The introduction of drug-eluting stents has significantly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis.Despite this,recurrent cardiovascular events related to untreated nontarget lesions(NTLs)are becoming more common ...The introduction of drug-eluting stents has significantly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis.Despite this,recurrent cardiovascular events related to untreated nontarget lesions(NTLs)are becoming more common and accounting for more than 50%of all recurrent cardiovascular events.In patients with dia-betes,factors such as prolonged disease duration,poor glycemic control,insulin use,and inadequate lipid management may exacerbate the progression of NTLs and adverse cardiovascular events.Additionally,glycemic fluctuations have been linked to an increased risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with early glucose metabolism abnormalities and acute hyperglycemia.In this review,we explored the clinical and plaque characteristics of patients with diabetes and early glucose metabolism disorders,the percutaneous coronary intervention strategies for NTLs,and their prognostic implications.Furthermore,we investigated the mechanistic links between adverse cardiovascular outcomes and elevated inflammation,oxidative stress,hypercoagulability,and endothelial dysfunction.展开更多
A broad range of organic compounds are known to exist in drinking water sources and serve as precursors of disinfection byproducts（DBPs）.Epidemiological findings of an association of increased risk of bladder cancer...A broad range of organic compounds are known to exist in drinking water sources and serve as precursors of disinfection byproducts（DBPs）.Epidemiological findings of an association of increased risk of bladder cancer with the consumption of chlorinated water has resulted in health concerns about DBPs.Peptides are thought to be an important category of DBP precursors in water.However,little is known about the actual presence of peptides and their DBPs in drinking water because of their high sample complexity and low concentrations.To address this challenge and identify peptides and non-chlorinated/chlorinated peptide DBPs from large sets of organic compounds in water,we developed a novel high throughput analysis strategy,which integrated multiple solid phase extraction（SPE）,high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）separation,and non-target identification using precursor ion exclusion（PIE）high resolution mass spectrometry（MS）.After MS analysis,structures of candidate compounds,particularly peptides,were obtained by searching against the Human Metabolome Database（HMDB）.Using this strategy,we successfully detected 625 peptides（out of 17,205 putative compounds）and 617 peptides（out of 13,297）respectively in source and finished water samples.The source and finished water samples had 501 peptides and amino acids in common.The remaining 116 peptides and amino acids were unique to the finished water.From a subset of 30 putative compounds for which standards were available,25 were confirmed using HPLC-MS analysis.By analyzing the peptides identified in source and finished water,we successfully confirmed three disinfection reaction pathways that convert peptides into toxic DBPs.展开更多
It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment.For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identi...It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment.For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identifying residual organic contaminants in air and water in Korea, nontarget screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry（GC × GC-TOFMS） was conducted at 10 sites using polyurethane foam passive air sampler and at 6 sites using polydimethyl siloxane（PDMS） passive water sampler in three different seasons in 2014. More than 600 chemical peaks were identified satisfying the identification criteria in air and water samples, respectively, providing a list for further investigation. Chemical substances with reported national emission rates in2014（n = 149） were also screened for potential existence in the environment using a level Ⅱ fugacity model. Most of chemical substances classified as not detectable were not identified with detection frequency greater than 20% by nontarget screening, indicating that a simple equilibrium model has a strong potential to be used to exclude chemicals that are not likely to remain in the environment after emissions from targeted monitoring.展开更多
The combination of hydrogen/deuterium(H/D)formaldehyde-based isotopic methyl labeling with solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry(HPLC-HRMS)is a powerful a...The combination of hydrogen/deuterium(H/D)formaldehyde-based isotopic methyl labeling with solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry(HPLC-HRMS)is a powerful analytical solution for nontargeted analysis of trace-level amino-containing chemicals in water samples.Given the huge amount of chemical information generated in HPLC-HRMS analysis,identifying all possible H/Dlabeled amino chemicals presents a significant challenge in data processing.To address this,we designed a streamlined data processing pipeline that can automatically extract H/D-labeled amino chemicals from the raw HPLC-HRMS data with high accuracy and efficiency.First,we developed a cross-correlation algorithm to correct the retention time shift resulting from deuterium isotopic effects,which enables reliable pairing of H-and D-labeled peaks.Second,we implemented several bioinformatic solutions to remove false chemical features generated by in-source fragmentation,salt adduction,and natural13C isotopes.Third,we used a data mining strategy to construct the AMINES library that consists of over 38,000 structure-disjointed primary and secondary amines to facilitate putative compound annotation.Finally,we integrated these modules into a freely available R program,HDPairFinder.R.The rationale of each module was justified and its performance tested using experimental H/D-labeled chemical standards and authentic water samples.We further demonstrated the application of HDPairFinder to effectively extract N-containing contaminants,thus enabling the monitoring of changes of primary and secondary N-compounds in authentic water samples.HDPairFinder is a reliable bioinformatic tool for rapid processing of H/D isotopic methyl labeling-based nontargeted analysis of water samples,and will facilitate a better understanding of N-containing chemical compounds in water.展开更多
Intact pZ189 DNA was replicated in monkey kidney vero cells which had been pretreated with Nmethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) . The mutants were selected in E. coli MBM7070 and the mutation frequencies involv...Intact pZ189 DNA was replicated in monkey kidney vero cells which had been pretreated with Nmethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) . The mutants were selected in E. coli MBM7070 and the mutation frequencies involving mutants with unchanged electrophoretic mobilrty of their plasmid DNA were scored. When compared to the spontaneous mutation frequency. the mutation frequencies were increased by 5.8 and 2.9-fold in cells pretreated with 0. 2 and 2μmol/L MNNG, respectively. The supF genes of these mutants were sequenced. and it was found that the types of base substitution and the sites of frameshifts differed from findings in studies of spontaneous and targeted mutagenesis. The results suggest that nontargeted mutagenesis occurs in mammalian cells and may have a sequence specificity.展开更多
The continuous emergence of new pollutants poses significant threats to both human health and ecological environments.Nontarget analysis based on mass spectrometry has become prevalent for detecting new pollutants due...The continuous emergence of new pollutants poses significant threats to both human health and ecological environments.Nontarget analysis based on mass spectrometry has become prevalent for detecting new pollutants due to its high throughput capabilities.However,structural elucidation remains a major challenge in nontarget analysis.Here,we review the implementation of machine learning techniques to accelerate nontarget structural elucidation,with particular focus on spectral library matching,structural database retrieval,and de novo structure generation.We investigated the design principles,technical characteristics,and comparative evaluation of these computational approaches.In addition,we show their applications in environmental nontarget analysis for new pollutant identification.Finally,we discuss the challenges of current approaches and the future development trends.This review aims to deepen the understanding of existing computational approaches,promote the application of machine learning techniques in nontarget identification,and facilitate the integration of artificial intelligence with environmental pollutant analysis.展开更多
Exposure to complex environmental mixtures leads to dynamic and evolving exposomes under different environ-mental conditions,presenting significant challenges to humans and other organisms.Therefore,on the demand of r...Exposure to complex environmental mixtures leads to dynamic and evolving exposomes under different environ-mental conditions,presenting significant challenges to humans and other organisms.Therefore,on the demand of risk management of complex mixture exposure,the determination of the overall toxicity and the key components that drive the observed toxic effects is the prerequisite.展开更多
Among the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which were isolated from genetically instable monkey kidney vero cells induced by N-methyI-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a fragment 9 was isolated. When the expression o...Among the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which were isolated from genetically instable monkey kidney vero cells induced by N-methyI-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a fragment 9 was isolated. When the expression of fragment 9 was blocked through transcripting antisense RNA, MNNGinduced nontargeted mutation frequency enhanced significantly compared with control ( P 【 0.05). The result showed that the relevant gene of fragment 9 might participate in maintaining cellular genetic stability and be involved in inhibition of nontargeted mutagenesis.展开更多
Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species,but they have also been shown to alter behavioral,life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects.Here,we tested the fungicide effects on fe...Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species,but they have also been shown to alter behavioral,life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects.Here,we tested the fungicide effects on feeding behavior,survival and physiology of the nontarget pest insect,the Colorado potato beetle(CPB)(Leptinotarsa decemlineata).Feeding behavior was studied by a choice test of adult beetles,which were allowed to choose between a control and a fungicide(fluazinam)treated potato leaf.Larval survival was recorded after 24 and 72 h exposure to control and fungicide-treated leaves with 2 different concentrations.The adults did not show fungicide avoidance behavior.Similarly,survival of the larvae was not affected by the exposure to fungicides.Finally,to understand the effects of fungicides at the physiological level(gene expression),we tested whether the larval exposure to fungicide alter the expression of 5 metabolic pathway and stress associated genes.Highest concentration and 72-h exposure caused upregulation of 1 cytochrome P450(CYP9Z14v2)and 1 insecticide resistance gene(Ldace1),whereas metabolic detoxification gene(Ugt1)was downregulated.At 24-h exposure,highest concentration caused downregulation of another common detoxification gene(Gs),while both exposure times to lowest concentration caused upregulation of the Hsp70 stress tolerance gene.Despite these overall effects,there was a considerable amount of variation among different families in the gene expression levels.Even though the behavioral effects of the fungicide treatments were minor,the expression level differences of the studied genes indicate changes on the metabolic detoxifications and stress-related pathways.展开更多
Herbicides are the most widely used class of pesticides in modern agriculture,while they are still problematic for their off-target hazards due to volatility,drift,and leaching.Nanoformulations appear to be a promisin...Herbicides are the most widely used class of pesticides in modern agriculture,while they are still problematic for their off-target hazards due to volatility,drift,and leaching.Nanoformulations appear to be a promising alternative to those traditional counterparts as herbicidal delivery systems in presenting equivalent control efficacy and higher biosafety profile,but there is no approach yet to dynamically track the release of herbicidal active ingredients in weeds.To bridge the gap between the visualization of herbicidal efficacy with nanoformulation and the mechanistic understanding of the active ingredient release in vivo,we present a proof-of-concept study on the development of a green nanoformulation of herbicide(nanoherbicide)delivering 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(MCPA)based on the co-assembly of MCPA and cationic carbon dot.The release of MCPA can be tracked in vivo via a fluorescence lighting-up strategy,due to the disassembly of the nanoherbicide in weeds and the liberation of carbon dot.Compared to active ingredient,the nanoherbicide exhibits reduced volatilization rate,improved foliar affinity,and retarded leaching effect in the soil,and the hazards on off-target organisms including farming plant,soil enzymes and microbiota are appreciably minimized.Due to the characteristics of carbon dot's fluorescence quenching and lightening as the nanoherbicide forms and disassembles,respectively,the entry,translocation,and disassembly of the nanoherbicide in weeds are recorded with fluorescent microscopy.Additionally,the timing to observe the disassembly state ex vivo and to visualize the early symptoms of weed wilting match,suggesting that the released MCPA retains mechanism of action against weeds.In contrast to other labelled nanoherbicides displaying stable fluorescence,this self-reportable fluorescence lighting-up nanoherbicide provides a viable solution to predict/correlate the herbicidal efficacy with fluorescence more realistically.展开更多
建立了固相吸附热脱附-气相色谱-质谱(TD-GC-MS)综合筛查工业源废气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法。对两种型号的固相吸附管进行了比较,最终选择使用Tenax SS TD Tubes吸附管。气体样品以恒定流速通过吸附管,富集分析物,经热脱附后,用GC-M...建立了固相吸附热脱附-气相色谱-质谱(TD-GC-MS)综合筛查工业源废气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法。对两种型号的固相吸附管进行了比较,最终选择使用Tenax SS TD Tubes吸附管。气体样品以恒定流速通过吸附管,富集分析物,经热脱附后,用GC-MS进行检测,目标化合物以内标法定量,非目标化合物的含量以甲苯的响应系数计算。方法检出限为1.06~5.44 ng,以采样体积300 mL计算,目标化合物的检出限为0.004~0.018 mg/m^3。吸附管平均加标回收率为78.4%~89.4%,相对标准偏差为3.9%~14.4%(n=7)。应用该方法对大连市某垃圾焚烧发电厂排放的废气进行VOCs目标及非目标化合物综合筛查,共检出29种VOCs,其中仅5种VOCs为预先设定的目标化合物,另外24种为非目标化合物,5种目标化合物含量仅占所有检出物总量的26.7%。证明了工业源废气VOCs分析中非目标化合物筛查的重要性,该研究思路对完整测定工业源挥发性有机污染物分布具有一定的借鉴意义。展开更多
文摘The introduction of drug-eluting stents has significantly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis.Despite this,recurrent cardiovascular events related to untreated nontarget lesions(NTLs)are becoming more common and accounting for more than 50%of all recurrent cardiovascular events.In patients with dia-betes,factors such as prolonged disease duration,poor glycemic control,insulin use,and inadequate lipid management may exacerbate the progression of NTLs and adverse cardiovascular events.Additionally,glycemic fluctuations have been linked to an increased risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with early glucose metabolism abnormalities and acute hyperglycemia.In this review,we explored the clinical and plaque characteristics of patients with diabetes and early glucose metabolism disorders,the percutaneous coronary intervention strategies for NTLs,and their prognostic implications.Furthermore,we investigated the mechanistic links between adverse cardiovascular outcomes and elevated inflammation,oxidative stress,hypercoagulability,and endothelial dysfunction.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,Alberta Health,and Alberta Innovates-Energy and Environment Solutions
文摘A broad range of organic compounds are known to exist in drinking water sources and serve as precursors of disinfection byproducts（DBPs）.Epidemiological findings of an association of increased risk of bladder cancer with the consumption of chlorinated water has resulted in health concerns about DBPs.Peptides are thought to be an important category of DBP precursors in water.However,little is known about the actual presence of peptides and their DBPs in drinking water because of their high sample complexity and low concentrations.To address this challenge and identify peptides and non-chlorinated/chlorinated peptide DBPs from large sets of organic compounds in water,we developed a novel high throughput analysis strategy,which integrated multiple solid phase extraction（SPE）,high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）separation,and non-target identification using precursor ion exclusion（PIE）high resolution mass spectrometry（MS）.After MS analysis,structures of candidate compounds,particularly peptides,were obtained by searching against the Human Metabolome Database（HMDB）.Using this strategy,we successfully detected 625 peptides（out of 17,205 putative compounds）and 617 peptides（out of 13,297）respectively in source and finished water samples.The source and finished water samples had 501 peptides and amino acids in common.The remaining 116 peptides and amino acids were unique to the finished water.From a subset of 30 putative compounds for which standards were available,25 were confirmed using HPLC-MS analysis.By analyzing the peptides identified in source and finished water,we successfully confirmed three disinfection reaction pathways that convert peptides into toxic DBPs.
基金supported by the National Institute of Environmental Research(No.NIER-RP-2014-335)
文摘It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment.For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identifying residual organic contaminants in air and water in Korea, nontarget screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry（GC × GC-TOFMS） was conducted at 10 sites using polyurethane foam passive air sampler and at 6 sites using polydimethyl siloxane（PDMS） passive water sampler in three different seasons in 2014. More than 600 chemical peaks were identified satisfying the identification criteria in air and water samples, respectively, providing a list for further investigation. Chemical substances with reported national emission rates in2014（n = 149） were also screened for potential existence in the environment using a level Ⅱ fugacity model. Most of chemical substances classified as not detectable were not identified with detection frequency greater than 20% by nontarget screening, indicating that a simple equilibrium model has a strong potential to be used to exclude chemicals that are not likely to remain in the environment after emissions from targeted monitoring.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,Alberta Innovatesthe Canada Research Chairs Program。
文摘The combination of hydrogen/deuterium(H/D)formaldehyde-based isotopic methyl labeling with solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry(HPLC-HRMS)is a powerful analytical solution for nontargeted analysis of trace-level amino-containing chemicals in water samples.Given the huge amount of chemical information generated in HPLC-HRMS analysis,identifying all possible H/Dlabeled amino chemicals presents a significant challenge in data processing.To address this,we designed a streamlined data processing pipeline that can automatically extract H/D-labeled amino chemicals from the raw HPLC-HRMS data with high accuracy and efficiency.First,we developed a cross-correlation algorithm to correct the retention time shift resulting from deuterium isotopic effects,which enables reliable pairing of H-and D-labeled peaks.Second,we implemented several bioinformatic solutions to remove false chemical features generated by in-source fragmentation,salt adduction,and natural13C isotopes.Third,we used a data mining strategy to construct the AMINES library that consists of over 38,000 structure-disjointed primary and secondary amines to facilitate putative compound annotation.Finally,we integrated these modules into a freely available R program,HDPairFinder.R.The rationale of each module was justified and its performance tested using experimental H/D-labeled chemical standards and authentic water samples.We further demonstrated the application of HDPairFinder to effectively extract N-containing contaminants,thus enabling the monitoring of changes of primary and secondary N-compounds in authentic water samples.HDPairFinder is a reliable bioinformatic tool for rapid processing of H/D isotopic methyl labeling-based nontargeted analysis of water samples,and will facilitate a better understanding of N-containing chemical compounds in water.
文摘Intact pZ189 DNA was replicated in monkey kidney vero cells which had been pretreated with Nmethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) . The mutants were selected in E. coli MBM7070 and the mutation frequencies involving mutants with unchanged electrophoretic mobilrty of their plasmid DNA were scored. When compared to the spontaneous mutation frequency. the mutation frequencies were increased by 5.8 and 2.9-fold in cells pretreated with 0. 2 and 2μmol/L MNNG, respectively. The supF genes of these mutants were sequenced. and it was found that the types of base substitution and the sites of frameshifts differed from findings in studies of spontaneous and targeted mutagenesis. The results suggest that nontargeted mutagenesis occurs in mammalian cells and may have a sequence specificity.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2023C02037)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0750100)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22376092,U24A20512,22276090,and 22206075)Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project(2023t07020004)State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control Open Fund(2023)Jiangsu Provincial Administration for Market Regulation Science and Technology Program(KJ2024011)。
文摘The continuous emergence of new pollutants poses significant threats to both human health and ecological environments.Nontarget analysis based on mass spectrometry has become prevalent for detecting new pollutants due to its high throughput capabilities.However,structural elucidation remains a major challenge in nontarget analysis.Here,we review the implementation of machine learning techniques to accelerate nontarget structural elucidation,with particular focus on spectral library matching,structural database retrieval,and de novo structure generation.We investigated the design principles,technical characteristics,and comparative evaluation of these computational approaches.In addition,we show their applications in environmental nontarget analysis for new pollutant identification.Finally,we discuss the challenges of current approaches and the future development trends.This review aims to deepen the understanding of existing computational approaches,promote the application of machine learning techniques in nontarget identification,and facilitate the integration of artificial intelligence with environmental pollutant analysis.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0750300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22325606,22241604,52170106).
文摘Exposure to complex environmental mixtures leads to dynamic and evolving exposomes under different environ-mental conditions,presenting significant challenges to humans and other organisms.Therefore,on the demand of risk management of complex mixture exposure,the determination of the overall toxicity and the key components that drive the observed toxic effects is the prerequisite.
文摘Among the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which were isolated from genetically instable monkey kidney vero cells induced by N-methyI-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a fragment 9 was isolated. When the expression of fragment 9 was blocked through transcripting antisense RNA, MNNGinduced nontargeted mutation frequency enhanced significantly compared with control ( P 【 0.05). The result showed that the relevant gene of fragment 9 might participate in maintaining cellular genetic stability and be involved in inhibition of nontargeted mutagenesis.
基金supported by the Finish Cultural foundation and the Academy of Finland(Grant NO.308302 to LL and 322980 to MK).
文摘Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species,but they have also been shown to alter behavioral,life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects.Here,we tested the fungicide effects on feeding behavior,survival and physiology of the nontarget pest insect,the Colorado potato beetle(CPB)(Leptinotarsa decemlineata).Feeding behavior was studied by a choice test of adult beetles,which were allowed to choose between a control and a fungicide(fluazinam)treated potato leaf.Larval survival was recorded after 24 and 72 h exposure to control and fungicide-treated leaves with 2 different concentrations.The adults did not show fungicide avoidance behavior.Similarly,survival of the larvae was not affected by the exposure to fungicides.Finally,to understand the effects of fungicides at the physiological level(gene expression),we tested whether the larval exposure to fungicide alter the expression of 5 metabolic pathway and stress associated genes.Highest concentration and 72-h exposure caused upregulation of 1 cytochrome P450(CYP9Z14v2)and 1 insecticide resistance gene(Ldace1),whereas metabolic detoxification gene(Ugt1)was downregulated.At 24-h exposure,highest concentration caused downregulation of another common detoxification gene(Gs),while both exposure times to lowest concentration caused upregulation of the Hsp70 stress tolerance gene.Despite these overall effects,there was a considerable amount of variation among different families in the gene expression levels.Even though the behavioral effects of the fungicide treatments were minor,the expression level differences of the studied genes indicate changes on the metabolic detoxifications and stress-related pathways.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22278414)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD1702100)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Project of Anhui Province(No.202203a06020001)Prof.Jian Luo at Anhui Agricultural University。
文摘Herbicides are the most widely used class of pesticides in modern agriculture,while they are still problematic for their off-target hazards due to volatility,drift,and leaching.Nanoformulations appear to be a promising alternative to those traditional counterparts as herbicidal delivery systems in presenting equivalent control efficacy and higher biosafety profile,but there is no approach yet to dynamically track the release of herbicidal active ingredients in weeds.To bridge the gap between the visualization of herbicidal efficacy with nanoformulation and the mechanistic understanding of the active ingredient release in vivo,we present a proof-of-concept study on the development of a green nanoformulation of herbicide(nanoherbicide)delivering 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid(MCPA)based on the co-assembly of MCPA and cationic carbon dot.The release of MCPA can be tracked in vivo via a fluorescence lighting-up strategy,due to the disassembly of the nanoherbicide in weeds and the liberation of carbon dot.Compared to active ingredient,the nanoherbicide exhibits reduced volatilization rate,improved foliar affinity,and retarded leaching effect in the soil,and the hazards on off-target organisms including farming plant,soil enzymes and microbiota are appreciably minimized.Due to the characteristics of carbon dot's fluorescence quenching and lightening as the nanoherbicide forms and disassembles,respectively,the entry,translocation,and disassembly of the nanoherbicide in weeds are recorded with fluorescent microscopy.Additionally,the timing to observe the disassembly state ex vivo and to visualize the early symptoms of weed wilting match,suggesting that the released MCPA retains mechanism of action against weeds.In contrast to other labelled nanoherbicides displaying stable fluorescence,this self-reportable fluorescence lighting-up nanoherbicide provides a viable solution to predict/correlate the herbicidal efficacy with fluorescence more realistically.
