Dilatancy is referred to the phenomenon of volume increase that occurs when a material is deformed.Dilatancy theory originated in geomechanics for the study of the behavior of granular materials.Later it is expanded t...Dilatancy is referred to the phenomenon of volume increase that occurs when a material is deformed.Dilatancy theory originated in geomechanics for the study of the behavior of granular materials.Later it is expanded to the case of more brittle materials like rocks when it is subjected to the load of varying effective stress and starts to crack and deform,then named the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis.This hypothesis was developed to explain the changes in rock volume and pore pressure that occur prior to and during fault slip,which can influence earthquake dynamics.Dilatancy-fluid diffusion is a significant concept in understanding the seismogenic process and has served as the major theoretical pillar for earthquake prediction by its classic definition.This paper starts with the recount of fundamental laboratory experiments on granular materials and rocks,then conducts review and examination of the history for using the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis to interpret the‘prediction’of the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake and other events.The Haicheng Earthquake is the first significant event to be interpreted with the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis in the world.As one pivotal figure in the development of the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis for earthquake prediction Professor Amos Nur of Stanford University worked tirelessly to attract societal attention to this important scientific and humanistic issue.As a deterministic physical model the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis intrinsically bears the deficit to interpret the stochastic seismogenic process.With the emergence of deep learning and its successful applications to many science and technology fields,we may see a possibility to overcome the shortcoming of the current state of the theory with the addition of empirical statistics to push the operational earthquake forecasting approach with the addition of the physicallyinformed neural networks which adopt the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis as one of its embedded physical relations,to uplift the seismic risk reduction to a new level for saving lives and reducing the losses.展开更多
Background: The impact of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in military service members has been poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to exa...Background: The impact of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in military service members has been poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD in active-duty military personnel between 1999 and 2008.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing data extracted from the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify incident cases of PTSD within the study population. The incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD was the primary outcome of interest. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to analyze the data.Results: The overall incidence rate of PTSD among all active-duty US military personnel was 3.84(95% CI: 3.81, 3.87) cases per 1000 person-years. The adjusted average annual percentage increase in the incidence rate of PTSD prior to the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom(OIF) was a modest 5.02%(95% CI: 1.85, 8.29%). Following the initiation of OIF, the average annual percentage increase in the rate of PTSD was 43.03%(95% CI: 40.55, 45.56%). Compared to the baseline period between 1999 and 2002, the incidence rate of PTSD in 2008 was nearly 7 times higher(RR=6.85, 95% CI: 6.49, 7.24). Significant increases in the incidence rate of PTSD were observed following the initiation of OIF regardless of sex, age, race, marital status, military rank, or branch of military service. Notably, the rate of PTSD among females was 6–7 times higher prior to OIF, but there was no difference by gender by 2008.Conclusions: Overall, these data quantify the significant increase in the incidence rate of PTSD following the initiation of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan within the active-duty military population during the study period.展开更多
We are living in a world of numbers and calculations with enormous amount of pretty fast user-friendly software ready for an automatic output that may lead to a discovery or,alternatively,mislead to a deceptive conclu...We are living in a world of numbers and calculations with enormous amount of pretty fast user-friendly software ready for an automatic output that may lead to a discovery or,alternatively,mislead to a deceptive conclusion,erroneous claims and predictions.As a matter of fact,nowadays,Science can disclose Natural Hazards,assess Risks,and deliver the state-of-the-art Knowledge of looming disaster in advance catastrophes along with useful Recommendations on the level of risks for decision making regarding engineering design,insurance,and emergency management.展开更多
Increasing numbers of veterans are returning home with chronic pain and mental health disorders. Pharmacological treatments may be effective, but may also be increasing the incidence of poisonings among younger as wel...Increasing numbers of veterans are returning home with chronic pain and mental health disorders. Pharmacological treatments may be effective, but may also be increasing the incidence of poisonings among younger as well as older veterans, requiring greater resource expenditures at Veterans Administration (VA) facilities. Our objective was to characterize patterns of the poisoning among the veterans in Florida, using data obtained from the Florida Poisoning Control Information Network (FPCIN). We evaluated retrospective cohort data from 2005 to 2009 of 601 poisoning cases treated at Florida VA medical facilities with consultations from FPCIN. Intentional (suspected suicide) was the most common reason. Major adverse clinical outcomes were associated with the use of NSAIDs or alcohol. Antidepressants and anti-anxiolytics had the strongest association with intentional self-poisoning. Since medications are the major substances for the poisoning among the veterans, our study suggests that pharmaceutical treatments of veterans should include stronger prescribing guidelines and consideration of alternative therapies.展开更多
In this letter, we propose a market-based bi-level conic optimal energy flow (OEF) model of integrated electricity and natural gas systems (IENGSs). Conic alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) is formulated i...In this letter, we propose a market-based bi-level conic optimal energy flow (OEF) model of integrated electricity and natural gas systems (IENGSs). Conic alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) is formulated in the upper-level model, and the generation cost of natural gas fired generation units (NGFGUs) is calculated based on natural gas locational marginal prices (NG-LMPs). The market clearing process of natural gas system is modeled in the lower-level model. The bi-level model is then transferred into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed conic OEF model.展开更多
在急性缺血性卒中患者中,弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)可用于评估缺血核心,动态磁敏感对比灌注磁共振成像可以估计氧提取分数(oxygen extraction fraction,OEF),但血管再通后OEF增加的DWI病灶的转归尚不清楚。法国学者...在急性缺血性卒中患者中,弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)可用于评估缺血核心,动态磁敏感对比灌注磁共振成像可以估计氧提取分数(oxygen extraction fraction,OEF),但血管再通后OEF增加的DWI病灶的转归尚不清楚。法国学者Bani-Sadr等对HIBISCUS-STROKE队列(Cohort of Patients to Identify Biological and Imaging Markers of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Stroke;NCT:03149705)研究进行了一项回顾性分析,旨在探讨OEF对血栓切除术后成功再通患者DWI病灶命运的影响。展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Research Foundation of Korea(RS-2023-00220913).
文摘Dilatancy is referred to the phenomenon of volume increase that occurs when a material is deformed.Dilatancy theory originated in geomechanics for the study of the behavior of granular materials.Later it is expanded to the case of more brittle materials like rocks when it is subjected to the load of varying effective stress and starts to crack and deform,then named the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis.This hypothesis was developed to explain the changes in rock volume and pore pressure that occur prior to and during fault slip,which can influence earthquake dynamics.Dilatancy-fluid diffusion is a significant concept in understanding the seismogenic process and has served as the major theoretical pillar for earthquake prediction by its classic definition.This paper starts with the recount of fundamental laboratory experiments on granular materials and rocks,then conducts review and examination of the history for using the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis to interpret the‘prediction’of the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake and other events.The Haicheng Earthquake is the first significant event to be interpreted with the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis in the world.As one pivotal figure in the development of the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis for earthquake prediction Professor Amos Nur of Stanford University worked tirelessly to attract societal attention to this important scientific and humanistic issue.As a deterministic physical model the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis intrinsically bears the deficit to interpret the stochastic seismogenic process.With the emergence of deep learning and its successful applications to many science and technology fields,we may see a possibility to overcome the shortcoming of the current state of the theory with the addition of empirical statistics to push the operational earthquake forecasting approach with the addition of the physicallyinformed neural networks which adopt the dilatancy-diffusion hypothesis as one of its embedded physical relations,to uplift the seismic risk reduction to a new level for saving lives and reducing the losses.
基金supported by the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program’s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderthe Traumatic Brain Injury Research Program Award#W81XWH-08-2-0152
文摘Background: The impact of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in military service members has been poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD in active-duty military personnel between 1999 and 2008.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing data extracted from the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify incident cases of PTSD within the study population. The incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD was the primary outcome of interest. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to analyze the data.Results: The overall incidence rate of PTSD among all active-duty US military personnel was 3.84(95% CI: 3.81, 3.87) cases per 1000 person-years. The adjusted average annual percentage increase in the incidence rate of PTSD prior to the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom(OIF) was a modest 5.02%(95% CI: 1.85, 8.29%). Following the initiation of OIF, the average annual percentage increase in the rate of PTSD was 43.03%(95% CI: 40.55, 45.56%). Compared to the baseline period between 1999 and 2002, the incidence rate of PTSD in 2008 was nearly 7 times higher(RR=6.85, 95% CI: 6.49, 7.24). Significant increases in the incidence rate of PTSD were observed following the initiation of OIF regardless of sex, age, race, marital status, military rank, or branch of military service. Notably, the rate of PTSD among females was 6–7 times higher prior to OIF, but there was no difference by gender by 2008.Conclusions: Overall, these data quantify the significant increase in the incidence rate of PTSD following the initiation of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan within the active-duty military population during the study period.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundationproject no.20-17-00180-P“Development of a scenario approach to the tasks of seismic hazard and risk assessment”。
文摘We are living in a world of numbers and calculations with enormous amount of pretty fast user-friendly software ready for an automatic output that may lead to a discovery or,alternatively,mislead to a deceptive conclusion,erroneous claims and predictions.As a matter of fact,nowadays,Science can disclose Natural Hazards,assess Risks,and deliver the state-of-the-art Knowledge of looming disaster in advance catastrophes along with useful Recommendations on the level of risks for decision making regarding engineering design,insurance,and emergency management.
文摘Increasing numbers of veterans are returning home with chronic pain and mental health disorders. Pharmacological treatments may be effective, but may also be increasing the incidence of poisonings among younger as well as older veterans, requiring greater resource expenditures at Veterans Administration (VA) facilities. Our objective was to characterize patterns of the poisoning among the veterans in Florida, using data obtained from the Florida Poisoning Control Information Network (FPCIN). We evaluated retrospective cohort data from 2005 to 2009 of 601 poisoning cases treated at Florida VA medical facilities with consultations from FPCIN. Intentional (suspected suicide) was the most common reason. Major adverse clinical outcomes were associated with the use of NSAIDs or alcohol. Antidepressants and anti-anxiolytics had the strongest association with intentional self-poisoning. Since medications are the major substances for the poisoning among the veterans, our study suggests that pharmaceutical treatments of veterans should include stronger prescribing guidelines and consideration of alternative therapies.
基金The authors would like to thank the support in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB0903400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52007026)in part by CURENT,a U.S.NSF/DOE Engineering Research Center funded under NSF award EEC-1041877.
文摘In this letter, we propose a market-based bi-level conic optimal energy flow (OEF) model of integrated electricity and natural gas systems (IENGSs). Conic alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) is formulated in the upper-level model, and the generation cost of natural gas fired generation units (NGFGUs) is calculated based on natural gas locational marginal prices (NG-LMPs). The market clearing process of natural gas system is modeled in the lower-level model. The bi-level model is then transferred into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed conic OEF model.
文摘在急性缺血性卒中患者中,弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)可用于评估缺血核心,动态磁敏感对比灌注磁共振成像可以估计氧提取分数(oxygen extraction fraction,OEF),但血管再通后OEF增加的DWI病灶的转归尚不清楚。法国学者Bani-Sadr等对HIBISCUS-STROKE队列(Cohort of Patients to Identify Biological and Imaging Markers of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Stroke;NCT:03149705)研究进行了一项回顾性分析,旨在探讨OEF对血栓切除术后成功再通患者DWI病灶命运的影响。
