In the theory of belief functions, the measure of uncertainty is an important concept, which is used for representing some types of uncertainty incorporated in bodies of evidence such as the discord and the non-specif...In the theory of belief functions, the measure of uncertainty is an important concept, which is used for representing some types of uncertainty incorporated in bodies of evidence such as the discord and the non-specificity. For the non-specificity part, some traditional measures use for reference the Hartley measure in classical set theory; other traditional measures use the simple and heuristic function for joint use of mass assignments and the cardinality of focal elements. In this paper, a new non-specificity measure is proposed using lengths of belief intervals, which represent the degree of imprecision. Therefore, it has more intuitive physical meaning. It can be proved that our new measure can be rewritten in a general form for the non-specificity. Our new measure is also proved to be a strict non-specificity measure with some desired properties. Numerical examples, simulations, the related analyses and proofs are provided to show the characteristics and good properties of the new non-specificity definition. An example of an application of the new non- specificity measure is also presented.展开更多
Two types of uncertainty co-exist in the theory of evidence： discord and non-specificity.From 90s, many mathematical expressions have arisen to quantify these two parts in an evidence.An important aspect of each meas...Two types of uncertainty co-exist in the theory of evidence： discord and non-specificity.From 90s, many mathematical expressions have arisen to quantify these two parts in an evidence.An important aspect of each measure presented is the verification of a coherent set of properties.About non-specificity, so far only one measure verifies an important set of those properties. Very recently, a new measure of non-specificity based on belief intervals has been presented as an alternative measure that quantifies a similar set of properties（Yang et al., 2016）. It is shown that the new measure really does not verify two of those important properties. Some errors have been found in their corresponding proofs in the original publication.展开更多
In order to verify the synthesis pathway of linoleic acid(LA)to generate arachidonic acid(ARA),the functions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5 in Apostichopus japonicus were tested by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris.A ...In order to verify the synthesis pathway of linoleic acid(LA)to generate arachidonic acid(ARA),the functions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5 in Apostichopus japonicus were tested by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris.A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary LA and ARA on growth,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)biosynthesis and im-mune function of A.japonicus.Seven diets containing graded levels of LA or ARA were formulated,and one diet without PUFA was applied as a control.The results confirmed thatΔ6 FAD from A.japonicus has a double desaturation ability ofΔ6 andΔ5 for PUFA,and it works together with Elovl 5 enzyme play important roles in biosynthesis of ARA from LA.With increasing dietary LA from 4.9 to 12.1 g/kg,the expressions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5,levels of LA,ARA and EPA in tissues increased,and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT enzymes in intestine initially increased and then decreased.Additionally,by increasing dietary ARA from 0.7 to 3.8 g/kg,the contents of ALA,EPA and DHA decreased,while theΔ6 FAD expression and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT in intes-tine increased significantly.Therefore,appropriate dietary levels of LA(12.1 g/kg)or ARA(3.8 g/kg)build a reasonable composi-tion of n-3/n-6 PUFA in A.japonicus,and improved its growth,antioxidant capacity and immunological defenses.展开更多
Non-specific orbital inflammation(NSOI)is a noninfectious orbital inflammation.Although it is often considered the most common diagnosis in orbital biopsies,it is an exclusionary diagnosis that requires ruling out sys...Non-specific orbital inflammation(NSOI)is a noninfectious orbital inflammation.Although it is often considered the most common diagnosis in orbital biopsies,it is an exclusionary diagnosis that requires ruling out systemic disease or other possible causes.Its characteristics include acute orbital signs and symptoms,including pain,proptosis,periorbital edema,chemosis,diplopia,and visual impairment.The clinical manifestations and histological findings of NSOI are heterogeneous,without specific diagnostic criteria or treatment guidelines,which poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment.This guideline provides a detailed description of the definition,classification,diagnosis,and treatment of NSOI.展开更多
BACKGROUND： There is a growing evidence that matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2 and MMP-9 （gelatinases） play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, especially with inflammatory etiology and ex...BACKGROUND： There is a growing evidence that matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2 and MMP-9 （gelatinases） play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, especially with inflammatory etiology and extracellular matrix （ECM） remodeling. Despite the fact that gelatinases involve in liver cirrhosis is provided in the literature, their role in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases is still under investigation. DATA SOURCES： We carried out a PubMed search of Englishlanguage articles relevant to the involvement of gelatinases in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, pancreatitis, and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases. RESULTS： The decreased activity of gelatinases, especially MMP-2, is related to the development of liver fibrosis, probably due to the decrease of capability for ECM remodeling. Similar situation can be found in chronic pancreatitis; however, reports on this matter are rare. The presence of non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases results in MMP-9 activity elevation. CONCLUSION： The fluctuation of gelatinases activity during liver fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases is observed, but the exact role of these enzymes demands further studies.展开更多
In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Ap...In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were determined in order to obtain the optimum bacterial concentration. The gut microbiota change in A. japonicus was then analyzed through high-throughput sequencing during the immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at the optimum concentration for 49 d. The results illustrate that the body weight growth rate of all bathing groups was higher than that of the control. The highest growth rate (25.3%) was achieved when the bacterial concentration was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The activities of non-specific immune enzymes (ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM) of all bathing groups increased, and the activities of the enzymes of groups bathed with the bacterium at 1×10^3 and 1×10^4 CFU/mL reached the highest on day 21 and day 28. Taking the growth rate and economic cost into consideration, the optimum concentration of B. velezensis DY-6 was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The influences of immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at 1×10^3 CFU/mL on the gut microbiota of A. japonicus were then evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Results showed that the gut microbiota changed with the addition of B. velezensis DY-6, and the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota peaked twice on day 14 and day 21, respectively. In association with the non-specific immune enzyme activities and if day 28 was selected as the dividing point, the community structure of the gut microbiota could be obviously divided into two types. The correlation analysis revealed that the non-specific immune enzyme activities were correlated significantly to some gut bacteria (in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) after immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6. Our findings will provide the theoretical foundation for probiotic application in sea cucumber farming.展开更多
Non-specific abdominal complaints are a considerable problem worldwide. Many patients are affected and many differential diagnoses have to be considered. Among these, carbohydrate malabsorption seems to play an import...Non-specific abdominal complaints are a considerable problem worldwide. Many patients are affected and many differential diagnoses have to be considered. Among these, carbohydrate malabsorption seems to play an important role. However, so far, only incomplete absorption of lactose is broadly accepted, while the malabsorption of fructose and sorbitol is still underestimated, although in many parts of the world it is much more frequent. Despite the success of dietary interventions in many patients, there are still a lot of unanswered questions that make further investigations展开更多
Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets...Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.展开更多
The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with...The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.展开更多
The patient was in conception 27 weeks+6 days,and got right waist pain,complicated with nausea,vomiting(vomit as gastric content),which was diagnosed as non-specific pain on waist after consultations of many departmen...The patient was in conception 27 weeks+6 days,and got right waist pain,complicated with nausea,vomiting(vomit as gastric content),which was diagnosed as non-specific pain on waist after consultations of many departments.The patient received acupuncture with the following acupoints:Shuǐgōu(水沟 GV26),Yìntáng(印堂 EX-HN3),left Hégǔ(合谷 LI4),and right Tàichōng(太冲 LR3).On the first date of acupuncture,the patient felt pain relieved obviously,occasionally with slight pain that did not influence normal diet and rest.On the next day,the patient took acupuncture continuously,the doctor added Tàixī(太溪 KI3)acupoint.The patient received acupuncture for 3 times in all.The pain and soreness of the patient almost disappeared,only with slight discomfort occasionally that did not influence the normal life.Through follow-up half a year,the patient born a live male infant by cesarean section on March 20,2019,both the mother and her infant were safe.展开更多
This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturg...This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturgeon （Acipenser schrencki Brandt） by oral perfusion. Cyrtomiumfortunei, prescription I and prescription II were orally given to 15 fishes for each experimental group once a day, with the concentration of 9,175 and 36 g/S0 kg body weight, respectively. The administration was lasted for 14 days. Meanwhile, distilled water was orally given as the control. After the experiment, some of the experimental fishes were stimulated with high temperature （30 ℃ ） for two hours. Sampling was performed from fishes treated at 22 ℃ and 30 ℃ for measuring the protein content in the serum, phagocytic activity of leucocytes and the activity of the lysozyme in six tissues. The results indicated that Cyrtomiumfortunei and prescription II could help to enhance the content of various proteins and the phagocytic activity of leucocytes. There was no significant change in the effects between these two additives at either the normal temperature or high temperature. Prescription I did not show an obvious effect on the immunity of fishes at the normal temperature, but it did in promo- ting high-efficiency response and improving immunoregulation of fish shocked by some stimuli.展开更多
Objective:To compare the effects of pulsating and static cupping on non-specific neck pain and local skin microcirculation blood perfusion,which is a pilot study.Methods:Seventy participants with non-specific neck pai...Objective:To compare the effects of pulsating and static cupping on non-specific neck pain and local skin microcirculation blood perfusion,which is a pilot study.Methods:Seventy participants with non-specific neck pain were randomized to the following groups:low-frequency pulsating cupping(LF,n=20);high-frequency pulsating cupping(HF,n=20);static cupping(SC,n=20),or waiting list(WL,n=10).The LF,HF,and SC received a bilateral 10-minute cupping treatment at Jianzhongshu(SI 15).Outcomes were pain intensity(visual analog scale,VAS),functional status(Neck Disability Index,NDI),and skin blood perfusion at the SI 15,Dazhui(GV 14),and Shenzhu(GV 12)acupoint areas,measured using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis technology.Results:Both LF and HF groups showed a significant reduction in VAS scores compared with the SC group(9.00,95%Cl 1.05-16.95,P=.027;8.75,95%CI 0.80-16.70,P=.031).There was no significant difference in VAS scores between the LF and HF groups(P>.05)and between NDI scores measured 3 days after intervention among the four groups(P>.05).In the SI 15 area,blood perfusion in the three treatment groups was higher than that in WL group(P<.01),and the perfusion unit(PU)of the HF pulsating group at 5 minutes after intervention was significantly higher compared with the SC group(P<.05).In the GV 14 area,blood perfusion in the two pulsating cupping groups was higher compared with the WL and SC groups after cupping(P<.05).In the GV 12 area,the PU of the LF group was higher compared with the other three groups only at the time of cup removal(P<.05).Conclusion:This study showed that pulsating cupping may have more favorable analgesic effects on non-specific neck pain compared with static cupping,which may be related to its better effect on improving the local skin blood perfusion.展开更多
The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stres...The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stress on their non-specific immunity. Results show that the activity of serum lysozyme decreased signifi- candy with extension of stress time （P 〈 0.05）. The total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and activity of antioxidase in liver were significantly affected. The activi- ty of T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） of fish exposed to ammonia-N were initially decreasing then increasing （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Activities of catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were correlated with concentrations of ammonia-N. Fish exposed to lower concentrations （2.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L） showed decreased CAT activity within 24 h （P 〈 0.05 ）, while those exposed to higher concentrations （10 mg/L or 20 mg/L） initially showed increased then decreased activity of CAT. Except for the highest concentration groups, fish exposed to ammonia-N showed inductive activity of GSH-Px （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Under the ex- perimental conditions, non-specific immunity of tilapia was affected by ammonia-N stress, and the impact was increased with increased concentration and extension of time.展开更多
Non-specific neck pain is a common disease in clinic,and its pathogenesis is not clear.With the progress of the times and the change of living and working habits,the incidence of non-specific neck pain is increasing y...Non-specific neck pain is a common disease in clinic,and its pathogenesis is not clear.With the progress of the times and the change of living and working habits,the incidence of non-specific neck pain is increasing year by year,which has a great impact on people’s physical and mental health,work and life.Traditional Chinese medicine mainly treats non-specific neck pain by acupuncture and massage,while western medicine generally uses exercise and manipulation therapy,but the quality of clinical evidence of all kinds of therapy is not high,which needs to be verified.This paper summarizes the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the treatment of non-specific neck pain from the aspects of pathogenesis,etiology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine,and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine,so as to provide reference for doctors in clinical treatment of this disease.展开更多
Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) w...Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) with 0.2 ml bacterial suspension at a density of 5.2 × 106 CFU/ml,while each one in control group injected i.p.with 0.2 ml sterile saline solution(0.85%,w/v).Three bullfrogs in both groups were sampled at 0,1,3,7,11,15 and 20 days post-injection(dpi) for the evaluation of non-specific immune parameters.It was observed that intraperitoneal injection of A.hydrophila significantly increased the number of leucocytes and that of NBT-positive cells in peripheral blood.Significant increases in serum bactericidal activity and serum acid phosphatase activity were also observed in the bacterium-injected frogs when compared with those in the control group.However,a significant reduction was detected in vitro in phagocytosis activity of peripheral blood phagocytes.No significant difference in changes in the number of peripheral erythrocytes,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,and lysozyme activity was detected between the two groups.It is suggested that bullfrogs may produce a series of non-specific immune reactions in response to the A.hydrophila infection.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural and morphological changes of non-specific duodenitis (NSD) in an attempt to grade them according to the extent of the lesions. METHODS: Biopsies were taken from the mucosa of du...AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural and morphological changes of non-specific duodenitis (NSD) in an attempt to grade them according to the extent of the lesions. METHODS: Biopsies were taken from the mucosa of duodenal bulb of 44 patients selected from the patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for epigastric discomforts. From each patient, two pinch biopsies on the same area were obtained from duodenal bulb. One was for scanning electron microscopy and the other was stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Warthin-Starry silver and both were then examined under light microscope. A total of 12 specimens (three from each degree of the normal and I-III of NSD diagnosed and graded by histology) selected from the 44 patients were dehydrated, critical point dried, coated with gold palladium and examined under a JEOL JSM-30 scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 20 kV. RESULTS: According to the ultrastructural morphologic changes, non-specific duodenitis was divided into normal (as control group), mild, moderate and severe degrees according to results of SEM. The normal villi of duodenal bulb were less than 0.2 mm. There were inflammation cells, occasionally red blood cells and macrophages on the mucosal epithelial surface. Erosion and desquamation of epithelium could be seen. Three cases (25%, 3/12) had gastric metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection could be found in 5 cases (41.67%, 5/12) in duodenal bulb mucosa. The most distinctive feature was the ulcer-like defect on the surface of epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: Non-specific duodenitis is a separate entity disease caused by different factors. SEM is of value as an aid in the diagnosis of mucosal diseases of duodenum.展开更多
Thermal therapy is frequently used as an adjunct to treatment in patients suffering from chronic low back pain. It is also an inherent part of patients’ self-administered pain treatment. This review aims to update th...Thermal therapy is frequently used as an adjunct to treatment in patients suffering from chronic low back pain. It is also an inherent part of patients’ self-administered pain treatment. This review aims to update the evidence for thermal therapy treatments in non-specific chronic low back pain patients and to rate the methodological quality of the corresponding clinical trials. Previous studies have reported contradictory evidence for the effectiveness of thermal therapy. An electronic search on MEDLINE (PubMed), PEDro, CENTRAL and CINHAL databases was conducted between May 2016 and February 2018. Clinical trials comparing local thermal therapy to conservative or no treatment were assessed for eligibility. Pain, physical function and global health were defined as outcome parameters. A total of n = 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. All of them applied an electrophysical agent as the thermal treatment: continuous ultrasound (n = 6), short-wave diathermy (n = 2), microwave diathermy (n = 1). Out of the n = 6 studies on ultrasound treatment, n = 2 reported significant within and between-group results for pain reduction after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment. Both short-wave diathermy studies demonstrated significant between-group results for pain reduction after 3 weeks of treatment. Contradictory results for all other observed outcome parameters were reported regardless of the intervention. Moreover, significant within-group results for the control groups questioned the effectiveness of the intervention treatments. Therefore, the effect of thermal therapy, (electrophysical agents), is not superior to any control treatment except for ultrasound treatment on short-term pain reduction.展开更多
Non-specific arm pain is a special clinical condition that can occur in work-related activities that involve maintaining a static position for prolonged periods or repetitive and frequent movements of the hand or enti...Non-specific arm pain is a special clinical condition that can occur in work-related activities that involve maintaining a static position for prolonged periods or repetitive and frequent movements of the hand or entire arm. Such activities include typing on a keyboard, maneuvering a computer mouse, playing musical instruments （such as piano and guitar） and many forms of manual labor. The pain is dull and diffuse; It is localized in the forearm or in the hand but quickly can expand to the entire extremity. Non-specific arm pain is the most frequent type of work-related pain after lower-back pain. It thus has important socio-economic significance as a major cause of absence from work. The designation of ＂non-specific＂ originates from the fact that it has no obvious signs of tissue damage, unlike the ＂specific＂ pain accompanying carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosinovitis de Quervain, or lateral epicondylitis. Suggested causes of the pain include microtrauma of soft tissue followed by an inflammatory reaction, ischemia, fatigue, hyper-sensitization of nociceptors, focal dystonia of the hand and/or psychological stress. Treatment consists of application of NSAIDs, physical modalities, stretching and aerobic exercises. Prevention focuses on ergonomic modification during manual labor or work on a computer.展开更多
The breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women. To establish an early stage in situ imaging of breast cancer cells, green quantum dots （QDs） are used as a fluorescent signal generator. The QDs b...The breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women. To establish an early stage in situ imaging of breast cancer cells, green quantum dots （QDs） are used as a fluorescent signal generator. The QDs based imaging of breast cancer cells involves anti-HER2/neu antibody for labeling the over expressed HER2 on the surface of breast cancer cells. The complete assay involves breast cancer cells, biotin labeled antibody and streptavidin conjugated QDs. The breast cancer cells are grown in culture plates and exposed to the biotin labeled antibodies, and then exposed to streptavidin labeled QDs to utilize the strong and stable biotin-streptavidin interaction. Fluorescent images of the complete assay for breast cancer cells are evaluated on a microscope with a UV light source. Results show that the breast cancer cells in the complete assay are used as fluorescent cells with brighter signals compared with those labeled by the organic dye using similar parameters and the same number of cells.展开更多
Whether endogenous neurogenesis occurs in the adult cortex remains controversial.An increasing number of reports suggest that doublecortin(DCX)-positive neurogenesis persists in the adult primate cortex,attracting eno...Whether endogenous neurogenesis occurs in the adult cortex remains controversial.An increasing number of reports suggest that doublecortin(DCX)-positive neurogenesis persists in the adult primate cortex,attracting enormous attention worldwide.In this study,different DCX antibodies were used together with NeuN antibodies in immunohistochemistry and western blot assays using adjacent cortical sections from adult monkeys.Antibody adsorption,antigen binding,primary antibody omission and antibody-free experiments were used to assess specificity of the signals.We found either strong fluorescent signals,medium-weak intensity signals in some cells,weak signals in a few perikarya or near complete lack of labeling in adjacent cortical sections incubated with the various DCX antibodies.The putative DCX-positive cells in the cortex were also positive for NeuN,a specific marker of mature neurons.However,further experiments showed that most of these signals were either the result of antibody cross reactivity,the non-specificity of secondary antibodies or tissue autofluorescence.No confirmed DCX-positive cells were detected in the adult macaque cortex by immunofluorescence.Our findings show that DCX-positive neurogenesis does not occur in the cerebral cortex of adult primates,and that false-positive signals(artefacts)are caused by antibody cross reactivity and autofluorescence.The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Neuroscience,Beijing,China(approval No.IACUC-AMMS-2014-501).展开更多
基金supported by the Grant for State Key Program for Basic Research of China(No.2013CB329405)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61573275)+3 种基金Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61221063)Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Province of China(No.2013KJXX-46)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20120201120036)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.xjj2014122)
文摘In the theory of belief functions, the measure of uncertainty is an important concept, which is used for representing some types of uncertainty incorporated in bodies of evidence such as the discord and the non-specificity. For the non-specificity part, some traditional measures use for reference the Hartley measure in classical set theory; other traditional measures use the simple and heuristic function for joint use of mass assignments and the cardinality of focal elements. In this paper, a new non-specificity measure is proposed using lengths of belief intervals, which represent the degree of imprecision. Therefore, it has more intuitive physical meaning. It can be proved that our new measure can be rewritten in a general form for the non-specificity. Our new measure is also proved to be a strict non-specificity measure with some desired properties. Numerical examples, simulations, the related analyses and proofs are provided to show the characteristics and good properties of the new non-specificity definition. An example of an application of the new non- specificity measure is also presented.
基金supported by the Spanish ‘‘Ministerio de Economíay Competitividad"by ‘‘Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional"(FEDER)(No.TEC2015-69496-R)
文摘Two types of uncertainty co-exist in the theory of evidence： discord and non-specificity.From 90s, many mathematical expressions have arisen to quantify these two parts in an evidence.An important aspect of each measure presented is the verification of a coherent set of properties.About non-specificity, so far only one measure verifies an important set of those properties. Very recently, a new measure of non-specificity based on belief intervals has been presented as an alternative measure that quantifies a similar set of properties（Yang et al., 2016）. It is shown that the new measure really does not verify two of those important properties. Some errors have been found in their corresponding proofs in the original publication.
基金supported by the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Shandong(Nos.ZR2022MC086 and ZR2023MC162).
文摘In order to verify the synthesis pathway of linoleic acid(LA)to generate arachidonic acid(ARA),the functions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5 in Apostichopus japonicus were tested by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris.A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary LA and ARA on growth,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)biosynthesis and im-mune function of A.japonicus.Seven diets containing graded levels of LA or ARA were formulated,and one diet without PUFA was applied as a control.The results confirmed thatΔ6 FAD from A.japonicus has a double desaturation ability ofΔ6 andΔ5 for PUFA,and it works together with Elovl 5 enzyme play important roles in biosynthesis of ARA from LA.With increasing dietary LA from 4.9 to 12.1 g/kg,the expressions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5,levels of LA,ARA and EPA in tissues increased,and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT enzymes in intestine initially increased and then decreased.Additionally,by increasing dietary ARA from 0.7 to 3.8 g/kg,the contents of ALA,EPA and DHA decreased,while theΔ6 FAD expression and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT in intes-tine increased significantly.Therefore,appropriate dietary levels of LA(12.1 g/kg)or ARA(3.8 g/kg)build a reasonable composi-tion of n-3/n-6 PUFA in A.japonicus,and improved its growth,antioxidant capacity and immunological defenses.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82160195,No.82460203)Key R&D Program of Jiangxi Province(No.20223BBH80014).
文摘Non-specific orbital inflammation(NSOI)is a noninfectious orbital inflammation.Although it is often considered the most common diagnosis in orbital biopsies,it is an exclusionary diagnosis that requires ruling out systemic disease or other possible causes.Its characteristics include acute orbital signs and symptoms,including pain,proptosis,periorbital edema,chemosis,diplopia,and visual impairment.The clinical manifestations and histological findings of NSOI are heterogeneous,without specific diagnostic criteria or treatment guidelines,which poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment.This guideline provides a detailed description of the definition,classification,diagnosis,and treatment of NSOI.
基金supported by a grant from own resources of Medical University of Lublin
文摘BACKGROUND： There is a growing evidence that matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2 and MMP-9 （gelatinases） play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, especially with inflammatory etiology and extracellular matrix （ECM） remodeling. Despite the fact that gelatinases involve in liver cirrhosis is provided in the literature, their role in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases is still under investigation. DATA SOURCES： We carried out a PubMed search of Englishlanguage articles relevant to the involvement of gelatinases in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, pancreatitis, and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases. RESULTS： The decreased activity of gelatinases, especially MMP-2, is related to the development of liver fibrosis, probably due to the decrease of capability for ECM remodeling. Similar situation can be found in chronic pancreatitis; however, reports on this matter are rare. The presence of non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases results in MMP-9 activity elevation. CONCLUSION： The fluctuation of gelatinases activity during liver fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis and non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases is observed, but the exact role of these enzymes demands further studies.
基金Supported by the Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(No.20603022016008)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901603)the Agriculture Seed Improvement Project of Shandong Province(No.2017LZGC010)
文摘In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were determined in order to obtain the optimum bacterial concentration. The gut microbiota change in A. japonicus was then analyzed through high-throughput sequencing during the immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at the optimum concentration for 49 d. The results illustrate that the body weight growth rate of all bathing groups was higher than that of the control. The highest growth rate (25.3%) was achieved when the bacterial concentration was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The activities of non-specific immune enzymes (ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM) of all bathing groups increased, and the activities of the enzymes of groups bathed with the bacterium at 1×10^3 and 1×10^4 CFU/mL reached the highest on day 21 and day 28. Taking the growth rate and economic cost into consideration, the optimum concentration of B. velezensis DY-6 was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The influences of immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at 1×10^3 CFU/mL on the gut microbiota of A. japonicus were then evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Results showed that the gut microbiota changed with the addition of B. velezensis DY-6, and the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota peaked twice on day 14 and day 21, respectively. In association with the non-specific immune enzyme activities and if day 28 was selected as the dividing point, the community structure of the gut microbiota could be obviously divided into two types. The correlation analysis revealed that the non-specific immune enzyme activities were correlated significantly to some gut bacteria (in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) after immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6. Our findings will provide the theoretical foundation for probiotic application in sea cucumber farming.
文摘Non-specific abdominal complaints are a considerable problem worldwide. Many patients are affected and many differential diagnoses have to be considered. Among these, carbohydrate malabsorption seems to play an important role. However, so far, only incomplete absorption of lactose is broadly accepted, while the malabsorption of fructose and sorbitol is still underestimated, although in many parts of the world it is much more frequent. Despite the success of dietary interventions in many patients, there are still a lot of unanswered questions that make further investigations
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-46)the Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2014A08XK03)
文摘Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.
基金supported by the National High-TechR&D Program of China (2004BA526B02)the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural Univesity,China (610804)the High Level Talents Fund of Qingdao Agricultural University, China (630628)
文摘The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.
文摘The patient was in conception 27 weeks+6 days,and got right waist pain,complicated with nausea,vomiting(vomit as gastric content),which was diagnosed as non-specific pain on waist after consultations of many departments.The patient received acupuncture with the following acupoints:Shuǐgōu(水沟 GV26),Yìntáng(印堂 EX-HN3),left Hégǔ(合谷 LI4),and right Tàichōng(太冲 LR3).On the first date of acupuncture,the patient felt pain relieved obviously,occasionally with slight pain that did not influence normal diet and rest.On the next day,the patient took acupuncture continuously,the doctor added Tàixī(太溪 KI3)acupoint.The patient received acupuncture for 3 times in all.The pain and soreness of the patient almost disappeared,only with slight discomfort occasionally that did not influence the normal life.Through follow-up half a year,the patient born a live male infant by cesarean section on March 20,2019,both the mother and her infant were safe.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201003055)Fundamental Research Funds in Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(201001)
文摘This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturgeon （Acipenser schrencki Brandt） by oral perfusion. Cyrtomiumfortunei, prescription I and prescription II were orally given to 15 fishes for each experimental group once a day, with the concentration of 9,175 and 36 g/S0 kg body weight, respectively. The administration was lasted for 14 days. Meanwhile, distilled water was orally given as the control. After the experiment, some of the experimental fishes were stimulated with high temperature （30 ℃ ） for two hours. Sampling was performed from fishes treated at 22 ℃ and 30 ℃ for measuring the protein content in the serum, phagocytic activity of leucocytes and the activity of the lysozyme in six tissues. The results indicated that Cyrtomiumfortunei and prescription II could help to enhance the content of various proteins and the phagocytic activity of leucocytes. There was no significant change in the effects between these two additives at either the normal temperature or high temperature. Prescription I did not show an obvious effect on the immunity of fishes at the normal temperature, but it did in promo- ting high-efficiency response and improving immunoregulation of fish shocked by some stimuli.
文摘Objective:To compare the effects of pulsating and static cupping on non-specific neck pain and local skin microcirculation blood perfusion,which is a pilot study.Methods:Seventy participants with non-specific neck pain were randomized to the following groups:low-frequency pulsating cupping(LF,n=20);high-frequency pulsating cupping(HF,n=20);static cupping(SC,n=20),or waiting list(WL,n=10).The LF,HF,and SC received a bilateral 10-minute cupping treatment at Jianzhongshu(SI 15).Outcomes were pain intensity(visual analog scale,VAS),functional status(Neck Disability Index,NDI),and skin blood perfusion at the SI 15,Dazhui(GV 14),and Shenzhu(GV 12)acupoint areas,measured using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis technology.Results:Both LF and HF groups showed a significant reduction in VAS scores compared with the SC group(9.00,95%Cl 1.05-16.95,P=.027;8.75,95%CI 0.80-16.70,P=.031).There was no significant difference in VAS scores between the LF and HF groups(P>.05)and between NDI scores measured 3 days after intervention among the four groups(P>.05).In the SI 15 area,blood perfusion in the three treatment groups was higher than that in WL group(P<.01),and the perfusion unit(PU)of the HF pulsating group at 5 minutes after intervention was significantly higher compared with the SC group(P<.05).In the GV 14 area,blood perfusion in the two pulsating cupping groups was higher compared with the WL and SC groups after cupping(P<.05).In the GV 12 area,the PU of the LF group was higher compared with the other three groups only at the time of cup removal(P<.05).Conclusion:This study showed that pulsating cupping may have more favorable analgesic effects on non-specific neck pain compared with static cupping,which may be related to its better effect on improving the local skin blood perfusion.
基金Supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(S2013010013693,S2011010003451)Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province(2013B020307016)Excellent Young Teachers Program of Guangdong(Yq2013152)
文摘The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stress on their non-specific immunity. Results show that the activity of serum lysozyme decreased signifi- candy with extension of stress time （P 〈 0.05）. The total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and activity of antioxidase in liver were significantly affected. The activi- ty of T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） of fish exposed to ammonia-N were initially decreasing then increasing （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Activities of catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were correlated with concentrations of ammonia-N. Fish exposed to lower concentrations （2.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L） showed decreased CAT activity within 24 h （P 〈 0.05 ）, while those exposed to higher concentrations （10 mg/L or 20 mg/L） initially showed increased then decreased activity of CAT. Except for the highest concentration groups, fish exposed to ammonia-N showed inductive activity of GSH-Px （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Under the ex- perimental conditions, non-specific immunity of tilapia was affected by ammonia-N stress, and the impact was increased with increased concentration and extension of time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81603638)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M662791)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(No.2019-JYB-JS-042)the Young Scientist Development Program,Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(No.DZMYS-201702)Dongcheng District Outstanding Talent Nurturing Program(No.2020-dchrcpyzz-29).
文摘Non-specific neck pain is a common disease in clinic,and its pathogenesis is not clear.With the progress of the times and the change of living and working habits,the incidence of non-specific neck pain is increasing year by year,which has a great impact on people’s physical and mental health,work and life.Traditional Chinese medicine mainly treats non-specific neck pain by acupuncture and massage,while western medicine generally uses exercise and manipulation therapy,but the quality of clinical evidence of all kinds of therapy is not high,which needs to be verified.This paper summarizes the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the treatment of non-specific neck pain from the aspects of pathogenesis,etiology and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine,and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine,so as to provide reference for doctors in clinical treatment of this disease.
基金Supported by National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No.2001AA5070, 2002AA639600)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No.B0410022, 2006F5066)
文摘Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) with 0.2 ml bacterial suspension at a density of 5.2 × 106 CFU/ml,while each one in control group injected i.p.with 0.2 ml sterile saline solution(0.85%,w/v).Three bullfrogs in both groups were sampled at 0,1,3,7,11,15 and 20 days post-injection(dpi) for the evaluation of non-specific immune parameters.It was observed that intraperitoneal injection of A.hydrophila significantly increased the number of leucocytes and that of NBT-positive cells in peripheral blood.Significant increases in serum bactericidal activity and serum acid phosphatase activity were also observed in the bacterium-injected frogs when compared with those in the control group.However,a significant reduction was detected in vitro in phagocytosis activity of peripheral blood phagocytes.No significant difference in changes in the number of peripheral erythrocytes,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,and lysozyme activity was detected between the two groups.It is suggested that bullfrogs may produce a series of non-specific immune reactions in response to the A.hydrophila infection.
文摘AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural and morphological changes of non-specific duodenitis (NSD) in an attempt to grade them according to the extent of the lesions. METHODS: Biopsies were taken from the mucosa of duodenal bulb of 44 patients selected from the patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for epigastric discomforts. From each patient, two pinch biopsies on the same area were obtained from duodenal bulb. One was for scanning electron microscopy and the other was stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Warthin-Starry silver and both were then examined under light microscope. A total of 12 specimens (three from each degree of the normal and I-III of NSD diagnosed and graded by histology) selected from the 44 patients were dehydrated, critical point dried, coated with gold palladium and examined under a JEOL JSM-30 scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 20 kV. RESULTS: According to the ultrastructural morphologic changes, non-specific duodenitis was divided into normal (as control group), mild, moderate and severe degrees according to results of SEM. The normal villi of duodenal bulb were less than 0.2 mm. There were inflammation cells, occasionally red blood cells and macrophages on the mucosal epithelial surface. Erosion and desquamation of epithelium could be seen. Three cases (25%, 3/12) had gastric metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection could be found in 5 cases (41.67%, 5/12) in duodenal bulb mucosa. The most distinctive feature was the ulcer-like defect on the surface of epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: Non-specific duodenitis is a separate entity disease caused by different factors. SEM is of value as an aid in the diagnosis of mucosal diseases of duodenum.
文摘Thermal therapy is frequently used as an adjunct to treatment in patients suffering from chronic low back pain. It is also an inherent part of patients’ self-administered pain treatment. This review aims to update the evidence for thermal therapy treatments in non-specific chronic low back pain patients and to rate the methodological quality of the corresponding clinical trials. Previous studies have reported contradictory evidence for the effectiveness of thermal therapy. An electronic search on MEDLINE (PubMed), PEDro, CENTRAL and CINHAL databases was conducted between May 2016 and February 2018. Clinical trials comparing local thermal therapy to conservative or no treatment were assessed for eligibility. Pain, physical function and global health were defined as outcome parameters. A total of n = 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. All of them applied an electrophysical agent as the thermal treatment: continuous ultrasound (n = 6), short-wave diathermy (n = 2), microwave diathermy (n = 1). Out of the n = 6 studies on ultrasound treatment, n = 2 reported significant within and between-group results for pain reduction after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment. Both short-wave diathermy studies demonstrated significant between-group results for pain reduction after 3 weeks of treatment. Contradictory results for all other observed outcome parameters were reported regardless of the intervention. Moreover, significant within-group results for the control groups questioned the effectiveness of the intervention treatments. Therefore, the effect of thermal therapy, (electrophysical agents), is not superior to any control treatment except for ultrasound treatment on short-term pain reduction.
文摘Non-specific arm pain is a special clinical condition that can occur in work-related activities that involve maintaining a static position for prolonged periods or repetitive and frequent movements of the hand or entire arm. Such activities include typing on a keyboard, maneuvering a computer mouse, playing musical instruments （such as piano and guitar） and many forms of manual labor. The pain is dull and diffuse; It is localized in the forearm or in the hand but quickly can expand to the entire extremity. Non-specific arm pain is the most frequent type of work-related pain after lower-back pain. It thus has important socio-economic significance as a major cause of absence from work. The designation of ＂non-specific＂ originates from the fact that it has no obvious signs of tissue damage, unlike the ＂specific＂ pain accompanying carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosinovitis de Quervain, or lateral epicondylitis. Suggested causes of the pain include microtrauma of soft tissue followed by an inflammatory reaction, ischemia, fatigue, hyper-sensitization of nociceptors, focal dystonia of the hand and/or psychological stress. Treatment consists of application of NSAIDs, physical modalities, stretching and aerobic exercises. Prevention focuses on ergonomic modification during manual labor or work on a computer.
基金Supported by the Foundation for Cultivating the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Jiangxi Province of China (YBP08A03)~~
文摘The breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women. To establish an early stage in situ imaging of breast cancer cells, green quantum dots （QDs） are used as a fluorescent signal generator. The QDs based imaging of breast cancer cells involves anti-HER2/neu antibody for labeling the over expressed HER2 on the surface of breast cancer cells. The complete assay involves breast cancer cells, biotin labeled antibody and streptavidin conjugated QDs. The breast cancer cells are grown in culture plates and exposed to the biotin labeled antibodies, and then exposed to streptavidin labeled QDs to utilize the strong and stable biotin-streptavidin interaction. Fluorescent images of the complete assay for breast cancer cells are evaluated on a microscope with a UV light source. Results show that the breast cancer cells in the complete assay are used as fluorescent cells with brighter signals compared with those labeled by the organic dye using similar parameters and the same number of cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program),No.30430310(to SJL)the State Key Laboratories Development Program of China,No.SKLP-K201401(to SJL)
文摘Whether endogenous neurogenesis occurs in the adult cortex remains controversial.An increasing number of reports suggest that doublecortin(DCX)-positive neurogenesis persists in the adult primate cortex,attracting enormous attention worldwide.In this study,different DCX antibodies were used together with NeuN antibodies in immunohistochemistry and western blot assays using adjacent cortical sections from adult monkeys.Antibody adsorption,antigen binding,primary antibody omission and antibody-free experiments were used to assess specificity of the signals.We found either strong fluorescent signals,medium-weak intensity signals in some cells,weak signals in a few perikarya or near complete lack of labeling in adjacent cortical sections incubated with the various DCX antibodies.The putative DCX-positive cells in the cortex were also positive for NeuN,a specific marker of mature neurons.However,further experiments showed that most of these signals were either the result of antibody cross reactivity,the non-specificity of secondary antibodies or tissue autofluorescence.No confirmed DCX-positive cells were detected in the adult macaque cortex by immunofluorescence.Our findings show that DCX-positive neurogenesis does not occur in the cerebral cortex of adult primates,and that false-positive signals(artefacts)are caused by antibody cross reactivity and autofluorescence.The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Neuroscience,Beijing,China(approval No.IACUC-AMMS-2014-501).
