total porosity of shale by combining helium porosity measurement with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method,the oil content of key layers by using organic solvent extraction,NMR method and high pressure mercury intrusion methods,and the free oil content by using NMR fluid distribution secondary spectral stripping decomposition and logging.The research results contribute supplemental insights on continental shale oil deliverability in China,and provide a scientific basis for the rapid exploration and large-scale production of lacustrine shale oil.展开更多
The depletion of conventional oil and gas resources has driven increased exploration of unconventional reservoirs,such as shale oil,which is considered a critical resource to meet global energy demands(Gross and Eyal,...The depletion of conventional oil and gas resources has driven increased exploration of unconventional reservoirs,such as shale oil,which is considered a critical resource to meet global energy demands(Gross and Eyal,2007).Shale reservoirs,characterized by low porosity and permeability,pose unique challenges for hydrocarbon extraction.Advanced techniques like hydraulic fracturing are essential for their development.展开更多
The global energy demand is increasing rapidly,and it is imperative to develop shale hydrocarbon re-sources vigorously.The prerequisite for enhancing the exploitation efficiency of shale reservoirs is the systematic e...The global energy demand is increasing rapidly,and it is imperative to develop shale hydrocarbon re-sources vigorously.The prerequisite for enhancing the exploitation efficiency of shale reservoirs is the systematic elucidation of the occurrence characteristics,flow behavior,and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)mechanisms of shale oil within commonly developed nanopores.Molecular dynamics(MD)technique can simulate the occurrence,flow,and extraction processes of shale oil at the nanoscale,and then quantitatively characterize various fluid properties,flow characteristics,and action mechanisms under different reservoir conditions by calculating and analyzing a series of MD parameters.However,the existing review on the application of MD simulation in shale oil reservoirs is not systematic enough and lacks a summary of technical challenges and solutions.Therefore,recent MD studies on shale oil res-ervoirs were summarized and analyzed.Firstly,the applicability of force fields and ensembles of MD in shale reservoirs with different reservoir conditions and fluid properties was discussed.Subsequently,the calculation methods and application examples of MD parameters characterizing various properties of fluids at the microscale were summarized.Then,the application of MD simulation in the study of shale oil occurrence characteristics,flow behavior,and EOR mechanisms was reviewed,along with the elucidation of corresponding micro-mechanisms.Moreover,influencing factors of pore structure,wall properties,reservoir conditions,fluid components,injection/production parameters,formation water,and inorganic salt ions were analyzed,and some new conclusions were obtained.Finally,the main challenges associated with the application of MD simulations to shale oil reservoirs were discussed,and reasonable prospects for future MD research directions were proposed.The purpose of this review is to provide theoretical basis and methodological support for applying MD simulation to study shale oil reservoirs.展开更多
Extensive research has been conducted on remaining oil in the Daqing Oilfield during high water cuts’late stage,but few studies have offered multi-level analyses from both macro and micro perspectives for remaining o...Extensive research has been conducted on remaining oil in the Daqing Oilfield during high water cuts’late stage,but few studies have offered multi-level analyses from both macro and micro perspectives for remaining oil under varying formation conditions and displacement methods.This article focuses on the remaining oil in the S,P,and G reservoirs of Daqing Oilfield by employing the frozen section analysis method on the cores from the S,P,and G oil layers.The research identifies patterns among them,revealing that the Micro Remaining Oil types in these cores primarily include pore surface thin film,corner,throat,cluster,intergranular adsorption,and particle adsorption.Among these,intergranular adsorption contains the highest amount of remaining oil(the highest proportion reaches 60%)and serves as the main target for development potential.The overall distribution pattern of the Micro Remaining Oil in the S,P,and G oil layers shows that as flooding intensity increases,the amount of free-state remaining oil gradually decreases,while bound-state remaining oil gradually increases.The study also examines eight typical coring wells for macroscopic remaining oil,finding four main types in the reservoir:interlayer difference,interlayer loss,interlayer interference,and injection-production imperfect types.Among these,the injection-production imperfect type has the highest remaining oil content and is the primary target for development potential.Analyzing the reservoir utilization status and oil flooding efficiency reveals that as water flooding intensifies,the oil displacement efficiency of the oil layer gradually decreases,while the efficiency of oil layer displacement improves.Strongly flooded cores exhibit less free-state remaining oil than weakly flooded cores,making displacement more challenging.This study aims to provide a foundation and support for the development of remaining oil in the S,P,and G oil layers.展开更多
Background Broiler chickens are most vulnerable immediately after hatching due to their immature immune systems,making them susceptible to infectious diseases.The yolk plays an important role in early immune defence b...Background Broiler chickens are most vulnerable immediately after hatching due to their immature immune systems,making them susceptible to infectious diseases.The yolk plays an important role in early immune defence by showing relevant antioxidant and passive immunity capabilities during broiler embryonic development.The immunomodulatory effects of phytogenic compound carvacrol have been widely reported.After in ovo delivery in the amniotic fluid during embryonic development carvacrol is known to migrate to the yolk sac.However,it is unknown whether carvacrol in the yolk could enhance defence responsiveness in the yolk sac.Therefore,the aim of this study was to improve early immune function in chicken embryos,and it was hypothesized that in ovo delivery of carvacrol would result in immunomodulatory effects in the yolk sac,potentially improving post-hatch resilience.Methods On embryonic day(E)17.5,either a saline(control)or carvacrol solution was injected into the amniotic fluid.Yolk sac tissue samples were collected at E19.5,and transcriptomic analyses using RNA sequencing were performed,following functional enrichment analyses comparing the control(saline)and carvacrol-injected groups.Results The results showed that 268 genes were upregulated and 174 downregulated in the carvacrol group compared to the control(P<0.05;logFC<-0.5 or log FC>0.5).Functional analyses of these differentially expressed genes,using KEGG,REACTOME,and Gene Ontology databases,showed enrichment of several immune-related pathways.This included the pathways‘Antimicrobial peptides’(P=0.001)and‘Chemoattractant activity’(P=0.004),amongst others.Moreover,the‘NOD-like receptor signaling’pathway was enriched(P=0.002).Antimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immune defence and are amongst the molecules produced after the nucleotide oligomeriza-tion domain(NOD)-like receptor pathway activation.While these responses may be associated with an inflammatory reaction to an exogenous threat,they could also indicate that in ovo delivery of carvacrol could prepare the newly hatched chick against bacterial pathogens by potentially promoting antimicrobial peptide production through acti-vation of NOD-like receptor signaling in the yolk sac.Conclusion In conclusion,these findings suggest that in ovo delivery of carvacrol has the potential to enhance anti-pathogenic and pro-inflammatory responses in the yolk sac via upregulation of antimicrobial peptides,and NOD-like receptor pathways.展开更多
The use of organic fertilizers is less expensive and advantageous for both the development of the plant and the sanitation of the environment. This is why this investigation aims to promote the ash from emptying of oi...The use of organic fertilizers is less expensive and advantageous for both the development of the plant and the sanitation of the environment. This is why this investigation aims to promote the ash from emptying of oil mill boilers as a source of organic fertilization in the production of palm bunches. To do this, different doses of oil mill boiler emptying ash were tested on oil palms in production. The results showed that the oil palms responded favorably regardless of the dose of oil mill boiler emptying ash. Thus, the comparison of the different doses Tv1 (1 kg), Tv2 (1.5 kg), Tv3 (2 kg), Tv4 (3 kg), Tv5 (4 kg), Tv6 (5 kg) and Tv7 (7 kg) showed that the high doses led to an increase in the weight of the bunches. Better still, the Tv6 treatment at a dose of 5 kg/tree proved to be optimal for good production of palm bunches with a gain of 73.9% compared to the treatment without oil mill boiler emptying ash (absolute control).展开更多
Edible oils play important roles in people's daily diets, so it is necessary to evaluate their quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR) is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technology that has devel...Edible oils play important roles in people's daily diets, so it is necessary to evaluate their quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR) is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technology that has developed rapidly in recent years and is widely used in food quality detection. In this paper, the application of LF-NMR combined stoichiometry in the detection of oilseed oil content, the physicochemical properties of different oil systems, the accurate detection of different indices(i.e., acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, total polar compounds, and viscosity) of edible oils and the identification of edible oil adulteration are reviewed and discussed. This study provides a reference for further rapid and nondestructive control of oil quality and accurate evaluation of oil-containing systems. In addition, this work will provide an excellent summary for the application of LF-NMR technology in the edible oil field.展开更多
Rationale: The contamination of soil with crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological threats. Bioremediation, particularly through the use of organisms like Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) and Eisenia fet...Rationale: The contamination of soil with crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological threats. Bioremediation, particularly through the use of organisms like Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm), has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate crude oil pollution. Understanding the effectiveness of these organisms in reducing hydrocarbon levels in contaminated soil is crucial for devising sustainable remediation strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida in remediating crude oil-polluted soil. Specifically, it sought to assess the hydrocarbon profiles in soil treated with these organisms across varying concentrations of crude oil pollution. Method: Crude oil concentration levels ranging from 0% to 10% were applied to soil samples alongside control treatments, including soil only, soil with earthworms, and soil with mushrooms. Each treatment was replicated five times using a randomized complete block design. Standard methods were employed to determine the hydrocarbon contents of the soil. Results: The results indicated a significant increase (P Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida exhibited noteworthy reductions in these hydrocarbon levels. At the three-month mark, mushrooms demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce hydrocarbon content by 70% - 90% compared to the pollution treatment. In contrast, earthworms exhibited minimal potential for hydrocarbon reduction, particularly at both three and six-month intervals. For instance, TOC reduction reached a maximum of 96% with mushroom treatment and 85% with earthworm treatment at 5% crude oil pollution over six months. Conclusion: The findings highlight the effectiveness of Pleurotus ostreatus in significantly reducing hydrocarbon levels in crude oil-polluted soil compared to Eisenia fetida. Mushroom-treated soils consistently exhibited substantial reductions in TOC, TPH, TOG, PAH, and THC over the study period, suggesting their potential as a viable bioremediation agent. In contrast, while earthworms showed some capability in reducing hydrocarbon content, their effectiveness was comparatively limited. Recommendation: Based on the results, it is recommended to utilize Pleurotus ostreatus for the bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soils. Further research could explore optimizing remediation protocols involving mushroom-based treatments for enhanced efficiency. Statement of Significance: This study contributes valuable insights into the application of bioremediation techniques for mitigating crude oil contamination in soil. The demonstrated efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus underscores its potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for remediating hydrocarbon-polluted environments, offering a promising avenue for environmental restoration and conservation efforts.展开更多
On April 2,the United States announced the implementation of the so-called“reciprocal tariffs”plan.Combined with factors such as the OPEC+plan to increase production starting in May,this led to a continuous plunge i...On April 2,the United States announced the implementation of the so-called“reciprocal tariffs”plan.Combined with factors such as the OPEC+plan to increase production starting in May,this led to a continuous plunge in the benchmark oil prices of WTI and Brent over the subsequent three trading days.Despite the significant impact of the United States’“reciprocal tariffs”plan on the global political and economic landscape,the fundamental dynamics of supply and demand remain the decisive factors in the fluctuations of international oil prices.The current trend of international oil price fluctuations is still primarily driven by the supply side,with both supply and demand factors playing a role.Investment,costs,and resource constraints on the supply side do not allow for a significant increase in crude oil production,while“consumption rigidity”on the demand side does not permit a significant decrease in crude oil demand.As a result,International oil prices are expected to fluctuate in the short term,but a significant decline is unlikely to be sustained in the near to medium term.In this context,Chinese oil companies should focus on four key areas to ensure the security of national oil and gas supplies:first,promoting high-quality increases in domestic oil and gas reserves and production;second,steadily strengthening the acquisition of overseas oil and gas resources;third,continuously driving innovation in oil and gas exploration and development technologies;fourth,enhancing the capacity for domestic oil and gas reserves in an orderly manner.展开更多
Edible oils derived from aquatic products are rich in lipids beneficial to human health.However,the volatile flavor characteristics of flesh oil and liver oil from Doederleinia berycoides remain unclear.In this study,...Edible oils derived from aquatic products are rich in lipids beneficial to human health.However,the volatile flavor characteristics of flesh oil and liver oil from Doederleinia berycoides remain unclear.In this study,flesh oil and liver oil were extracted from Doederleinia berycoides,revealing different fatty acid compositions and contents.Lipidomics analysis identified a total of 124 differential lipids between the flesh oil and liver oil,including 42 glycerophospholipids(GPs),33 glycerolipids(GLs),23 free fatty acids(FAs),13 sphingolipids(SPs),10 sterols(STs),and 3 prenol lipids(PRs).Analysis using HS-GC-IMS identified 12 key volatile compounds that significantly contributed to the distinct volatile flavors of the flesh and liver oils.The volatile flavors originated from these volatile compounds,which had different Relative Odor Activity Values(ROAVs).Further results from HSSPME-GC-MS showed that the volatile flavors of the flesh oil and liver oil were respectively attributed to 64 and 35 volatile compounds,each with unique key volatile compounds exhibiting different ROAVs.There were significant positive or negative correlations between 18 key differential lipids and 24 volatile compounds in both flesh oil and liver oil.Therefore,the complex lipid profiles are responsible for the unique volatile flavors of flesh oil and liver oil,and the differential lipids play a central role in their volatile flavor formation.These findings provide a foundation for understanding the volatile flavor differences in fish oils and hold promise for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying oil volatile flavors.展开更多
Mango(Mangifera indica L.cv.‘Keitt’)is one of the core fruit delicacies produced by China.During the post-harvest storage span,the fungal pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides readily invades the fruits and leads ...Mango(Mangifera indica L.cv.‘Keitt’)is one of the core fruit delicacies produced by China.During the post-harvest storage span,the fungal pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides readily invades the fruits and leads to a significant overall yield loss.In recent years of development,the exploitation of naturally occurring fungitoxic compounds such as Sandalwood Essential Oil(SEO)has been useful in tackling various fungal species.This study demonstrates the potential of SEO as part of a storage protection strategy against C.gloeosporioides-induced postharvest anthracnose.SEO displayed a relatively higher mycelial growth inhibition rate when compared to various other essential oils.Furthermore,the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC),Minimum Fungicidal Concentration(MFC),and EC_(50)(Half maximal effective concentration)of SEO were determined to be 2000,2500,and 610.38μL/L,respectively.Moreover,the chitosan glutamate-SEO emulsion controlled the anthracnose spread for several days by multiple folds at½MIC,MIC,and 2 MIC concentrations.These results strongly support the potential for largescale production and application of SEO emulsions by agrochemical firms and post-harvest storage facilities handling Keitt mangoes.展开更多
In deep oil reservoir development,enhanced oil recovery(EOR)techniques encounter significant challenges under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions.Traditional profile-control agents often fail to maintain sta...In deep oil reservoir development,enhanced oil recovery(EOR)techniques encounter significant challenges under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions.Traditional profile-control agents often fail to maintain stable blocking under extreme conditions and exhibit poor resistance to high temperature and high salinity.This study develops a functionalized nanographite system(the MEGO system)with superior high-temperature dispersibility and thermosalinity-responsive capability through polyether amine(PEA)grafting and noncovalent interactions with disodium naphthalene sulfonate(DNS)molecules.The grafted PEA and DNS provide steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion,enhancing thermal and salinity resistance.After ten days of aggregation,the MEGO system forms stable particle aggregates(55.51-61.80 lm)that are suitable for deep reservoir migration and profile control.Both experiments and simulations reveal that particle size variations are synergistically controlled by temperature and salt ions(Na^(+),Ca^(2+),and Mg^(2+)).Compared with monovalent ions,divalent ions promote nanographite aggregation more strongly through double-layer compression and bridging effects.In core displacement experiments,the MEGO system demonstrated superior performance in reservoirs with permeabilities ranging from 21.6 to 103 mD.The aggregates formed within the pore throats significantly enhanced flow resistance,expanded the sweep volume,and increased the overall oil recovery to 56.01%.This research indicates that the MEGO system holds excellent potential for EOR in deep oil reservoirs.展开更多
The relative permeability of oil and water is a key factor in assessing the production performance of a reservoir.This study analyzed the impact of injecting a viscosity reducer solution into low-viscosity crude oil t...The relative permeability of oil and water is a key factor in assessing the production performance of a reservoir.This study analyzed the impact of injecting a viscosity reducer solution into low-viscosity crude oil to enhance fluid flow within a low-permeability reservoir.At 72°C,the oil-water dispersion solution achieved a viscosity reduction rate(f)of 92.42%,formulated with a viscosity reducer agent concentration(C_(VR))of 0.1%and an oil-water ratio of 5:5.The interfacial tension between the viscosity reducer solution and the crude oil remained stable at approximately 1.0 mN/m across different concentrations,with the minimum value of 4.07×10^(-1)mN/m recorded at a C_(VR)of 0.2%.As the CVR increased,the relative permeability curve of the oil phase gradually decreased while the oil-water two-phase region(Ro-wtp)expanded significantly.At a C_(VR)of 0.1%,the R_(o-wtp)peaked,making an increase of 7.93 percentage points compared to water flooding.In addition,the final displacement efficiency(E_(R),final)achieved with a 0.1%viscosity reducer solution reached 48.64%,exceeding water flooding by 15.46 percentage points,highlighting the effectiveness of the viscosity reducer solution in enhancing oil recovery.展开更多
The 2025 U.S.-China Trade War has intensified the vulnerability of China's oil supply chain due to heavy reliance on soybean imports,posing serious challenges to food security.This study examines soybean dependenc...The 2025 U.S.-China Trade War has intensified the vulnerability of China's oil supply chain due to heavy reliance on soybean imports,posing serious challenges to food security.This study examines soybean dependency risks and evaluates substitution strategies through diversified oilseed use,including palm-based alternatives.Findings show that high reciprocal tariffs caused a 75%drop in U.S.soybean exports to China.Palm oil,with high yield efficiency and cost-effectiveness,offers a viable supplement to fill supply chain gaps.Promoting oil palm cultivation through northward expansion and cooperation with Belt and Road countries is recommended.Additionally,multi-omics,gene editing,tissue culture,and precision agriculture are crucial to address technical bottlenecks.The study concludes that palm and soybean oils will form a complementary system,and that policy and technology investments are essential to strengthen China's oilseed supply chain resilience and sustainability.展开更多
During oil displacement,surfactants often encounter challenges such as emulsion instability and channeling,which can compromise their efficiency.To address these issues,polymer microspheres were synthesized via revers...During oil displacement,surfactants often encounter challenges such as emulsion instability and channeling,which can compromise their efficiency.To address these issues,polymer microspheres were synthesized via reverse microemulsion polymerization using acrylamide,2-methyl-2-acrylamidopropane sulfonic acid,and stearyl methacrylate as monomers,with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker.The microspheres were then combined with sodium alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate to enhance emulsion stability and expand the swept volume of surfactant.A stable reverse microemulsion system was prepared using the maximum water solubilization rate as the indicator,and microspheres were synthesized based on this system.The ability of the microspheres to enhance emulsion stability was systematically evaluated.The plugging performance and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)efficiency of the microsphere/surfactant composite system were assessed through core seepage and oil displacement experiments.The experimental results demonstrated that microspheres were successfully prepared in a water-in-oil reverse microemulsion system with a solubilization rate of 42%.The emulsion stability was evaluated under an oil-to-water ratio of 7:3,a temperature of 80℃,and a salinity of 44,592 mg/L,by manually shaking the test tube five times.It was observed that the complete phase separation time of the emulsion increased from 10 to 120 min after the addition of microspheres.Under different permeability conditions(100×10^(-3),300×10^(-3),500×10^(-3)μm^(2)),the recovery efficiency of the composite system increased by 4.5%,8.3%,and 4.8%,respectively,compared to a single surfactant system.The microspheres developed in this study enhanced emulsion stability and increased the swept volume of surfactant within the formation,significantly boosting its oil recovery efficiency.展开更多
The Jurassic tight sandstone oil and gas exploration and development in the eastern Yangxia Sag is a new field.To elucidate the origin,accumulation process and potential of tight oil and gas,the authors have conducted...The Jurassic tight sandstone oil and gas exploration and development in the eastern Yangxia Sag is a new field.To elucidate the origin,accumulation process and potential of tight oil and gas,the authors have conducted comprehensive analyses employing methodologies encompassing source rocks,oil geochemistry,and fluid inclusions.The results show that the abundance of organic matter of Jurassic source rocks is high,and the type of organic matter is ofⅡ-Ⅲand in mature evolution stage.The main source rocks of oil and gas are Huangshanjie Formation and Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks.Ahe Formation developed two stages of hydrocarbon charging,and the period is later than the reservoir densification time.Yangxia Formation oil charged before the reservoir densified,and the late gas charged after the reservoir densified.Hydrocarbon generation intensity of Jurassic source rocks has reached the basic conditions for the formation of tight gas reservoirs.Controlled by the difference of source rocks distribution and accumulation process,tight sandstone oil and gas accumulation conditions are better in the depression direction than in the southeast margin area.This study is of practical importance for expanding the exploration field and selecting favorable areas in the eastern Yangxia sag.展开更多
Tight oil reservoirs face significant challenges,including rapid production decline,low recovery rates,and a lack of effective energy replenishment methods.In this study,a novel development model is proposed,based on ...Tight oil reservoirs face significant challenges,including rapid production decline,low recovery rates,and a lack of effective energy replenishment methods.In this study,a novel development model is proposed,based on inter-fracture injection following volumetric fracturing and relying on a high-temperature and high-pressure large-scale physical simulation system.Additionally,the CMG(Computer Modelling Group Ltd.,Calgary City,Canada)software is also used to elucidate the impact of various single factors on the production of horizontal wells while filtering out the interference of others.The effects of fracture spacing,fracture half-length,and the injection-production ratio are studied.Results indicate that under rejection pressures of 6.89,3.45,and 1.88 MPa,the times to establish stable flow are 50,193,and 395 min,respectively.Higher injection pressures lead to an increased oil recovery efficiency,with the highest observed efficiency at 16.93%.This indicates that,compared with conventional medium and high permeability reservoirs,tight oil reservoirs exhibit similar pore throats and larger capillary forces when oil and water flow in both phases.Higher pressures reduce capillary forces,displacing more oil droplets,thus enhancing oil recovery efficiency.Moreover,under inter-fracture displacement conditions,the pressure gradient at both the injection and production ends remain consistent,with minimal pressure loss near the wellbore.This feature ensures that the crude oil in the middle of the reservoir also possesses displacement energy,thereby enhancing overall crude oil displacement efficiency.展开更多
Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations b...Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations by formulating a double nano-emulsion(W/O/W)system incorporating macadamia oil and tea tree oil,using homogenization and phase inversion temperature(PIT)techniques.Comprehensive physicochemical charac-terization,including droplet size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential,turbidity,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and SEM,was conducted alongside stability assessments under varying pH,temperature,and storage conditions.The optimized nano-emulsions exhibited nanoscale droplet sizes(10-40 nm),low PDI values(indicating high uniformity),and robust stability.Interestingly,the formulation with 2%W/O loading,with a particle size of 11.57 nm and a PDI of 0.04,demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 4622.62μg ascorbic acid equivalents(AA)/g,which was significantly higher(p<0.05)compared to both natural oils(macadamia oil:20.91μg AA/g,tea tree oil:16.86μg AA/g)and a 10%Vitamin C aqueous solution(592.94μg AA/g).FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of Vitamin C and its successful encapsulation with macadamia and tea tree oils,while SEM images revealed uniformly spherical and well-dispersed droplets.Moreover,the formulation retained its structural integrity and antioxidant functionality under diverse pH and thermal conditions.These findings underscore the potential of double nano-emulsion systems to overcome the stability challenges of Vitamin C,offering a promising approach to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic performance in phar-maceutical and cosmetic applications.展开更多
Represented by CNPC,Chinese national oil companies go overseas conducting international oil and gas collaboration.Q4:To address domestic energy supply shortages,fully utilize international oil and gas resources,and st...Represented by CNPC,Chinese national oil companies go overseas conducting international oil and gas collaboration.Q4:To address domestic energy supply shortages,fully utilize international oil and gas resources,and strengthen international oil and gas cooperation while further enhancing core competitiveness,China’s petroleum enterprises proposed the strategic concept of effectively leveraging both domestic and international resources and markets,literally the strategy of“two resources and two markets”as early as the 1990s and resolutely took the first step in the great endeavor of“going overseas”.Through international cooperation and operations,state-owned oil enterprises represented by CNPC have not only ensured national energy security and enhanced corporate competitiveness,but also made significant contributions to global energy cooperation and advancement of Belt and Road Initiative.Could you please discuss the situation of Chinese petroleum enterprises’international oil and gas cooperation and their achievements in the field of petroleum exploration and development?展开更多
This paper investigates the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of viscosity reduction and quality improvement of heavy oil in a supercritical water environment through laboratory experiments and testing.The e...This paper investigates the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of viscosity reduction and quality improvement of heavy oil in a supercritical water environment through laboratory experiments and testing.The effect of three reaction parameters,i.e.reaction temperature,reaction time and oil-water ratio,is analyzed on the product and their correlation with viscosity.The results show that the flow state of heavy oil is significantly improved with a viscosity reduction of 99.4%in average after the reaction in the supercritical water.Excessively high reaction temperature leads to a higher content of resins and asphaltenes,with significantly increasing production of coke.The optimal temperature ranges in 380–420℃.Prolonged reaction time could continuously increase the yield of light oil,but it will also results in the growth of resins and asphaltenes,with the optimal reaction time of 150 min.Reducing the oil-water ratio helps improve the diffusion environment within the reaction system and reduce the content of resins and asphaltenes,but it will increase the cost of heavy oil treatment.An oil-water ratio of 1︰2 is considered as optimum to balance the quality improvement,viscosity reduction and reaction economics.The correlation of the three reaction parameters relative to the oil sample viscosity is ranked as temperature,time and oil-water ratio.Among the four fractions of heavy oil,the viscosity is dominated by asphaltene content,followed by aromatic content and less affected by resins and saturates contents.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFE0114000)Science and Technology Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(2024DJ8702).
文摘Based on the analysis of typical lacustrine shale oil zones in China and their geological characteristics,this study elucidates the fundamental differences between the enrichment patterns of shale oil sweet spots and conventional oil and gas.The key parameters and evaluation methods for assessing the large-scale production potential of lacustrine shale oil are proposed.The results show that shale oil is a petroleum resource that exists in organic-rich shale formations,in other words,it is preserved in its source bed,following a different process of generation-accumulation-enrichment from conventional oil and gas.Thus,the concept of“reservoir”seems to be inapplicable to shale oil.In China,lacustrine shale oil is distributed widely,but the geological characteristics and sweet spots enrichment patterns of shale oil vary significantly in lacustrine basins where the water environment and the tectonic evolution and diagenetic transformation frameworks are distinct.The core of the evaluation of lacustrine shale oil is“sweet spot volume”.The key factors for evaluating the large-scale production of continental shale oil are the oil storage capacity,oil-bearing capacity and oil producing capacity.The key parameters for evaluating these capacities are total porosity,oil content,and free oil content,respectively.It is recommended to determine the total porosity of shale by combining helium porosity measurement with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method,the oil content of key layers by using organic solvent extraction,NMR method and high pressure mercury intrusion methods,and the free oil content by using NMR fluid distribution secondary spectral stripping decomposition and logging.The research results contribute supplemental insights on continental shale oil deliverability in China,and provide a scientific basis for the rapid exploration and large-scale production of lacustrine shale oil.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42072174 and 42472184)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFF080120)。
文摘The depletion of conventional oil and gas resources has driven increased exploration of unconventional reservoirs,such as shale oil,which is considered a critical resource to meet global energy demands(Gross and Eyal,2007).Shale reservoirs,characterized by low porosity and permeability,pose unique challenges for hydrocarbon extraction.Advanced techniques like hydraulic fracturing are essential for their development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52304021,52104022,52204031)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0205,2024NSFSC0201,2023NSFSC0947)the National Science and Technology Major Projects of China(2017ZX05049006-010).
文摘The global energy demand is increasing rapidly,and it is imperative to develop shale hydrocarbon re-sources vigorously.The prerequisite for enhancing the exploitation efficiency of shale reservoirs is the systematic elucidation of the occurrence characteristics,flow behavior,and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)mechanisms of shale oil within commonly developed nanopores.Molecular dynamics(MD)technique can simulate the occurrence,flow,and extraction processes of shale oil at the nanoscale,and then quantitatively characterize various fluid properties,flow characteristics,and action mechanisms under different reservoir conditions by calculating and analyzing a series of MD parameters.However,the existing review on the application of MD simulation in shale oil reservoirs is not systematic enough and lacks a summary of technical challenges and solutions.Therefore,recent MD studies on shale oil res-ervoirs were summarized and analyzed.Firstly,the applicability of force fields and ensembles of MD in shale reservoirs with different reservoir conditions and fluid properties was discussed.Subsequently,the calculation methods and application examples of MD parameters characterizing various properties of fluids at the microscale were summarized.Then,the application of MD simulation in the study of shale oil occurrence characteristics,flow behavior,and EOR mechanisms was reviewed,along with the elucidation of corresponding micro-mechanisms.Moreover,influencing factors of pore structure,wall properties,reservoir conditions,fluid components,injection/production parameters,formation water,and inorganic salt ions were analyzed,and some new conclusions were obtained.Finally,the main challenges associated with the application of MD simulations to shale oil reservoirs were discussed,and reasonable prospects for future MD research directions were proposed.The purpose of this review is to provide theoretical basis and methodological support for applying MD simulation to study shale oil reservoirs.
文摘Extensive research has been conducted on remaining oil in the Daqing Oilfield during high water cuts’late stage,but few studies have offered multi-level analyses from both macro and micro perspectives for remaining oil under varying formation conditions and displacement methods.This article focuses on the remaining oil in the S,P,and G reservoirs of Daqing Oilfield by employing the frozen section analysis method on the cores from the S,P,and G oil layers.The research identifies patterns among them,revealing that the Micro Remaining Oil types in these cores primarily include pore surface thin film,corner,throat,cluster,intergranular adsorption,and particle adsorption.Among these,intergranular adsorption contains the highest amount of remaining oil(the highest proportion reaches 60%)and serves as the main target for development potential.The overall distribution pattern of the Micro Remaining Oil in the S,P,and G oil layers shows that as flooding intensity increases,the amount of free-state remaining oil gradually decreases,while bound-state remaining oil gradually increases.The study also examines eight typical coring wells for macroscopic remaining oil,finding four main types in the reservoir:interlayer difference,interlayer loss,interlayer interference,and injection-production imperfect types.Among these,the injection-production imperfect type has the highest remaining oil content and is the primary target for development potential.Analyzing the reservoir utilization status and oil flooding efficiency reveals that as water flooding intensifies,the oil displacement efficiency of the oil layer gradually decreases,while the efficiency of oil layer displacement improves.Strongly flooded cores exhibit less free-state remaining oil than weakly flooded cores,making displacement more challenging.This study aims to provide a foundation and support for the development of remaining oil in the S,P,and G oil layers.
基金support by AgriFutures Australia’s Chicken Meat Program[grant number PRJ-011584]is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Background Broiler chickens are most vulnerable immediately after hatching due to their immature immune systems,making them susceptible to infectious diseases.The yolk plays an important role in early immune defence by showing relevant antioxidant and passive immunity capabilities during broiler embryonic development.The immunomodulatory effects of phytogenic compound carvacrol have been widely reported.After in ovo delivery in the amniotic fluid during embryonic development carvacrol is known to migrate to the yolk sac.However,it is unknown whether carvacrol in the yolk could enhance defence responsiveness in the yolk sac.Therefore,the aim of this study was to improve early immune function in chicken embryos,and it was hypothesized that in ovo delivery of carvacrol would result in immunomodulatory effects in the yolk sac,potentially improving post-hatch resilience.Methods On embryonic day(E)17.5,either a saline(control)or carvacrol solution was injected into the amniotic fluid.Yolk sac tissue samples were collected at E19.5,and transcriptomic analyses using RNA sequencing were performed,following functional enrichment analyses comparing the control(saline)and carvacrol-injected groups.Results The results showed that 268 genes were upregulated and 174 downregulated in the carvacrol group compared to the control(P<0.05;logFC<-0.5 or log FC>0.5).Functional analyses of these differentially expressed genes,using KEGG,REACTOME,and Gene Ontology databases,showed enrichment of several immune-related pathways.This included the pathways‘Antimicrobial peptides’(P=0.001)and‘Chemoattractant activity’(P=0.004),amongst others.Moreover,the‘NOD-like receptor signaling’pathway was enriched(P=0.002).Antimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immune defence and are amongst the molecules produced after the nucleotide oligomeriza-tion domain(NOD)-like receptor pathway activation.While these responses may be associated with an inflammatory reaction to an exogenous threat,they could also indicate that in ovo delivery of carvacrol could prepare the newly hatched chick against bacterial pathogens by potentially promoting antimicrobial peptide production through acti-vation of NOD-like receptor signaling in the yolk sac.Conclusion In conclusion,these findings suggest that in ovo delivery of carvacrol has the potential to enhance anti-pathogenic and pro-inflammatory responses in the yolk sac via upregulation of antimicrobial peptides,and NOD-like receptor pathways.
文摘The use of organic fertilizers is less expensive and advantageous for both the development of the plant and the sanitation of the environment. This is why this investigation aims to promote the ash from emptying of oil mill boilers as a source of organic fertilization in the production of palm bunches. To do this, different doses of oil mill boiler emptying ash were tested on oil palms in production. The results showed that the oil palms responded favorably regardless of the dose of oil mill boiler emptying ash. Thus, the comparison of the different doses Tv1 (1 kg), Tv2 (1.5 kg), Tv3 (2 kg), Tv4 (3 kg), Tv5 (4 kg), Tv6 (5 kg) and Tv7 (7 kg) showed that the high doses led to an increase in the weight of the bunches. Better still, the Tv6 treatment at a dose of 5 kg/tree proved to be optimal for good production of palm bunches with a gain of 73.9% compared to the treatment without oil mill boiler emptying ash (absolute control).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund (NO:32201947)Shaanxi Province Qin Chuangyuan “Scientist+Engineer” team project (2024QCY-KXJ-079)Shaanxi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project (2024RSCXTD-70) for the financial support。
文摘Edible oils play important roles in people's daily diets, so it is necessary to evaluate their quality. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR) is a fast, accurate and nondestructive technology that has developed rapidly in recent years and is widely used in food quality detection. In this paper, the application of LF-NMR combined stoichiometry in the detection of oilseed oil content, the physicochemical properties of different oil systems, the accurate detection of different indices(i.e., acid value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, total polar compounds, and viscosity) of edible oils and the identification of edible oil adulteration are reviewed and discussed. This study provides a reference for further rapid and nondestructive control of oil quality and accurate evaluation of oil-containing systems. In addition, this work will provide an excellent summary for the application of LF-NMR technology in the edible oil field.
文摘Rationale: The contamination of soil with crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological threats. Bioremediation, particularly through the use of organisms like Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm), has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate crude oil pollution. Understanding the effectiveness of these organisms in reducing hydrocarbon levels in contaminated soil is crucial for devising sustainable remediation strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida in remediating crude oil-polluted soil. Specifically, it sought to assess the hydrocarbon profiles in soil treated with these organisms across varying concentrations of crude oil pollution. Method: Crude oil concentration levels ranging from 0% to 10% were applied to soil samples alongside control treatments, including soil only, soil with earthworms, and soil with mushrooms. Each treatment was replicated five times using a randomized complete block design. Standard methods were employed to determine the hydrocarbon contents of the soil. Results: The results indicated a significant increase (P Pleurotus ostreatus and Eisenia fetida exhibited noteworthy reductions in these hydrocarbon levels. At the three-month mark, mushrooms demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce hydrocarbon content by 70% - 90% compared to the pollution treatment. In contrast, earthworms exhibited minimal potential for hydrocarbon reduction, particularly at both three and six-month intervals. For instance, TOC reduction reached a maximum of 96% with mushroom treatment and 85% with earthworm treatment at 5% crude oil pollution over six months. Conclusion: The findings highlight the effectiveness of Pleurotus ostreatus in significantly reducing hydrocarbon levels in crude oil-polluted soil compared to Eisenia fetida. Mushroom-treated soils consistently exhibited substantial reductions in TOC, TPH, TOG, PAH, and THC over the study period, suggesting their potential as a viable bioremediation agent. In contrast, while earthworms showed some capability in reducing hydrocarbon content, their effectiveness was comparatively limited. Recommendation: Based on the results, it is recommended to utilize Pleurotus ostreatus for the bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soils. Further research could explore optimizing remediation protocols involving mushroom-based treatments for enhanced efficiency. Statement of Significance: This study contributes valuable insights into the application of bioremediation techniques for mitigating crude oil contamination in soil. The demonstrated efficacy of Pleurotus ostreatus underscores its potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for remediating hydrocarbon-polluted environments, offering a promising avenue for environmental restoration and conservation efforts.
文摘On April 2,the United States announced the implementation of the so-called“reciprocal tariffs”plan.Combined with factors such as the OPEC+plan to increase production starting in May,this led to a continuous plunge in the benchmark oil prices of WTI and Brent over the subsequent three trading days.Despite the significant impact of the United States’“reciprocal tariffs”plan on the global political and economic landscape,the fundamental dynamics of supply and demand remain the decisive factors in the fluctuations of international oil prices.The current trend of international oil price fluctuations is still primarily driven by the supply side,with both supply and demand factors playing a role.Investment,costs,and resource constraints on the supply side do not allow for a significant increase in crude oil production,while“consumption rigidity”on the demand side does not permit a significant decrease in crude oil demand.As a result,International oil prices are expected to fluctuate in the short term,but a significant decline is unlikely to be sustained in the near to medium term.In this context,Chinese oil companies should focus on four key areas to ensure the security of national oil and gas supplies:first,promoting high-quality increases in domestic oil and gas reserves and production;second,steadily strengthening the acquisition of overseas oil and gas resources;third,continuously driving innovation in oil and gas exploration and development technologies;fourth,enhancing the capacity for domestic oil and gas reserves in an orderly manner.
基金supported by the R&D Projects in Key Areas of Guangdong Province(2023B0202080003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472272,32302135,32072291)+1 种基金“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(2023C02006)Youth S&T Talent Support Programme of Guangdong Provincial Association for Science and Technology(SKXRC202401)。
文摘Edible oils derived from aquatic products are rich in lipids beneficial to human health.However,the volatile flavor characteristics of flesh oil and liver oil from Doederleinia berycoides remain unclear.In this study,flesh oil and liver oil were extracted from Doederleinia berycoides,revealing different fatty acid compositions and contents.Lipidomics analysis identified a total of 124 differential lipids between the flesh oil and liver oil,including 42 glycerophospholipids(GPs),33 glycerolipids(GLs),23 free fatty acids(FAs),13 sphingolipids(SPs),10 sterols(STs),and 3 prenol lipids(PRs).Analysis using HS-GC-IMS identified 12 key volatile compounds that significantly contributed to the distinct volatile flavors of the flesh and liver oils.The volatile flavors originated from these volatile compounds,which had different Relative Odor Activity Values(ROAVs).Further results from HSSPME-GC-MS showed that the volatile flavors of the flesh oil and liver oil were respectively attributed to 64 and 35 volatile compounds,each with unique key volatile compounds exhibiting different ROAVs.There were significant positive or negative correlations between 18 key differential lipids and 24 volatile compounds in both flesh oil and liver oil.Therefore,the complex lipid profiles are responsible for the unique volatile flavors of flesh oil and liver oil,and the differential lipids play a central role in their volatile flavor formation.These findings provide a foundation for understanding the volatile flavor differences in fish oils and hold promise for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying oil volatile flavors.
基金funded by the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund[grant number ZDKJ2021012]the National Key R&D Programof China[grant number 2023YFD2300801]received by Fei Qiaothe Ongoing Research Funding Program(ORF-2025-751),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saud Arabia.
文摘Mango(Mangifera indica L.cv.‘Keitt’)is one of the core fruit delicacies produced by China.During the post-harvest storage span,the fungal pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides readily invades the fruits and leads to a significant overall yield loss.In recent years of development,the exploitation of naturally occurring fungitoxic compounds such as Sandalwood Essential Oil(SEO)has been useful in tackling various fungal species.This study demonstrates the potential of SEO as part of a storage protection strategy against C.gloeosporioides-induced postharvest anthracnose.SEO displayed a relatively higher mycelial growth inhibition rate when compared to various other essential oils.Furthermore,the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC),Minimum Fungicidal Concentration(MFC),and EC_(50)(Half maximal effective concentration)of SEO were determined to be 2000,2500,and 610.38μL/L,respectively.Moreover,the chitosan glutamate-SEO emulsion controlled the anthracnose spread for several days by multiple folds at½MIC,MIC,and 2 MIC concentrations.These results strongly support the potential for largescale production and application of SEO emulsions by agrochemical firms and post-harvest storage facilities handling Keitt mangoes.
基金supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074335)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0129900 and 2019YFA0708700)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(23CX07003A)the Special Funding Program for the Operational Expenses of National Research Institutions(SKLDOG2024-ZYRC-01).
文摘In deep oil reservoir development,enhanced oil recovery(EOR)techniques encounter significant challenges under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions.Traditional profile-control agents often fail to maintain stable blocking under extreme conditions and exhibit poor resistance to high temperature and high salinity.This study develops a functionalized nanographite system(the MEGO system)with superior high-temperature dispersibility and thermosalinity-responsive capability through polyether amine(PEA)grafting and noncovalent interactions with disodium naphthalene sulfonate(DNS)molecules.The grafted PEA and DNS provide steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion,enhancing thermal and salinity resistance.After ten days of aggregation,the MEGO system forms stable particle aggregates(55.51-61.80 lm)that are suitable for deep reservoir migration and profile control.Both experiments and simulations reveal that particle size variations are synergistically controlled by temperature and salt ions(Na^(+),Ca^(2+),and Mg^(2+)).Compared with monovalent ions,divalent ions promote nanographite aggregation more strongly through double-layer compression and bridging effects.In core displacement experiments,the MEGO system demonstrated superior performance in reservoirs with permeabilities ranging from 21.6 to 103 mD.The aggregates formed within the pore throats significantly enhanced flow resistance,expanded the sweep volume,and increased the overall oil recovery to 56.01%.This research indicates that the MEGO system holds excellent potential for EOR in deep oil reservoirs.
基金supported by the Petrochina Daqing Oilfield Research Project(No.DQYT-1201002-2023-JS-1201).
文摘The relative permeability of oil and water is a key factor in assessing the production performance of a reservoir.This study analyzed the impact of injecting a viscosity reducer solution into low-viscosity crude oil to enhance fluid flow within a low-permeability reservoir.At 72°C,the oil-water dispersion solution achieved a viscosity reduction rate(f)of 92.42%,formulated with a viscosity reducer agent concentration(C_(VR))of 0.1%and an oil-water ratio of 5:5.The interfacial tension between the viscosity reducer solution and the crude oil remained stable at approximately 1.0 mN/m across different concentrations,with the minimum value of 4.07×10^(-1)mN/m recorded at a C_(VR)of 0.2%.As the CVR increased,the relative permeability curve of the oil phase gradually decreased while the oil-water two-phase region(Ro-wtp)expanded significantly.At a C_(VR)of 0.1%,the R_(o-wtp)peaked,making an increase of 7.93 percentage points compared to water flooding.In addition,the final displacement efficiency(E_(R),final)achieved with a 0.1%viscosity reducer solution reached 48.64%,exceeding water flooding by 15.46 percentage points,highlighting the effectiveness of the viscosity reducer solution in enhancing oil recovery.
基金financially sponsored by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(324QN360)Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Sci-ence and Technology City(SCKJ-JYRC-2024-35).
文摘The 2025 U.S.-China Trade War has intensified the vulnerability of China's oil supply chain due to heavy reliance on soybean imports,posing serious challenges to food security.This study examines soybean dependency risks and evaluates substitution strategies through diversified oilseed use,including palm-based alternatives.Findings show that high reciprocal tariffs caused a 75%drop in U.S.soybean exports to China.Palm oil,with high yield efficiency and cost-effectiveness,offers a viable supplement to fill supply chain gaps.Promoting oil palm cultivation through northward expansion and cooperation with Belt and Road countries is recommended.Additionally,multi-omics,gene editing,tissue culture,and precision agriculture are crucial to address technical bottlenecks.The study concludes that palm and soybean oils will form a complementary system,and that policy and technology investments are essential to strengthen China's oilseed supply chain resilience and sustainability.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021ME007)the National Natural Science Foundation in China(51574267)the Key Projects of China National Key Research and Development Plan(2019YFA0708703)。
文摘During oil displacement,surfactants often encounter challenges such as emulsion instability and channeling,which can compromise their efficiency.To address these issues,polymer microspheres were synthesized via reverse microemulsion polymerization using acrylamide,2-methyl-2-acrylamidopropane sulfonic acid,and stearyl methacrylate as monomers,with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker.The microspheres were then combined with sodium alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate to enhance emulsion stability and expand the swept volume of surfactant.A stable reverse microemulsion system was prepared using the maximum water solubilization rate as the indicator,and microspheres were synthesized based on this system.The ability of the microspheres to enhance emulsion stability was systematically evaluated.The plugging performance and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)efficiency of the microsphere/surfactant composite system were assessed through core seepage and oil displacement experiments.The experimental results demonstrated that microspheres were successfully prepared in a water-in-oil reverse microemulsion system with a solubilization rate of 42%.The emulsion stability was evaluated under an oil-to-water ratio of 7:3,a temperature of 80℃,and a salinity of 44,592 mg/L,by manually shaking the test tube five times.It was observed that the complete phase separation time of the emulsion increased from 10 to 120 min after the addition of microspheres.Under different permeability conditions(100×10^(-3),300×10^(-3),500×10^(-3)μm^(2)),the recovery efficiency of the composite system increased by 4.5%,8.3%,and 4.8%,respectively,compared to a single surfactant system.The microspheres developed in this study enhanced emulsion stability and increased the swept volume of surfactant within the formation,significantly boosting its oil recovery efficiency.
基金supported by Joint Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation(No.U22B6002)CNPC Scientific Research and Technology Development Project(No.2023ZZ14YJ02).
文摘The Jurassic tight sandstone oil and gas exploration and development in the eastern Yangxia Sag is a new field.To elucidate the origin,accumulation process and potential of tight oil and gas,the authors have conducted comprehensive analyses employing methodologies encompassing source rocks,oil geochemistry,and fluid inclusions.The results show that the abundance of organic matter of Jurassic source rocks is high,and the type of organic matter is ofⅡ-Ⅲand in mature evolution stage.The main source rocks of oil and gas are Huangshanjie Formation and Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks.Ahe Formation developed two stages of hydrocarbon charging,and the period is later than the reservoir densification time.Yangxia Formation oil charged before the reservoir densified,and the late gas charged after the reservoir densified.Hydrocarbon generation intensity of Jurassic source rocks has reached the basic conditions for the formation of tight gas reservoirs.Controlled by the difference of source rocks distribution and accumulation process,tight sandstone oil and gas accumulation conditions are better in the depression direction than in the southeast margin area.This study is of practical importance for expanding the exploration field and selecting favorable areas in the eastern Yangxia sag.
基金supported by the Study on the Seepage Law of Typical Low-Grade Oil Reservoirs,New Methods for Enhancing Oil Recovery(2021DJ1102)the National Science and Technology Major Special Support Program(Grant No.2017ZX05064)the CNPC Innovation Foundation(Grant No.2022DQ02-0604).
文摘Tight oil reservoirs face significant challenges,including rapid production decline,low recovery rates,and a lack of effective energy replenishment methods.In this study,a novel development model is proposed,based on inter-fracture injection following volumetric fracturing and relying on a high-temperature and high-pressure large-scale physical simulation system.Additionally,the CMG(Computer Modelling Group Ltd.,Calgary City,Canada)software is also used to elucidate the impact of various single factors on the production of horizontal wells while filtering out the interference of others.The effects of fracture spacing,fracture half-length,and the injection-production ratio are studied.Results indicate that under rejection pressures of 6.89,3.45,and 1.88 MPa,the times to establish stable flow are 50,193,and 395 min,respectively.Higher injection pressures lead to an increased oil recovery efficiency,with the highest observed efficiency at 16.93%.This indicates that,compared with conventional medium and high permeability reservoirs,tight oil reservoirs exhibit similar pore throats and larger capillary forces when oil and water flow in both phases.Higher pressures reduce capillary forces,displacing more oil droplets,thus enhancing oil recovery efficiency.Moreover,under inter-fracture displacement conditions,the pressure gradient at both the injection and production ends remain consistent,with minimal pressure loss near the wellbore.This feature ensures that the crude oil in the middle of the reservoir also possesses displacement energy,thereby enhancing overall crude oil displacement efficiency.
基金Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology(HCMUT),VNU-HCM for supporting this study.
文摘Vitamin C,a potent antioxidant with broad therapeutic applications,is limited by rapid degradation under environmental stressors,which compromises its stability and bioactivity.This study addresses these limitations by formulating a double nano-emulsion(W/O/W)system incorporating macadamia oil and tea tree oil,using homogenization and phase inversion temperature(PIT)techniques.Comprehensive physicochemical charac-terization,including droplet size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential,turbidity,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and SEM,was conducted alongside stability assessments under varying pH,temperature,and storage conditions.The optimized nano-emulsions exhibited nanoscale droplet sizes(10-40 nm),low PDI values(indicating high uniformity),and robust stability.Interestingly,the formulation with 2%W/O loading,with a particle size of 11.57 nm and a PDI of 0.04,demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 4622.62μg ascorbic acid equivalents(AA)/g,which was significantly higher(p<0.05)compared to both natural oils(macadamia oil:20.91μg AA/g,tea tree oil:16.86μg AA/g)and a 10%Vitamin C aqueous solution(592.94μg AA/g).FTIR analysis confirmed the molecular integrity of Vitamin C and its successful encapsulation with macadamia and tea tree oils,while SEM images revealed uniformly spherical and well-dispersed droplets.Moreover,the formulation retained its structural integrity and antioxidant functionality under diverse pH and thermal conditions.These findings underscore the potential of double nano-emulsion systems to overcome the stability challenges of Vitamin C,offering a promising approach to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic performance in phar-maceutical and cosmetic applications.
文摘Represented by CNPC,Chinese national oil companies go overseas conducting international oil and gas collaboration.Q4:To address domestic energy supply shortages,fully utilize international oil and gas resources,and strengthen international oil and gas cooperation while further enhancing core competitiveness,China’s petroleum enterprises proposed the strategic concept of effectively leveraging both domestic and international resources and markets,literally the strategy of“two resources and two markets”as early as the 1990s and resolutely took the first step in the great endeavor of“going overseas”.Through international cooperation and operations,state-owned oil enterprises represented by CNPC have not only ensured national energy security and enhanced corporate competitiveness,but also made significant contributions to global energy cooperation and advancement of Belt and Road Initiative.Could you please discuss the situation of Chinese petroleum enterprises’international oil and gas cooperation and their achievements in the field of petroleum exploration and development?
基金Supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52421002)General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52474016).
文摘This paper investigates the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of viscosity reduction and quality improvement of heavy oil in a supercritical water environment through laboratory experiments and testing.The effect of three reaction parameters,i.e.reaction temperature,reaction time and oil-water ratio,is analyzed on the product and their correlation with viscosity.The results show that the flow state of heavy oil is significantly improved with a viscosity reduction of 99.4%in average after the reaction in the supercritical water.Excessively high reaction temperature leads to a higher content of resins and asphaltenes,with significantly increasing production of coke.The optimal temperature ranges in 380–420℃.Prolonged reaction time could continuously increase the yield of light oil,but it will also results in the growth of resins and asphaltenes,with the optimal reaction time of 150 min.Reducing the oil-water ratio helps improve the diffusion environment within the reaction system and reduce the content of resins and asphaltenes,but it will increase the cost of heavy oil treatment.An oil-water ratio of 1︰2 is considered as optimum to balance the quality improvement,viscosity reduction and reaction economics.The correlation of the three reaction parameters relative to the oil sample viscosity is ranked as temperature,time and oil-water ratio.Among the four fractions of heavy oil,the viscosity is dominated by asphaltene content,followed by aromatic content and less affected by resins and saturates contents.
