On July 2^(nd),2025,32 scientists representing 15 countries gathered at Tartu,Estonia to make on-site endorsements for the Global ONCE(Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions)Program at the 12th INTECOL Wetlands Conference.Th...On July 2^(nd),2025,32 scientists representing 15 countries gathered at Tartu,Estonia to make on-site endorsements for the Global ONCE(Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions)Program at the 12th INTECOL Wetlands Conference.This marks a significant milestone for ONCE in establishing a systematic framework for coastal wetland carbon sequestration research and global collaboration(Figs.1,2).Coastal wetlands are critical transition zones linking terrestrial and marine ecosystems,yet they face severe degradation from anthropogenic land-based activities and sea level rise that propagate impacts to the ocean.As a UN Ocean Decade Program,the Global ONCE Program champions interdisciplinary and cross-regional collaboration to enhance carbon sequestration in the ocean and coastal wetlands through science and innovation.Aligned with the Tartu Declaration on Wetlands that includes resolutions to promote the rights of global wetlands(especially peatlands)and advance the discipline of wetland science based on facts,this initiative addresses key knowledge gaps in land-ocean interactions.The goal is to harness the full potential of coastal wetlands and ocean systems for climate mitigation,thereby laying a scientific foundation for international policy formulation and implementation.展开更多
The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associatio...The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associations since 2009,when they met in Montreal,Canada.It was the first time any of the associations had been hosted in Korea,and it had been two decades since any of them had met in Asia.The choice of Busan as the venue supported high levels of participation and smooth conference operations.The Local Organizing Committee,chaired by Prof.Kyung-Ja Ha of Pusan National University,oversaw the successful organization of the event.The assembly brought together 1725 participants in total,including 1282 researchers and 443 invited participants and individuals involved in side events,exhibitions,media coverage,and volunteer work.Participants came from 46 countries across Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa,and Oceania.IAMAS had 736 participants,IAPSO 321,and IACS 225.Survey data from 951 respondents revealed that Early Career Scientists,defined as those within 10 years of receiving their PhD,accounted for approximately 25%of participants.The demographic profile skewed young,with 66%of attendees in their 20s and 30s.The scientific program was organized by Prof.Seon-Ki Park(Chair),the Secretaries General from all three Associations,and the Local Organizing Committee.Reflecting the theme“Our Interconnected Earth,”the scientific program emphasized integrated approaches to climate systems,addressing climate change and environmental challenges through collaborative,transdisciplinary research.展开更多
Prydz Bay,East Antarctica,is a critical region for studying ocean–sea ice–ice shelf interactions and their role in the global climate system.This review synthesizes the advancements in numerical modeling of physical...Prydz Bay,East Antarctica,is a critical region for studying ocean–sea ice–ice shelf interactions and their role in the global climate system.This review synthesizes the advancements in numerical modeling of physical oceanographic processes in Prydz Bay,highlighting the evolution from early one-dimensional thermodynamic models to contemporary high-resolution,three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea ice–ice shelf frameworks.We discuss key milestones in understanding processes such as frazil ice dynamics and its impact on the basal mass balance of the Amery Ice Shelf,the pathways and mechanisms of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions,and the dynamic influences of large icebergs on regional circulation.Despite significant progress,challenges remain in integrating multi-component interactions and achieving long-term,high-resolution climate projections.Future efforts should focus on developing fully coupled models that incorporate atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–ice shelf–iceberg interactions,supported by enhanced observational networks and improved computational efficiency.This review underscores the importance of continued modeling advancement to better predict the responses of Antarctic ice shelves and polar climate to global change.展开更多
Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))levels are escalating at an unprecedented rate,leading to the phenomenon of ocean acidification(OA).Parental exposure to acidification has the potential to enhance offspring resilienc...Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))levels are escalating at an unprecedented rate,leading to the phenomenon of ocean acidification(OA).Parental exposure to acidification has the potential to enhance offspring resilience through cross-generation plasticity.In this study,we analyzed larval growth and transcriptomic profiles in the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,a species of significant ecological relevance,under both control and elevated CO_(2)conditions experienced by their parental generation.Our findings indicate that the oyster populations exposed to OA exhibited a higher incidence of abnormalities during the D-shaped larval stage,followed by accelerated growth at the eyed stage.Through a comparative transcriptomic investigation of eyed larvae(25 d after fertilization),we observed that parental exposure to OA substantially influenced the gene expression in the offspring.Genes associated with lipid catabolism and shell formation were notably upregulated in oysters with parental OA exposure,potentially playing a role in cross-generational conditioning and conferring resilience to OA stressors.These results underscore the profound impact of OA on oyster larval development via cross-generational mechanisms and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of cross-generation plasticity.展开更多
This study investigates the vertical variations of aerosol size distribution (0.06–1µm) and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) spectra over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft observations from the SOCRATES campa...This study investigates the vertical variations of aerosol size distribution (0.06–1µm) and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) spectra over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft observations from the SOCRATES campaign.Results reveal a bimodal aerosol size distribution within the marine boundary layer (MBL),with peaks at diameters of~0.06µm and~0.65µm,dominated by sea-salt particles.Accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations decrease with altitude within the MBL,while Aitken-mode aerosol concentrations peak above the MBL (~2–3 km).Wind speed strongly correlates with coarse-mode aerosol concentration (R2=0.77),implicating sea spray as a major CCN source at low supersaturations (SS=0.1%).The altitudes of CCN concentration peaks shift from the MBL (<1 km,SS<0.4%) to the free troposphere (~2.5 km,SS>0.4%),suggesting new particle formation aloft,distinct from sea surface sources.These findings highlight the unique aerosol–CCN dynamics in the pristine SO,offering critical constraints for models simulating cloud–aerosol interactions in preindustrial-like environments.展开更多
The eddies in the southernmost southern Indian Ocean exert major dynamical and biogeochemical influences on the Earth system.Therefore,disentangling the relative contributions of vertical pumping and horizontal transp...The eddies in the southernmost southern Indian Ocean exert major dynamical and biogeochemical influences on the Earth system.Therefore,disentangling the relative contributions of vertical pumping and horizontal transport to water-property anomalies in the eddy cores is of fundamental importance.Here,the authors introduce a temperaturesalinity gradient-ratio approach(the"R-method")that compares vertical and meridional gradients to quantitatively separate the two processes.Application of the R-method to three-dimensional Argo observations reveals that horizontal transport,rather than vertical pumping,predominantly governs the observed temperature and salinity anomalies within eddy cores in the SIO.Independent theoretical estimations based on background meridional gradients,together with composites formed on isopycnal surfaces,further corroborate this conclusion.The results challenge the conventional assumption that vertical pumping invariably controls eddy-core property anomalies and demonstrate the utility of the R-method for diagnosing eddy impacts in climate and biogeochemical studies.展开更多
The present study compares the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)in the North Atlantic from two simulations by an oceanic general circulation model with 1°×1°and 0.1°×0.1°r...The present study compares the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)in the North Atlantic from two simulations by an oceanic general circulation model with 1°×1°and 0.1°×0.1°resolution,respectively,which explores the sensitivity of AMOC to the resolution.The ocean model is the latest version of the LASG/IAP Climate System Model(LICOM3),and it is forced with atmospheric data from phase 2 of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project(OMIP2).Comprehensive comparison between the two simulations indicates that the simulated AMOC is highly sensitive to the spatial resolution.The high-resolution model(LICOM-H)simulates a deeper mixed-layer depth(MLD),due to increased surface salinity,than that in the low-resolution model(LICOML)in the Labrador Sea,and it also has stronger AMOC strength(the maximum climatic mean AMOC from 1958 to 2018 is 23.4 Sv for LICOM-H and 21.2 Sv for LICOM-L)and larger variability of AMOC index(2.3 Sv for LICOM-H and 1.7 Sv for LICOM-L).These differences can mainly be attributed to two main dynamic processes that benefit from high resolution.Firstly,LICOM-H can simulate much stronger boundary currents(~0.6 m s^(-1))than LICOM-L(0.3 m s^(-1))in the upper ocean,which leads to saltier and warmer seawater being transported to the Labrador Sea,where it enhances deep convection.Secondly,in LICOM-H,the stronger variability of AMOC is related to the higher sensitivity of the MLD and transformation to the prescribed atmospheric forcing in the Labrador Sea.展开更多
The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are among the global shelf seas susceptible to typhoons every year.Using observations and high-resolution numerical simulations,the current study investigates the dramatic changes in tempe...The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are among the global shelf seas susceptible to typhoons every year.Using observations and high-resolution numerical simulations,the current study investigates the dramatic changes in temperature and ocean heat content(OHC)of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea caused by Super Typhoon Maysak in early September 2020,which is representative of northward/northeastward-bypassing typhoons with centers just to the east of the study area.Temperature shows spatially coherent cooling in the upper mixed layer but warming in the subsurface layer in the majority of the offshore waters,due to wind-enhanced vertical mixing.In lower layers from the thermocline to sea bottom,temperature experiences significant warming in northeastern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula and in regions just off the Subei Shoal,but significant cooling in western coastal waters of the Korean Peninsula and southern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula.Significant temperature warming/cooling in lower layers is caused by coastal downwelling/upwelling.The total OHC of the study area decreases rapidly during Typhoon Maysak(2020)’s passage,which is generated comparably by latent heat loss at the sea surface and southward heat advection out of the study area at the southern boundary.Reduced shortwave radiation contributes positively but secondarily to the decreasing OHC during the first day.A numerical experiment suggests that Typhoon Maysak(2020)-induced OHC decline could have greatly affected the regional climate evolution in the following seasons.More studies are needed to fully understand the impacts of typhoons on regional climate changes in shelf seas at different time scales.展开更多
Based on reanalysis data from 1979 to 2021,this study explores the spatial distribution of the Southern Indian Ocean Dipole(SIOD)and its individual and synergistic effects with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(EN...Based on reanalysis data from 1979 to 2021,this study explores the spatial distribution of the Southern Indian Ocean Dipole(SIOD)and its individual and synergistic effects with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)on summer precipitation in China.The inverse phase spatial distribution of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)in the southwest and northeast of the southern Indian Ocean is defined as the SIOD.Positive SIOD events(positive SSTAs in the southwest,negative SSTAs in the northeast)are associated with La Niña events(Central Pacific(CP)type),while negative SIOD events(negative SSTAs in the southwest,positive SSTAs in the northeast)are associated with El Niño events(Eastern Pacific(EP)type).Both SIOD and ENSO have certain impacts on summer precipitation in China.Precipitation in the Yangtze River basin decreases,while precipitation in southern China increases during pure positive SIOD(P_PSIOD)events.During pure negative SIOD(P_NSIOD)events,the changes in precipitation are exactly the opposite of those during P_PSIOD events,which may be due to differences in the cross-equatorial flow in the southern Indian Ocean,particularly in low-level Australian cross-equatorial flow.When positive SIOD and CP-type La Niña events occur simultaneously(PSIOD+La_Niña),precipitation increases in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin,while it decreases in northern China.When negative SIOD and EP-type El Niño events occur simultaneously(NSIOD+El_Niño),precipitation in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin is significantly lower than during P_NSIOD events.This is caused by differences in water vapor originating from the Pacific Ocean during different events.展开更多
As a controllable power generation method requiring no energy storage,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC)technology demonstrates characteristics of abundant reserves,low pollution,and round-the-clock stable operatio...As a controllable power generation method requiring no energy storage,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC)technology demonstrates characteristics of abundant reserves,low pollution,and round-the-clock stable operation.The free-standing cold-water pipe(CWP)in the system withstands various complex loads during operation,posing potential failure risks.To reveal the deformation and stress mechanisms of OTEC CWPs,this study first analyzes wave particle velocity and acceleration to determine wave loads at different water depths.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model,a quasi-static load calculation model for OTEC CWPs was established.The governing equations were discretized using the finite difference method,and matrix equations were solved to analyze bending deformation,bending moments,and surface stresses at discrete points along the pipe.Results indicate that water depths within 50 m represent a critical zone where wave particle velocity,acceleration,and wave loads exhibit significant variations in harmonic patterns,while beyond 50 m depth wave loads decrease linearly.Ocean currents and surface wind-driven currents substantially influence the CWP’s lateral displacement.Considering the effect of clump weights,the maximum lateral displacement occurs at 600–800 m below sea level.Utilizing large-wall-thickness high-strength pipes at the top section significantly enhances the structural safety of the CWP system.展开更多
This research evaluates the performance of an eddy-resolving forecast system(LFS)in simulating mesoscale eddies over the South China Sea(SCs)through a comparative analysis with satellite observations and the reanalysi...This research evaluates the performance of an eddy-resolving forecast system(LFS)in simulating mesoscale eddies over the South China Sea(SCs)through a comparative analysis with satellite observations and the reanalysis dataset from the Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis product(CMEMS).The findings indicate that the spatial characteristics of eddy kinetic energy,number,and amplitude of coherent mesoscale eddies simulated by LFS exhibit a reasonable agreement with satellite observations.The reproduced seasonal variations are also comparable to outputs from the CMEMS reanalysis dataset.Nevertheless,certain systematic biases have also been identified.In the SCS,LFS generates approximately 17%fewer eddies than observed.Such biases are also evident in the CMEMS reanalysis dataset.Similar to the statistics shown in the CMEMS reanalysis dataset,both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies are significantly weaker in LFS compared to the observations.Additionally,the composite three-dimensional structures of mesoscale eddies simulated by LFS exhibit a remarkable similarity to those identified in the CMEMS reanalysis datasets.This work lays the foundation for further studies using LFS to investigate the predictability of mesoscale eddies and enhance the accuracy of simulations.展开更多
In winter 2018,an aerosol physicochemical experiment was conducted in the Western Pacific Ocean(WPO)aboard the Research Vessel KEXUE of Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study systematically investigated both natural a...In winter 2018,an aerosol physicochemical experiment was conducted in the Western Pacific Ocean(WPO)aboard the Research Vessel KEXUE of Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study systematically investigated both natural and anthropogenic effects on marine aerosols optical properties,as well as the applicability of multi-satellite products and IMPROVE equation.The averaged aerosol optical depth(AOD500 nm)was 0.31±0.16 andÅngström exponent440–675 nm was 0.29±0.30.In offshore China,significant anthropogenic emissions affected the marine environment.In remote WPO,dust aerosols transported from northern China,Siberia,Central Asia,and those settling from the upper troposphere originating from north Africa,Arabian peninsula,and western India,were dominant.The spatial trends of AOD were opposite in the mid-latitude and southern seas of WPO.The highest AOD,0.32±0.23,appeared along the coast of South Asia at mid-latitude,decreasing from offshore seas to remote oceans.In low-latitude and equatorial seas,AOD significantly increased from coast to remote oceans.Ångström exponent dropped significantly from the coast to remote oceans as anthropogenic influence diminished across the entire WPO.Correlation analysis showed that both MODIS-C6 and Himawari AOD prod-ucts showed similar applicability in coastal urban areas,while Himawari AOD is highly recommended for coastal background and marine environment due to its finer resolution.The extinction coefficient derived from PM_(2.5) chemical compositions using IMPROVE algorithm exhibited a significant correlation(R^(2)=0.58)with the con-currently measured AOD in the absence of long-distance transport,suggesting that the IMPROVE is a reasonable proxy of the columnar average of marine aerosol extinctions free from transport influences.展开更多
Preferential policies,efficient government,and a favorable geographical location...a multitude of factors make the Hainan FTP a promising land for businesses.SOON after the Hainan Free Trade Port(FTP)launched special ...Preferential policies,efficient government,and a favorable geographical location...a multitude of factors make the Hainan FTP a promising land for businesses.SOON after the Hainan Free Trade Port(FTP)launched special customs operations at the end of 2025,private enterprises operating at its Yangpu Port began to benefit substantially from the favorable policies and surging growth momentum in the region.While riding on an ocean of opportunities opened by the FTP,local businesses are bringing the island to a new level of prosperity,and thriving together with it as a community of shared future.展开更多
Because of their effect on climate,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),and dimethylsulfide(DMS)are collectively designated as climate-relevant gases(CRGs).CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2)O are greenhou...Because of their effect on climate,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),and dimethylsulfide(DMS)are collectively designated as climate-relevant gases(CRGs).CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2)O are greenhouse gases contributing to global warming(positive climate feedback).Conversely,DMS is involved in the generation of cloud condensation nuclei,thus in the formation of clouds that cool the boundary layer by reflecting incoming solar radiation(negative climate feedback).Despite their scarcity,field observations and model results have demonstrated the essential role of polar oceans in the budget of CRGs.For example,the Southern Ocean represents a substantial CO_(2)sink but a source of N_(2)O and DMS,thereby exerting variable feedback on climate change.Unfortunately,because of the severe environmental conditions at polar latitudes,substantial knowledge gaps remain,for example on the mechanisms underlying CRGs formation or on the strength and distribution of their sources and sinks in the Southern and Arctic Oceans.Here,we review the most recent research results on the distribution,production-loss processes,and abundance variations of CRGs in the polar oceans.We list the remaining knowledge gaps and propose future directions of research on CRGs in the polar oceans,as a useful reference for future studies.展开更多
Marine services-ranging from ocean tourism and maritime transport to public marine services-have become a powerful driver of China’s ocean economy.In 2024,the country’s gross ocean product(GOP)exceeded 10 trillion y...Marine services-ranging from ocean tourism and maritime transport to public marine services-have become a powerful driver of China’s ocean economy.In 2024,the country’s gross ocean product(GOP)exceeded 10 trillion yuan(US$1.4 trillion)for the first time,with marine services contributing 6.28 trillion yuan(US$880 billion),or 59.6 percent of the total.Among them,marine tourism and maritime transport accounted for the lion’s share.展开更多
There have always been academic debates regarding the timing and geodynamics of the superimposition and transformation between the Paleo-Pacific Ocean and the Paleo-Asian Ocean.To resolve the relevant issues over this...There have always been academic debates regarding the timing and geodynamics of the superimposition and transformation between the Paleo-Pacific Ocean and the Paleo-Asian Ocean.To resolve the relevant issues over this debate,the authors selected the Jilin–Heilongjiang high-pressure metamorphic belt(Ji–Hei HP Belt)between the Jiamusi–Khanka Block and the Songliao Block in NE China as the study area.This area preserves important records of the superimposition and transformation between these two tectonic domains.This study aims to address this issue through geochemical and zircon U–Pb dating analyses of the Yilan blueschist of Heilongjiang Complex exposed in the Ji–Hei HP Belt.In the geochemical analysis,it has been discovered that the protoliths of the blueschist in the Yilan area consist of subalkaline basalt,which displays geochemical characteristics of Ocean Island Basalt that indicated an oceanic island setting.The LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb analysis yields ages of 248±4 Ma and 259±2 Ma from the magma zircons of the blueschists,indicating that the basalt protolith was formed in Late Permian to Early Triassic(259–248 Ma).Based on the results of this study and the regional data,it is proposed that the Jilin–Heilongjiang Ocean opened during Late Permian to Early Triassic(259–248 Ma).This period marks a crucial stage from the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean to the initiation of Paleo-Pacific oceanic subduction.展开更多
Since the“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”,global tidal energy,tidal current energy,wave energy,ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC),and salinity gradient power technologies have experienced a new surge in development.China...Since the“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”,global tidal energy,tidal current energy,wave energy,ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC),and salinity gradient power technologies have experienced a new surge in development.China has also been promoting marine energy development through technology research and development,demonstration projects,and industrial planning.Against the backdrop of developing the marine economy and building a strong maritime nation,the development of ocean energy is of great significance for actively and prudently advancing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,boosting high-quality economic and social development,and gaining an edge in the new round of technological revolution.展开更多
The movement of global ocean circulation in the Earth’s main magnetic field generates a measurable induced magnetic field(about 2 nT at geomagnetic satellite altitudes).However,this ocean circulation-induced magnetic...The movement of global ocean circulation in the Earth’s main magnetic field generates a measurable induced magnetic field(about 2 nT at geomagnetic satellite altitudes).However,this ocean circulation-induced magnetic field has not been previously estimated or incorporated into geomagnetic field models,potentially causing leakage into the core field model.Here,we present a method to account for the circulation-induced magnetic field during geomagnetic field modeling.First,a forward model of the circulation-induced magnetic field is constructed by numerically solving electromagnetic induction equations based on a realistic ocean circulation model.Then,this forward model is subtracted from the observed data.Finally,the core and lithospheric fields,magnetospheric and Earth’s mantle-induced fields,and the ocean tide-induced magnetic field are co-estimated.Applying our method to over 20 years of MSS-1,Swarm,CryoSat-2,and CHAMP satellite magnetic data,we derive a new multisource geomagnetic field model(MGFM).We find that incorporating a forward model of the circulation-induced magnetic field marginally improves the fit to the data.Furthermore,we demonstrate that neglecting the circulation-induced magnetic field in geomagnetic field modeling results in leakage into the core field model.The highlights of the MGFM model include:(i)a good agreement with the widely used CHAOS model series;(ii)the incorporation of magnetic fields induced by both ocean tides and circulation;and(iii)the suppression of leakage of the circulation-induced magnetic field into the core field model.展开更多
Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,despite the transition from an El Ni?o to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temper...Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,despite the transition from an El Ni?o to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temperature(SST) and upper2000 m ocean heat content(OHC) reached unprecedented highs in the historical record. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2024exceeded that of 2023 by 16 ± 8 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules, with a 95% confidence interval)(IAP/CAS data), which is confirmed by two other data products: 18 ± 7 ZJ(CIGAR-RT reanalysis data) and 40 ± 31 ZJ(Copernicus Marine data,updated to November 2024). The Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean also experienced record-high OHC values in 2024. The global SST continued its record-high values from2023 into the first half of 2024, and declined slightly in the second half of 2024, resulting in an annual mean of 0.61°C ±0.02°C(IAP/CAS data) above the 1981–2010 baseline, slightly higher than the 2023 annual-mean value(by 0.07°C ±0.02°C for IAP/CAS, 0.05°C ± 0.02°C for NOAA/NCEI, and 0.06°C ± 0.11°C for Copernicus Marine). The record-high values of 2024 SST and OHC continue to indicate unabated trends of global heating.展开更多
文摘On July 2^(nd),2025,32 scientists representing 15 countries gathered at Tartu,Estonia to make on-site endorsements for the Global ONCE(Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions)Program at the 12th INTECOL Wetlands Conference.This marks a significant milestone for ONCE in establishing a systematic framework for coastal wetland carbon sequestration research and global collaboration(Figs.1,2).Coastal wetlands are critical transition zones linking terrestrial and marine ecosystems,yet they face severe degradation from anthropogenic land-based activities and sea level rise that propagate impacts to the ocean.As a UN Ocean Decade Program,the Global ONCE Program champions interdisciplinary and cross-regional collaboration to enhance carbon sequestration in the ocean and coastal wetlands through science and innovation.Aligned with the Tartu Declaration on Wetlands that includes resolutions to promote the rights of global wetlands(especially peatlands)and advance the discipline of wetland science based on facts,this initiative addresses key knowledge gaps in land-ocean interactions.The goal is to harness the full potential of coastal wetlands and ocean systems for climate mitigation,thereby laying a scientific foundation for international policy formulation and implementation.
基金support from USA NSF(Grant No.OPP2213875)NASA(Grant No.80NSSC22K1707).
文摘The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associations since 2009,when they met in Montreal,Canada.It was the first time any of the associations had been hosted in Korea,and it had been two decades since any of them had met in Asia.The choice of Busan as the venue supported high levels of participation and smooth conference operations.The Local Organizing Committee,chaired by Prof.Kyung-Ja Ha of Pusan National University,oversaw the successful organization of the event.The assembly brought together 1725 participants in total,including 1282 researchers and 443 invited participants and individuals involved in side events,exhibitions,media coverage,and volunteer work.Participants came from 46 countries across Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa,and Oceania.IAMAS had 736 participants,IAPSO 321,and IACS 225.Survey data from 951 respondents revealed that Early Career Scientists,defined as those within 10 years of receiving their PhD,accounted for approximately 25%of participants.The demographic profile skewed young,with 66%of attendees in their 20s and 30s.The scientific program was organized by Prof.Seon-Ki Park(Chair),the Secretaries General from all three Associations,and the Local Organizing Committee.Reflecting the theme“Our Interconnected Earth,”the scientific program emphasized integrated approaches to climate systems,addressing climate change and environmental challenges through collaborative,transdisciplinary research.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant nos.SML2021SP306,SML2023SP201)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant no.2024YFF0506603)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.42576020)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Grant nos.2024A1515012717,2026A1515012241).
文摘Prydz Bay,East Antarctica,is a critical region for studying ocean–sea ice–ice shelf interactions and their role in the global climate system.This review synthesizes the advancements in numerical modeling of physical oceanographic processes in Prydz Bay,highlighting the evolution from early one-dimensional thermodynamic models to contemporary high-resolution,three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea ice–ice shelf frameworks.We discuss key milestones in understanding processes such as frazil ice dynamics and its impact on the basal mass balance of the Amery Ice Shelf,the pathways and mechanisms of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions,and the dynamic influences of large icebergs on regional circulation.Despite significant progress,challenges remain in integrating multi-component interactions and achieving long-term,high-resolution climate projections.Future efforts should focus on developing fully coupled models that incorporate atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–ice shelf–iceberg interactions,supported by enhanced observational networks and improved computational efficiency.This review underscores the importance of continued modeling advancement to better predict the responses of Antarctic ice shelves and polar climate to global change.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong(No.2022LZGC015)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2401400)+1 种基金the Taishan Scholars Program,the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2400304)the Agricultural Seed Project of Shandong Key R&D Program(No.2024LZGCQY003)。
文摘Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))levels are escalating at an unprecedented rate,leading to the phenomenon of ocean acidification(OA).Parental exposure to acidification has the potential to enhance offspring resilience through cross-generation plasticity.In this study,we analyzed larval growth and transcriptomic profiles in the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,a species of significant ecological relevance,under both control and elevated CO_(2)conditions experienced by their parental generation.Our findings indicate that the oyster populations exposed to OA exhibited a higher incidence of abnormalities during the D-shaped larval stage,followed by accelerated growth at the eyed stage.Through a comparative transcriptomic investigation of eyed larvae(25 d after fertilization),we observed that parental exposure to OA substantially influenced the gene expression in the offspring.Genes associated with lipid catabolism and shell formation were notably upregulated in oysters with parental OA exposure,potentially playing a role in cross-generational conditioning and conferring resilience to OA stressors.These results underscore the profound impact of OA on oyster larval development via cross-generational mechanisms and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of cross-generation plasticity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.42430601,42175087)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Outstanding Youth Fund,Grant No.24JRRA386)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2024-jdzx04)。
文摘This study investigates the vertical variations of aerosol size distribution (0.06–1µm) and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) spectra over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft observations from the SOCRATES campaign.Results reveal a bimodal aerosol size distribution within the marine boundary layer (MBL),with peaks at diameters of~0.06µm and~0.65µm,dominated by sea-salt particles.Accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations decrease with altitude within the MBL,while Aitken-mode aerosol concentrations peak above the MBL (~2–3 km).Wind speed strongly correlates with coarse-mode aerosol concentration (R2=0.77),implicating sea spray as a major CCN source at low supersaturations (SS=0.1%).The altitudes of CCN concentration peaks shift from the MBL (<1 km,SS<0.4%) to the free troposphere (~2.5 km,SS>0.4%),suggesting new particle formation aloft,distinct from sea surface sources.These findings highlight the unique aerosol–CCN dynamics in the pristine SO,offering critical constraints for models simulating cloud–aerosol interactions in preindustrial-like environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 42176001]the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number LTO2106]the STU Scientific Research Foundation for Talents [grant number NTF21009]。
文摘The eddies in the southernmost southern Indian Ocean exert major dynamical and biogeochemical influences on the Earth system.Therefore,disentangling the relative contributions of vertical pumping and horizontal transport to water-property anomalies in the eddy cores is of fundamental importance.Here,the authors introduce a temperaturesalinity gradient-ratio approach(the"R-method")that compares vertical and meridional gradients to quantitatively separate the two processes.Application of the R-method to three-dimensional Argo observations reveals that horizontal transport,rather than vertical pumping,predominantly governs the observed temperature and salinity anomalies within eddy cores in the SIO.Independent theoretical estimations based on background meridional gradients,together with composites formed on isopycnal surfaces,further corroborate this conclusion.The results challenge the conventional assumption that vertical pumping invariably controls eddy-core property anomalies and demonstrate the utility of the R-method for diagnosing eddy impacts in climate and biogeochemical studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 92358302]。
文摘The present study compares the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)in the North Atlantic from two simulations by an oceanic general circulation model with 1°×1°and 0.1°×0.1°resolution,respectively,which explores the sensitivity of AMOC to the resolution.The ocean model is the latest version of the LASG/IAP Climate System Model(LICOM3),and it is forced with atmospheric data from phase 2 of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project(OMIP2).Comprehensive comparison between the two simulations indicates that the simulated AMOC is highly sensitive to the spatial resolution.The high-resolution model(LICOM-H)simulates a deeper mixed-layer depth(MLD),due to increased surface salinity,than that in the low-resolution model(LICOML)in the Labrador Sea,and it also has stronger AMOC strength(the maximum climatic mean AMOC from 1958 to 2018 is 23.4 Sv for LICOM-H and 21.2 Sv for LICOM-L)and larger variability of AMOC index(2.3 Sv for LICOM-H and 1.7 Sv for LICOM-L).These differences can mainly be attributed to two main dynamic processes that benefit from high resolution.Firstly,LICOM-H can simulate much stronger boundary currents(~0.6 m s^(-1))than LICOM-L(0.3 m s^(-1))in the upper ocean,which leads to saltier and warmer seawater being transported to the Labrador Sea,where it enhances deep convection.Secondly,in LICOM-H,the stronger variability of AMOC is related to the higher sensitivity of the MLD and transformation to the prescribed atmospheric forcing in the Labrador Sea.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF0801400 and 2021YFF0704002)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.ZR2024LQX002)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42176016).
文摘The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are among the global shelf seas susceptible to typhoons every year.Using observations and high-resolution numerical simulations,the current study investigates the dramatic changes in temperature and ocean heat content(OHC)of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea caused by Super Typhoon Maysak in early September 2020,which is representative of northward/northeastward-bypassing typhoons with centers just to the east of the study area.Temperature shows spatially coherent cooling in the upper mixed layer but warming in the subsurface layer in the majority of the offshore waters,due to wind-enhanced vertical mixing.In lower layers from the thermocline to sea bottom,temperature experiences significant warming in northeastern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula and in regions just off the Subei Shoal,but significant cooling in western coastal waters of the Korean Peninsula and southern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula.Significant temperature warming/cooling in lower layers is caused by coastal downwelling/upwelling.The total OHC of the study area decreases rapidly during Typhoon Maysak(2020)’s passage,which is generated comparably by latent heat loss at the sea surface and southward heat advection out of the study area at the southern boundary.Reduced shortwave radiation contributes positively but secondarily to the decreasing OHC during the first day.A numerical experiment suggests that Typhoon Maysak(2020)-induced OHC decline could have greatly affected the regional climate evolution in the following seasons.More studies are needed to fully understand the impacts of typhoons on regional climate changes in shelf seas at different time scales.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41975087,U2242212,and 41975085]supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number U2242212]。
文摘Based on reanalysis data from 1979 to 2021,this study explores the spatial distribution of the Southern Indian Ocean Dipole(SIOD)and its individual and synergistic effects with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)on summer precipitation in China.The inverse phase spatial distribution of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)in the southwest and northeast of the southern Indian Ocean is defined as the SIOD.Positive SIOD events(positive SSTAs in the southwest,negative SSTAs in the northeast)are associated with La Niña events(Central Pacific(CP)type),while negative SIOD events(negative SSTAs in the southwest,positive SSTAs in the northeast)are associated with El Niño events(Eastern Pacific(EP)type).Both SIOD and ENSO have certain impacts on summer precipitation in China.Precipitation in the Yangtze River basin decreases,while precipitation in southern China increases during pure positive SIOD(P_PSIOD)events.During pure negative SIOD(P_NSIOD)events,the changes in precipitation are exactly the opposite of those during P_PSIOD events,which may be due to differences in the cross-equatorial flow in the southern Indian Ocean,particularly in low-level Australian cross-equatorial flow.When positive SIOD and CP-type La Niña events occur simultaneously(PSIOD+La_Niña),precipitation increases in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin,while it decreases in northern China.When negative SIOD and EP-type El Niño events occur simultaneously(NSIOD+El_Niño),precipitation in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin is significantly lower than during P_NSIOD events.This is caused by differences in water vapor originating from the Pacific Ocean during different events.
基金funded by Nansha District Science and Technology Project(Grant Number.2024ZD008)funded by China Geological Survey(Grant number:No.DD20230066,DD20242659).
文摘As a controllable power generation method requiring no energy storage,Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC)technology demonstrates characteristics of abundant reserves,low pollution,and round-the-clock stable operation.The free-standing cold-water pipe(CWP)in the system withstands various complex loads during operation,posing potential failure risks.To reveal the deformation and stress mechanisms of OTEC CWPs,this study first analyzes wave particle velocity and acceleration to determine wave loads at different water depths.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model,a quasi-static load calculation model for OTEC CWPs was established.The governing equations were discretized using the finite difference method,and matrix equations were solved to analyze bending deformation,bending moments,and surface stresses at discrete points along the pipe.Results indicate that water depths within 50 m represent a critical zone where wave particle velocity,acceleration,and wave loads exhibit significant variations in harmonic patterns,while beyond 50 m depth wave loads decrease linearly.Ocean currents and surface wind-driven currents substantially influence the CWP’s lateral displacement.Considering the effect of clump weights,the maximum lateral displacement occurs at 600–800 m below sea level.Utilizing large-wall-thickness high-strength pipes at the top section significantly enhances the structural safety of the CWP system.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program for Developing Basic Sciences [grant number 2022YFC3104805]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 92358302 and 42306219]+1 种基金supported by the Tai Shan Scholar Program [grant number tstp20231237]Laoshan Laboratory project [grant number LSKJ202300301]。
文摘This research evaluates the performance of an eddy-resolving forecast system(LFS)in simulating mesoscale eddies over the South China Sea(SCs)through a comparative analysis with satellite observations and the reanalysis dataset from the Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis product(CMEMS).The findings indicate that the spatial characteristics of eddy kinetic energy,number,and amplitude of coherent mesoscale eddies simulated by LFS exhibit a reasonable agreement with satellite observations.The reproduced seasonal variations are also comparable to outputs from the CMEMS reanalysis dataset.Nevertheless,certain systematic biases have also been identified.In the SCS,LFS generates approximately 17%fewer eddies than observed.Such biases are also evident in the CMEMS reanalysis dataset.Similar to the statistics shown in the CMEMS reanalysis dataset,both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies are significantly weaker in LFS compared to the observations.Additionally,the composite three-dimensional structures of mesoscale eddies simulated by LFS exhibit a remarkable similarity to those identified in the CMEMS reanalysis datasets.This work lays the foundation for further studies using LFS to investigate the predictability of mesoscale eddies and enhance the accuracy of simulations.
基金supported by the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(No.XDB0760102),the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFF0802501)the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Maintenance and Transformation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan-Phospherus Project(No.23YF1426200)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFE0212200).
文摘In winter 2018,an aerosol physicochemical experiment was conducted in the Western Pacific Ocean(WPO)aboard the Research Vessel KEXUE of Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study systematically investigated both natural and anthropogenic effects on marine aerosols optical properties,as well as the applicability of multi-satellite products and IMPROVE equation.The averaged aerosol optical depth(AOD500 nm)was 0.31±0.16 andÅngström exponent440–675 nm was 0.29±0.30.In offshore China,significant anthropogenic emissions affected the marine environment.In remote WPO,dust aerosols transported from northern China,Siberia,Central Asia,and those settling from the upper troposphere originating from north Africa,Arabian peninsula,and western India,were dominant.The spatial trends of AOD were opposite in the mid-latitude and southern seas of WPO.The highest AOD,0.32±0.23,appeared along the coast of South Asia at mid-latitude,decreasing from offshore seas to remote oceans.In low-latitude and equatorial seas,AOD significantly increased from coast to remote oceans.Ångström exponent dropped significantly from the coast to remote oceans as anthropogenic influence diminished across the entire WPO.Correlation analysis showed that both MODIS-C6 and Himawari AOD prod-ucts showed similar applicability in coastal urban areas,while Himawari AOD is highly recommended for coastal background and marine environment due to its finer resolution.The extinction coefficient derived from PM_(2.5) chemical compositions using IMPROVE algorithm exhibited a significant correlation(R^(2)=0.58)with the con-currently measured AOD in the absence of long-distance transport,suggesting that the IMPROVE is a reasonable proxy of the columnar average of marine aerosol extinctions free from transport influences.
文摘Preferential policies,efficient government,and a favorable geographical location...a multitude of factors make the Hainan FTP a promising land for businesses.SOON after the Hainan Free Trade Port(FTP)launched special customs operations at the end of 2025,private enterprises operating at its Yangpu Port began to benefit substantially from the favorable policies and surging growth momentum in the region.While riding on an ocean of opportunities opened by the FTP,local businesses are bringing the island to a new level of prosperity,and thriving together with it as a community of shared future.
基金supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.4227624,42376239 and 42476253)。
文摘Because of their effect on climate,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),and dimethylsulfide(DMS)are collectively designated as climate-relevant gases(CRGs).CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2)O are greenhouse gases contributing to global warming(positive climate feedback).Conversely,DMS is involved in the generation of cloud condensation nuclei,thus in the formation of clouds that cool the boundary layer by reflecting incoming solar radiation(negative climate feedback).Despite their scarcity,field observations and model results have demonstrated the essential role of polar oceans in the budget of CRGs.For example,the Southern Ocean represents a substantial CO_(2)sink but a source of N_(2)O and DMS,thereby exerting variable feedback on climate change.Unfortunately,because of the severe environmental conditions at polar latitudes,substantial knowledge gaps remain,for example on the mechanisms underlying CRGs formation or on the strength and distribution of their sources and sinks in the Southern and Arctic Oceans.Here,we review the most recent research results on the distribution,production-loss processes,and abundance variations of CRGs in the polar oceans.We list the remaining knowledge gaps and propose future directions of research on CRGs in the polar oceans,as a useful reference for future studies.
文摘Marine services-ranging from ocean tourism and maritime transport to public marine services-have become a powerful driver of China’s ocean economy.In 2024,the country’s gross ocean product(GOP)exceeded 10 trillion yuan(US$1.4 trillion)for the first time,with marine services contributing 6.28 trillion yuan(US$880 billion),or 59.6 percent of the total.Among them,marine tourism and maritime transport accounted for the lion’s share.
基金Supported by projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42430305,42430303 and 42302236).
文摘There have always been academic debates regarding the timing and geodynamics of the superimposition and transformation between the Paleo-Pacific Ocean and the Paleo-Asian Ocean.To resolve the relevant issues over this debate,the authors selected the Jilin–Heilongjiang high-pressure metamorphic belt(Ji–Hei HP Belt)between the Jiamusi–Khanka Block and the Songliao Block in NE China as the study area.This area preserves important records of the superimposition and transformation between these two tectonic domains.This study aims to address this issue through geochemical and zircon U–Pb dating analyses of the Yilan blueschist of Heilongjiang Complex exposed in the Ji–Hei HP Belt.In the geochemical analysis,it has been discovered that the protoliths of the blueschist in the Yilan area consist of subalkaline basalt,which displays geochemical characteristics of Ocean Island Basalt that indicated an oceanic island setting.The LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb analysis yields ages of 248±4 Ma and 259±2 Ma from the magma zircons of the blueschists,indicating that the basalt protolith was formed in Late Permian to Early Triassic(259–248 Ma).Based on the results of this study and the regional data,it is proposed that the Jilin–Heilongjiang Ocean opened during Late Permian to Early Triassic(259–248 Ma).This period marks a crucial stage from the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean to the initiation of Paleo-Pacific oceanic subduction.
文摘Since the“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”,global tidal energy,tidal current energy,wave energy,ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC),and salinity gradient power technologies have experienced a new surge in development.China has also been promoting marine energy development through technology research and development,demonstration projects,and industrial planning.Against the backdrop of developing the marine economy and building a strong maritime nation,the development of ocean energy is of great significance for actively and prudently advancing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,boosting high-quality economic and social development,and gaining an edge in the new round of technological revolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42250101,42250102)the Macao Foundation.
文摘The movement of global ocean circulation in the Earth’s main magnetic field generates a measurable induced magnetic field(about 2 nT at geomagnetic satellite altitudes).However,this ocean circulation-induced magnetic field has not been previously estimated or incorporated into geomagnetic field models,potentially causing leakage into the core field model.Here,we present a method to account for the circulation-induced magnetic field during geomagnetic field modeling.First,a forward model of the circulation-induced magnetic field is constructed by numerically solving electromagnetic induction equations based on a realistic ocean circulation model.Then,this forward model is subtracted from the observed data.Finally,the core and lithospheric fields,magnetospheric and Earth’s mantle-induced fields,and the ocean tide-induced magnetic field are co-estimated.Applying our method to over 20 years of MSS-1,Swarm,CryoSat-2,and CHAMP satellite magnetic data,we derive a new multisource geomagnetic field model(MGFM).We find that incorporating a forward model of the circulation-induced magnetic field marginally improves the fit to the data.Furthermore,we demonstrate that neglecting the circulation-induced magnetic field in geomagnetic field modeling results in leakage into the core field model.The highlights of the MGFM model include:(i)a good agreement with the widely used CHAOS model series;(ii)the incorporation of magnetic fields induced by both ocean tides and circulation;and(iii)the suppression of leakage of the circulation-induced magnetic field into the core field model.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2023YFF0806500)the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.060GJHZ2024064MI)+10 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council of Italy Scientific Cooperative Programmethe new Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZEthe National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (Earth Lab), and Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions (ONCE)sponsored by the US National Science Foundationsupported by the Young Talent Support Project of Guangzhou Association for Science and Technologythe Open Research Cruise NORC2022-10+NORC2022-303 supported by NSFC shiptime Sharing Projects 42149910supported by NASA Awards 80NSSC17K0565, 80NSSC21K1191, and 80NSSC22K0046by the Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program of the U.S.Department of Energy’s Office of Biological & Environmental Research (BER) via National Science Foundation IA 1947282supported by NOAA (Grant No.NA19NES4320002 to CISESS-MD at the University of Maryland)supported by the Austrian Science Fund (P33177)ESA (contract ref.4000145298/24/I-LR)。
文摘Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,despite the transition from an El Ni?o to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temperature(SST) and upper2000 m ocean heat content(OHC) reached unprecedented highs in the historical record. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2024exceeded that of 2023 by 16 ± 8 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules, with a 95% confidence interval)(IAP/CAS data), which is confirmed by two other data products: 18 ± 7 ZJ(CIGAR-RT reanalysis data) and 40 ± 31 ZJ(Copernicus Marine data,updated to November 2024). The Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean also experienced record-high OHC values in 2024. The global SST continued its record-high values from2023 into the first half of 2024, and declined slightly in the second half of 2024, resulting in an annual mean of 0.61°C ±0.02°C(IAP/CAS data) above the 1981–2010 baseline, slightly higher than the 2023 annual-mean value(by 0.07°C ±0.02°C for IAP/CAS, 0.05°C ± 0.02°C for NOAA/NCEI, and 0.06°C ± 0.11°C for Copernicus Marine). The record-high values of 2024 SST and OHC continue to indicate unabated trends of global heating.
