Objective:Non-lactating mastitis is a group of benign,non-specific inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology that occur during the non-lactating period in women.Treatment is mainly based on drugs and surgery,but these...Objective:Non-lactating mastitis is a group of benign,non-specific inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology that occur during the non-lactating period in women.Treatment is mainly based on drugs and surgery,but these two treatments have certain limitations and cannot meet the individual needs of patients.In recent years,thermal ablation technology has made significant progress in treating and researching breast diseases,especially in the exploratory thermal ablation treatment of non-lactating mastitis,which has achieved certain efficacy,but it is in the initial stage of development.To standardize the development and clinical practice,we have formu-lated the consensus.Methods:Seventy-three multidisciplinary experts from 48 tertiary-level hospitals carried out this work.The consensus formulation method(Delphi technique)was used to discuss and vote on the latest research advances,and formulated in light of the actual clinical situation in China.Results:Multidisciplinary experts discussed the indications and contraindications of non-lactating mastitis thermal ablation therapy,standardization of intraoperative operation,management of postoperative complica-tions,evaluation of therapeutic efficacy,and follow-up,and finally formed this consensus.Conclusions:Thermal ablation provides a new minimally invasive treatment option for non-lactating mastitis,but it is still in the process of clinical exploration,and prospective high-quality clinical studies with large samples are needed in the future.This consensus was developed to provide a reference for clinicians who are currently practicing this technique,but due to the limited number of cases and units,it will need to be revised and improved in future clinical practice.展开更多
Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highl...Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highlight the risk factors in the region of Labé (Republic of Guinea). The survey involved 96 farmers in three prefectures (Koubia, Labé, Lélouma) and covered 3,199 animals, including 611 lactating females. The clinical survey revealed 49 suspected cases of mastitis, mainly in goats. The analysis showed a prevalence of clinical mastitis of 2.95% and a mortality rate of 18.35%. The identified risk factors were the hygiene of the premises, the age of the females, husbandry practices and the lack of regular veterinary care.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the value of identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump (NLM) by multicolor Doppler ultrasonography. Methods: We compared and analyzed the examination results o...Objective: To evaluate the value of identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump (NLM) by multicolor Doppler ultrasonography. Methods: We compared and analyzed the examination results of 69 cases of mammary carcinoma proved by surgical pathology and 22 cases of NLM before surgery by multicolor Doppler ultra-sonography. Results: The detection rates of mammary carcinoma and NLM focus by ultrasonic examining were 100%. The shape, envelope, foul line, blood stream between sound and image of two diseases were similar. Of the two diseases, the representation with slight calcification in lump, lower echo in low echo, bloodstream distribution and resistance were different. Conclusion: By analyzing the sound and image representation of mammary lump, we find color Doppler ultrasonography has significant value in identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump.展开更多
Background:In the present study prevalence of mastitis causing pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance was studied with an objective to identify most common causative agents as well as their antibiotic resistance...Background:In the present study prevalence of mastitis causing pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance was studied with an objective to identify most common causative agents as well as their antibiotic resistance.Methods:The study encompassed collection of 880 quarters milk samples from 231 animals from different dairy farms of Punjab.The samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and further confirmation by MALDI-TOF.The antibiotic sensitivity testing of isolates was also done.Results:Out of 880 milk samples,562(63.86%)were found positive by California Mastitis Test(CMT).On the basis of CMT,left hind quarters were found to be more affected 26.86%(151/222)followed by left forequarters 24.90%(140/219),right hind quarters 24.70%(139/222)and right forequarters 23.30%(13/217).Out of 562 quarter milk samples,347(61.74%)samples yielded bacterial growth and a total of 364 isolates were identified and confirmed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight(MALDI-TOF)analysis.It was observed that among the Gram positive organisms the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp.was(58.24%),followed by Streptococcus spp.(8.51%),Enterococcus spp.(2.74%),and Corynebacterium spp.(1.09%).Among the Gram negative organisms,most prevalent was Escherichia coli(17.58%),followed by Pseudomonas spp.(6.59%),Enterobacter spp.(2.47%),Acinetobacter spp.(1.92%)and Klebsiella spp.(0.84%).On the basis of antibiotic resistance,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Penicillin,ampicillin,chloramphenicol,co-trimoxazole,ampicillin/sulbactam,gentamicin and enrofloxacin were resistant antibiotics.Conclusion:There is high prevalence of mastitis and the most prevalent bacteria involved in the mastitis were coagulase negative staphylococci,Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.On the basis of antibiotic sensitivity test these bacteria were found resistant to various antibiotics which requires attention.展开更多
Mastitis often occurs during women's lactation period,causing great psychological and physical pain to women.Fucoidan,a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from brown algae,has much broader biological properties.Howe...Mastitis often occurs during women's lactation period,causing great psychological and physical pain to women.Fucoidan,a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from brown algae,has much broader biological properties.However,the roles of fucoidan in lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-induced mastitis are still undiscovered.The present study was aimed to evaluate the influences of fucoidan on LPS-induced mouse mastitis and investigate its possible mechanisms.The expression profiles of fucoidan acting on mastitis were analyzed by network pharmacology.Additionally,mechanism experiments verified the mechanism of fucoidan on mastitis.The results of in vivo study displayed that the treatment of fucoidan to LPS-stimulated mouse mastitis decreased the inflammatory damage,proinflammatory cytokines level and repaired the completeness of bloodmilk barrier.In the study of mouse mammary epithelial cells,fucoidan suppressed the secretion of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes.Molecular experiments suggested that fucoidan promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)nuclear import and autophagy via activating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway.The above results indicated that in mastitis,fucoidan promoted Nrf2 nuclear import and autophagy via activating the AMPK signaling pathway,thereby suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory injury to the mammary glands and protecting the blood-milk barrier.展开更多
Mastitis is a common disease that affects women during lactation,posing a threat to the health of both mothers and infants.Recent studies have shown that insufficient nutrient intake increase the risk of mastitis.Phlo...Mastitis is a common disease that affects women during lactation,posing a threat to the health of both mothers and infants.Recent studies have shown that insufficient nutrient intake increase the risk of mastitis.Phlorizin(PHZ)is one of the nutrients present in apples.This study uses lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mastitis mice and LPS+ATP-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells(mMECs)as research objects to explore the effect and mechanism of PHZ on mastitis.Different from in vitro beliefs,our findings demonstrated that PHZ significantly reduced inflammation and protected the blood-milk barrier(BMB)in vivo.Additionally,we observed that oral administration of PHZ regulated the intestinal flora and exhibited prebiotic functions.However,the anti-inflammatory effect of PHZ was not solely dependent on the intestinal flora,as antibiotic disruption of the intestinal flora does not completely abolish the improvement of mastitis by PHZ.Further mechanistic research revealed that the anti-inflammatory properties of PHZ were attributed to its metabolism into phloretin(PHT).Moreover,our results demonstrated that PHT reduced inflammation and protected the BMB by promoting autophagy to prevent the pyroptosis of mMECs.This study provides a theoretical basis for reducing inflammation in lactating women by consuming fruits,such as apples,that contain PHZ.展开更多
The trace element selenium(Se)occurs naturally throughout the earth.Se deficiency has been linked to impaired breast health and other diseases in human and animals.Compared to severe Se deficiency,marginal dietary Se ...The trace element selenium(Se)occurs naturally throughout the earth.Se deficiency has been linked to impaired breast health and other diseases in human and animals.Compared to severe Se deficiency,marginal dietary Se deficiency accusers more frequently in low-Se regions.Therefore,to investigate the Se status and inflammatory response of the mammary gland under marginal dietary Se levels,an lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced mouse mastitis model was established.Mice were fed with moderate Se diet(0.087 mg•kg^(-1) Se),adequate Se diet(0.15 mg•kg^(-1) Se)or excessive Se diet(1.5 mg•kg^(-1) Se)for 60 days.Se status and inflammatory factors were investigated.Results showed that the Se status of mammary gland correlated with dietary Se levels.Marginal Se deficiency exacerbated mammary tissue histopathology;increased the mRNA level of inflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2);and enhanced the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in mammary gland tissues.Supplementation of Se in diet higher than recommended levels reduced the inflammatory reaction of mammary glands in LPS-induced mastitis model and provided a protective effect.展开更多
Objective:To examine the relationship between metabolic syndrome(MS)and its key components in granulomatous mastitis(GM),we explored potential pathological mechanisms through the lens of traditional Chinese medicine(T...Objective:To examine the relationship between metabolic syndrome(MS)and its key components in granulomatous mastitis(GM),we explored potential pathological mechanisms through the lens of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),particularly the concept of intermingled phlegm-blood stasis.Methods:In this retrospective study,we enrolled 172 patients with GM and 164 patients with non-inflammatory benign breast masses.Metabolic indicators(waist circumference[WC],blood lipids,etc.),inflammatory markers(C-reactive protein,interleukin-6,tumor necrosis factor-α),and adipose tissue CD68 expression were measured.Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy.The correlation between TCM pathogenesis and biomarkers was also examined.Results:MS prevalence was significantly higher in the GM group than in the controls(26.16%vs.6.10%,P<.001).Multivariate analysis identified abdominal obesity(WC≥80 cm,odds ratio[OR]=1.065)and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C;<1.29 mmol/L,OR=0.066)as independent risk factors for GM(P<.001 for both).Among patients with GM,HDL-C levels were inversely correlated with inflammatory markers(r=−0.341 to−0.440),whereas patients with concurrent MS demonstrated greater CD68 macrophage infiltration(P<.001).According to TCM,abdominal obesity corresponds to“spleen deficiency with phlegm-dampness accumulation,”and low HDL-C reflects“deficiency of vital qi,”which collectively lead to phlegm-blood stasis obstruction in the mammary collaterals;this aligns with the key MS driving mechanisms of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation.Conclusion:MS promotes GM development through chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation,with abdominal obesity and low HDL-C levels serving as core risk factors.The TCM theory of intermingled phlegm-blood stasis provides a novel interpretation of the metabolic-inflammatory mechanisms underlying GM.Accordingly,we propose phlegm-resolving and blood-activating strategies as potential therapeutic approaches for metabolic-immune axis regulation.展开更多
Background Subclinical mastitis,caused by many pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Staphylococcus chromogenes(S.chromogenes),presents a major challenge to the dairy industry due to its associated ec...Background Subclinical mastitis,caused by many pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Staphylococcus chromogenes(S.chromogenes),presents a major challenge to the dairy industry due to its associated economic losses and poor milk quality.The molecular regulatory mechanisms,including the role of small nucleolar RNAs(snoRNAs),of the host response to mastitis pathogens remain unclear.Therefore,this study investigated snoRNA expression and potential roles during subclinical mastitis.Milk somatic cells from cows with naturally occurring S.aureus(n=14)and S.chromogenes(n=3)subclinical mastitis,and healthy cows(n=4)were subjected to transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses.Results We identified 255 expressed snoRNAs including 21 differentially expressed(DE)in S.aureus-positive cows and 20 DE in S.chromogenes-positive cows.Prediction of ribosomal RNA(rRNA)modification sites found several 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA modification(pseudouridylation and 2′-O-methylation)target sites essential for ribosome function for DE snoRNAs,such as SNORA79(18S-1319,28S-3001),SNORA1(18S-1496,28S-1747),suggesting their roles in translation and immune modulation during subclinical mastitis.Correlation analysis identified DE snoRNAs-mRNAs(from the same samples)pairs with majority of the correlated mRNAs(e.g.,CXCL8,IL6R,IL2,IL1R,IL18R1,STAT3,NFKB2,MYD88,VEGFA,and CD40)having immune related functions.Functional enrichment of correlated genes of snoRNAs for S.aureus-positive group(regulation of defense/immune response,leukocyte differentiation,response to cytokine,NF-κB signaling pathway,JAK-STAT signaling pathway etc.)and S.chromogenes-positive group(e.g.,regulation of defense response,response to cytokine,regulation of immune response,NF-κB signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,and JAK-STAT signaling pathway)revealed involvement in immune and inflammatory processes.Some functional terms were common to both pathogens(e.g.,NF-κB,JAK-STAT signaling,immune system processes)and suggest common regulatory mechanisms used by both pathogens to contain infection.Furthermore,snoRNA-mRNA network construction identified 7 key(hub)snoRNAs each for S.aureus-positive group(SNORA66,novelsnoRNA_26_14905(also denoted as novelSnoRNA_86),SNORD107,SNORA1,SNORA63,SNORA79,SNORA76)and S.chromogenes-positive group(SNORD18,SNORA79,SNORA46,U2-19,SNORA66,SNORD37,SNORD49)that correlated with the most protein coding genes(|r|>0.9;≥30 mRNAs).Functional enrichment of correlated genes of hub snoRNAs reveals their involvement in immune related functions(75%of enriched terms)and metabolic processes(20%of enriched terms).Conclusion These data suggest potential regulatory roles for the DE snoRNAs and in particular,the 14 hub snoRNAs during subclinical mastitis.This study presents the first evidence linking snoRNAs to bovine subclinical mastitis and offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis caused by S.aureus and S.chromogenes.展开更多
Background Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is one of the most intractable problems for the dairy industry,causing significantly reduced milk yields and early slaughter of cows worldwide.MicroRNAs(miR...Background Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is one of the most intractable problems for the dairy industry,causing significantly reduced milk yields and early slaughter of cows worldwide.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and studies in recent years have shown the importance of miRNA-associated gene regulation in S.aureus-induced mastitis.Results In this study,to investigate the role of miR-223 in mastitis,we performed experiments to overexpress and suppress miR-223 in an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line(MAC-T)infected with S.aureus.Overexpression of miR-223 in MAC-T cells repressed cell apoptosis and necrosis induced by S.aureus infection,whereas suppression of miR-223 had the opposite effect.Transcriptome expression profiling with weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)and gene set variation analysis(GSVA)showed that miR-223 affects apoptosis and inflammation-related pathways.Furthermore,differentially expressed(DE)genes were evaluated,and genes exhibiting contrasting expression trends in the miR-223 overexpressed and suppressed groups were assessed as potential target genes of miR-223.Potential target genes,including CDC25B,PTPRF,DCTN1,and DPP9,were observed to be associated with apoptosis and necroptosis.Finally,through integrative analysis of genome-wide association study(GWAS)data and the animal quantitative trait loci(QTL)database,we determined that target genes of miR-223 were significantly enriched in single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)and QTLs related to somatic cell count(SCC)and mastitis.Conclusion In summary,miR-223 has an inhibitory effect on S.aureus-induced cell apoptosis and necrosis by regulating PTPRF,DCTN1,and DPP9.These genes were significantly enriched in QTL regions associated with bovine mastitis resistance,underscoring their relevance in genetic regulation of disease resilience.Our findings provide critical genetic markers for enhancing mastitis resistance,particularly S.aureus-induced mastitis,through selective breeding.This work offers valuable insights for developing cattle with improved resistance to mastitis via targeted genetic selection.展开更多
In accordance with the Guiding Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),the China Associa...In accordance with the Guiding Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)organized multidisciplinary symposia on TCM-dominant diseases with the aim of advancing research on clinically dominant diseases in TCM,supporting specialty development,cultivating clinical talent,developing strategic plans for national science,and fostering academic innovation.The 42nd Academic Salon on Clinically Dominant Diseases,which was convened in Shanghai on 24 November 2024,brought together TCM experts,Western medicine experts,and interdisciplinary researchers for in-depth discussions on the current status,strengths,and limitations of and strategies to improve the integrated diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell mastitis(PCM).While consensus had been reached on recommendations for TCM and integrated approaches,detailed research pathways remain to be developed.In this work,we systematically examine the pathogenesis of and clinical management challenges related to PCM.Building on the therapeutic strengths of TCM,we propose 5 prioritized research domains with corresponding scientific planning:(1)Early identification and intervention strategies for PCM;(2)Optimization of TCM syndrome differentiation systems for PCM;(3)Standardization of efficient evaluation metrics for PCM therapies;(4)Mechanistic studies on the pathogenesis of PCM and TCM therapeutic targets;(5)Prevention protocols and complication management frameworks for PCM.We further delineate recommended research directions,anticipated outcomes,value propositions,and funding priorities.The aim of this research model,which was derived from the PCM-focused academic salon series,is to advance the development of high-quality TCM practices by informing national scientific planning,innovative drug development,research priorities,and the formulation of clinical guidelines.展开更多
Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） recognizes pathogen ligands and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this experiment, a 316 bp and 382 bp fragments of TLR4 gene named T4CRBR1 and T4CRB...Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） recognizes pathogen ligands and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this experiment, a 316 bp and 382 bp fragments of TLR4 gene named T4CRBR1 and T4CRBR2, of Chinese Holstein, Sanhe cattle, and Chinese Simmental was amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, respectively. The genetic polymorphisms in the three populations were detected by Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism （SSCP） in the first locus and by digesting the fragments with restriction endonuclease Alu I in the second one. Results showed that both alleles （A and B） of two loci were found in all the three populations and the value of polymorphism information content （PIC） indicated that these were a moderate polymorphism. Statistical results of X^2 test indicated that two polymorphism sites in the three populations fitted with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P 〉 0.05）. After sequencing, A-G single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） was identified at nucleotide 4,525 in intron 1 of TLR4 gene and C-T SNP was identified at nucleotide 1,397 in exon 3 of TLR4 gene. Meanwhile, the effect of polymorphism of TLR4 gene on somatic cell score （SCS） was analyzed, the results indicated that the cattle with allele A in T4CRBR1 showed lower somatic cell score than that of allele B （P 〈 0.05）. In short, the allele A might play an important role in mastiffs resistance in bovine.展开更多
According to the theory of Chinese veterinary medicine and characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine, four different preparations of compound Chinese medicine ＂Zengrujianniusan＂ were composed, and the prepared wate...According to the theory of Chinese veterinary medicine and characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine, four different preparations of compound Chinese medicine ＂Zengrujianniusan＂ were composed, and the prepared water decoction was used to carry on the bacteriostatic test on main pathogens of cow recessiveness mastitis. The results showed that the four different prescriptions of water decoction all had antibacterial effects. The prescription 3 was sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, while the other three prescriptions showed high sensitivity, and the prescription 3 had the strongest bacteriostatic effects.展开更多
[Objective] Study on the yeast mastitis in dairy cattle cases which have been ineffectively treated by multiple antibiotics through traditional Chinese medicine prescription. [ Method] The isolated pathogenic fungi fr...[Objective] Study on the yeast mastitis in dairy cattle cases which have been ineffectively treated by multiple antibiotics through traditional Chinese medicine prescription. [ Method] The isolated pathogenic fungi from milk were used for drug sensitivity testing and the ones proved were clinically treated by self-made traditional Chinese medicine prescription ＂Ruxiaotang＂. [ Result] 19 cases of 20 selected dairy cattle cases were diagnosed as yeast mastitis and cured with the except of a Candida tropicalis case. [ Conclusion] The results provide a new reference for curing yeast mastitis.展开更多
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast that can clinically and radiographically mimic breast carcinoma. The most common clinical presentation is an unilateral, discrete b...Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast that can clinically and radiographically mimic breast carcinoma. The most common clinical presentation is an unilateral, discrete breast mass, nipple retraction and even a sinus formation often associated with an inflammation of the overlying skin. The etiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is still obscure. Its treatment remains controversial. The cause may be the autoimmune process, infection, a chemical reaction associated with oral contraceptive pills, or even lactation. Various factors, including hormonal imbalance, autoimmunity, unknown microbiological agents, smoking and α 1-antitrypsin deficiency have been suggested to play a role in disease aetiology. In this review, causing factors in the aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis are reviewed in detail.展开更多
Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patien...Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence.Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions,etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology.The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidencebased consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.展开更多
Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast of unknown etiology. Most present as breast masses in women of child-bearing age. A 29-year-old female presented with a swollen, firm and ten...Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast of unknown etiology. Most present as breast masses in women of child-bearing age. A 29-year-old female presented with a swollen, firm and tender right breast, initially misdiagnosed as mastitis. Core needle biopsy revealed findings consistent with granulomatous lobular mastitis, and cultures were all negative for an infectious etiology. She was started on steroid therapy to which she initially responded well. A few weeks later she deteriorated and was found to have multiple breast abscesses. She underwent operative drainage and cultures grew Mycobacterium fortuitum. Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast. The definitive diagnose entails a biopsy. Other causes of chronic or granulomatous mastitis should be ruled out, including atypical or rare bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum. This is the first reported case of granulomatous mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum. With pathologic confirmation of granulomatous mastitis, an infectious etiology must be ruled out. Atypical bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum may not readily grow on cultures, as with our case. Medical management is appropriate, with surgical excision reserved for refractory cases or for drainage of abscesses.展开更多
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis. The resistant strains make the disease difficult to cure. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic nature of the antimicro...Staphylococcus aureus is the most common etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis. The resistant strains make the disease difficult to cure. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic nature of the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus cultured from bovine mastitis in Northwest China in 2014. A total of 44 S. aureus were isolated for antimicrobial resistance and resistance-related genes. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Phenotype indicated that S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin （84.09%）, erythromycin （20.45%）, tetracycline （15.91%）, gentamicin （9.09%）, tobramycin （6.82%）, kanamycin （6.82%） and methicillin （2.27%）. 9.09% of the S. aureus isolates were classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, genotypes showed that the isolates were resistant to rifampicin （100%, rpoB）, penicillin （95.45%, blaZ）, tetracycline （22.73%, tetK, tetM, alone or in combination）, erythromycin （22.73%, ermB or ermC）, gentamicin/tobramycin/kanamycin （2.27%, aacA-aphD）, methicillin （2.27%, mecA） and vancomycin （2.27%, vanA）. Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tetK and tetM （r=0.558, P〈0.001）. This study noted high-level geno- and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating eff...The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaccharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin （BCG-PSN） on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-7 mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion （PI） compared to the control value （0 h; P〈0.01）. BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio due to Thl cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAGase） was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group （P〈 0.05）. Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.展开更多
To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis （SM） and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdon...To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis （SM） and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdong, China, California mastitis test method was used to determine the monthly prevalence of SM （MPSM, %） of lactating Holstein cows from 11 dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, including about 516 cows per monthly examination. The average MPSM on a cow and a quarter basis were 30 and 13% respectively, and there was a positive linear correlation between monthly mean air temperature （MT, °C） and MPSM on a cow basis （r=0.763, P=0.004） or a quarter basis （r=0.577, P=0.049）, but there were no correlations between MT and MPSM on a cow or a quarter basis （P〉0.05）. There was a shift in MPSM trend that the highest MPSM （38.4%） was not for the hottest July with MT at 30.8°C, but for the later September at 27.9°C. The farms need to develop new housing conditions to control cowshed temperatures in the hot season to reduce the mastitis prevalences in the post-hot months.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Research Program Project of Hebei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2025267)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao(0105/2022/A).
文摘Objective:Non-lactating mastitis is a group of benign,non-specific inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology that occur during the non-lactating period in women.Treatment is mainly based on drugs and surgery,but these two treatments have certain limitations and cannot meet the individual needs of patients.In recent years,thermal ablation technology has made significant progress in treating and researching breast diseases,especially in the exploratory thermal ablation treatment of non-lactating mastitis,which has achieved certain efficacy,but it is in the initial stage of development.To standardize the development and clinical practice,we have formu-lated the consensus.Methods:Seventy-three multidisciplinary experts from 48 tertiary-level hospitals carried out this work.The consensus formulation method(Delphi technique)was used to discuss and vote on the latest research advances,and formulated in light of the actual clinical situation in China.Results:Multidisciplinary experts discussed the indications and contraindications of non-lactating mastitis thermal ablation therapy,standardization of intraoperative operation,management of postoperative complica-tions,evaluation of therapeutic efficacy,and follow-up,and finally formed this consensus.Conclusions:Thermal ablation provides a new minimally invasive treatment option for non-lactating mastitis,but it is still in the process of clinical exploration,and prospective high-quality clinical studies with large samples are needed in the future.This consensus was developed to provide a reference for clinicians who are currently practicing this technique,but due to the limited number of cases and units,it will need to be revised and improved in future clinical practice.
文摘Mastitis is an inflammatory infection of the mammary glands that is frequently observed in animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this infection, identify the pathogens responsible and highlight the risk factors in the region of Labé (Republic of Guinea). The survey involved 96 farmers in three prefectures (Koubia, Labé, Lélouma) and covered 3,199 animals, including 611 lactating females. The clinical survey revealed 49 suspected cases of mastitis, mainly in goats. The analysis showed a prevalence of clinical mastitis of 2.95% and a mortality rate of 18.35%. The identified risk factors were the hygiene of the premises, the age of the females, husbandry practices and the lack of regular veterinary care.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the value of identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump (NLM) by multicolor Doppler ultrasonography. Methods: We compared and analyzed the examination results of 69 cases of mammary carcinoma proved by surgical pathology and 22 cases of NLM before surgery by multicolor Doppler ultra-sonography. Results: The detection rates of mammary carcinoma and NLM focus by ultrasonic examining were 100%. The shape, envelope, foul line, blood stream between sound and image of two diseases were similar. Of the two diseases, the representation with slight calcification in lump, lower echo in low echo, bloodstream distribution and resistance were different. Conclusion: By analyzing the sound and image representation of mammary lump, we find color Doppler ultrasonography has significant value in identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump.
文摘Background:In the present study prevalence of mastitis causing pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance was studied with an objective to identify most common causative agents as well as their antibiotic resistance.Methods:The study encompassed collection of 880 quarters milk samples from 231 animals from different dairy farms of Punjab.The samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and further confirmation by MALDI-TOF.The antibiotic sensitivity testing of isolates was also done.Results:Out of 880 milk samples,562(63.86%)were found positive by California Mastitis Test(CMT).On the basis of CMT,left hind quarters were found to be more affected 26.86%(151/222)followed by left forequarters 24.90%(140/219),right hind quarters 24.70%(139/222)and right forequarters 23.30%(13/217).Out of 562 quarter milk samples,347(61.74%)samples yielded bacterial growth and a total of 364 isolates were identified and confirmed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight(MALDI-TOF)analysis.It was observed that among the Gram positive organisms the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp.was(58.24%),followed by Streptococcus spp.(8.51%),Enterococcus spp.(2.74%),and Corynebacterium spp.(1.09%).Among the Gram negative organisms,most prevalent was Escherichia coli(17.58%),followed by Pseudomonas spp.(6.59%),Enterobacter spp.(2.47%),Acinetobacter spp.(1.92%)and Klebsiella spp.(0.84%).On the basis of antibiotic resistance,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Penicillin,ampicillin,chloramphenicol,co-trimoxazole,ampicillin/sulbactam,gentamicin and enrofloxacin were resistant antibiotics.Conclusion:There is high prevalence of mastitis and the most prevalent bacteria involved in the mastitis were coagulase negative staphylococci,Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.On the basis of antibiotic sensitivity test these bacteria were found resistant to various antibiotics which requires attention.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102733)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ22C180004)the Longyan University&Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology(ZDSYS2022002)。
文摘Mastitis often occurs during women's lactation period,causing great psychological and physical pain to women.Fucoidan,a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from brown algae,has much broader biological properties.However,the roles of fucoidan in lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-induced mastitis are still undiscovered.The present study was aimed to evaluate the influences of fucoidan on LPS-induced mouse mastitis and investigate its possible mechanisms.The expression profiles of fucoidan acting on mastitis were analyzed by network pharmacology.Additionally,mechanism experiments verified the mechanism of fucoidan on mastitis.The results of in vivo study displayed that the treatment of fucoidan to LPS-stimulated mouse mastitis decreased the inflammatory damage,proinflammatory cytokines level and repaired the completeness of bloodmilk barrier.In the study of mouse mammary epithelial cells,fucoidan suppressed the secretion of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes.Molecular experiments suggested that fucoidan promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)nuclear import and autophagy via activating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway.The above results indicated that in mastitis,fucoidan promoted Nrf2 nuclear import and autophagy via activating the AMPK signaling pathway,thereby suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory injury to the mammary glands and protecting the blood-milk barrier.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272955,32172807)。
文摘Mastitis is a common disease that affects women during lactation,posing a threat to the health of both mothers and infants.Recent studies have shown that insufficient nutrient intake increase the risk of mastitis.Phlorizin(PHZ)is one of the nutrients present in apples.This study uses lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mastitis mice and LPS+ATP-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells(mMECs)as research objects to explore the effect and mechanism of PHZ on mastitis.Different from in vitro beliefs,our findings demonstrated that PHZ significantly reduced inflammation and protected the blood-milk barrier(BMB)in vivo.Additionally,we observed that oral administration of PHZ regulated the intestinal flora and exhibited prebiotic functions.However,the anti-inflammatory effect of PHZ was not solely dependent on the intestinal flora,as antibiotic disruption of the intestinal flora does not completely abolish the improvement of mastitis by PHZ.Further mechanistic research revealed that the anti-inflammatory properties of PHZ were attributed to its metabolism into phloretin(PHT).Moreover,our results demonstrated that PHT reduced inflammation and protected the BMB by promoting autophagy to prevent the pyroptosis of mMECs.This study provides a theoretical basis for reducing inflammation in lactating women by consuming fruits,such as apples,that contain PHZ.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Heilongjiang Province of China(C2016003)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015M581415)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(LBH-Z15005)。
文摘The trace element selenium(Se)occurs naturally throughout the earth.Se deficiency has been linked to impaired breast health and other diseases in human and animals.Compared to severe Se deficiency,marginal dietary Se deficiency accusers more frequently in low-Se regions.Therefore,to investigate the Se status and inflammatory response of the mammary gland under marginal dietary Se levels,an lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced mouse mastitis model was established.Mice were fed with moderate Se diet(0.087 mg•kg^(-1) Se),adequate Se diet(0.15 mg•kg^(-1) Se)or excessive Se diet(1.5 mg•kg^(-1) Se)for 60 days.Se status and inflammatory factors were investigated.Results showed that the Se status of mammary gland correlated with dietary Se levels.Marginal Se deficiency exacerbated mammary tissue histopathology;increased the mRNA level of inflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2);and enhanced the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in mammary gland tissues.Supplementation of Se in diet higher than recommended levels reduced the inflammatory reaction of mammary glands in LPS-induced mastitis model and provided a protective effect.
基金supported by the Major Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center(SHDC2020CR2051B)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Shanghai“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”(23ZR1463800)Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine“Visiting Leading Universities and Mentorship by Masters”Talent Development Program(HR018).
文摘Objective:To examine the relationship between metabolic syndrome(MS)and its key components in granulomatous mastitis(GM),we explored potential pathological mechanisms through the lens of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),particularly the concept of intermingled phlegm-blood stasis.Methods:In this retrospective study,we enrolled 172 patients with GM and 164 patients with non-inflammatory benign breast masses.Metabolic indicators(waist circumference[WC],blood lipids,etc.),inflammatory markers(C-reactive protein,interleukin-6,tumor necrosis factor-α),and adipose tissue CD68 expression were measured.Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy.The correlation between TCM pathogenesis and biomarkers was also examined.Results:MS prevalence was significantly higher in the GM group than in the controls(26.16%vs.6.10%,P<.001).Multivariate analysis identified abdominal obesity(WC≥80 cm,odds ratio[OR]=1.065)and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C;<1.29 mmol/L,OR=0.066)as independent risk factors for GM(P<.001 for both).Among patients with GM,HDL-C levels were inversely correlated with inflammatory markers(r=−0.341 to−0.440),whereas patients with concurrent MS demonstrated greater CD68 macrophage infiltration(P<.001).According to TCM,abdominal obesity corresponds to“spleen deficiency with phlegm-dampness accumulation,”and low HDL-C reflects“deficiency of vital qi,”which collectively lead to phlegm-blood stasis obstruction in the mammary collaterals;this aligns with the key MS driving mechanisms of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation.Conclusion:MS promotes GM development through chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation,with abdominal obesity and low HDL-C levels serving as core risk factors.The TCM theory of intermingled phlegm-blood stasis provides a novel interpretation of the metabolic-inflammatory mechanisms underlying GM.Accordingly,we propose phlegm-resolving and blood-activating strategies as potential therapeutic approaches for metabolic-immune axis regulation.
基金Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada funded this research(grant number J-002223).
文摘Background Subclinical mastitis,caused by many pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Staphylococcus chromogenes(S.chromogenes),presents a major challenge to the dairy industry due to its associated economic losses and poor milk quality.The molecular regulatory mechanisms,including the role of small nucleolar RNAs(snoRNAs),of the host response to mastitis pathogens remain unclear.Therefore,this study investigated snoRNA expression and potential roles during subclinical mastitis.Milk somatic cells from cows with naturally occurring S.aureus(n=14)and S.chromogenes(n=3)subclinical mastitis,and healthy cows(n=4)were subjected to transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses.Results We identified 255 expressed snoRNAs including 21 differentially expressed(DE)in S.aureus-positive cows and 20 DE in S.chromogenes-positive cows.Prediction of ribosomal RNA(rRNA)modification sites found several 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA modification(pseudouridylation and 2′-O-methylation)target sites essential for ribosome function for DE snoRNAs,such as SNORA79(18S-1319,28S-3001),SNORA1(18S-1496,28S-1747),suggesting their roles in translation and immune modulation during subclinical mastitis.Correlation analysis identified DE snoRNAs-mRNAs(from the same samples)pairs with majority of the correlated mRNAs(e.g.,CXCL8,IL6R,IL2,IL1R,IL18R1,STAT3,NFKB2,MYD88,VEGFA,and CD40)having immune related functions.Functional enrichment of correlated genes of snoRNAs for S.aureus-positive group(regulation of defense/immune response,leukocyte differentiation,response to cytokine,NF-κB signaling pathway,JAK-STAT signaling pathway etc.)and S.chromogenes-positive group(e.g.,regulation of defense response,response to cytokine,regulation of immune response,NF-κB signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,and JAK-STAT signaling pathway)revealed involvement in immune and inflammatory processes.Some functional terms were common to both pathogens(e.g.,NF-κB,JAK-STAT signaling,immune system processes)and suggest common regulatory mechanisms used by both pathogens to contain infection.Furthermore,snoRNA-mRNA network construction identified 7 key(hub)snoRNAs each for S.aureus-positive group(SNORA66,novelsnoRNA_26_14905(also denoted as novelSnoRNA_86),SNORD107,SNORA1,SNORA63,SNORA79,SNORA76)and S.chromogenes-positive group(SNORD18,SNORA79,SNORA46,U2-19,SNORA66,SNORD37,SNORD49)that correlated with the most protein coding genes(|r|>0.9;≥30 mRNAs).Functional enrichment of correlated genes of hub snoRNAs reveals their involvement in immune related functions(75%of enriched terms)and metabolic processes(20%of enriched terms).Conclusion These data suggest potential regulatory roles for the DE snoRNAs and in particular,the 14 hub snoRNAs during subclinical mastitis.This study presents the first evidence linking snoRNAs to bovine subclinical mastitis and offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying subclinical mastitis caused by S.aureus and S.chromogenes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1000902,2021YFD1200903)the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.32302706)the Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team(Grant No.BAIC06).
文摘Background Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is one of the most intractable problems for the dairy industry,causing significantly reduced milk yields and early slaughter of cows worldwide.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and studies in recent years have shown the importance of miRNA-associated gene regulation in S.aureus-induced mastitis.Results In this study,to investigate the role of miR-223 in mastitis,we performed experiments to overexpress and suppress miR-223 in an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line(MAC-T)infected with S.aureus.Overexpression of miR-223 in MAC-T cells repressed cell apoptosis and necrosis induced by S.aureus infection,whereas suppression of miR-223 had the opposite effect.Transcriptome expression profiling with weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)and gene set variation analysis(GSVA)showed that miR-223 affects apoptosis and inflammation-related pathways.Furthermore,differentially expressed(DE)genes were evaluated,and genes exhibiting contrasting expression trends in the miR-223 overexpressed and suppressed groups were assessed as potential target genes of miR-223.Potential target genes,including CDC25B,PTPRF,DCTN1,and DPP9,were observed to be associated with apoptosis and necroptosis.Finally,through integrative analysis of genome-wide association study(GWAS)data and the animal quantitative trait loci(QTL)database,we determined that target genes of miR-223 were significantly enriched in single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)and QTLs related to somatic cell count(SCC)and mastitis.Conclusion In summary,miR-223 has an inhibitory effect on S.aureus-induced cell apoptosis and necrosis by regulating PTPRF,DCTN1,and DPP9.These genes were significantly enriched in QTL regions associated with bovine mastitis resistance,underscoring their relevance in genetic regulation of disease resilience.Our findings provide critical genetic markers for enhancing mastitis resistance,particularly S.aureus-induced mastitis,through selective breeding.This work offers valuable insights for developing cattle with improved resistance to mastitis via targeted genetic selection.
基金supported by the 2024 Youth Academic Salon Project on Clinically Dominant Diseases by the Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2024-QNXSSL-06)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82104854)+2 种基金the Shanghai“Rising Stars of Medical Talents”Youth Development Program that Youth Medical Talents Specialist Program(2023-33)the Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center’s Second Three-Year Action Plan for Promoting Clinical Skills and Innovation in Municipal Hospitals(2020–2022)that Major Clinical Research Project(No.SHDC2020CR2051B)the Major Difficult and Complicated Diseases Collaborative Project of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Plasma Cell Mastitis(No.19).
文摘In accordance with the Guiding Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)organized multidisciplinary symposia on TCM-dominant diseases with the aim of advancing research on clinically dominant diseases in TCM,supporting specialty development,cultivating clinical talent,developing strategic plans for national science,and fostering academic innovation.The 42nd Academic Salon on Clinically Dominant Diseases,which was convened in Shanghai on 24 November 2024,brought together TCM experts,Western medicine experts,and interdisciplinary researchers for in-depth discussions on the current status,strengths,and limitations of and strategies to improve the integrated diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell mastitis(PCM).While consensus had been reached on recommendations for TCM and integrated approaches,detailed research pathways remain to be developed.In this work,we systematically examine the pathogenesis of and clinical management challenges related to PCM.Building on the therapeutic strengths of TCM,we propose 5 prioritized research domains with corresponding scientific planning:(1)Early identification and intervention strategies for PCM;(2)Optimization of TCM syndrome differentiation systems for PCM;(3)Standardization of efficient evaluation metrics for PCM therapies;(4)Mechanistic studies on the pathogenesis of PCM and TCM therapeutic targets;(5)Prevention protocols and complication management frameworks for PCM.We further delineate recommended research directions,anticipated outcomes,value propositions,and funding priorities.The aim of this research model,which was derived from the PCM-focused academic salon series,is to advance the development of high-quality TCM practices by informing national scientific planning,innovative drug development,research priorities,and the formulation of clinical guidelines.
基金This work was supported by the fifteenth "Five Years Key Programs" for Science and Technology Development of China (No. 2002BA518A14)the National High Science and Technology Foundation of China (863) (No. 2002AA242011).
文摘Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） recognizes pathogen ligands and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this experiment, a 316 bp and 382 bp fragments of TLR4 gene named T4CRBR1 and T4CRBR2, of Chinese Holstein, Sanhe cattle, and Chinese Simmental was amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, respectively. The genetic polymorphisms in the three populations were detected by Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism （SSCP） in the first locus and by digesting the fragments with restriction endonuclease Alu I in the second one. Results showed that both alleles （A and B） of two loci were found in all the three populations and the value of polymorphism information content （PIC） indicated that these were a moderate polymorphism. Statistical results of X^2 test indicated that two polymorphism sites in the three populations fitted with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P 〉 0.05）. After sequencing, A-G single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） was identified at nucleotide 4,525 in intron 1 of TLR4 gene and C-T SNP was identified at nucleotide 1,397 in exon 3 of TLR4 gene. Meanwhile, the effect of polymorphism of TLR4 gene on somatic cell score （SCS） was analyzed, the results indicated that the cattle with allele A in T4CRBR1 showed lower somatic cell score than that of allele B （P 〈 0.05）. In short, the allele A might play an important role in mastiffs resistance in bovine.
基金Supported by the Scientific and Technological Development Program of Shijiazhuang City(08150132A)~~
文摘According to the theory of Chinese veterinary medicine and characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine, four different preparations of compound Chinese medicine ＂Zengrujianniusan＂ were composed, and the prepared water decoction was used to carry on the bacteriostatic test on main pathogens of cow recessiveness mastitis. The results showed that the four different prescriptions of water decoction all had antibacterial effects. The prescription 3 was sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, while the other three prescriptions showed high sensitivity, and the prescription 3 had the strongest bacteriostatic effects.
文摘[Objective] Study on the yeast mastitis in dairy cattle cases which have been ineffectively treated by multiple antibiotics through traditional Chinese medicine prescription. [ Method] The isolated pathogenic fungi from milk were used for drug sensitivity testing and the ones proved were clinically treated by self-made traditional Chinese medicine prescription ＂Ruxiaotang＂. [ Result] 19 cases of 20 selected dairy cattle cases were diagnosed as yeast mastitis and cured with the except of a Candida tropicalis case. [ Conclusion] The results provide a new reference for curing yeast mastitis.
文摘Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast that can clinically and radiographically mimic breast carcinoma. The most common clinical presentation is an unilateral, discrete breast mass, nipple retraction and even a sinus formation often associated with an inflammation of the overlying skin. The etiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is still obscure. Its treatment remains controversial. The cause may be the autoimmune process, infection, a chemical reaction associated with oral contraceptive pills, or even lactation. Various factors, including hormonal imbalance, autoimmunity, unknown microbiological agents, smoking and α 1-antitrypsin deficiency have been suggested to play a role in disease aetiology. In this review, causing factors in the aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis are reviewed in detail.
基金supported by Improving the Ability of Diagnosis and Treatment of Difficult Diseases (ZLYNXM202009)。
文摘Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence.Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions,etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology.The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidencebased consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.
文摘Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast of unknown etiology. Most present as breast masses in women of child-bearing age. A 29-year-old female presented with a swollen, firm and tender right breast, initially misdiagnosed as mastitis. Core needle biopsy revealed findings consistent with granulomatous lobular mastitis, and cultures were all negative for an infectious etiology. She was started on steroid therapy to which she initially responded well. A few weeks later she deteriorated and was found to have multiple breast abscesses. She underwent operative drainage and cultures grew Mycobacterium fortuitum. Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast. The definitive diagnose entails a biopsy. Other causes of chronic or granulomatous mastitis should be ruled out, including atypical or rare bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum. This is the first reported case of granulomatous mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum. With pathologic confirmation of granulomatous mastitis, an infectious etiology must be ruled out. Atypical bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum may not readily grow on cultures, as with our case. Medical management is appropriate, with surgical excision reserved for refractory cases or for drainage of abscesses.
基金supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China (1610322015007)the Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2012BAD12B03)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China (145RJYA311)
文摘Staphylococcus aureus is the most common etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis. The resistant strains make the disease difficult to cure. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic nature of the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus cultured from bovine mastitis in Northwest China in 2014. A total of 44 S. aureus were isolated for antimicrobial resistance and resistance-related genes. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Phenotype indicated that S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin （84.09%）, erythromycin （20.45%）, tetracycline （15.91%）, gentamicin （9.09%）, tobramycin （6.82%）, kanamycin （6.82%） and methicillin （2.27%）. 9.09% of the S. aureus isolates were classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, genotypes showed that the isolates were resistant to rifampicin （100%, rpoB）, penicillin （95.45%, blaZ）, tetracycline （22.73%, tetK, tetM, alone or in combination）, erythromycin （22.73%, ermB or ermC）, gentamicin/tobramycin/kanamycin （2.27%, aacA-aphD）, methicillin （2.27%, mecA） and vancomycin （2.27%, vanA）. Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tetK and tetM （r=0.558, P〈0.001）. This study noted high-level geno- and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China.
基金sponsored by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30371049,30671533)the Scientific Research Innovation Foundation of Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province,China(CX07B-195Z)
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaccharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin （BCG-PSN） on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-7 mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion （PI） compared to the control value （0 h; P〈0.01）. BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio due to Thl cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAGase） was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group （P〈 0.05）. Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.
基金supported by the Integrated Production Technologies in Dairy Industry and Their Industrialization Demonstrations in Guangdong Province (2002BA518A18)under the National Key Science and Technology Special Projects of China for Dairy Industry During the 10th Five-Year Plan Period (2002BA518A18)
文摘To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis （SM） and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdong, China, California mastitis test method was used to determine the monthly prevalence of SM （MPSM, %） of lactating Holstein cows from 11 dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, including about 516 cows per monthly examination. The average MPSM on a cow and a quarter basis were 30 and 13% respectively, and there was a positive linear correlation between monthly mean air temperature （MT, °C） and MPSM on a cow basis （r=0.763, P=0.004） or a quarter basis （r=0.577, P=0.049）, but there were no correlations between MT and MPSM on a cow or a quarter basis （P〉0.05）. There was a shift in MPSM trend that the highest MPSM （38.4%） was not for the hottest July with MT at 30.8°C, but for the later September at 27.9°C. The farms need to develop new housing conditions to control cowshed temperatures in the hot season to reduce the mastitis prevalences in the post-hot months.
