Given the reality of climate-driven migration,the net effectiveness of existing spatially fixed protected areas(PAs)to biodiversity conservation is expected to decline,while the potential of non-PA habitats(non-PAs,i....Given the reality of climate-driven migration,the net effectiveness of existing spatially fixed protected areas(PAs)to biodiversity conservation is expected to decline,while the potential of non-PA habitats(non-PAs,i.e.,natural,altered,or artificial ecosystems that are not formally designated as PAs)for biodiversity conservation is gaining attention.However,the contribution of non-PAs to biodiversity conservation remains poorly understood.With the aim of comprehensively assessing the effectiveness of non-PAs as transient refugia and steppingstones during future climate-change-induced migration of species in China,a six-metric integrated framework was applied and statistics of these metrics for PAs and non-PAs are compared.Results reveal that,a greater area of non-PAs has a low velocity of climate change(VoCC)compared to that of PAs,and can therefore serve as temporary refugia for species.The disappearing climate index(DCI)and novel climate index(NCI)results show that some 17%of the subdivided climate classes within the PAs have changed.However,the displacement index(DI)results imply that nearly half(48.98%)of the PAs need non-PAs to provide transient refugia for climate-driven migration of species in PAs.The higher ratio of effective steppingstones measured using the climate corridor score(CCS)and landscape current flow(LCF)further emphasizes that non-PAs play a more significant role as steppingstones for climate driven migration than do PAs in terms of both their structural and functional connectivity.Our research further demonstrates that a conservation approach that improves connectivity among PAs and considers Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)is essential for long-term biodiversity adaptation to climate change.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grants No.2022YFC3802604,2022YFF1303102)the Global Engagement for Strategic Partnership project of Nanjing University.
文摘Given the reality of climate-driven migration,the net effectiveness of existing spatially fixed protected areas(PAs)to biodiversity conservation is expected to decline,while the potential of non-PA habitats(non-PAs,i.e.,natural,altered,or artificial ecosystems that are not formally designated as PAs)for biodiversity conservation is gaining attention.However,the contribution of non-PAs to biodiversity conservation remains poorly understood.With the aim of comprehensively assessing the effectiveness of non-PAs as transient refugia and steppingstones during future climate-change-induced migration of species in China,a six-metric integrated framework was applied and statistics of these metrics for PAs and non-PAs are compared.Results reveal that,a greater area of non-PAs has a low velocity of climate change(VoCC)compared to that of PAs,and can therefore serve as temporary refugia for species.The disappearing climate index(DCI)and novel climate index(NCI)results show that some 17%of the subdivided climate classes within the PAs have changed.However,the displacement index(DI)results imply that nearly half(48.98%)of the PAs need non-PAs to provide transient refugia for climate-driven migration of species in PAs.The higher ratio of effective steppingstones measured using the climate corridor score(CCS)and landscape current flow(LCF)further emphasizes that non-PAs play a more significant role as steppingstones for climate driven migration than do PAs in terms of both their structural and functional connectivity.Our research further demonstrates that a conservation approach that improves connectivity among PAs and considers Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)is essential for long-term biodiversity adaptation to climate change.
