Rare earth elements(REEs)as nonessential trace elements are enriched in living organisms and threaten their health.To early detect and reduce REE enrichment in living organisms,scientists are focused on clarifying the...Rare earth elements(REEs)as nonessential trace elements are enriched in living organisms and threaten their health.To early detect and reduce REE enrichment in living organisms,scientists are focused on clarifying the enrichment process of REEs in living organisms and its risks.However,the enrichment process of REEs in edible plant cells has remained unclear.Herein,by using interdisciplinary methods and techniques,the enrichment process of lanthanum(La(Ⅲ))in the leaf cells of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)was investigated.(1)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 0.5-5μmol/L,La(Ⅲ)is enriched outside the plasma membrane(PM).In this zone,La(Ⅲ)is bound to vitronectin-like protein(VN)to form La-VN complexes;(2)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 5-20μmol/L,besides the zone outside the PM,La(Ⅲ)is also enriched on the PM and bound to arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs)to form La-AGPs complexes;(3)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 20-140μmol/L,besides the zone outside and on the PM,La(Ⅲ)is enriched inside the PM;(4)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 60-140μmol/L,malondialdehyde content(an important indicator of invisible damage)significantly increases.Thus,as La(Ⅲ)exposure dose increases,La(Ⅲ)gradually migrates from outside the PM to the PM and inside the PM,enriching in these zones in turn.The enriched La(Ⅲ)will cause invisible damage to lettuce leaf cells and even enter human bodies along food chains.These results provide references for investigating the enrichment process of REEs in plants and its environmental risks,and finding strategies to early detect and reduce REE enrichment in plants.展开更多
TWIST is a transcription factor that belongs to the family of helix-loop-helix proteins involved in metastasis with essential role regulating cell movement during early development, as well as in the tumor progression...TWIST is a transcription factor that belongs to the family of helix-loop-helix proteins involved in metastasis with essential role regulating cell movement during early development, as well as in the tumor progression and metastasis of many cancers including breast cancer. It will be interesting to study the relation among cancer chemotherapy, malnutrition and the transcription factors like TWIST in order to explore the risk to metastasis. We used breast cancer line MDA-MB-231. Cell cultures were treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), as well as changes in serum and nonessentials amino acid (NEAA), to explore the cell viability and the cellular distribution of TWIST by immunocytochemistry. Our results indicate that cell viability decreased significantly with 5-Fu treatment whereas no changes were observed in malnutrition treatment. On the other hand, TWIST protein significantly increased its distribution in cytoplasm of treated groups with malnutrition as well as in those treated with 5-Fu compared with the control. These results suggest that TWIST translocation was modified by the treatments and further studies are necessary to suggest that TWIST could be a tag protein to avoid metastasis.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21977051,21501068,31170477)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Rare earth elements(REEs)as nonessential trace elements are enriched in living organisms and threaten their health.To early detect and reduce REE enrichment in living organisms,scientists are focused on clarifying the enrichment process of REEs in living organisms and its risks.However,the enrichment process of REEs in edible plant cells has remained unclear.Herein,by using interdisciplinary methods and techniques,the enrichment process of lanthanum(La(Ⅲ))in the leaf cells of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)was investigated.(1)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 0.5-5μmol/L,La(Ⅲ)is enriched outside the plasma membrane(PM).In this zone,La(Ⅲ)is bound to vitronectin-like protein(VN)to form La-VN complexes;(2)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 5-20μmol/L,besides the zone outside the PM,La(Ⅲ)is also enriched on the PM and bound to arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs)to form La-AGPs complexes;(3)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 20-140μmol/L,besides the zone outside and on the PM,La(Ⅲ)is enriched inside the PM;(4)When La(Ⅲ)exposure dose is 60-140μmol/L,malondialdehyde content(an important indicator of invisible damage)significantly increases.Thus,as La(Ⅲ)exposure dose increases,La(Ⅲ)gradually migrates from outside the PM to the PM and inside the PM,enriching in these zones in turn.The enriched La(Ⅲ)will cause invisible damage to lettuce leaf cells and even enter human bodies along food chains.These results provide references for investigating the enrichment process of REEs in plants and its environmental risks,and finding strategies to early detect and reduce REE enrichment in plants.
文摘TWIST is a transcription factor that belongs to the family of helix-loop-helix proteins involved in metastasis with essential role regulating cell movement during early development, as well as in the tumor progression and metastasis of many cancers including breast cancer. It will be interesting to study the relation among cancer chemotherapy, malnutrition and the transcription factors like TWIST in order to explore the risk to metastasis. We used breast cancer line MDA-MB-231. Cell cultures were treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), as well as changes in serum and nonessentials amino acid (NEAA), to explore the cell viability and the cellular distribution of TWIST by immunocytochemistry. Our results indicate that cell viability decreased significantly with 5-Fu treatment whereas no changes were observed in malnutrition treatment. On the other hand, TWIST protein significantly increased its distribution in cytoplasm of treated groups with malnutrition as well as in those treated with 5-Fu compared with the control. These results suggest that TWIST translocation was modified by the treatments and further studies are necessary to suggest that TWIST could be a tag protein to avoid metastasis.
