In order to verify the synthesis pathway of linoleic acid(LA)to generate arachidonic acid(ARA),the functions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5 in Apostichopus japonicus were tested by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris.A ...In order to verify the synthesis pathway of linoleic acid(LA)to generate arachidonic acid(ARA),the functions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5 in Apostichopus japonicus were tested by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris.A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary LA and ARA on growth,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)biosynthesis and im-mune function of A.japonicus.Seven diets containing graded levels of LA or ARA were formulated,and one diet without PUFA was applied as a control.The results confirmed thatΔ6 FAD from A.japonicus has a double desaturation ability ofΔ6 andΔ5 for PUFA,and it works together with Elovl 5 enzyme play important roles in biosynthesis of ARA from LA.With increasing dietary LA from 4.9 to 12.1 g/kg,the expressions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5,levels of LA,ARA and EPA in tissues increased,and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT enzymes in intestine initially increased and then decreased.Additionally,by increasing dietary ARA from 0.7 to 3.8 g/kg,the contents of ALA,EPA and DHA decreased,while theΔ6 FAD expression and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT in intes-tine increased significantly.Therefore,appropriate dietary levels of LA(12.1 g/kg)or ARA(3.8 g/kg)build a reasonable composi-tion of n-3/n-6 PUFA in A.japonicus,and improved its growth,antioxidant capacity and immunological defenses.展开更多
Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets...Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.展开更多
The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with...The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.展开更多
This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturg...This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturgeon （Acipenser schrencki Brandt） by oral perfusion. Cyrtomiumfortunei, prescription I and prescription II were orally given to 15 fishes for each experimental group once a day, with the concentration of 9,175 and 36 g/S0 kg body weight, respectively. The administration was lasted for 14 days. Meanwhile, distilled water was orally given as the control. After the experiment, some of the experimental fishes were stimulated with high temperature （30 ℃ ） for two hours. Sampling was performed from fishes treated at 22 ℃ and 30 ℃ for measuring the protein content in the serum, phagocytic activity of leucocytes and the activity of the lysozyme in six tissues. The results indicated that Cyrtomiumfortunei and prescription II could help to enhance the content of various proteins and the phagocytic activity of leucocytes. There was no significant change in the effects between these two additives at either the normal temperature or high temperature. Prescription I did not show an obvious effect on the immunity of fishes at the normal temperature, but it did in promo- ting high-efficiency response and improving immunoregulation of fish shocked by some stimuli.展开更多
The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stres...The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stress on their non-specific immunity. Results show that the activity of serum lysozyme decreased signifi- candy with extension of stress time （P 〈 0.05）. The total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and activity of antioxidase in liver were significantly affected. The activi- ty of T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） of fish exposed to ammonia-N were initially decreasing then increasing （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Activities of catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were correlated with concentrations of ammonia-N. Fish exposed to lower concentrations （2.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L） showed decreased CAT activity within 24 h （P 〈 0.05 ）, while those exposed to higher concentrations （10 mg/L or 20 mg/L） initially showed increased then decreased activity of CAT. Except for the highest concentration groups, fish exposed to ammonia-N showed inductive activity of GSH-Px （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Under the ex- perimental conditions, non-specific immunity of tilapia was affected by ammonia-N stress, and the impact was increased with increased concentration and extension of time.展开更多
Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged...Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged with Vibrio splendidus by injection at 1.0×108 cfu/sea cucumber for 15 days.Phagocytic capacity (PC), intracellular superoxide anion production (ISAP), ly-sozyme (LSZ) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the coelomic fluid were analyzed on the 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th days after injection.Results showed that after the 45-day feeding period, PC, ISAP, LSZ activity and SOD activity in sea cucumbers fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin were significantly higher than in those fed with the basal diet.On the 5th day after infection, all the immune parameters examined in the sea cucumbers injected with V.splendidus decreased in value significantly.On the 15th day, PC, ISAP and LSZ activity returned to levels similar to those on the 0th day.For the sea cucumbers injected with saline, there were no significant differences in all the immune parameters examined and in the cumulative morbidity during the 15-day challenging trial.After injecting with V.splendidus, the cumulative morbidity of sea cucumbers fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin when challenged with V.splendidus challenged sea cucumber fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin.There was no significant difference in cumulative morbidity between the dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin treatments over time.展开更多
Neomycin belongs to the family of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics.It is widely used for bacterial infections,targeting most gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria.Neomycin has also been...Neomycin belongs to the family of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics.It is widely used for bacterial infections,targeting most gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria.Neomycin has also been reported to show antiviral activity.Here,we evaluated the toxicity of neomycin sulfate,and investigated its effect on non-specific immunity and viral infection in crucian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio).The safe concentration of neomycin sulfate for crucian carp was determined to be 102.9 mg/kg in vivo.In oxidative damage assays,neomycin sulfate increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and decreased malondialdehyde in the liver of crucian carp.In non-specific blood immune assays,the white blood cell count and complement 3 content significantly increased after neomycin sulfate treatment,while no significant changes were observed in antibacterial or lysozyme activity.In a challenge test,neomycin sulfate protected the crucian carp from cyprinid herpesvirus 2(CyHV-2)infection and inhibited CyHV-2 replication.In cytotoxicity assays,low concentrations of neomycin sulfate had no cytotoxicity on cells from the fins of crucian carp.The results of the present study indicate that oral administration of neomycin sulfate reduced oxidative damage,enhanced immunity and provided protection against CyHV-2 in crucian carp.展开更多
Background The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different dietary soybean meal(SBM)levels on jejunal immunity in nursery pigs at different days post-weaning.Methods Forty-eight pigs(6.2±0...Background The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different dietary soybean meal(SBM)levels on jejunal immunity in nursery pigs at different days post-weaning.Methods Forty-eight pigs(6.2±0.3 kg),weaned at 21 days of age,were assigned to 2 dietary treatments(n=12)in a randomized complete block design and fed for 20 or 42 d in 3 phases(10,10,and 22 d,respectively).The dietary treatments consisted of low and high SBM diets.On d 20 and 42,jejunal mucosa and tissue samples were collected.Treatments were arranged in 2×2 factors with dietary SBM levels(low and high SBM diets)and days post-weaning(20 d and 42 d post-weaning).Results Pigs fed high SBM diets had greater(P<0.05)relative abundance(RA)of jejunal Prevotella,tended to have greater(P=0.091)jejunal IgA,had greater(P<0.05)crypt depth,and tended to have lower(P=0.064)villus height to crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning had greater(P<0.05)RA of jejunal Lactobacillus and had greater(P<0.05)jejunal IL-8 and protein carbonyl than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning tended to have greater(P=0.090)jejunal IgG,tended to have lower(P=0.059)jejunal IgA,and had greater(P<0.05)proportion(%)of Ki-67+cells in the jejunal crypt than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Conclusion Pigs fed high SBM diets showed greater RA of Staphylococcus,a greater immune response,and a decreased VH:CD in the jejunum than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage than pigs at 42 d post-weaning,but the negative impacts of high SBM diets on jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage were consistent compared to low SBM diets at 20 d and 42 d post-weaning.展开更多
Botrytis cinerea is a major necrotrophic pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide.Alternative strategies to control B.cinerea are urgently needed to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides,which are...Botrytis cinerea is a major necrotrophic pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide.Alternative strategies to control B.cinerea are urgently needed to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides,which are increasingly ineffective due to resistance and pose environmental risks.In this study,we identified two immunogenic epitopes derived from the B.cinerea cell death-inducing protein BcCrh1 and used them to engineer disease-resistant plants through a novel,spatially compartmentalized dual-epitope immune activation strategy.The first epitope is derived from a 35-amino acid intracellular peptide that exhibits both immunogenicity and cell death-inducing activity,which was mutated to separate these two properties.The second peptide represents an immunogenic portion of the protein that activates extracellular plant immunity.Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that these epitopes trigger complementary defense pathways,and their co-expression integrates these responses into a robust,multilayered immunity,providing significantly enhanced protection compared with individual expression.Although constitutive expression of two epitopes conferred resistance,it also led to growth penalties.In contrast,pathogen-inducible expression of two epitopes preserved normal plant development while maintaining strong resistance to both B.cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis and tomato.This inducible strategy offers a major advantage by minimizing fitness costs while maximizing protection,highlighting the potential of spatially and temporally targeted epitope-based immune activation for durable and sustainable crop protection.展开更多
Varicella,a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus(VZV),predominantly affects children and is characterized by symptoms such as low-grade fever and vesicular rash[1,2].In China,va...Varicella,a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus(VZV),predominantly affects children and is characterized by symptoms such as low-grade fever and vesicular rash[1,2].In China,varicella remains prevalent,with a steady increase in incidence,peaking at 70.14 cases per 100,000 individuals in 2019[3].Although the number of reported outbreaks and cases from 2020 to 2022 was lower than those from 2006 to 2012 and 2013 to 2019,varicella continues to pose a significant public health challenge[3].展开更多
Objective: To investigate the immune response in patients under persistent vegetative state (PVS) resulting from trauma. Methods: Peripheral blood monocytes were obtained from 12 PVS patients (Group PVS)and individual...Objective: To investigate the immune response in patients under persistent vegetative state (PVS) resulting from trauma. Methods: Peripheral blood monocytes were obtained from 12 PVS patients (Group PVS)and individuals in normal control group by density gradient centrifugation; the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit was then used to measure monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression on the surface of peripheral blood monocytes before and after monocyte activation with either IFN-γ or LPS. Results: Compared with normal control group, the peripheral blood monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression in the Group PVC fell significantly in PVS patients (P< 0.001); the level of HLA-DR antigen expression on the monocyte surface rose notably after stimulation with either IFN-γ or LPS (P< 0.01). As for PVS patients, it was still difficult to restore to normal (P< 0.05).Conclusions: The level of HLA-DR antigen expression on the surface of peripheral blood monocytes in PVS patients decreases obviously. Therefore, the function of non-specific immunity in PVS patients is suppressed.展开更多
In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Ap...In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were determined in order to obtain the optimum bacterial concentration. The gut microbiota change in A. japonicus was then analyzed through high-throughput sequencing during the immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at the optimum concentration for 49 d. The results illustrate that the body weight growth rate of all bathing groups was higher than that of the control. The highest growth rate (25.3%) was achieved when the bacterial concentration was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The activities of non-specific immune enzymes (ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM) of all bathing groups increased, and the activities of the enzymes of groups bathed with the bacterium at 1×10^3 and 1×10^4 CFU/mL reached the highest on day 21 and day 28. Taking the growth rate and economic cost into consideration, the optimum concentration of B. velezensis DY-6 was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The influences of immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at 1×10^3 CFU/mL on the gut microbiota of A. japonicus were then evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Results showed that the gut microbiota changed with the addition of B. velezensis DY-6, and the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota peaked twice on day 14 and day 21, respectively. In association with the non-specific immune enzyme activities and if day 28 was selected as the dividing point, the community structure of the gut microbiota could be obviously divided into two types. The correlation analysis revealed that the non-specific immune enzyme activities were correlated significantly to some gut bacteria (in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) after immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6. Our findings will provide the theoretical foundation for probiotic application in sea cucumber farming.展开更多
Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection remains a major health burden worldwide.To establish a persistence infection,HBV needs to evade both adaptive and innate immune surveillance.Multiple mechanisms for adaptive imm...Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection remains a major health burden worldwide.To establish a persistence infection,HBV needs to evade both adaptive and innate immune surveillance.Multiple mechanisms for adaptive immunity evasion have been established,but how HBV evades the innate surveillance is less clear.There are three types of host cells involving in the innate immune responses against HBV infection:Hepatocytes,hepatic nonparenchymal cells and conventional innate immune cells.Among these,hepatocytes are the only target cells that are susceptible to HBV infection and the only confirmed site where HBV replication takes place.This review focuses on the hepatocyte-intrinsic innate immunity;one of the earliest host defense responses.After entering hepatocytes,the viral components can be sensed by the cellular pattern recognition receptors.This triggers downstream antiviral responses capable of inhibiting viral replication and even degrading the viral DNA genome directly or indirectly.However,HBV has evolved a variety of sophisticated strategies to evade intracellular immune defense,resulting in the establishment of infection.Here,we provide insights into the mechanisms of the intrinsic innate immune response of hepatocytes and how HBV escapes these defense mechanisms.Hopefully,this will lay the foundation for the development of novel anti-HBV therapies.展开更多
The RING-type E3 ligase OsBBI1 regulates rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae through modifying cell wall defenses.In this study,we report the function of an OsBBI1 substrate,eukaryotic translation initiation fa...The RING-type E3 ligase OsBBI1 regulates rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae through modifying cell wall defenses.In this study,we report the function of an OsBBI1 substrate,eukaryotic translation initiation factor OseIF5A4,in rice immunity.OsBBI1 interacts with OseIF5A4 and other four members of the OseIF5A family.The RING domain in OsBBI1 and the eIF-5a domain in OseIF5A4 are critical for the OsBBI1-OseIF5A4 interaction.OsBBI1 ubiquitinates OseIF5A4 and mediates its degradation in vitro and in vivo.Moreover,the expression of OseIF5A4 was upregulated during early stage of compatible interaction but downregulated in incompatible interaction between rice and M.oryzae.Knockout of OseIF5A4 enhances rice immunity against M.oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,boosts pattern-triggered immune responses,and strengthens pathogen-induced defense responses(e.g.,expression of defense genes,accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reinforcement of cell wall).However,overexpression of OseIF5A4 attenuates rice immunity and immune responses.These results demonstrate that OseIF5A4,a substrate of the immunity-associated E3 ligase OsBBI1,negatively regulates rice immunity against M.oryzae and X.oryzae pv.oryzae through modulating pathogen-induced defense responses,highlighting the importance of the protein translational machinery in rice immunity.展开更多
The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple c...The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple crucial for global food security,possesses six transcription factor superfamilies-AP2/ERF,bHLH,bZIP,MYB,NAC,and WRKY-that function in innate immunity against pathogens.We review their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms in rice immunity.展开更多
Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) w...Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) with 0.2 ml bacterial suspension at a density of 5.2 × 106 CFU/ml,while each one in control group injected i.p.with 0.2 ml sterile saline solution(0.85%,w/v).Three bullfrogs in both groups were sampled at 0,1,3,7,11,15 and 20 days post-injection(dpi) for the evaluation of non-specific immune parameters.It was observed that intraperitoneal injection of A.hydrophila significantly increased the number of leucocytes and that of NBT-positive cells in peripheral blood.Significant increases in serum bactericidal activity and serum acid phosphatase activity were also observed in the bacterium-injected frogs when compared with those in the control group.However,a significant reduction was detected in vitro in phagocytosis activity of peripheral blood phagocytes.No significant difference in changes in the number of peripheral erythrocytes,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,and lysozyme activity was detected between the two groups.It is suggested that bullfrogs may produce a series of non-specific immune reactions in response to the A.hydrophila infection.展开更多
Tear fluid,also referred to as tears or tear film,is an important biological fluid that plays a key role in maintaining ocular surface health and immune homeostasis.Recent studies have found that tear fluid not only p...Tear fluid,also referred to as tears or tear film,is an important biological fluid that plays a key role in maintaining ocular surface health and immune homeostasis.Recent studies have found that tear fluid not only participates in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases,but also exerts profound effects in the immune pathological mechanisms of systemic diseases,breaking through the inherent understanding previously held by the scientific community.Immune cells in tear fluid(such as T cells,neutrophils,natural killer cells,macrophages),cytokines,and immunoglobulins can specifically participate in autoimmune diseases(such as Sjögren’s syndrome,rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,Graves’ophthalmopathy)and systemic diseases(such as Alzheimer’s disease,diabetes mellitus,graft-versus-host disease).The dynamic changes in tear fluid components can reflect systemic immune homeostasis imbalance.Tear fluid biomarkers,such as exosomal microRNA(miR)-204,miR-200b-5p,and the protein markerβ2-microglobulin,have shown great potential in early disease screening,diagnostic stratification,and therapeutic target discovery.Tear fluid immune component analysis may provide innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for systemic diseases.Future research should focus on promoting the standardization and clinical transformation of tear fluid testing technologies and their clinical application.展开更多
Lycii Radicis Cortex(LRC)is a medicinal and food homologous plant with various pharmacological activities,including anti-tumor effects.This study explores the anti-tumor effect of LRC on non-small cell lung cancer(NSC...Lycii Radicis Cortex(LRC)is a medicinal and food homologous plant with various pharmacological activities,including anti-tumor effects.This study explores the anti-tumor effect of LRC on non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and its molecular mechanism using mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma cells.LRC significantly suppressed the growth of NSCLC.Besides,RNA sequencing of mice tumors and hematoxylin&eosin and immunofluorescence staining revealed that LRC promoted the infiltration of T lymphocytes,specifically GZMB~+CD8~+T lymphocytes,in tumor tissues.The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of spleen RNA indicated that LRC up-regulated PD-1-downstream pathways,suggesting that LRC exerted its effects through the PDL1/PD-1 pathway.Further experiments revealed that LRC interacted with PD-L1,blocking PD-L1/PD-1 binding and thus restoring the T cell killing activity on tumor cells.Together,these results support using LRC as healthy food to improve anti-tumor immunity in patients with NSCLC.展开更多
Microbes play a critical role in shaping immune development,with growing interest in how rhinovirus(RV)interacts with the host immune system,particularly in individuals with asthma and chronic obstructive pul-monary d...Microbes play a critical role in shaping immune development,with growing interest in how rhinovirus(RV)interacts with the host immune system,particularly in individuals with asthma and chronic obstructive pul-monary disease(COPD).Disruptions in microbial balance during RV infections can impair immune homeostasis and worsen disease outcomes.Recent studies emphasize RV-induced regulation of antiviral defenses,cytokine production,and immune tolerance.This review explores the interplay between RV,the immune system,and microbiota,highlighting the importance of these interactions in guiding effective therapies for respiratory in-fections.It advances existing literature by considering microbiota-mediated therapies as a novel approach to managing RV exacerbations in respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD.展开更多
CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,a critical challenge in the immune response to cancer,is characterized by a profound decline in the functionality of effector CD8^(+)T cells.This state of exhaustion is accompanied by the upre...CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,a critical challenge in the immune response to cancer,is characterized by a profound decline in the functionality of effector CD8^(+)T cells.This state of exhaustion is accompanied by the upregulation of various inhibitory receptors and significant shifts in both transcriptional and epigenetic profiles,thus ultimately leading to inadequate tumor control.Therapeutic strategies aimed at reversing CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion have the potential to rejuvenate immune responses and enhance treatment efficacy.This review compiles current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,including the roles of immune checkpoint molecules,the tumor microenvironment,metabolic reprogramming,transcription factors,and epigenetic modifications.Emerging therapeutic approaches designed to combat CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion are evaluated,with emphasis on the modulation of immune checkpoints;targeting of metabolic and transcriptional changes;and exploration of other innovative strategies,such as epigenetic editing and engineered CAR-T cells.Importantly,we expand the exhaustion concept to immune cells beyond CD8^(+)T cells,such as CD4^(+)T cells,natural killer cells,and myeloid populations,thereby highlighting the broader implications of systemic immunosuppression in the cancer context.Finally,we propose avenues for future research aimed at further elucidating the factors and molecular mechanisms associated with CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,thereby underscoring the critical need for strategies aimed at reversing this state to improve outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Shandong(Nos.ZR2022MC086 and ZR2023MC162).
文摘In order to verify the synthesis pathway of linoleic acid(LA)to generate arachidonic acid(ARA),the functions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5 in Apostichopus japonicus were tested by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris.A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary LA and ARA on growth,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)biosynthesis and im-mune function of A.japonicus.Seven diets containing graded levels of LA or ARA were formulated,and one diet without PUFA was applied as a control.The results confirmed thatΔ6 FAD from A.japonicus has a double desaturation ability ofΔ6 andΔ5 for PUFA,and it works together with Elovl 5 enzyme play important roles in biosynthesis of ARA from LA.With increasing dietary LA from 4.9 to 12.1 g/kg,the expressions ofΔ6 FAD and Elovl 5,levels of LA,ARA and EPA in tissues increased,and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT enzymes in intestine initially increased and then decreased.Additionally,by increasing dietary ARA from 0.7 to 3.8 g/kg,the contents of ALA,EPA and DHA decreased,while theΔ6 FAD expression and the activities of ACP,AKP and CAT in intes-tine increased significantly.Therefore,appropriate dietary levels of LA(12.1 g/kg)or ARA(3.8 g/kg)build a reasonable composi-tion of n-3/n-6 PUFA in A.japonicus,and improved its growth,antioxidant capacity and immunological defenses.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-46)the Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2014A08XK03)
文摘Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.
基金supported by the National High-TechR&D Program of China (2004BA526B02)the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural Univesity,China (610804)the High Level Talents Fund of Qingdao Agricultural University, China (630628)
文摘The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201003055)Fundamental Research Funds in Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(201001)
文摘This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturgeon （Acipenser schrencki Brandt） by oral perfusion. Cyrtomiumfortunei, prescription I and prescription II were orally given to 15 fishes for each experimental group once a day, with the concentration of 9,175 and 36 g/S0 kg body weight, respectively. The administration was lasted for 14 days. Meanwhile, distilled water was orally given as the control. After the experiment, some of the experimental fishes were stimulated with high temperature （30 ℃ ） for two hours. Sampling was performed from fishes treated at 22 ℃ and 30 ℃ for measuring the protein content in the serum, phagocytic activity of leucocytes and the activity of the lysozyme in six tissues. The results indicated that Cyrtomiumfortunei and prescription II could help to enhance the content of various proteins and the phagocytic activity of leucocytes. There was no significant change in the effects between these two additives at either the normal temperature or high temperature. Prescription I did not show an obvious effect on the immunity of fishes at the normal temperature, but it did in promo- ting high-efficiency response and improving immunoregulation of fish shocked by some stimuli.
基金Supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(S2013010013693,S2011010003451)Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province(2013B020307016)Excellent Young Teachers Program of Guangdong(Yq2013152)
文摘The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stress on their non-specific immunity. Results show that the activity of serum lysozyme decreased signifi- candy with extension of stress time （P 〈 0.05）. The total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and activity of antioxidase in liver were significantly affected. The activi- ty of T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） of fish exposed to ammonia-N were initially decreasing then increasing （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Activities of catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were correlated with concentrations of ammonia-N. Fish exposed to lower concentrations （2.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L） showed decreased CAT activity within 24 h （P 〈 0.05 ）, while those exposed to higher concentrations （10 mg/L or 20 mg/L） initially showed increased then decreased activity of CAT. Except for the highest concentration groups, fish exposed to ammonia-N showed inductive activity of GSH-Px （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Under the ex- perimental conditions, non-specific immunity of tilapia was affected by ammonia-N stress, and the impact was increased with increased concentration and extension of time.
基金supported by grant No.2006AA100313 from the National High Technology Research and Development Project of P.R. China (863 Project)
文摘Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged with Vibrio splendidus by injection at 1.0×108 cfu/sea cucumber for 15 days.Phagocytic capacity (PC), intracellular superoxide anion production (ISAP), ly-sozyme (LSZ) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the coelomic fluid were analyzed on the 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th days after injection.Results showed that after the 45-day feeding period, PC, ISAP, LSZ activity and SOD activity in sea cucumbers fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin were significantly higher than in those fed with the basal diet.On the 5th day after infection, all the immune parameters examined in the sea cucumbers injected with V.splendidus decreased in value significantly.On the 15th day, PC, ISAP and LSZ activity returned to levels similar to those on the 0th day.For the sea cucumbers injected with saline, there were no significant differences in all the immune parameters examined and in the cumulative morbidity during the 15-day challenging trial.After injecting with V.splendidus, the cumulative morbidity of sea cucumbers fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin when challenged with V.splendidus challenged sea cucumber fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin.There was no significant difference in cumulative morbidity between the dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin treatments over time.
基金This work was supported by the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(grant number CARS-45-19).The authors report no conflicts of interest in this paper.
文摘Neomycin belongs to the family of 2-deoxystreptamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics.It is widely used for bacterial infections,targeting most gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria.Neomycin has also been reported to show antiviral activity.Here,we evaluated the toxicity of neomycin sulfate,and investigated its effect on non-specific immunity and viral infection in crucian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio).The safe concentration of neomycin sulfate for crucian carp was determined to be 102.9 mg/kg in vivo.In oxidative damage assays,neomycin sulfate increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and decreased malondialdehyde in the liver of crucian carp.In non-specific blood immune assays,the white blood cell count and complement 3 content significantly increased after neomycin sulfate treatment,while no significant changes were observed in antibacterial or lysozyme activity.In a challenge test,neomycin sulfate protected the crucian carp from cyprinid herpesvirus 2(CyHV-2)infection and inhibited CyHV-2 replication.In cytotoxicity assays,low concentrations of neomycin sulfate had no cytotoxicity on cells from the fins of crucian carp.The results of the present study indicate that oral administration of neomycin sulfate reduced oxidative damage,enhanced immunity and provided protection against CyHV-2 in crucian carp.
文摘Background The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different dietary soybean meal(SBM)levels on jejunal immunity in nursery pigs at different days post-weaning.Methods Forty-eight pigs(6.2±0.3 kg),weaned at 21 days of age,were assigned to 2 dietary treatments(n=12)in a randomized complete block design and fed for 20 or 42 d in 3 phases(10,10,and 22 d,respectively).The dietary treatments consisted of low and high SBM diets.On d 20 and 42,jejunal mucosa and tissue samples were collected.Treatments were arranged in 2×2 factors with dietary SBM levels(low and high SBM diets)and days post-weaning(20 d and 42 d post-weaning).Results Pigs fed high SBM diets had greater(P<0.05)relative abundance(RA)of jejunal Prevotella,tended to have greater(P=0.091)jejunal IgA,had greater(P<0.05)crypt depth,and tended to have lower(P=0.064)villus height to crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning had greater(P<0.05)RA of jejunal Lactobacillus and had greater(P<0.05)jejunal IL-8 and protein carbonyl than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning tended to have greater(P=0.090)jejunal IgG,tended to have lower(P=0.059)jejunal IgA,and had greater(P<0.05)proportion(%)of Ki-67+cells in the jejunal crypt than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Conclusion Pigs fed high SBM diets showed greater RA of Staphylococcus,a greater immune response,and a decreased VH:CD in the jejunum than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage than pigs at 42 d post-weaning,but the negative impacts of high SBM diets on jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage were consistent compared to low SBM diets at 20 d and 42 d post-weaning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32372514)the Research and Innovation Initiatives of WHPU(grant no.2024J02)+1 种基金Y.L.(202108280009)was funded by the China Scholarship Councilsupported by BARD(grant no.5261-20C)to A.S and T.M.
文摘Botrytis cinerea is a major necrotrophic pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide.Alternative strategies to control B.cinerea are urgently needed to reduce dependence on chemical fungicides,which are increasingly ineffective due to resistance and pose environmental risks.In this study,we identified two immunogenic epitopes derived from the B.cinerea cell death-inducing protein BcCrh1 and used them to engineer disease-resistant plants through a novel,spatially compartmentalized dual-epitope immune activation strategy.The first epitope is derived from a 35-amino acid intracellular peptide that exhibits both immunogenicity and cell death-inducing activity,which was mutated to separate these two properties.The second peptide represents an immunogenic portion of the protein that activates extracellular plant immunity.Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that these epitopes trigger complementary defense pathways,and their co-expression integrates these responses into a robust,multilayered immunity,providing significantly enhanced protection compared with individual expression.Although constitutive expression of two epitopes conferred resistance,it also led to growth penalties.In contrast,pathogen-inducible expression of two epitopes preserved normal plant development while maintaining strong resistance to both B.cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis and tomato.This inducible strategy offers a major advantage by minimizing fitness costs while maximizing protection,highlighting the potential of spatially and temporally targeted epitope-based immune activation for durable and sustainable crop protection.
文摘Varicella,a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus(VZV),predominantly affects children and is characterized by symptoms such as low-grade fever and vesicular rash[1,2].In China,varicella remains prevalent,with a steady increase in incidence,peaking at 70.14 cases per 100,000 individuals in 2019[3].Although the number of reported outbreaks and cases from 2020 to 2022 was lower than those from 2006 to 2012 and 2013 to 2019,varicella continues to pose a significant public health challenge[3].
文摘Objective: To investigate the immune response in patients under persistent vegetative state (PVS) resulting from trauma. Methods: Peripheral blood monocytes were obtained from 12 PVS patients (Group PVS)and individuals in normal control group by density gradient centrifugation; the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit was then used to measure monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression on the surface of peripheral blood monocytes before and after monocyte activation with either IFN-γ or LPS. Results: Compared with normal control group, the peripheral blood monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression in the Group PVC fell significantly in PVS patients (P< 0.001); the level of HLA-DR antigen expression on the monocyte surface rose notably after stimulation with either IFN-γ or LPS (P< 0.01). As for PVS patients, it was still difficult to restore to normal (P< 0.05).Conclusions: The level of HLA-DR antigen expression on the surface of peripheral blood monocytes in PVS patients decreases obviously. Therefore, the function of non-specific immunity in PVS patients is suppressed.
基金Supported by the Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(No.20603022016008)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901603)the Agriculture Seed Improvement Project of Shandong Province(No.2017LZGC010)
文摘In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were determined in order to obtain the optimum bacterial concentration. The gut microbiota change in A. japonicus was then analyzed through high-throughput sequencing during the immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at the optimum concentration for 49 d. The results illustrate that the body weight growth rate of all bathing groups was higher than that of the control. The highest growth rate (25.3%) was achieved when the bacterial concentration was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The activities of non-specific immune enzymes (ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM) of all bathing groups increased, and the activities of the enzymes of groups bathed with the bacterium at 1×10^3 and 1×10^4 CFU/mL reached the highest on day 21 and day 28. Taking the growth rate and economic cost into consideration, the optimum concentration of B. velezensis DY-6 was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The influences of immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at 1×10^3 CFU/mL on the gut microbiota of A. japonicus were then evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Results showed that the gut microbiota changed with the addition of B. velezensis DY-6, and the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota peaked twice on day 14 and day 21, respectively. In association with the non-specific immune enzyme activities and if day 28 was selected as the dividing point, the community structure of the gut microbiota could be obviously divided into two types. The correlation analysis revealed that the non-specific immune enzyme activities were correlated significantly to some gut bacteria (in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) after immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6. Our findings will provide the theoretical foundation for probiotic application in sea cucumber farming.
基金Supported by Shenzhen Medical Research Fund,No.D2301010Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,No.RCYX20231211090346060。
文摘Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection remains a major health burden worldwide.To establish a persistence infection,HBV needs to evade both adaptive and innate immune surveillance.Multiple mechanisms for adaptive immunity evasion have been established,but how HBV evades the innate surveillance is less clear.There are three types of host cells involving in the innate immune responses against HBV infection:Hepatocytes,hepatic nonparenchymal cells and conventional innate immune cells.Among these,hepatocytes are the only target cells that are susceptible to HBV infection and the only confirmed site where HBV replication takes place.This review focuses on the hepatocyte-intrinsic innate immunity;one of the earliest host defense responses.After entering hepatocytes,the viral components can be sensed by the cellular pattern recognition receptors.This triggers downstream antiviral responses capable of inhibiting viral replication and even degrading the viral DNA genome directly or indirectly.However,HBV has evolved a variety of sophisticated strategies to evade intracellular immune defense,resulting in the establishment of infection.Here,we provide insights into the mechanisms of the intrinsic innate immune response of hepatocytes and how HBV escapes these defense mechanisms.Hopefully,this will lay the foundation for the development of novel anti-HBV therapies.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072403 and 31871945)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100600).
文摘The RING-type E3 ligase OsBBI1 regulates rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae through modifying cell wall defenses.In this study,we report the function of an OsBBI1 substrate,eukaryotic translation initiation factor OseIF5A4,in rice immunity.OsBBI1 interacts with OseIF5A4 and other four members of the OseIF5A family.The RING domain in OsBBI1 and the eIF-5a domain in OseIF5A4 are critical for the OsBBI1-OseIF5A4 interaction.OsBBI1 ubiquitinates OseIF5A4 and mediates its degradation in vitro and in vivo.Moreover,the expression of OseIF5A4 was upregulated during early stage of compatible interaction but downregulated in incompatible interaction between rice and M.oryzae.Knockout of OseIF5A4 enhances rice immunity against M.oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,boosts pattern-triggered immune responses,and strengthens pathogen-induced defense responses(e.g.,expression of defense genes,accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reinforcement of cell wall).However,overexpression of OseIF5A4 attenuates rice immunity and immune responses.These results demonstrate that OseIF5A4,a substrate of the immunity-associated E3 ligase OsBBI1,negatively regulates rice immunity against M.oryzae and X.oryzae pv.oryzae through modulating pathogen-induced defense responses,highlighting the importance of the protein translational machinery in rice immunity.
基金supported by Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development,Republic of Korea(PJ01570601)the Fellowship Program(PJ01661001)of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Republic of KoreaRural Development Administration,Republic of Korea.
文摘The emergence of novel phytopathogens and the accelerated spread of plant diseases to new regions,driven by global climate change,constitute significant threats to agricultural resources.Rice,a major tropical staple crucial for global food security,possesses six transcription factor superfamilies-AP2/ERF,bHLH,bZIP,MYB,NAC,and WRKY-that function in innate immunity against pathogens.We review their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms in rice immunity.
基金Supported by National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No.2001AA5070, 2002AA639600)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No.B0410022, 2006F5066)
文摘Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) with 0.2 ml bacterial suspension at a density of 5.2 × 106 CFU/ml,while each one in control group injected i.p.with 0.2 ml sterile saline solution(0.85%,w/v).Three bullfrogs in both groups were sampled at 0,1,3,7,11,15 and 20 days post-injection(dpi) for the evaluation of non-specific immune parameters.It was observed that intraperitoneal injection of A.hydrophila significantly increased the number of leucocytes and that of NBT-positive cells in peripheral blood.Significant increases in serum bactericidal activity and serum acid phosphatase activity were also observed in the bacterium-injected frogs when compared with those in the control group.However,a significant reduction was detected in vitro in phagocytosis activity of peripheral blood phagocytes.No significant difference in changes in the number of peripheral erythrocytes,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,and lysozyme activity was detected between the two groups.It is suggested that bullfrogs may produce a series of non-specific immune reactions in response to the A.hydrophila infection.
基金supported by the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(A2023423)。
文摘Tear fluid,also referred to as tears or tear film,is an important biological fluid that plays a key role in maintaining ocular surface health and immune homeostasis.Recent studies have found that tear fluid not only participates in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases,but also exerts profound effects in the immune pathological mechanisms of systemic diseases,breaking through the inherent understanding previously held by the scientific community.Immune cells in tear fluid(such as T cells,neutrophils,natural killer cells,macrophages),cytokines,and immunoglobulins can specifically participate in autoimmune diseases(such as Sjögren’s syndrome,rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus,multiple sclerosis,Graves’ophthalmopathy)and systemic diseases(such as Alzheimer’s disease,diabetes mellitus,graft-versus-host disease).The dynamic changes in tear fluid components can reflect systemic immune homeostasis imbalance.Tear fluid biomarkers,such as exosomal microRNA(miR)-204,miR-200b-5p,and the protein markerβ2-microglobulin,have shown great potential in early disease screening,diagnostic stratification,and therapeutic target discovery.Tear fluid immune component analysis may provide innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for systemic diseases.Future research should focus on promoting the standardization and clinical transformation of tear fluid testing technologies and their clinical application.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2022A1515011575)National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(81873154)President Foundation of Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Southern Medical University,China(1202103010)。
文摘Lycii Radicis Cortex(LRC)is a medicinal and food homologous plant with various pharmacological activities,including anti-tumor effects.This study explores the anti-tumor effect of LRC on non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and its molecular mechanism using mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma cells.LRC significantly suppressed the growth of NSCLC.Besides,RNA sequencing of mice tumors and hematoxylin&eosin and immunofluorescence staining revealed that LRC promoted the infiltration of T lymphocytes,specifically GZMB~+CD8~+T lymphocytes,in tumor tissues.The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of spleen RNA indicated that LRC up-regulated PD-1-downstream pathways,suggesting that LRC exerted its effects through the PDL1/PD-1 pathway.Further experiments revealed that LRC interacted with PD-L1,blocking PD-L1/PD-1 binding and thus restoring the T cell killing activity on tumor cells.Together,these results support using LRC as healthy food to improve anti-tumor immunity in patients with NSCLC.
文摘Microbes play a critical role in shaping immune development,with growing interest in how rhinovirus(RV)interacts with the host immune system,particularly in individuals with asthma and chronic obstructive pul-monary disease(COPD).Disruptions in microbial balance during RV infections can impair immune homeostasis and worsen disease outcomes.Recent studies emphasize RV-induced regulation of antiviral defenses,cytokine production,and immune tolerance.This review explores the interplay between RV,the immune system,and microbiota,highlighting the importance of these interactions in guiding effective therapies for respiratory in-fections.It advances existing literature by considering microbiota-mediated therapies as a novel approach to managing RV exacerbations in respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82171810)the Program of Shandong Provincial Scientific and Technological Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Grant No.M-2023210)。
文摘CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,a critical challenge in the immune response to cancer,is characterized by a profound decline in the functionality of effector CD8^(+)T cells.This state of exhaustion is accompanied by the upregulation of various inhibitory receptors and significant shifts in both transcriptional and epigenetic profiles,thus ultimately leading to inadequate tumor control.Therapeutic strategies aimed at reversing CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion have the potential to rejuvenate immune responses and enhance treatment efficacy.This review compiles current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,including the roles of immune checkpoint molecules,the tumor microenvironment,metabolic reprogramming,transcription factors,and epigenetic modifications.Emerging therapeutic approaches designed to combat CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion are evaluated,with emphasis on the modulation of immune checkpoints;targeting of metabolic and transcriptional changes;and exploration of other innovative strategies,such as epigenetic editing and engineered CAR-T cells.Importantly,we expand the exhaustion concept to immune cells beyond CD8^(+)T cells,such as CD4^(+)T cells,natural killer cells,and myeloid populations,thereby highlighting the broader implications of systemic immunosuppression in the cancer context.Finally,we propose avenues for future research aimed at further elucidating the factors and molecular mechanisms associated with CD8^(+)T cell exhaustion,thereby underscoring the critical need for strategies aimed at reversing this state to improve outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.
