Objective:To detect the in vitro total phenolics,flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of essential oil,various organic extracts from the leaves of tropical medicinal plant Tetrastigma from Sabah.Methods:The dr...Objective:To detect the in vitro total phenolics,flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of essential oil,various organic extracts from the leaves of tropical medicinal plant Tetrastigma from Sabah.Methods:The dry powder leaves of Tetrastigma were extracted with different organic solvent such as hexane.ethyl acetate,chloroform,butanol and aqueous methanol.The total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of the essential oil and various organic extracts such as hexane,ethyl acetate,chloroform,butanol and aqueous ethanol were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the assayed antioxidant activity was determined in vitro models such as antioxidant capacity by radical scavenging activity usingα,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method.Results:The total phenolic contents of the essential oil and different extracts as gallic acid equivalents were found to be highest in methanol extract(386.22 mg/g) followed by ethyl acetate(190.89 mg/g).chloroform(175.89 mg/g).hexane(173.44 mg/g).and Imtanol extract (131.72 mg/g) and the phenolic contents not detected in essential oil.The antioxidant capacity of the essential oil and different extracts as ascorbic acid standard was in the order of methanol extract】ethyl acetate extract】chloroform】butanol】hexane extract also the antioxidant activity was not detected in essential oil.Conclusions:The findings show that the extent of antioxidant activity of the essential oil and all extracts are in accordance with the amount of phenolics present in that extract.Leaves of Tetrastigma being rich in phenolics may provide a good source of antioxidant.展开更多
Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid...Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C_8 column(250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P.niruri.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure,...The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation展开更多
Thin film composite(TFC) membranes represent a highly promising platform for efficient nanofiltration(NF)processes. However, the improvement in permeance is impeded by the substrates with low permeances. Herein,highly...Thin film composite(TFC) membranes represent a highly promising platform for efficient nanofiltration(NF)processes. However, the improvement in permeance is impeded by the substrates with low permeances. Herein,highly permeable gradient phenolic membranes with tight selectivity are used as substrates to prepare TFC membranes with high permeances by the layer-by-layer assembly method. The negatively charged phenolic substrates are alternately assembled with polycation polyethylenimine(PEI) and polyanion poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)as a result of electrostatic interactions, forming thin and compact PEI/PAA layers tightly attached to the substrate surface. Benefiting from the high permeances and tight surface pores of the gradient nanoporous structures of the substrates, the produced PEI/PAA membranes exhibit a permeance up to 506 L? m-2?h-1?MPa-1, which is ~2–10 times higher than that of other membranes with similar rejections. The PEI/PAA membranes are capable of retaining N 96.1% of negatively charged dyes following the mechanism of electrostatic repulsion. We demonstrate that the membranes can also separate positively and neutrally charged dyes from water via other mechanisms.This work opens a new avenue for the design and preparation of high-flux NF membranes, which is also applicable to enhance the permeance of other TFC membranes.展开更多
In this research,the conditions for extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM).The extraction abilities of phenolics(EAP) and flavonoids(EAF),the 2,2-dip...In this research,the conditions for extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM).The extraction abilities of phenolics(EAP) and flavonoids(EAF),the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH) free-radical scavenging potential,and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP) were used as quality indicators.The results of single-factor experiments showed that temperature,ethanol concentration,extraction time,and the number of extraction cycles were the main influencing variables,and these provided key information for the central composite design.The results of RSM fitted well to a second degree polynomial model and more than 98% of the variability was explained.The ideal extraction conditions for EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were obtained.Considering the four quality indicators overall,the ideal extraction conditions were 58% ethanol at 57 °C for 37 min with three extraction cycles.At the ideal extraction conditions,the values of EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were 5.72%,3.09%,58.88 mg ascorbic acid equivalent(AAE)/g dry weight(DW),and 15.86 mg AAE/g DW,respectively.In addition,linear correlations were observed between EAP,EAF,and antioxidant potential.展开更多
Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) assay is the most widely used and convenient method to determine the total phenolics content in foods, herbs, and other plant extracts. Different phenolics standards such as gallic acid, ferulic ...Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) assay is the most widely used and convenient method to determine the total phenolics content in foods, herbs, and other plant extracts. Different phenolics standards such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechol, and vanillic acid have been used for calibration curves in this assay method. Comparison of these standards, in single or combination of two or more, for more accurate determination of phenolics has not been reported so far. This study tested five single phenolics and seven combinations of mixed phenolic standards to evaluate the optimal standards for F-C method. The different standards were tested to calculate the phenolic content in three known test solutions. We also evaluated interference effect of various compounds in phenolics estimation by F-C method that is usually present in the lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugar solution, and in food products along with phenolics. Finally, the optimal standards with five phenolics were used for the determination of phenolics in alkali pretreated biomass extract. The results indicated that gallic acid was the best standard among the single phenolic compounds and five phenolic compounds solution was the best standard among the mixed phenolic solutions. The presence of glucose, HMF, furfural, and vitamin-B12 did not interfere in phenolic determination;whereas ascorbic acid, tyrosine, formic acid, and acetic acid strongly interfered the results. The results also showed that biomass pelleting process did not affect the generation of phenolics in alkali pretreatment extract.展开更多
Two new 24-methyl lanostane triterpenoids,hispindic acids A and B（1 and 2）,and a new phenolic compound,hispinine（7）,along with nine known compounds（3-6,and 8-12）,were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Inonotu...Two new 24-methyl lanostane triterpenoids,hispindic acids A and B（1 and 2）,and a new phenolic compound,hispinine（7）,along with nine known compounds（3-6,and 8-12）,were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Inonotus hispidus.Their structures were elucidated based on the extensive analysis of spectroscopic data（NMR and HRMS）.Hispindic acid A（1） possesses an unusual formyl group at C-30.Compounds 1,3-4,and 8 showed stronger activate abilities of melanogenesis and tyrosinase in B16 melanoma cells than those of positive control,8-methoxypsoralen,at 50 μmol/L展开更多
Plants were collected and prepared for chemical analysis, total phenolics, anthocyanins concentrations, and free radical scavenging activity. Results showed that, protein concentration of Malva parviflora (22.9%) was ...Plants were collected and prepared for chemical analysis, total phenolics, anthocyanins concentrations, and free radical scavenging activity. Results showed that, protein concentration of Malva parviflora (22.9%) was the highest among the plants. Ruta chalepensis had high levels of fat and carbohydrates (4.2% and 51.7%, respectively), but had the lowest level of ash (8.7%). Mineral concentrations varied and found to have appreciable amounts of Ca, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn and P. Total phenolic ranged from 163.1 (Tetragonolobus palaestinus) to 1328.8 mg GAE/100g (Ruta chalepensis). Anthocyanins ranged between 18.1 (Gundelia tournefortii) and 100.1 mg/100g (Rumex acetosella). These plants differed in free radical scavenging activity. It was concluded that these plants could be considered as natural sources for antioxidants and valuable natural resources as a new addition to the diet of inhabitants.展开更多
Long-term postprandial hyperglycemia is a primary risk factor for developing chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Chronic hyperglycemia induces the glycation of protein...Long-term postprandial hyperglycemia is a primary risk factor for developing chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Chronic hyperglycemia induces the glycation of proteins,oxidative stress,inflammation and increases plasma insulin and lipid concentrations.Insulin resistance is the primary cause of postprandial excursions of blood glucose and lipids.Hyperglycemia can be treated by lowering dietary carbohydrates intake,digestion,and absorption.Various functional foods improve glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity and inhibitingα-glucosidase in the small intestine.Natural phytochemicals,especially active phenolics are good antioxidants and show anti-inflammatory action and regulate blood glucose.This review aimed to report on hypoglycemic properties of active phenolics from functional foods and their proposed anti-diabetic mechanisms.Nevertheless,further clinical trials are required to confirm the bioavailability,safety,and efficacy of phenolics,especially the dosage and duration of treatment,to avoid adverse effects and give better dietary recommendations.展开更多
Fruits from 9-year-old apple trees (Malus domestic Borkh. cv. Fuji) were wrapped by two-layerbag in middle of June, and bags were removed in middle of September. The bag-removed treatmentwas performed in following thr...Fruits from 9-year-old apple trees (Malus domestic Borkh. cv. Fuji) were wrapped by two-layerbag in middle of June, and bags were removed in middle of September. The bag-removed treatmentwas performed in following three ways: once-removing all inner and outer bags; twice-removingbag (removing inner bag 3 d after removing outer bag); dipping 5 s in 1 mM salicylic acid (SA)after once-removing all bags. Changes of phenolic compounds in fruit peel in response to lightenvironment were studied before or after removing bag. The results showed that the baggedtreatment could significantly decrease the contents of UV (ultraviolet)absorbing compounds,rutin and anthocyanins of the fruit peel, but increased chlorogenic acid level. After removalof bag, the level of SA and quercetin in the fruit peel appeared peak 1 d after bag-removed,except that quercetin was decreased in SA-treated fruits. UV absorbing compounds, anthocyaninsand rutin were kept increasing all along after the removal of bag, except that chlorogenic acidwas decreased during being retained inner bag in the treatment of twice removing bag. Thepositive correlations existed between changes of UV absorbing compounds and changes ofanthocyanins or rutin. It was suggested that light played an important role in phenolicsmetabolism.展开更多
Objective:To search for an efficient and inexpensive source of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential and health promoting traits from bark and empty pods of Acacia auriculiformis （A.auriculiformis）.Methods:Sa...Objective:To search for an efficient and inexpensive source of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential and health promoting traits from bark and empty pods of Acacia auriculiformis （A.auriculiformis）.Methods:Samples of bark and empty pod extracts were analyzed for bioactives（phenolics,flavonoids and proanthocyanidins） and subjected to free radical scavenging activity on DPPH<sup>*</sup>,ABTS<sup>?</sup>,OH<sup>?</sup>,O<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup>,and NO along with the determination of reducing power, iron chelating activity and peroxidation inhibition.Defensive action of extracts on biomolecules and cell membranes were evaluated by DNA nicking assay and haemolysis inhibition assay respectively,α-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory potentials were also determined. Results:All the bioactives analyzed were higher in bark（B） than empty pods（EP）[TPC:B （574.51±16.11）;EP（96.80±3.45） mg GAE/g.TFC:B（94.71±7.65）;EP（24（?）87±20.45） mg RE/g. Proanthocyanidins:B（2.81±0.31）;EP（1.25±0.01） mg LE/100 g DM]except flavonoids.Both the extracts showed higher quenching capacity on DPPH and ABTS（DPPH:B（0.21±0.01）;EP（1.51±0.17） g extract/g DPPH.ABTS:B（111 519.14±79 340.91）;EP（80 232.55±32 894.12） mmol TE/g） with the FRAP of B（84 515.63±3 350.69） and EP（47 940.79±1 257.60） mmol Fe（（?））/g.Iron chelation was not observed.In addition,they showed lower quenching activity on OH<sup>?</sup>（B（48.95±1.72）;EP（34.94±1.62）%） and equivalent quenching on O<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>（B（53.47±3.92）;EP（24.41±2.61）%）,NO（B（49.04±5.04）; EP（51.00±5.13）%）,peroxidation inhibition（B（67.50±5.50）;EP（55.l±2.3）%） and antihaemolytic potential（B（87.60±6.84）%） towards authentic antioxidant standards.Interestingly,Empty pod extracts are devoid of antihaemolytic activity.Both the extracts showed dose dependent DNA protection.Besides this,bark and empty pod extracts exhibited dual inhibiting potential againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes.Conclusions:On summarization,it insinuated that both bark and empty pods can be used for the preparation of antioxidant/nutraceutical supplements and in anti-diabetic formulations.展开更多
Rubus fruits are rich in nutrition with a wide range of phytochemical and consumed by humans,but many of its wild varieties are not commercially useful.Phytochemical exploration of these wild fruits could improve the ...Rubus fruits are rich in nutrition with a wide range of phytochemical and consumed by humans,but many of its wild varieties are not commercially useful.Phytochemical exploration of these wild fruits could improve the commercial usage of these Rubus species.This study focuses to analyze the phytochemical,antioxidant and cytotoxicity of three wild Rubus ellipticus,R.niveus and R.fairholmianus fruits comparatively,which has not revealed.The in vitro antioxidant studies indicated the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of studied Rubus species competent in scavenging different stable and generated radical.The correlation and regression analysis also statistically supported the contents in the extracts could act against various radicals.Correlation between phytochemical constituent and radical scavenging activity found to be highly positive.The results acquired from this investigation revealed that they are equally competent and could be recommended as dietary supplements or as nutraceuticals.展开更多
The proportion of organic matter and mineral composition are important factors determining the formation and type of non-extractable residues(NERs) of pesticides in soil. In this study, we investigated the enantiosele...The proportion of organic matter and mineral composition are important factors determining the formation and type of non-extractable residues(NERs) of pesticides in soil. In this study, we investigated the enantioselectivity in degradation and NER formation of the chiral fungicide metalaxyl in soil particle size fractions(silt and clay). Microbial and extracellular enzyme activities during these processes were monitored in incubation of silt and clay samples isolated from sterilized and non-sterilized soil samples collected from a long-term agricultural field experimental site in Ultuna, Sweden. The temporal influence on the fate of the fungicide was noted by short-term(10-d) and long-term(92-d) incubations. Besides the acquisition of quantitative data with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS), stereoselective analyses were performed with chiral GC/MS. Quantitative results pointed to a higher metabolism rate of the pesticide through microbial activity than through extracellular enzyme activity. This was also confirmed by the enantioselective depletion of R-metalaxyl and the subsequent formation of R-metalaxyl acid in microbially active samples from non-sterilized soil. The silt fraction containing a high amount of organic matter exhibited a significant hydrolyzable proportion of metalaxyl NERs that was releasable under alkaline conditions. On the contrary, the clay fraction showed an enhanced affinity for covalently bound residues. Based on our results, we recommend differentiating between reversibly and irreversibly bound proportions of pesticides in persistence and environmental risk assessment because the reversible fraction contained potentially bioavailable amounts of residues that may be released under natural conditions.展开更多
Objective:To perform phytochemical screening,estimate total phenolics,flavonoids and to evaluate antioxidant potential of Moringa peregrina(M.peregrina) leaves.Methods:The dried powdered leaves of M.peregrina(150 g) w...Objective:To perform phytochemical screening,estimate total phenolics,flavonoids and to evaluate antioxidant potential of Moringa peregrina(M.peregrina) leaves.Methods:The dried powdered leaves of M.peregrina(150 g) were extracted exhaustively by Soxhlet with ethanol and then fractionated into hexane,chloroform,ethy alacetate and methanol.All the prepared extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize the chemical compounds present in the crude extracts.Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts.Hydrogen peroxide and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity.Results:Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed presence of 19 phytoconstituents in hexane extract,6 in ethyl acetate and 7 compounds in methanolic extract.Methanol extract was found to contain the highest phenolic content and flavonoids.In vitro antioxidant activities of all crude extracts were significant and comparable with the standard ascorbic acid.Conclusions:Results of this study show that the leaves of M.peregrina are the rich source of phenolic compounds that can play an important role in preventing the progression of many diseases.展开更多
Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested fr...Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested from plants of different ages was undertaken. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents in the rhizomes were highest 8 months after planting. Another study found that 2 g rhizomes extracted in 50 ml of water at 90°C for 120 minutes gave the best yield of phenolics and flavonoids. Under these conditions, an average of 210 mg GAE/g dry weight of total phenolics and 81 μg QCE/g dry weight of total flavonoids were obtained.展开更多
During the Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) micro-assay for the determination of phenolics in the presence of methanol, fine solids can form. In a previous paper, we hypothesized that the interference from alcohol on the F-C rea...During the Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) micro-assay for the determination of phenolics in the presence of methanol, fine solids can form. In a previous paper, we hypothesized that the interference from alcohol on the F-C reaction can be minimized depending on the particular procedure used to reach the alkalinity condition. In order to demonstrate our hypothesis we studied, by spectrophotometrically monitoring, the time-behaviour of the reactions carried out in the presence of different methanol concentrations at the same alkalinity condition from two protocols. The results showed that the interfering effect of methanol on the F-C micro-method can be affect and even prevented depending on working conditions. In particular, the formation of fine solids can be delayed, slowed down and prevented depending on the initial carbonate concentration used. We have explained why the initial carbonate concentration, used to reach the final alkalinity condition, plays an important role in the F-C reaction carried out in the presence of methanol. Moreover, the results from real-time monitoring showed that, differently from traditional F-C procedure, our procedure allows us to carry out the F-C micro method in the presence of 6% methanol, as an extreme concentration, reading the absorbance at real time 24 min. The real-time monitoring of absorbance can be considered as a useful means to explore the effect of other parameters on precipitate formation caused by the presence of methanol in the F-C reaction.展开更多
Lignin is the most abundant naturally phenolic biomass,and the synthesis of high-performance renewable fuel from lignin has attracted significant attention.We propose the efficient synthesis of high-density fuels usin...Lignin is the most abundant naturally phenolic biomass,and the synthesis of high-performance renewable fuel from lignin has attracted significant attention.We propose the efficient synthesis of high-density fuels using simulated lignin cracked oil in tandem with hydroalkylation and deoxygenation reactions.First,we investigated the reaction pathway for the hydroalkylation of phenol,which competes with the hydrodeoxygenation form cyclohexane.And then,we investigated the effects of metal catalyst types,the loading amount of metallic,acid dosage,and reactant ratio on the reaction results.The phenol hydroalkylation and hydrodeoxygenation were balanced when 180℃ and 5 MPa H_(2)with the alkanes yield of 95%.By extending the substrate to other lignin-derived phenolics and simulated lignin cracked oil,we obtained the polycyclic alkane fuel with high density of 0.918 g·ml^(-1)and calorific value of41.2 MJ·L^(-1).Besides,the fuel has good low-temperature properties(viscosity of 9.3 mm^(2)·s^(-1)at 20℃ and freezing point below-55℃),which is expected to be used as jet fuel.This work provides a promising way for the easy and green production of high-density fuel directly from real lignin oil.展开更多
Whole grain cereals are important dietary sources for management of metabolic diseases due to the bioactive components they contain.Hence,this study investigated enzymes(pancreatic lipase,-amylase,-glucosidase,xanthin...Whole grain cereals are important dietary sources for management of metabolic diseases due to the bioactive components they contain.Hence,this study investigated enzymes(pancreatic lipase,-amylase,-glucosidase,xanthine oxidase and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme)inhibitory property,antioxidant activity and phenolics profile of raw and roasted red sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)grains in vitro.Extracts of flours of raw and roasted(150◦C and 180◦C,for 20 min)grains were assayed for enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities using spectrophotometric methods;while their phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD.The raw grains exhibited strong enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities,and contained phenolic acids(gallic,chlorogenic,caffeic,ellagic and p-coumaric acids)and flavonoids(quercetin,luteolin and apigenin).However,whereas the enzymes inhibitory activity and levels of the phenolic compounds in the grains decreased significantly(p<0.05)with increasing roasting temperature,the antioxidant activity increased.Hence,roasting at high temperature may not be recommended for the optimum retention of the enzymes inhibitory property and phenolic compounds of red sorghum grains.展开更多
This study was designed to determine the total phenolic content of 50 herbs and to examine their antioxidant potential. In the sample preparation, 60% ethanol was chosen as the extraction solvent for the subsequent ex...This study was designed to determine the total phenolic content of 50 herbs and to examine their antioxidant potential. In the sample preparation, 60% ethanol was chosen as the extraction solvent for the subsequent experiments. Folin-Cicolteau phenol reagent and a colorimetric method were used to determine the total phenolic content of the selected herbs. The result showed that total phenolic content of those herbs ranged from 2 to 185 mg/g. In antioxidant assay, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) values ranged from 2 to 134 mg GAE/g;the IC50 values of DPPH?·, ·OH and ?scavenging were in the range of 0.06 - 5.50 mg/mL, 0.017 - 0.636 mg/mL and 0.050 - 0.681 mg/mL respectively. Flos caryophylli was the exceptant in the ?scavenging assay because there was no linear relation between the concentration and the scavenging percentage. Compared to gallic acid, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in antioxidant assay as positive control, the most potential antioxidant herbs were Cacumen platycladi, Radix et Rhizoma rhei, Rhizoma rhodiolae crenulatae, and Rhizoma sanguisorbae with considerable content of phenolics. Especially, a positive and significant correlation was found between the total phenolic content and FRAP value or DPPH· scavenging percentage.展开更多
Soybean seed is a major source of phytochemical compounds that impact human health nutrition and livestock meal. Charcoal rot is a disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, and thought to infe...Soybean seed is a major source of phytochemical compounds that impact human health nutrition and livestock meal. Charcoal rot is a disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, and thought to infect the plants through roots by a toxin-mediated mechanism, resulting in yield loss and poor seed quality, especially under drought conditions. Limited information is available on the effect of charcoal rot on seed phytochemical compounds and mineral nutrition in soybean. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of charcoal rot infection on seed phenol, seed coat lignin, isoflavones, and minerals using susceptible (S) (DK 3964) and moderately resistant (MR) (AG 3905) maturity group (MG)III soybean cultivars to charcoal rot. A two-year field experiment was conducted, and infested soil with charcoal rot (infested soil conditions, INF) or control (non-infested soil conditions, NINF) was used. The results showed that the moderately resistant genotype had higher concentrations of seed phenolics, total isoflavones, and seed coat lignin under infested and non-infested conditions and under irrigated or non-irrigated conditions compared with the susceptible genotype. The same general trend was found for seed K, Ca, P, Mn, Zn, B, and Cu concentrations in the moderately resistant genotype compared with the susceptible genotype. Our research demonstrated that these seed phytochemical constituents may explain the differences between susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars and may play an important role in the resistance to charcoal rot.展开更多
基金Biotechnology Research Institute,University Malaysia Sabah,Malaysia for financial support of this entire work
文摘Objective:To detect the in vitro total phenolics,flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of essential oil,various organic extracts from the leaves of tropical medicinal plant Tetrastigma from Sabah.Methods:The dry powder leaves of Tetrastigma were extracted with different organic solvent such as hexane.ethyl acetate,chloroform,butanol and aqueous methanol.The total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of the essential oil and various organic extracts such as hexane,ethyl acetate,chloroform,butanol and aqueous ethanol were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the assayed antioxidant activity was determined in vitro models such as antioxidant capacity by radical scavenging activity usingα,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method.Results:The total phenolic contents of the essential oil and different extracts as gallic acid equivalents were found to be highest in methanol extract(386.22 mg/g) followed by ethyl acetate(190.89 mg/g).chloroform(175.89 mg/g).hexane(173.44 mg/g).and Imtanol extract (131.72 mg/g) and the phenolic contents not detected in essential oil.The antioxidant capacity of the essential oil and different extracts as ascorbic acid standard was in the order of methanol extract】ethyl acetate extract】chloroform】butanol】hexane extract also the antioxidant activity was not detected in essential oil.Conclusions:The findings show that the extent of antioxidant activity of the essential oil and all extracts are in accordance with the amount of phenolics present in that extract.Leaves of Tetrastigma being rich in phenolics may provide a good source of antioxidant.
基金CSIR, New Delhi, India, for financial supportBK for NMPB grant GO/UP/03/09
文摘Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C_8 column(250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P.niruri.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30200171）.
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB655301)the Natural Science Foundation of China(21825803)+2 种基金and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20150063)the Program of Excellent Innovation Teams of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Project of Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Thin film composite(TFC) membranes represent a highly promising platform for efficient nanofiltration(NF)processes. However, the improvement in permeance is impeded by the substrates with low permeances. Herein,highly permeable gradient phenolic membranes with tight selectivity are used as substrates to prepare TFC membranes with high permeances by the layer-by-layer assembly method. The negatively charged phenolic substrates are alternately assembled with polycation polyethylenimine(PEI) and polyanion poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)as a result of electrostatic interactions, forming thin and compact PEI/PAA layers tightly attached to the substrate surface. Benefiting from the high permeances and tight surface pores of the gradient nanoporous structures of the substrates, the produced PEI/PAA membranes exhibit a permeance up to 506 L? m-2?h-1?MPa-1, which is ~2–10 times higher than that of other membranes with similar rejections. The PEI/PAA membranes are capable of retaining N 96.1% of negatively charged dyes following the mechanism of electrostatic repulsion. We demonstrate that the membranes can also separate positively and neutrally charged dyes from water via other mechanisms.This work opens a new avenue for the design and preparation of high-flux NF membranes, which is also applicable to enhance the permeance of other TFC membranes.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31070522)the Science and Technology Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2010N5013),China
文摘In this research,the conditions for extraction of phenolics from leaves of Ficus virens were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM).The extraction abilities of phenolics(EAP) and flavonoids(EAF),the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pierylhydrazyl(DPPH) free-radical scavenging potential,and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP) were used as quality indicators.The results of single-factor experiments showed that temperature,ethanol concentration,extraction time,and the number of extraction cycles were the main influencing variables,and these provided key information for the central composite design.The results of RSM fitted well to a second degree polynomial model and more than 98% of the variability was explained.The ideal extraction conditions for EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were obtained.Considering the four quality indicators overall,the ideal extraction conditions were 58% ethanol at 57 °C for 37 min with three extraction cycles.At the ideal extraction conditions,the values of EAP,EAF,DPPH free-radical scavenging potential,and FRAP were 5.72%,3.09%,58.88 mg ascorbic acid equivalent(AAE)/g dry weight(DW),and 15.86 mg AAE/g DW,respectively.In addition,linear correlations were observed between EAP,EAF,and antioxidant potential.
文摘Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) assay is the most widely used and convenient method to determine the total phenolics content in foods, herbs, and other plant extracts. Different phenolics standards such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechol, and vanillic acid have been used for calibration curves in this assay method. Comparison of these standards, in single or combination of two or more, for more accurate determination of phenolics has not been reported so far. This study tested five single phenolics and seven combinations of mixed phenolic standards to evaluate the optimal standards for F-C method. The different standards were tested to calculate the phenolic content in three known test solutions. We also evaluated interference effect of various compounds in phenolics estimation by F-C method that is usually present in the lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugar solution, and in food products along with phenolics. Finally, the optimal standards with five phenolics were used for the determination of phenolics in alkali pretreated biomass extract. The results indicated that gallic acid was the best standard among the single phenolic compounds and five phenolic compounds solution was the best standard among the mixed phenolic solutions. The presence of glucose, HMF, furfural, and vitamin-B12 did not interfere in phenolic determination;whereas ascorbic acid, tyrosine, formic acid, and acetic acid strongly interfered the results. The results also showed that biomass pelleting process did not affect the generation of phenolics in alkali pretreatment extract.
基金supported by the Recruitment Program of Global Experts(to Tao Yuan),Chinathe Xinjiang Key Research and Development Program(No.2016B03038-3)
文摘Two new 24-methyl lanostane triterpenoids,hispindic acids A and B（1 and 2）,and a new phenolic compound,hispinine（7）,along with nine known compounds（3-6,and 8-12）,were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Inonotus hispidus.Their structures were elucidated based on the extensive analysis of spectroscopic data（NMR and HRMS）.Hispindic acid A（1） possesses an unusual formyl group at C-30.Compounds 1,3-4,and 8 showed stronger activate abilities of melanogenesis and tyrosinase in B16 melanoma cells than those of positive control,8-methoxypsoralen,at 50 μmol/L
文摘Plants were collected and prepared for chemical analysis, total phenolics, anthocyanins concentrations, and free radical scavenging activity. Results showed that, protein concentration of Malva parviflora (22.9%) was the highest among the plants. Ruta chalepensis had high levels of fat and carbohydrates (4.2% and 51.7%, respectively), but had the lowest level of ash (8.7%). Mineral concentrations varied and found to have appreciable amounts of Ca, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn and P. Total phenolic ranged from 163.1 (Tetragonolobus palaestinus) to 1328.8 mg GAE/100g (Ruta chalepensis). Anthocyanins ranged between 18.1 (Gundelia tournefortii) and 100.1 mg/100g (Rumex acetosella). These plants differed in free radical scavenging activity. It was concluded that these plants could be considered as natural sources for antioxidants and valuable natural resources as a new addition to the diet of inhabitants.
文摘Long-term postprandial hyperglycemia is a primary risk factor for developing chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,and cardiovascular disease.Chronic hyperglycemia induces the glycation of proteins,oxidative stress,inflammation and increases plasma insulin and lipid concentrations.Insulin resistance is the primary cause of postprandial excursions of blood glucose and lipids.Hyperglycemia can be treated by lowering dietary carbohydrates intake,digestion,and absorption.Various functional foods improve glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity and inhibitingα-glucosidase in the small intestine.Natural phytochemicals,especially active phenolics are good antioxidants and show anti-inflammatory action and regulate blood glucose.This review aimed to report on hypoglycemic properties of active phenolics from functional foods and their proposed anti-diabetic mechanisms.Nevertheless,further clinical trials are required to confirm the bioavailability,safety,and efficacy of phenolics,especially the dosage and duration of treatment,to avoid adverse effects and give better dietary recommendations.
文摘Fruits from 9-year-old apple trees (Malus domestic Borkh. cv. Fuji) were wrapped by two-layerbag in middle of June, and bags were removed in middle of September. The bag-removed treatmentwas performed in following three ways: once-removing all inner and outer bags; twice-removingbag (removing inner bag 3 d after removing outer bag); dipping 5 s in 1 mM salicylic acid (SA)after once-removing all bags. Changes of phenolic compounds in fruit peel in response to lightenvironment were studied before or after removing bag. The results showed that the baggedtreatment could significantly decrease the contents of UV (ultraviolet)absorbing compounds,rutin and anthocyanins of the fruit peel, but increased chlorogenic acid level. After removalof bag, the level of SA and quercetin in the fruit peel appeared peak 1 d after bag-removed,except that quercetin was decreased in SA-treated fruits. UV absorbing compounds, anthocyaninsand rutin were kept increasing all along after the removal of bag, except that chlorogenic acidwas decreased during being retained inner bag in the treatment of twice removing bag. Thepositive correlations existed between changes of UV absorbing compounds and changes ofanthocyanins or rutin. It was suggested that light played an important role in phenolicsmetabolism.
基金University Grants Commission (UGC),New Delhi,India(F.No.34-259\2008)for the financial assistance
文摘Objective:To search for an efficient and inexpensive source of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential and health promoting traits from bark and empty pods of Acacia auriculiformis （A.auriculiformis）.Methods:Samples of bark and empty pod extracts were analyzed for bioactives（phenolics,flavonoids and proanthocyanidins） and subjected to free radical scavenging activity on DPPH<sup>*</sup>,ABTS<sup>?</sup>,OH<sup>?</sup>,O<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup>,and NO along with the determination of reducing power, iron chelating activity and peroxidation inhibition.Defensive action of extracts on biomolecules and cell membranes were evaluated by DNA nicking assay and haemolysis inhibition assay respectively,α-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory potentials were also determined. Results:All the bioactives analyzed were higher in bark（B） than empty pods（EP）[TPC:B （574.51±16.11）;EP（96.80±3.45） mg GAE/g.TFC:B（94.71±7.65）;EP（24（?）87±20.45） mg RE/g. Proanthocyanidins:B（2.81±0.31）;EP（1.25±0.01） mg LE/100 g DM]except flavonoids.Both the extracts showed higher quenching capacity on DPPH and ABTS（DPPH:B（0.21±0.01）;EP（1.51±0.17） g extract/g DPPH.ABTS:B（111 519.14±79 340.91）;EP（80 232.55±32 894.12） mmol TE/g） with the FRAP of B（84 515.63±3 350.69） and EP（47 940.79±1 257.60） mmol Fe（（?））/g.Iron chelation was not observed.In addition,they showed lower quenching activity on OH<sup>?</sup>（B（48.95±1.72）;EP（34.94±1.62）%） and equivalent quenching on O<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>（B（53.47±3.92）;EP（24.41±2.61）%）,NO（B（49.04±5.04）; EP（51.00±5.13）%）,peroxidation inhibition（B（67.50±5.50）;EP（55.l±2.3）%） and antihaemolytic potential（B（87.60±6.84）%） towards authentic antioxidant standards.Interestingly,Empty pod extracts are devoid of antihaemolytic activity.Both the extracts showed dose dependent DNA protection.Besides this,bark and empty pod extracts exhibited dual inhibiting potential againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes.Conclusions:On summarization,it insinuated that both bark and empty pods can be used for the preparation of antioxidant/nutraceutical supplements and in anti-diabetic formulations.
基金All the authors acknowledge the University Grants Commission(UGC)–Special Assistance Programme[Ref No:F.5-16/2016/DRS-1(SAP-II)]in Department of Botany,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore,India for granting the instrument facilities during the research work.The first author gratefully acknowledges to University Grants Commission,India for the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship(Ref No.F1-17.1/2017-18/RGNF-2017-18-SCTAM-37934).
文摘Rubus fruits are rich in nutrition with a wide range of phytochemical and consumed by humans,but many of its wild varieties are not commercially useful.Phytochemical exploration of these wild fruits could improve the commercial usage of these Rubus species.This study focuses to analyze the phytochemical,antioxidant and cytotoxicity of three wild Rubus ellipticus,R.niveus and R.fairholmianus fruits comparatively,which has not revealed.The in vitro antioxidant studies indicated the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of studied Rubus species competent in scavenging different stable and generated radical.The correlation and regression analysis also statistically supported the contents in the extracts could act against various radicals.Correlation between phytochemical constituent and radical scavenging activity found to be highly positive.The results acquired from this investigation revealed that they are equally competent and could be recommended as dietary supplements or as nutraceuticals.
基金Financial support by the German Research Foundation (DFG) (SCHW750/9) in the frame of the Priority Program SPP 1315。
文摘The proportion of organic matter and mineral composition are important factors determining the formation and type of non-extractable residues(NERs) of pesticides in soil. In this study, we investigated the enantioselectivity in degradation and NER formation of the chiral fungicide metalaxyl in soil particle size fractions(silt and clay). Microbial and extracellular enzyme activities during these processes were monitored in incubation of silt and clay samples isolated from sterilized and non-sterilized soil samples collected from a long-term agricultural field experimental site in Ultuna, Sweden. The temporal influence on the fate of the fungicide was noted by short-term(10-d) and long-term(92-d) incubations. Besides the acquisition of quantitative data with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS), stereoselective analyses were performed with chiral GC/MS. Quantitative results pointed to a higher metabolism rate of the pesticide through microbial activity than through extracellular enzyme activity. This was also confirmed by the enantioselective depletion of R-metalaxyl and the subsequent formation of R-metalaxyl acid in microbially active samples from non-sterilized soil. The silt fraction containing a high amount of organic matter exhibited a significant hydrolyzable proportion of metalaxyl NERs that was releasable under alkaline conditions. On the contrary, the clay fraction showed an enhanced affinity for covalently bound residues. Based on our results, we recommend differentiating between reversibly and irreversibly bound proportions of pesticides in persistence and environmental risk assessment because the reversible fraction contained potentially bioavailable amounts of residues that may be released under natural conditions.
基金Supported by the Department of Pharmacy.Oman MedicalCollege.Muscat,Oman(Grant No.OMC-PHAR/425-05/13)
文摘Objective:To perform phytochemical screening,estimate total phenolics,flavonoids and to evaluate antioxidant potential of Moringa peregrina(M.peregrina) leaves.Methods:The dried powdered leaves of M.peregrina(150 g) were extracted exhaustively by Soxhlet with ethanol and then fractionated into hexane,chloroform,ethy alacetate and methanol.All the prepared extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize the chemical compounds present in the crude extracts.Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts.Hydrogen peroxide and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity.Results:Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed presence of 19 phytoconstituents in hexane extract,6 in ethyl acetate and 7 compounds in methanolic extract.Methanol extract was found to contain the highest phenolic content and flavonoids.In vitro antioxidant activities of all crude extracts were significant and comparable with the standard ascorbic acid.Conclusions:Results of this study show that the leaves of M.peregrina are the rich source of phenolic compounds that can play an important role in preventing the progression of many diseases.
文摘Kaempferia parviflora plants derived from in vitro culture were grown in the glasshouse. A comparison of the yield of total phenolics and total flavonoids under varying extraction conditions from rhizomes harvested from plants of different ages was undertaken. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents in the rhizomes were highest 8 months after planting. Another study found that 2 g rhizomes extracted in 50 ml of water at 90°C for 120 minutes gave the best yield of phenolics and flavonoids. Under these conditions, an average of 210 mg GAE/g dry weight of total phenolics and 81 μg QCE/g dry weight of total flavonoids were obtained.
文摘During the Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) micro-assay for the determination of phenolics in the presence of methanol, fine solids can form. In a previous paper, we hypothesized that the interference from alcohol on the F-C reaction can be minimized depending on the particular procedure used to reach the alkalinity condition. In order to demonstrate our hypothesis we studied, by spectrophotometrically monitoring, the time-behaviour of the reactions carried out in the presence of different methanol concentrations at the same alkalinity condition from two protocols. The results showed that the interfering effect of methanol on the F-C micro-method can be affect and even prevented depending on working conditions. In particular, the formation of fine solids can be delayed, slowed down and prevented depending on the initial carbonate concentration used. We have explained why the initial carbonate concentration, used to reach the final alkalinity condition, plays an important role in the F-C reaction carried out in the presence of methanol. Moreover, the results from real-time monitoring showed that, differently from traditional F-C procedure, our procedure allows us to carry out the F-C micro method in the presence of 6% methanol, as an extreme concentration, reading the absorbance at real time 24 min. The real-time monitoring of absorbance can be considered as a useful means to explore the effect of other parameters on precipitate formation caused by the presence of methanol in the F-C reaction.
基金the support from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2104400)the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(21JCQNJC00340)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations for financial support。
文摘Lignin is the most abundant naturally phenolic biomass,and the synthesis of high-performance renewable fuel from lignin has attracted significant attention.We propose the efficient synthesis of high-density fuels using simulated lignin cracked oil in tandem with hydroalkylation and deoxygenation reactions.First,we investigated the reaction pathway for the hydroalkylation of phenol,which competes with the hydrodeoxygenation form cyclohexane.And then,we investigated the effects of metal catalyst types,the loading amount of metallic,acid dosage,and reactant ratio on the reaction results.The phenol hydroalkylation and hydrodeoxygenation were balanced when 180℃ and 5 MPa H_(2)with the alkanes yield of 95%.By extending the substrate to other lignin-derived phenolics and simulated lignin cracked oil,we obtained the polycyclic alkane fuel with high density of 0.918 g·ml^(-1)and calorific value of41.2 MJ·L^(-1).Besides,the fuel has good low-temperature properties(viscosity of 9.3 mm^(2)·s^(-1)at 20℃ and freezing point below-55℃),which is expected to be used as jet fuel.This work provides a promising way for the easy and green production of high-density fuel directly from real lignin oil.
文摘Whole grain cereals are important dietary sources for management of metabolic diseases due to the bioactive components they contain.Hence,this study investigated enzymes(pancreatic lipase,-amylase,-glucosidase,xanthine oxidase and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme)inhibitory property,antioxidant activity and phenolics profile of raw and roasted red sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)grains in vitro.Extracts of flours of raw and roasted(150◦C and 180◦C,for 20 min)grains were assayed for enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities using spectrophotometric methods;while their phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD.The raw grains exhibited strong enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities,and contained phenolic acids(gallic,chlorogenic,caffeic,ellagic and p-coumaric acids)and flavonoids(quercetin,luteolin and apigenin).However,whereas the enzymes inhibitory activity and levels of the phenolic compounds in the grains decreased significantly(p<0.05)with increasing roasting temperature,the antioxidant activity increased.Hence,roasting at high temperature may not be recommended for the optimum retention of the enzymes inhibitory property and phenolic compounds of red sorghum grains.
文摘This study was designed to determine the total phenolic content of 50 herbs and to examine their antioxidant potential. In the sample preparation, 60% ethanol was chosen as the extraction solvent for the subsequent experiments. Folin-Cicolteau phenol reagent and a colorimetric method were used to determine the total phenolic content of the selected herbs. The result showed that total phenolic content of those herbs ranged from 2 to 185 mg/g. In antioxidant assay, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) values ranged from 2 to 134 mg GAE/g;the IC50 values of DPPH?·, ·OH and ?scavenging were in the range of 0.06 - 5.50 mg/mL, 0.017 - 0.636 mg/mL and 0.050 - 0.681 mg/mL respectively. Flos caryophylli was the exceptant in the ?scavenging assay because there was no linear relation between the concentration and the scavenging percentage. Compared to gallic acid, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in antioxidant assay as positive control, the most potential antioxidant herbs were Cacumen platycladi, Radix et Rhizoma rhei, Rhizoma rhodiolae crenulatae, and Rhizoma sanguisorbae with considerable content of phenolics. Especially, a positive and significant correlation was found between the total phenolic content and FRAP value or DPPH· scavenging percentage.
文摘Soybean seed is a major source of phytochemical compounds that impact human health nutrition and livestock meal. Charcoal rot is a disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, and thought to infect the plants through roots by a toxin-mediated mechanism, resulting in yield loss and poor seed quality, especially under drought conditions. Limited information is available on the effect of charcoal rot on seed phytochemical compounds and mineral nutrition in soybean. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of charcoal rot infection on seed phenol, seed coat lignin, isoflavones, and minerals using susceptible (S) (DK 3964) and moderately resistant (MR) (AG 3905) maturity group (MG)III soybean cultivars to charcoal rot. A two-year field experiment was conducted, and infested soil with charcoal rot (infested soil conditions, INF) or control (non-infested soil conditions, NINF) was used. The results showed that the moderately resistant genotype had higher concentrations of seed phenolics, total isoflavones, and seed coat lignin under infested and non-infested conditions and under irrigated or non-irrigated conditions compared with the susceptible genotype. The same general trend was found for seed K, Ca, P, Mn, Zn, B, and Cu concentrations in the moderately resistant genotype compared with the susceptible genotype. Our research demonstrated that these seed phytochemical constituents may explain the differences between susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars and may play an important role in the resistance to charcoal rot.
