In the December 2025 issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,Tomkinson et al.^(1)present international norms for adult handgrip strength(HGS)developed from a systematic review of 100 studies with 2.4 million ...In the December 2025 issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,Tomkinson et al.^(1)present international norms for adult handgrip strength(HGS)developed from a systematic review of 100 studies with 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+years from 69 countries and regions.Twenty-eight interna-tional handGRIP Strength(iGRIPS)researchers contributed to the study.展开更多
Lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWS)have become a prominent issue in global security governance.However,significant divergences remain among the world's major countries regarding their regulation:some support re...Lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWS)have become a prominent issue in global security governance.However,significant divergences remain among the world's major countries regarding their regulation:some support restrictions,while others oppose any binding rules,and there are also countries adopting a neutral stance,though their choices are subject to external pressure.In the foreseeable future,the deployment of LAWS will increase further,raising the risk of arms races,with international support for regulating these weapons gaining strength.Yet,establishing legally binding international rules within the United Nations(UN)framework remains a distant prospect.Given this backdrop,China should continue to actively participate in international norms setting concerning LAWS under UN auspices and deepen coordination and cooperation with other countries towards more applicable norms and global governance frameworks.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is increasing rapidly in Pakistan,especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.While clinical care remains central,social determinants such as poverty,gender no...BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is increasing rapidly in Pakistan,especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.While clinical care remains central,social determinants such as poverty,gender norms,and mistrust in healthcare critically shape disease outcomes.AIM To synthesize qualitative evidence on how these factors influence the experience and management of T2DM in Pakistan.METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines,a systematic review of qualitative studies published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted on February 25,2025 using PubMed,CINAHL,MEDLINE Plus,and PakMediNet.Eleven studies exploring socioeconomic influences on T2DM care and self-management in Pakistan were included.Thematic synthesis was used to identify key patterns.Quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Qualitative Research.RESULTS Three major themes were identified:(1)Economic insecurity.High cost of treatment,poor rural infrastructure,and food insecurity hinder access and adherence;(2)Sociocultural and gender norms.Restricted mobility of females,family control over health decisions,and fatalistic beliefs delay care;and(3)Knowledge gaps and mistrust.A lack of culturally appropriate education,reliance on traditional remedies,and distrust in public health systems reduce compliance.These intersecting barriers collectively impede effective diabetes management.CONCLUSION T2DM in Pakistan is driven by entrenched social and economic barriers.Addressing it requires culturally sensitive,equity-oriented strategies that go beyond biomedical models.Policy reforms should focus on affordability,rural outreach,and inclusive health education.Future research should engage marginalized voices through participatory methods.展开更多
It is a challenging issue to obtain the minimum amplitude control for linear systems subject to amplitudebounded disturbances.The difficulty is how to accurately give the quantitative relationship between the system H...It is a challenging issue to obtain the minimum amplitude control for linear systems subject to amplitudebounded disturbances.The difficulty is how to accurately give the quantitative relationship between the system H∞norm and control parameters.An optimal-Lyapunov-function-based controller design concept is proposed,and a minimum amplitude control scheme is presented under amplitude-bounded disturbances.Firstly,the optimal Lyapunov function is proposed by analyzing the geometric characteristics of the system H∞norm,and the necessary and sufficient condition of the optimal Lyapunov function parameter matrix is given.Secondly,the optimal Lyapunov function parameter matrix is constructed in the parameterized matrix equation,and the accurate quantitative relationship between the system H∞norm and control parameters is given.Finally,the control parameter optimization method is proposed according to the quantitative relationship between the system H∞norm and control parameters.Unlike robust optimization control methods,the presented minimum amplitude control scheme avoids the improper selection of the Lyapunov function in the controller design,and provides a novel way to design the minimum amplitude control under the given control accuracy.A buck converter example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the presented scheme.展开更多
This paper an cited instances in illustration of the incorrectness of the criteria of asymptotic stability of a class of nonlinear large seale system that L_j·T·Grujie gave in paper [1] by the comparison the...This paper an cited instances in illustration of the incorrectness of the criteria of asymptotic stability of a class of nonlinear large seale system that L_j·T·Grujie gave in paper [1] by the comparison theory and then corrected it,and has given the sufficient conditions of the asymptotic stability.展开更多
Targeting modernization, we should keep to the Chinese-style path of car- rying out industrialization in a new way and advancing IT application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. In the research, the scien...Targeting modernization, we should keep to the Chinese-style path of car- rying out industrialization in a new way and advancing IT application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. In the research, the scientific concepts of IT applica- tion, urbanization, agricultural modernization and industrialization were illustrated and the interrelations were analyzed, with measures on harmonized development pro- posed based on existing problems.展开更多
This article uses the method of legal text analysis to systematically sort out the legal norms,administrative normative documents,and other normative documents in the regulation system of cosmetics.It focuses on discu...This article uses the method of legal text analysis to systematically sort out the legal norms,administrative normative documents,and other normative documents in the regulation system of cosmetics.It focuses on discussing the definitions,legal attributes,sources,and effectiveness of laws,administrative regulations,departmental rules,administrative normative documents,standards,specification,and guiding principles.展开更多
We consider quadratic stabilization for a class of switched systems which are composed of a finite set of continuoustime linear subsystems with norm bounded uncertainties. Under the assumption that there is no single ...We consider quadratic stabilization for a class of switched systems which are composed of a finite set of continuoustime linear subsystems with norm bounded uncertainties. Under the assumption that there is no single quadratically stable subsystem, if a convex combination of subsystems is quadratically stable, then we propose a state-dependent switching law, based on the convex combination of subsystems, such that the entire switched linear system is quadratically stable. When the state information is not available, we extend the discussion to designing an outputdependent switching law by constructing a robust Luenberger observer for each subsystem.展开更多
This paper presents a method of state estimation for uncertain nonlinear systems described by multiple models approach. The uncertainties, supposed as norm bounded type, are caused by some parameters＇ variations of t...This paper presents a method of state estimation for uncertain nonlinear systems described by multiple models approach. The uncertainties, supposed as norm bounded type, are caused by some parameters＇ variations of the nonlinear system. Linear matri~ inequalities （LMIs） have been established in order to ensure the stability conditions of the multiple observer which lead to determine the estimation gains. A sliding mode gain has been added in order to compensate the uncertainties. Numerical simulations through a state space model of a real process have been realized to show the robustness of the synthesized observer.展开更多
Background: Although the standing long jump (SLJ) is a popular physical fitness assessment, it lacks an updated criterion-reference standard. This study generated the first normative SLJ test data for Chinese aged 8 -...Background: Although the standing long jump (SLJ) is a popular physical fitness assessment, it lacks an updated criterion-reference standard. This study generated the first normative SLJ test data for Chinese aged 8 - 18. Methods: From September 2005 to December 2011, comprehensive physical fitness assessments were conducted on 12,712 school students. The SLJ performances were significantly different between boys and girls (all age groups, p < 0.01). Results: The boys performed better than the girls in each age group. The mean difference increased as the age increased, depicting a prominent variance in muscular strength between boys and girls at age 12, and the variances became larger at age 18. Girls in the 70th percenttile performed similarly to boys performing in the 10th percentile. The onset of muscle strength for boys found in this study corresponded to the onset age of testosterone maturation of Chinese boys investigated in previous studies. Linear regression found age and BMI predicting SLJ significantly for boys and girls, explaining better SLJ results in older boy and the effect of their heavy body size. Conclusions: This study indicated a muscular strength difference between genders during growth and added supporting evidence to the hormonal influence of muscle growth during puberty.展开更多
We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the （anti）reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equati...We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the （anti）reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equations AX = B and XC = D. The explicit solutions of the approximation problem min x∈Ф ｜｜X - E｜｜F was given, where E is a given complex matrix and Ф is the set of all reflexive （or antireflexive） solutions of the system mentioned above, and ｜｜·｜｜ is the Frobenius norm. Furthermore, it was pointed that some results in a recent paper are special cases of this paper.展开更多
It is assumed that reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is a key technology to enable the potential of mmWave communications.The passivity of the RIS makes channel estimation difficult because the channel can only b...It is assumed that reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is a key technology to enable the potential of mmWave communications.The passivity of the RIS makes channel estimation difficult because the channel can only be measured at the transceiver and not at the RIS.In this paper,we propose a novel separate channel estimator via exploiting the cascaded sparsity in the continuously valued angular domain of the cascaded channel for the RIS-enabled millimeter-wave/Tera-Hz systems,i.e.,the two-stage estimation method where the cascaded channel is separated into the base station(BS)-RIS and the RIS-user(UE)ones.Specifically,we first reveal the cascaded sparsity,i.e.,the sparsity exists in the hybrid angular domains of BS-RIS and the RIS-UEs separated channels,to construct the specific sparsity structure for RIS enabled multi-user systems.Then,we formulate the channel estimation problem using atomic norm minimization(ANM)to enhance the proposed sparsity structure in the continuous angular domains,where a low-complexity channel estimator via Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers(ADMM)is proposed.Simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed channel estimator outperforms the current state-of-the-arts in terms of performance.展开更多
Objective: Electrocochleography(ECochG) is valuable to diagnose Meniere's disease objectively. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary normative data for ECochG among Asian adults. The influences o...Objective: Electrocochleography(ECochG) is valuable to diagnose Meniere's disease objectively. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary normative data for ECochG among Asian adults. The influences of ethnicity(Malay versus Chinese) and gender on ECoch G results were also studied.Methods: Twenty-two Malay adults(10 men and 12 women) and twenty Chinese participants(10 men and 10 women) aged between 20 and 49 years participated in this study. Extratympanic ECoch G(ET-ECochG) was recorded according to standard non-invasive procedure. Summating potential(SP) amplitude, action potential(AP) amplitude and SP/AP ratio were analyzed accordingly.Results: ET-ECoch G results were found to be comparable between left and right ears(p > 0.05). No notable differences in ET-ECochG results were found between Malay and Chinese groups(p > 0.05). No significant influence of gender on ET-ECochG outcomes was also noted(p > 0.05). The derived normative data for Asian adults(84 ears) are consistent with previous reports.Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary normative data for ET-ECochG among Asian adults. The ECoch G components do not appear to be influenced by either ethnicity or gender. The derived normative data can be used for clinical applications and as the reference for future studies involving Asian population.展开更多
The local robust stabilization for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems is studied. The robustness concept of Lyapunov type stabilizability for nonlinear uncertain systems is defined. Under the norm bounded struct...The local robust stabilization for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems is studied. The robustness concept of Lyapunov type stabilizability for nonlinear uncertain systems is defined. Under the norm bounded structured condition, two cases for uncertainty in control matrix are taken to discuss Lyapunov type stabilizability of systems. The sufficient conditions of Lyapunov type stabilization are given from differential geometry and nonlinear H ∞ control of view, respectively.展开更多
This paper derives the bounded real lemmas corresponding to L∞norm and H∞norm(L-BR and H-BR) of fractional order systems. The lemmas reduce the original computations of norms into linear matrix inequality(LMI) probl...This paper derives the bounded real lemmas corresponding to L∞norm and H∞norm(L-BR and H-BR) of fractional order systems. The lemmas reduce the original computations of norms into linear matrix inequality(LMI) problems, which can be performed in a computationally efficient fashion. This convex relaxation is enlightened from the generalized Kalman-YakubovichPopov(KYP) lemma and brings no conservatism to the L-BR. Meanwhile, an H-BR is developed similarly but with some conservatism.However, it can test the system stability automatically in addition to the norm computation, which is of fundamental importance for system analysis. From this advantage, we further address the synthesis problem of H∞control for fractional order systems in the form of LMI. Three illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness of our methods.展开更多
In order to improve the frequency response and anti-interference characteristics of the smart electromechanical actuator(EMA)system,and aiming at the force fighting problem when multiple actuators work synchronously,a...In order to improve the frequency response and anti-interference characteristics of the smart electromechanical actuator(EMA)system,and aiming at the force fighting problem when multiple actuators work synchronously,a multi input multi output(MIMO)position difference cross coupling control coordinated strategy based on double‑closed-loop load feedforward control is proposed and designed.In this strategy,the singular value method of return difference matrix is used to design the parameter range that meets the requirements of system stability margin,and the sensitivity function and the H_(∞)norm theory are used to design and determine the optimal solution in the obtained parameter stability region,so that the multi actuator system has excellent synchronization,stability and anti-interference.At the same time,the mathematical model of the integrated smart EMA system is established.According to the requirements of point-to-point control,the controller of double-loop control and load feedforward compensation is determined and designed to improve the frequency response and anti-interference ability of single actuator.Finally,the 270 V high-voltage smart EMA system experimental platform is built,and the frequency response,load feedforward compensation and coordinated control experiments are carried out to verify the correctness of the position difference cross coupling control strategy and the rationality of the parameter design,so that the system can reach the servo control indexes of bandwidth 6 Hz,the maximum output force 20000 N and the synchronization error≤0.1 mm,which effectively solves the problem of force fighting.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to design a Moroccan Trail Making Test B;explore the effects of age, education and gender on the performance of the Trail Making Test (TMT);and provide normative information in Moroccan su...The purpose of this study is to design a Moroccan Trail Making Test B;explore the effects of age, education and gender on the performance of the Trail Making Test (TMT);and provide normative information in Moroccan subjects. Our normalization study was conducted on 348 subjects (156 female and 192 male). The subjects were classified into four groups based on age (18 - 39 years, 40 - 59 years, 60 - 69 years and ≥70 years), and three groups based on educational level (3 - 6 years, 7 - 10 years and ≥11 years). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through SPSS. The results displayed that increasing age and decreasing levels of education significantly result in a decreased performance on the Trail A, Moroccan Trail B and English Trail B. Only 229 bilingual subjects among the 348 initial subjects completed both versions of Trail B. There was no significant difference on performance between Moroccan Trail B and English Trail B for these subjects.展开更多
Respecting the on-time<span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span>delivery (OTD) for manufacturing orders is mandatory. However, for non-JIT Batch &a...Respecting the on-time<span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span>delivery (OTD) for manufacturing orders is mandatory. However, for non-JIT Batch & Queue Push-manufacturing systems, the compliance of OTD is not intrinsically guaranteed.</span></span></span><span><span><span> As an OTD related manufacturing theory is largely missing it is crucial to understand and formalize the necessary conditions of OTD compliance for complex production environments for maximum exploitation of the production capacity. This paper evaluates the conditions of post-optimality while being OTD compliant for production systems, which are characterized </span></span></span><span><span><span>by</span></span></span><span><span><span> stochastic order rate and a deterministic product-mix. Instead of applying discrete event simulation to explore the real case-by-case order scheduling optimization for OTD compliance, a Cartesian approach is followed. This enables to define theoretically the solution space of order backlog for OTD, which contributes to develo</span></span></span><span><span><span>ping</span></span></span><span><span><span> further manufacturing theory. At the base stands the recently defined new concept of virtual manufacturing elasticity by reducing lead-time to increase virtually production capacity. The result has led to defin</span></span></span><span><span><span>ing</span></span></span><span><span><span> additional two corollaries to the OTD theorem, which sets up basic OTD theory. Apart from defining the post-optimal requirements to guarantee for orders at least a weak solution for OTD compliance, this paper reveals that for a deterministic product-mix a non-ergodic order arrival rate can be rescheduled into an ergodic order input rate to the shopfloor if the virtual elasticity </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><img src="Edit_e545052a-10c6-459e-aa8a-2bccefd4a1a7.png" alt="" /></span></span></span><i><span>T</span></i><span> is large enough</span></span></span></span><span><span><span>, </span></span></span><span><span><span>hence the importance of having fast and flexible production lines.</span></span></span>展开更多
In this paper, H∞ optimal model reduction for singular fast subsystems will be inves-tigated. First, error system is established to measure the error magnitude between the original andreduced systems, and it is demon...In this paper, H∞ optimal model reduction for singular fast subsystems will be inves-tigated. First, error system is established to measure the error magnitude between the original andreduced systems, and it is demonstrated that the new feature for model reduction of singular systemsis to make H∞ norm of the error system finite and minimal. The necessary and su?cient conditionis derived for the existence of the H∞ suboptimal model reduction problem. Next, we give an exactand practicable algorithm to get the parameters of the reduced subsystems by applying the matrixtheory. Meanwhile, the reduced system may be also impulsive. The advantages of the proposedalgorithm are that it is more ?exible in a straight-forward way without much extra computation, andthe order of the reduced systems is as minimal as possible. Finally, one illustrative example is givento illustrate the e?ectiveness of the proposed model reduction approach.展开更多
文摘In the December 2025 issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,Tomkinson et al.^(1)present international norms for adult handgrip strength(HGS)developed from a systematic review of 100 studies with 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+years from 69 countries and regions.Twenty-eight interna-tional handGRIP Strength(iGRIPS)researchers contributed to the study.
文摘Lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWS)have become a prominent issue in global security governance.However,significant divergences remain among the world's major countries regarding their regulation:some support restrictions,while others oppose any binding rules,and there are also countries adopting a neutral stance,though their choices are subject to external pressure.In the foreseeable future,the deployment of LAWS will increase further,raising the risk of arms races,with international support for regulating these weapons gaining strength.Yet,establishing legally binding international rules within the United Nations(UN)framework remains a distant prospect.Given this backdrop,China should continue to actively participate in international norms setting concerning LAWS under UN auspices and deepen coordination and cooperation with other countries towards more applicable norms and global governance frameworks.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is increasing rapidly in Pakistan,especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.While clinical care remains central,social determinants such as poverty,gender norms,and mistrust in healthcare critically shape disease outcomes.AIM To synthesize qualitative evidence on how these factors influence the experience and management of T2DM in Pakistan.METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines,a systematic review of qualitative studies published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted on February 25,2025 using PubMed,CINAHL,MEDLINE Plus,and PakMediNet.Eleven studies exploring socioeconomic influences on T2DM care and self-management in Pakistan were included.Thematic synthesis was used to identify key patterns.Quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Qualitative Research.RESULTS Three major themes were identified:(1)Economic insecurity.High cost of treatment,poor rural infrastructure,and food insecurity hinder access and adherence;(2)Sociocultural and gender norms.Restricted mobility of females,family control over health decisions,and fatalistic beliefs delay care;and(3)Knowledge gaps and mistrust.A lack of culturally appropriate education,reliance on traditional remedies,and distrust in public health systems reduce compliance.These intersecting barriers collectively impede effective diabetes management.CONCLUSION T2DM in Pakistan is driven by entrenched social and economic barriers.Addressing it requires culturally sensitive,equity-oriented strategies that go beyond biomedical models.Policy reforms should focus on affordability,rural outreach,and inclusive health education.Future research should engage marginalized voices through participatory methods.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373089).
文摘It is a challenging issue to obtain the minimum amplitude control for linear systems subject to amplitudebounded disturbances.The difficulty is how to accurately give the quantitative relationship between the system H∞norm and control parameters.An optimal-Lyapunov-function-based controller design concept is proposed,and a minimum amplitude control scheme is presented under amplitude-bounded disturbances.Firstly,the optimal Lyapunov function is proposed by analyzing the geometric characteristics of the system H∞norm,and the necessary and sufficient condition of the optimal Lyapunov function parameter matrix is given.Secondly,the optimal Lyapunov function parameter matrix is constructed in the parameterized matrix equation,and the accurate quantitative relationship between the system H∞norm and control parameters is given.Finally,the control parameter optimization method is proposed according to the quantitative relationship between the system H∞norm and control parameters.Unlike robust optimization control methods,the presented minimum amplitude control scheme avoids the improper selection of the Lyapunov function in the controller design,and provides a novel way to design the minimum amplitude control under the given control accuracy.A buck converter example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the presented scheme.
文摘This paper an cited instances in illustration of the incorrectness of the criteria of asymptotic stability of a class of nonlinear large seale system that L_j·T·Grujie gave in paper [1] by the comparison theory and then corrected it,and has given the sufficient conditions of the asymptotic stability.
文摘Targeting modernization, we should keep to the Chinese-style path of car- rying out industrialization in a new way and advancing IT application, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. In the research, the scientific concepts of IT applica- tion, urbanization, agricultural modernization and industrialization were illustrated and the interrelations were analyzed, with measures on harmonized development pro- posed based on existing problems.
文摘This article uses the method of legal text analysis to systematically sort out the legal norms,administrative normative documents,and other normative documents in the regulation system of cosmetics.It focuses on discussing the definitions,legal attributes,sources,and effectiveness of laws,administrative regulations,departmental rules,administrative normative documents,standards,specification,and guiding principles.
基金supported in part by the Japan Ministry of Education,Sciences and Culture under Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C)(21560471)the Green Industry Leading Program of Hubei University of Technology(CPYF2017003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(1160147411461082)
文摘We consider quadratic stabilization for a class of switched systems which are composed of a finite set of continuoustime linear subsystems with norm bounded uncertainties. Under the assumption that there is no single quadratically stable subsystem, if a convex combination of subsystems is quadratically stable, then we propose a state-dependent switching law, based on the convex combination of subsystems, such that the entire switched linear system is quadratically stable. When the state information is not available, we extend the discussion to designing an outputdependent switching law by constructing a robust Luenberger observer for each subsystem.
文摘This paper presents a method of state estimation for uncertain nonlinear systems described by multiple models approach. The uncertainties, supposed as norm bounded type, are caused by some parameters＇ variations of the nonlinear system. Linear matri~ inequalities （LMIs） have been established in order to ensure the stability conditions of the multiple observer which lead to determine the estimation gains. A sliding mode gain has been added in order to compensate the uncertainties. Numerical simulations through a state space model of a real process have been realized to show the robustness of the synthesized observer.
文摘Background: Although the standing long jump (SLJ) is a popular physical fitness assessment, it lacks an updated criterion-reference standard. This study generated the first normative SLJ test data for Chinese aged 8 - 18. Methods: From September 2005 to December 2011, comprehensive physical fitness assessments were conducted on 12,712 school students. The SLJ performances were significantly different between boys and girls (all age groups, p < 0.01). Results: The boys performed better than the girls in each age group. The mean difference increased as the age increased, depicting a prominent variance in muscular strength between boys and girls at age 12, and the variances became larger at age 18. Girls in the 70th percenttile performed similarly to boys performing in the 10th percentile. The onset of muscle strength for boys found in this study corresponded to the onset age of testosterone maturation of Chinese boys investigated in previous studies. Linear regression found age and BMI predicting SLJ significantly for boys and girls, explaining better SLJ results in older boy and the effect of their heavy body size. Conclusions: This study indicated a muscular strength difference between genders during growth and added supporting evidence to the hormonal influence of muscle growth during puberty.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No.60672160）
文摘We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the （anti）reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equations AX = B and XC = D. The explicit solutions of the approximation problem min x∈Ф ｜｜X - E｜｜F was given, where E is a given complex matrix and Ф is the set of all reflexive （or antireflexive） solutions of the system mentioned above, and ｜｜·｜｜ is the Frobenius norm. Furthermore, it was pointed that some results in a recent paper are special cases of this paper.
文摘It is assumed that reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is a key technology to enable the potential of mmWave communications.The passivity of the RIS makes channel estimation difficult because the channel can only be measured at the transceiver and not at the RIS.In this paper,we propose a novel separate channel estimator via exploiting the cascaded sparsity in the continuously valued angular domain of the cascaded channel for the RIS-enabled millimeter-wave/Tera-Hz systems,i.e.,the two-stage estimation method where the cascaded channel is separated into the base station(BS)-RIS and the RIS-user(UE)ones.Specifically,we first reveal the cascaded sparsity,i.e.,the sparsity exists in the hybrid angular domains of BS-RIS and the RIS-UEs separated channels,to construct the specific sparsity structure for RIS enabled multi-user systems.Then,we formulate the channel estimation problem using atomic norm minimization(ANM)to enhance the proposed sparsity structure in the continuous angular domains,where a low-complexity channel estimator via Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers(ADMM)is proposed.Simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed channel estimator outperforms the current state-of-the-arts in terms of performance.
基金Short Term Grant(304/PPSK/61313023),Universiti Sains Malaysia
文摘Objective: Electrocochleography(ECochG) is valuable to diagnose Meniere's disease objectively. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary normative data for ECochG among Asian adults. The influences of ethnicity(Malay versus Chinese) and gender on ECoch G results were also studied.Methods: Twenty-two Malay adults(10 men and 12 women) and twenty Chinese participants(10 men and 10 women) aged between 20 and 49 years participated in this study. Extratympanic ECoch G(ET-ECochG) was recorded according to standard non-invasive procedure. Summating potential(SP) amplitude, action potential(AP) amplitude and SP/AP ratio were analyzed accordingly.Results: ET-ECoch G results were found to be comparable between left and right ears(p > 0.05). No notable differences in ET-ECochG results were found between Malay and Chinese groups(p > 0.05). No significant influence of gender on ET-ECochG outcomes was also noted(p > 0.05). The derived normative data for Asian adults(84 ears) are consistent with previous reports.Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary normative data for ET-ECochG among Asian adults. The ECoch G components do not appear to be influenced by either ethnicity or gender. The derived normative data can be used for clinical applications and as the reference for future studies involving Asian population.
文摘The local robust stabilization for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems is studied. The robustness concept of Lyapunov type stabilizability for nonlinear uncertain systems is defined. Under the norm bounded structured condition, two cases for uncertainty in control matrix are taken to discuss Lyapunov type stabilizability of systems. The sufficient conditions of Lyapunov type stabilization are given from differential geometry and nonlinear H ∞ control of view, respectively.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61004017 and 60974103)
文摘This paper derives the bounded real lemmas corresponding to L∞norm and H∞norm(L-BR and H-BR) of fractional order systems. The lemmas reduce the original computations of norms into linear matrix inequality(LMI) problems, which can be performed in a computationally efficient fashion. This convex relaxation is enlightened from the generalized Kalman-YakubovichPopov(KYP) lemma and brings no conservatism to the L-BR. Meanwhile, an H-BR is developed similarly but with some conservatism.However, it can test the system stability automatically in addition to the norm computation, which is of fundamental importance for system analysis. From this advantage, we further address the synthesis problem of H∞control for fractional order systems in the form of LMI. Three illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness of our methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077100)the Aviation Science Foundation(No.201958052001)
文摘In order to improve the frequency response and anti-interference characteristics of the smart electromechanical actuator(EMA)system,and aiming at the force fighting problem when multiple actuators work synchronously,a multi input multi output(MIMO)position difference cross coupling control coordinated strategy based on double‑closed-loop load feedforward control is proposed and designed.In this strategy,the singular value method of return difference matrix is used to design the parameter range that meets the requirements of system stability margin,and the sensitivity function and the H_(∞)norm theory are used to design and determine the optimal solution in the obtained parameter stability region,so that the multi actuator system has excellent synchronization,stability and anti-interference.At the same time,the mathematical model of the integrated smart EMA system is established.According to the requirements of point-to-point control,the controller of double-loop control and load feedforward compensation is determined and designed to improve the frequency response and anti-interference ability of single actuator.Finally,the 270 V high-voltage smart EMA system experimental platform is built,and the frequency response,load feedforward compensation and coordinated control experiments are carried out to verify the correctness of the position difference cross coupling control strategy and the rationality of the parameter design,so that the system can reach the servo control indexes of bandwidth 6 Hz,the maximum output force 20000 N and the synchronization error≤0.1 mm,which effectively solves the problem of force fighting.
文摘The purpose of this study is to design a Moroccan Trail Making Test B;explore the effects of age, education and gender on the performance of the Trail Making Test (TMT);and provide normative information in Moroccan subjects. Our normalization study was conducted on 348 subjects (156 female and 192 male). The subjects were classified into four groups based on age (18 - 39 years, 40 - 59 years, 60 - 69 years and ≥70 years), and three groups based on educational level (3 - 6 years, 7 - 10 years and ≥11 years). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through SPSS. The results displayed that increasing age and decreasing levels of education significantly result in a decreased performance on the Trail A, Moroccan Trail B and English Trail B. Only 229 bilingual subjects among the 348 initial subjects completed both versions of Trail B. There was no significant difference on performance between Moroccan Trail B and English Trail B for these subjects.
文摘Respecting the on-time<span><span><span> </span></span></span><span><span><span>delivery (OTD) for manufacturing orders is mandatory. However, for non-JIT Batch & Queue Push-manufacturing systems, the compliance of OTD is not intrinsically guaranteed.</span></span></span><span><span><span> As an OTD related manufacturing theory is largely missing it is crucial to understand and formalize the necessary conditions of OTD compliance for complex production environments for maximum exploitation of the production capacity. This paper evaluates the conditions of post-optimality while being OTD compliant for production systems, which are characterized </span></span></span><span><span><span>by</span></span></span><span><span><span> stochastic order rate and a deterministic product-mix. Instead of applying discrete event simulation to explore the real case-by-case order scheduling optimization for OTD compliance, a Cartesian approach is followed. This enables to define theoretically the solution space of order backlog for OTD, which contributes to develo</span></span></span><span><span><span>ping</span></span></span><span><span><span> further manufacturing theory. At the base stands the recently defined new concept of virtual manufacturing elasticity by reducing lead-time to increase virtually production capacity. The result has led to defin</span></span></span><span><span><span>ing</span></span></span><span><span><span> additional two corollaries to the OTD theorem, which sets up basic OTD theory. Apart from defining the post-optimal requirements to guarantee for orders at least a weak solution for OTD compliance, this paper reveals that for a deterministic product-mix a non-ergodic order arrival rate can be rescheduled into an ergodic order input rate to the shopfloor if the virtual elasticity </span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><img src="Edit_e545052a-10c6-459e-aa8a-2bccefd4a1a7.png" alt="" /></span></span></span><i><span>T</span></i><span> is large enough</span></span></span></span><span><span><span>, </span></span></span><span><span><span>hence the importance of having fast and flexible production lines.</span></span></span>
文摘In this paper, H∞ optimal model reduction for singular fast subsystems will be inves-tigated. First, error system is established to measure the error magnitude between the original andreduced systems, and it is demonstrated that the new feature for model reduction of singular systemsis to make H∞ norm of the error system finite and minimal. The necessary and su?cient conditionis derived for the existence of the H∞ suboptimal model reduction problem. Next, we give an exactand practicable algorithm to get the parameters of the reduced subsystems by applying the matrixtheory. Meanwhile, the reduced system may be also impulsive. The advantages of the proposedalgorithm are that it is more ?exible in a straight-forward way without much extra computation, andthe order of the reduced systems is as minimal as possible. Finally, one illustrative example is givento illustrate the e?ectiveness of the proposed model reduction approach.
