In the paper [Standard goal programming with fuzzy hierarchies: a sequential approach, Soft Computing, First online: 22 March 2015], it has been assumed that the normalized deviations should lie between zero and one. ...In the paper [Standard goal programming with fuzzy hierarchies: a sequential approach, Soft Computing, First online: 22 March 2015], it has been assumed that the normalized deviations should lie between zero and one. In some cases, this assumption may not be valid. Therefore, additional constraints must be incorporated into the model to ensure that the normalized deviations should not exceed one. This modification is illustrated by the given numerical example.展开更多
Based on CAMP/Tibet [Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） Asia-Australia Monsoon Project （CAMP） on the Tibetan Plateau] turbulent data collected at the Bujiao （B J） site of the Nagqu area, the turbulent ...Based on CAMP/Tibet [Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） Asia-Australia Monsoon Project （CAMP） on the Tibetan Plateau] turbulent data collected at the Bujiao （B J） site of the Nagqu area, the turbulent structure and transportation characteristics in the near surface layer during summer are analyzed. The main results show that the relationship between the normalized standard deviation of 3D wind speed and stability satisfies the similarity law under both unstable and stable stratifications. The relations of normalized standard deviation of temperature and specific humidity to stability only obey the ＂-1/3 power law＂ under unstable conditions. In the case of stable stratifications, their relations to stability are dispersing. The sensible heat dominates in the dry period, while in the wet period, the latent heat is larger than the sensible heat.展开更多
Gravity anomalies illuminate subsurface lithology and geological structure in three dimensions,which is vital for studies of concealed faults,sedimentary basins,basement lithology,and other geological targets.Although...Gravity anomalies illuminate subsurface lithology and geological structure in three dimensions,which is vital for studies of concealed faults,sedimentary basins,basement lithology,and other geological targets.Although not all geological contacts correspond to lithological contacts,the contact mapping provides key information on structural regimes,deformation styles and trends.Many techniques for contact mapping have been developed.Here,we evaluate five methods applied to gridded data.The first two are the horizontal gradient magnitude of the gravity field （GFhgm）,and tilt （TIhgm）.The third and fourth rely on locating maxima of the analytic signal （AS） and the 3D local wavenumber （LW）.The fifth is normalized standard deviation （NSTD） method.In this article,we evaluate the use of these five methods for mapping contacts and compare the results.First,synthetic vertically-sided models are used to quantify the offsets of maxima from the true contact location due to the source effects of finite source thickness,central depth,and width.Second,the effects of contact dip are discussed.Finally,a real data set is used to evaluate the ability of each method to produce maps of coherent contact trends in the presence of noise and gridding artifacts.展开更多
One of the most serious droughts in last century occurred in eastern Sichuan Basin in the summer of 2006(hereinafter called the Drought).The response of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS,boarding on ...One of the most serious droughts in last century occurred in eastern Sichuan Basin in the summer of 2006(hereinafter called the Drought).The response of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS,boarding on NASA satellites of Terra and Aqua)to the Drought was analyzed in order to reach one practicable monitoring solution for regional soil moisture.Temporal process and spatial extension of the Drought were firstly estimated with ground meteorological and hydrological observations.Then,for the whole region of Sichuan and Chongqing,the remotely sensed Normalized Difference Water In-dex(NDWI)for the summers of 2001―2006 were calculated based on 8-day composite MODIS products,which were further used to construct a new water index(Normalized Difference Water Deviation Index,NDWDI)to examine the sensitivity of remote sensing in the Drought.The study showed that the NDWDI is more sensitive to regional drought than other absolute-soil-moisture-based indices.With the new index,the study extracted the spatial-temporal characteristics of the 2006 Drought,and explored its developing and withdrawing processes,which agreed with related statistics.Compared with ground method of drought observation,the NDWDI-based remote sensing solution of this paper is more pref-erable and practicable in that the local soil properties of water consumption and supply are implicitly taken into account,and the spatial representativity limit of ground observation is circumvented to a degree as satellite remotely senses the earth surface in a way of two-dimensional pixel matrix.So,the NDWDI-based method can be used to monitor regional soil water stress situation more practically and efficiently.展开更多
文摘In the paper [Standard goal programming with fuzzy hierarchies: a sequential approach, Soft Computing, First online: 22 March 2015], it has been assumed that the normalized deviations should lie between zero and one. In some cases, this assumption may not be valid. Therefore, additional constraints must be incorporated into the model to ensure that the normalized deviations should not exceed one. This modification is illustrated by the given numerical example.
基金This research was supported by the Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （KZCX3-SW-339 and KZCX3-SW-329） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40520140126）.
文摘Based on CAMP/Tibet [Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） Asia-Australia Monsoon Project （CAMP） on the Tibetan Plateau] turbulent data collected at the Bujiao （B J） site of the Nagqu area, the turbulent structure and transportation characteristics in the near surface layer during summer are analyzed. The main results show that the relationship between the normalized standard deviation of 3D wind speed and stability satisfies the similarity law under both unstable and stable stratifications. The relations of normalized standard deviation of temperature and specific humidity to stability only obey the ＂-1/3 power law＂ under unstable conditions. In the case of stable stratifications, their relations to stability are dispersing. The sensible heat dominates in the dry period, while in the wet period, the latent heat is larger than the sensible heat.
基金supported by the Ph.D. Program Foundation of Ministry of Education of China for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 200804911523)the Research Foundation for Outstanding Young Teachers,China University of Geosciences (No. CUGQNL0726)
文摘Gravity anomalies illuminate subsurface lithology and geological structure in three dimensions,which is vital for studies of concealed faults,sedimentary basins,basement lithology,and other geological targets.Although not all geological contacts correspond to lithological contacts,the contact mapping provides key information on structural regimes,deformation styles and trends.Many techniques for contact mapping have been developed.Here,we evaluate five methods applied to gridded data.The first two are the horizontal gradient magnitude of the gravity field （GFhgm）,and tilt （TIhgm）.The third and fourth rely on locating maxima of the analytic signal （AS） and the 3D local wavenumber （LW）.The fifth is normalized standard deviation （NSTD） method.In this article,we evaluate the use of these five methods for mapping contacts and compare the results.First,synthetic vertically-sided models are used to quantify the offsets of maxima from the true contact location due to the source effects of finite source thickness,central depth,and width.Second,the effects of contact dip are discussed.Finally,a real data set is used to evaluate the ability of each method to produce maps of coherent contact trends in the presence of noise and gridding artifacts.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40705037)Commonweal Fund of Changjiang Scientific Research Institute(Grant No.YWF0713/ZY05)
文摘One of the most serious droughts in last century occurred in eastern Sichuan Basin in the summer of 2006(hereinafter called the Drought).The response of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS,boarding on NASA satellites of Terra and Aqua)to the Drought was analyzed in order to reach one practicable monitoring solution for regional soil moisture.Temporal process and spatial extension of the Drought were firstly estimated with ground meteorological and hydrological observations.Then,for the whole region of Sichuan and Chongqing,the remotely sensed Normalized Difference Water In-dex(NDWI)for the summers of 2001―2006 were calculated based on 8-day composite MODIS products,which were further used to construct a new water index(Normalized Difference Water Deviation Index,NDWDI)to examine the sensitivity of remote sensing in the Drought.The study showed that the NDWDI is more sensitive to regional drought than other absolute-soil-moisture-based indices.With the new index,the study extracted the spatial-temporal characteristics of the 2006 Drought,and explored its developing and withdrawing processes,which agreed with related statistics.Compared with ground method of drought observation,the NDWDI-based remote sensing solution of this paper is more pref-erable and practicable in that the local soil properties of water consumption and supply are implicitly taken into account,and the spatial representativity limit of ground observation is circumvented to a degree as satellite remotely senses the earth surface in a way of two-dimensional pixel matrix.So,the NDWDI-based method can be used to monitor regional soil water stress situation more practically and efficiently.
