Chronic liver diseases are very common worldwide, particularly those linked to viral hepatitis and to alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Their natural history is variable and long-term evolution differs in indiv...Chronic liver diseases are very common worldwide, particularly those linked to viral hepatitis and to alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Their natural history is variable and long-term evolution differs in individual patients. Optimised clinical management of compensated chronic liver diseases requires precise definition of the stage of liver fibrosis, the main determinant of prognosis and of most therapeutic decisions. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. However, it is invasive with possible complications, costly and prone to sampling errors. Many non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been recently proposed and assessed in the clinical setting as surrogates of liver biopsy. Direct markers are based on biochemical parameters directly linked to fibrogenesis while indirect markers use simple or more sophisticated parameters that correlate with liver fibrosis stages. Non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been tested in different forms of chronic liver disease and showed variable diagnostic performance, but accuracy rarely was above 75%-80%. Better results were obtained when markers were combined. On this line, we have recently proposed a set of algorithms that combine sequentially indirect non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis, reaching 90%-95% diagnostic accuracy with significant reduction in the need for liver biopsy. Based on available evidence, it can be anticipated that non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis and their combined use will soon become a most useful tool in the clinical management of many forms of chronic liver disease. However, their implementation is expected to reduce, but not to completely eliminate, the need for liver biopsy.展开更多
AIM: To identify the independent predictors of hepatic fibrosis in 69 children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected ...AIM: To identify the independent predictors of hepatic fibrosis in 69 children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected NASH underwent liver biopsy as a confirmatory test. The following clinical and biochemical variables at baseline were examined as likely predictors of fibrosis at histology: age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), dyastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistence (HOMA-IR), cholesterol, tryglicerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT ratio, gamma glutamil transferase (GT), platelet count, prothrombin time (PT). RESULTS: At histology 28 (40.6%) patients had no fibrosis and 41 (59.4%) had mild to bridging fibrosis. At multivariate analysis, BMI > 26.3 was the only independent predictor of fibrosis (OR = 5.85, 95% CI = 1.6-21). CONCLUSION: BMI helps identify children with NASH who might have fibrotic deposition in the liver.展开更多
The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the role,clinical applications and future perspectives of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infec...The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the role,clinical applications and future perspectives of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.During the past decade many non-invasive methods have been developed to reduce the need for liver biopsy in staging fibrosis and to overcome whenever possible its limitations,mainly:invasiveness,costs,low reproducibility,poor acceptance by patients.Elastographic techniques conceived to assess liver stiffness,in particular transient elastography,and the most commonly used biological markers will be assessed against their respective role and limitations in staging hepatic fibrosis.Recent evidence highlights that both liver stiffness and some bio-chemical markers correlatewith survival and major clinical end-points such as liver decompensation,development of hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension.Thus the non-invasive techniques here discussed can play a major role in the management of patients with chronic HBV-related hepatitis.Given their prognostic value,transient elastography and some bio-chemical markers can be used to better categorize patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis and assign them to different classes of risk for clinically relevant outcomes.Very recent data indicates that the combined measurements of liver and spleen stiffness enable the reliable prediction of portal hypertension and esophageal varices development.展开更多
Transparent flow field visualization techniques play a critical role in engineering and scientific applications.They provide a clear and intuitive means to understand fluid dynamics and its complex phenomena,such as l...Transparent flow field visualization techniques play a critical role in engineering and scientific applications.They provide a clear and intuitive means to understand fluid dynamics and its complex phenomena,such as laminar flow,turbulence,and vortices.However,achieving fully two-dimensional quantitative visualization of transparent flow fields under non-invasive conditions remains a significant challenge.Here,we present an approach for achieving flow field visualization by harnessing the synergistic effects of a dielectric metasurface array endowed with photonic spindecoupled capability.This approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of light-field images containing flow field information in two orthogonal dimensions,which allows for the real-time and quantitative derivation of multiple physical parameters.As a proof-of-concept,we experimentally demonstrate the applicability of the proposed visualization technique to various scenarios,including temperature field mapping,gas leak detection,visualization of various fluid physical phenomena,and 3D morphological reconstruction of transparent phase objects.This technique not only establishes an exceptional platform for advancing research in fluid physics,but also exhibits significant potential for broad applications in industrial design and vision.展开更多
Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)is a non-invasive imaging modality that generates real-time images by measuring tissue bioimpedance.It works by applying current and collecting voltage data to reconstruct images of...Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)is a non-invasive imaging modality that generates real-time images by measuring tissue bioimpedance.It works by applying current and collecting voltage data to reconstruct images of electrical conductivity,refl ecting tissue properties.[1]We aim to off er a comprehensive guide to the fundamental technology behind EIT and to explore its clinical applications across both pulmonary and extrapulmonary domains.展开更多
Pushing the information states'acquisition efficiency has been a long-held goal to reach the measurement precision limit inside scattering spaces.Recent studies have indicated that maximal information states can b...Pushing the information states'acquisition efficiency has been a long-held goal to reach the measurement precision limit inside scattering spaces.Recent studies have indicated that maximal information states can be attained through engineered modes;however,partial intrusion is generally required.While non-invasive designs have been substantially explored across diverse physical scenarios,the non-invasive acquisition of information states inside dynamic scattering spaces remains challenging due to the intractable non-unique mapping problem,particularly in the context of multi-target scenarios.Here,we establish the feasibility of non-invasive information states'acquisition experimentally for the first time by introducing a tandem-generated adversarial network framework inside dynamic scattering spaces.To illustrate the framework's efficacy,we demonstrate that efficient information states'acquisition for multi-target scenarios can achieve the Fisher information limit solely through the utilization of the external scattering matrix of the system.Our work provides insightful perspectives for precise measurements inside dynamic complex systems.展开更多
Chemical exposure during prenatal development has significant implications for both maternal and child health.Compared to blood,saliva is a non-invasive and less resource-intensive,alternative.Given the temporal varia...Chemical exposure during prenatal development has significant implications for both maternal and child health.Compared to blood,saliva is a non-invasive and less resource-intensive,alternative.Given the temporal variability of xenobiotic metabolites(XM),repeated sampling is essential.Therefore,saliva offers a valuable tool for the longitudinal assessment of prenatal exposomes.Despite its potential,no studies have explored saliva for XM measurement.This study pioneered using saliva to assess XM detectability and investigate the associations between prenatal XM and endogenous metabolomes in pregnant women.Saliva samples were analysed using mass spectrometry from 80 pregnant women at 24–34 weeks gestation.Metabolomes and exposomes were annotated using the Human Metabolome and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency databases.Metabolome-XM associations were clustered using Glay community clustering.Linear regression models,adjusted for age,estimated associations between catecholamines and XMs.XM levels were validated in a cohort of women(n=14)with and without preeclampsia.Our study identified 582 metabolomes and 125 XM in saliva,demonstrating its potential as a matrix for exposure measurement.After false discovery rate correction,18109 significant metabolome-XM associations were identified.Community clustering revealed 37 connected clusters,with the largest cluster(238 nodes)enriched in tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism.Food-contactchemicals and food-additives were significantly associated with higher catecholamine and their metabolite levels.Subgroup analyses revealed higher concentrations of these chemicals in women with preeclampsia compared to healthy controls.This study demonstrates that saliva contains valuable molecular data for measuring exposomes.Food-related chemicals were associated with higher catecholamine levels,which may be relevant to the prevalence of hypertensive crises in pregnancy.展开更多
In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology,Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C.They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis stag...In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology,Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C.They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis staging with the aid of the metabolome of Hepatitis C patients.Overall I think Ferrassi et al took a different approach in identifying fibrosis biomarkers,by looking at the patients’metabolome.Their biomarkers clearly separate patients from controls.They can also separate out,patients with minimal fibrosis(F0-F1 stage)and patients with cirrhosis(F4 stage).Obviously,if these biomarkers were to be widely used,tests for all the important metabolites would need to be readily available for use in hospitals or outpatient setting and that may prove difficult and above all,costly.Nevertheless,this step could eventually lead to a metabolomic approach for novel biomarkers of Fibrosis.Obviously,it would need to be validated,but could represent a step towards the Holy Grail of Hepatology.展开更多
The global prevalence of chronic liver disease(CLD)is relatively high and reported to occur in up to 20%of people^([1]).Regarding pathogenesis,chronic inflammation leads to hepatocyte destruction and progressive fibro...The global prevalence of chronic liver disease(CLD)is relatively high and reported to occur in up to 20%of people^([1]).Regarding pathogenesis,chronic inflammation leads to hepatocyte destruction and progressive fibrosis of the liver parenchyma.Cirrhosis is the(mostly irreversible)late-stage of scarring of the liver caused by various forms of CLD.Arising complications due to portal hypertension and/or hepatocellular carcinoma are responsible for the dramatically increasing morbidity and mortality among this patient collective^([2,3]).展开更多
Background:Collecting and studying live sperm is central to many important fields of biology.Yet,a simple method to collect live sperm is lacking in wild seabird species.Here,we describe a non?invasive method to colle...Background:Collecting and studying live sperm is central to many important fields of biology.Yet,a simple method to collect live sperm is lacking in wild seabird species.Here,we describe a non?invasive method to collect viable sperm samples based on a simple massage technique applied to male Black?legged Kittiwakes(Rissa tridactyla).Methods:We studied a colony breeding at Kongsfjorden,Svalbard and successfully obtained sperm samples from 32 males.With a subset of samples(n = 12 males),we compared the suitability of several extenders(0.9% NaCl,PBS,Earle's balance salt solution,Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium) in maintaining sperm alive long enough for analyses.With another 18 ejaculates,we conducted computer assisted sperm analyses using the CASA plugin for ImageJ.We provide details about the settings to be used for such analyses.Lastly,droplets from 20 ejaculates were smeared on glass slides and preserved with formalin to characterize sperm morphology in terms of total sperm length,sperm head length,midpiece length and flagellum length,and percentage of abnormal sperm.Results:With this method and under field conditions,we were able to obtain sufficient amounts of live sperm to assess traits related to sperm quality(e.g.sperm morphology,percentage of motile sperm,sperm velocity).We found that two extenders,Earle's balanced salt solution and Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium,yielded similarly good results.Additionally,we investigated whether specific behaviours were associated with successful sperm collection and whether sperm collection success depended on how long before laying sperm collection was attempted.Finally,we provide mean values for sperm morphology,sperm swimming ability and percentage of motile sperm,which may prove useful for future comparative analyses,and we report high levels of sperm abnormality and within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology.Conclusions:We discuss the high percentage of abnormal sperm and high within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology in light of sperm competition theory and conclude that these figures are likely due to relaxed post?cop?ulatory sexual selection,kittiwakes being strictly monogamous.Finally,we suggest that this method could be applied to other seabird species sharing similar ecology.展开更多
The new European clinical practice guidelines from three scientific societies(European Association for the Study of the Liver,European Association for the Study of Diabetes and European Association for the Study of Ob...The new European clinical practice guidelines from three scientific societies(European Association for the Study of the Liver,European Association for the Study of Diabetes and European Association for the Study of Obesity)on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)provide detailed recommendations on diagnosis,risk stratification,monitoring strategies,treatment and prevention.Lifestyle interventions(eg,weight reduction,Mediterranean diet,exercise,alcohol abstinence)and the treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors continue to be the mainstay of treatment and prevention of the disease.Incretin mimetics that are approved to treat obesity and/or type 2 diabetes such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have benefits for ameliorating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis(MASH).Novel developments include adapted strategies for screening(case finding)using non-invasive tests(NITs)with a focus on detecting fibrosis or cirrhosis,risk-adjusted monitoring of MASLD by NITs as well as the recommendation to use,if locally approved,the thyroid hormone receptorβ-agonist resmetirom in patients with non-cirrhotic MASH fibrosis(≥F2 stage).展开更多
Temporal interference(TI)stimulation is a non-invasive technique for electrically stimulating neurons at depth.1 It leverages the low-pass filtering properties of neural membranes,which render neurons more sensitive t...Temporal interference(TI)stimulation is a non-invasive technique for electrically stimulating neurons at depth.1 It leverages the low-pass filtering properties of neural membranes,which render neurons more sensitive to low-frequency oscillating fields compared with high-frequency fields(e.g.,R1 kHz).This approach generates a low-frequency modulated electric field—termed envelope modulation—by superimposing high-frequency currents with slightly different frequencies,applied via scalp electrodes.The characteristics of the envelope modulation are determined by the vector sum of the applied field vectors at a given point.By adjusting electrode positions and current ratios,the amplitude of the envelope modulation can be maximized at a point distant from the scalp,potentially reaching deep brain regions.展开更多
In the intricate labyrinth of modern medical advancements,the quest for non-invasive and precise diagnostic tools is a journey of continual discovery and innovation.One of the most compelling frontiers in this realm i...In the intricate labyrinth of modern medical advancements,the quest for non-invasive and precise diagnostic tools is a journey of continual discovery and innovation.One of the most compelling frontiers in this realm is the monitoring of cerebral blood flow,a critical parameter that holds the key to understanding a myriad of neurological conditions[1,2].Traditional Transcranial Doppler(TCD)sonography,despite its widespread application,has been hindered by a number of limitations[3].展开更多
Objective We aim to explore positive predictive value(PPV)in non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)-positive case and investigate the impact of diverse clinical indications and Z-scores on PPV performance.Methods From Ja...Objective We aim to explore positive predictive value(PPV)in non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)-positive case and investigate the impact of diverse clinical indications and Z-scores on PPV performance.Methods From January 2021 to June 2024,37891 pregnant women underwent NIPT screening for fetal trisomy 21(T21),trisomy 18(T18)and trisomy 13(T13)a our laboratory using the NextSeq CN500 platform.Positive results were verified through prenatal diagnostic karyotyp analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridisation(FISH)techniques.Results The sensitivity,specificity and PPV were 95.24%99.95%,67.80%for T21;100%,99.97%,56.00%for T18;and 100%,99.97%,16.67%for T13.Across clinical indications,PPV ranged from 0%to 100%for T21 and T18 and 0%to 28.57%for T13.In the T21 group,the predominant proportion of pregnant women(45.76%)exhibited Z-scores between 5 and 10,accompanied by a PPV of 77.78%.For those with Z-scores above 10(23.73%),the PPV was 85.71%.Pregnant women with Z-scores between 3 and 5 exhibited a PPV of 16.67%.In the T18 group,the majority of women(52.00%)exhibited Z-scores ranging from 3 to 5,with a PPV of 33.85%.In the T13 group,all women had Z-scores between 5 and 10,with a PPV of 40.00%.Conclusions NIPT exhibits elevated PPVs for T21 and T18.Moreover,the detection eficacy of NIPT difters acros several clinical indication categories.The PPV performanc of NIPT for T21/T18/T13 is associated with Z-scores.These results provide valuable guidance for clinicians in prenatal consultation and interpretation of NIPT results.展开更多
Fifty years after the introduction of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG),a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis[1],it is still the most effective and successful adjuvant immunotherapy of non-muscle invasive b...Fifty years after the introduction of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG),a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis[1],it is still the most effective and successful adjuvant immunotherapy of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)[2].The guidelines of the European Association of Urology(EAU)suggest a 6-weekly induction phase followed by a maintenance schedule of BCG once weekly for 3 weeks and at 3,6,12,18,24,30,and 36 months for 1 to 3 years[2].展开更多
Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography...Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).展开更多
Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces(NI-BCIs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and wide range of applications.However,developing non-invasive electroencephalogram(EEG)electrodes that are highl...Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces(NI-BCIs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and wide range of applications.However,developing non-invasive electroencephalogram(EEG)electrodes that are highly sensitive,comfortable to wear,and reusable has been challenging due to the limitations of conventional electrodes.Here,we introduce a simple method for fabricating semi-dry hydrogel EEG electrodes with antibacterial properties,enabling long-term,repeatable acquisition of EEG.By utilizing N-acryloyl glycinamide and hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan,we have prepared electrodes that not only possess good mechanical properties(compression modulus 65 kPa)and anti-fatigue properties but also exhibit superior antibacterial properties.These electrodes effectively inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative(E.coli)and Gram-positive(S.epidermidis)bacteria.Furthermore,the hydrogel maintains stable water retention properties,resulting in an average contact impedance of<400Ωmeasured over 12 h,and an ionic conductivity of 0.39 mS cm^(−1).Cytotoxicity and skin irritation tests have confirmed the high biocompatibility of the hydrogel electrodes.In an N170 event-related potential(ERP)test on human volunteers,we successfully captured the expected ERP signal waveform and a high signal-to-noise ratio(20.02 dB),comparable to that of conventional wet electrodes.Moreover,contact impedance on the scalps remained below 100 kΩfor 12 h,while wet electrodes became unable to detect signals after 7–8 h due to dehydration.In summary,our hydrogel electrodes are capable of detecting ERPs over extended periods in an easy-to-use manner with antibacterial properties.This reduces the risk of bacterial infection associated with prolonged reuse and expands the potential of NI-BCIs in daily life.展开更多
Brain-computer interface(BCI)is an emerging technology with significant potential in clinical neurorestoratology.Over the past two years,various BCI systems,either invasive or non-invasive,have demonstrated promising ...Brain-computer interface(BCI)is an emerging technology with significant potential in clinical neurorestoratology.Over the past two years,various BCI systems,either invasive or non-invasive,have demonstrated promising effectives in clinical neurorestorative applications.These advancements have led to notable progress in areas such as motor function recovery,neurofeedback training,assistive communication,and stroke rehabilitation.展开更多
文摘Chronic liver diseases are very common worldwide, particularly those linked to viral hepatitis and to alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Their natural history is variable and long-term evolution differs in individual patients. Optimised clinical management of compensated chronic liver diseases requires precise definition of the stage of liver fibrosis, the main determinant of prognosis and of most therapeutic decisions. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. However, it is invasive with possible complications, costly and prone to sampling errors. Many non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been recently proposed and assessed in the clinical setting as surrogates of liver biopsy. Direct markers are based on biochemical parameters directly linked to fibrogenesis while indirect markers use simple or more sophisticated parameters that correlate with liver fibrosis stages. Non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been tested in different forms of chronic liver disease and showed variable diagnostic performance, but accuracy rarely was above 75%-80%. Better results were obtained when markers were combined. On this line, we have recently proposed a set of algorithms that combine sequentially indirect non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis, reaching 90%-95% diagnostic accuracy with significant reduction in the need for liver biopsy. Based on available evidence, it can be anticipated that non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis and their combined use will soon become a most useful tool in the clinical management of many forms of chronic liver disease. However, their implementation is expected to reduce, but not to completely eliminate, the need for liver biopsy.
文摘AIM: To identify the independent predictors of hepatic fibrosis in 69 children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected NASH underwent liver biopsy as a confirmatory test. The following clinical and biochemical variables at baseline were examined as likely predictors of fibrosis at histology: age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), dyastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistence (HOMA-IR), cholesterol, tryglicerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT ratio, gamma glutamil transferase (GT), platelet count, prothrombin time (PT). RESULTS: At histology 28 (40.6%) patients had no fibrosis and 41 (59.4%) had mild to bridging fibrosis. At multivariate analysis, BMI > 26.3 was the only independent predictor of fibrosis (OR = 5.85, 95% CI = 1.6-21). CONCLUSION: BMI helps identify children with NASH who might have fibrotic deposition in the liver.
文摘The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the role,clinical applications and future perspectives of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.During the past decade many non-invasive methods have been developed to reduce the need for liver biopsy in staging fibrosis and to overcome whenever possible its limitations,mainly:invasiveness,costs,low reproducibility,poor acceptance by patients.Elastographic techniques conceived to assess liver stiffness,in particular transient elastography,and the most commonly used biological markers will be assessed against their respective role and limitations in staging hepatic fibrosis.Recent evidence highlights that both liver stiffness and some bio-chemical markers correlatewith survival and major clinical end-points such as liver decompensation,development of hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension.Thus the non-invasive techniques here discussed can play a major role in the management of patients with chronic HBV-related hepatitis.Given their prognostic value,transient elastography and some bio-chemical markers can be used to better categorize patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis and assign them to different classes of risk for clinically relevant outcomes.Very recent data indicates that the combined measurements of liver and spleen stiffness enable the reliable prediction of portal hypertension and esophageal varices development.
基金support from the Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFA1205000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12274217,12104225)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220068)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesThe authors acknowledge the technique support from the microfabrication center of the National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures.
文摘Transparent flow field visualization techniques play a critical role in engineering and scientific applications.They provide a clear and intuitive means to understand fluid dynamics and its complex phenomena,such as laminar flow,turbulence,and vortices.However,achieving fully two-dimensional quantitative visualization of transparent flow fields under non-invasive conditions remains a significant challenge.Here,we present an approach for achieving flow field visualization by harnessing the synergistic effects of a dielectric metasurface array endowed with photonic spindecoupled capability.This approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of light-field images containing flow field information in two orthogonal dimensions,which allows for the real-time and quantitative derivation of multiple physical parameters.As a proof-of-concept,we experimentally demonstrate the applicability of the proposed visualization technique to various scenarios,including temperature field mapping,gas leak detection,visualization of various fluid physical phenomena,and 3D morphological reconstruction of transparent phase objects.This technique not only establishes an exceptional platform for advancing research in fluid physics,but also exhibits significant potential for broad applications in industrial design and vision.
基金supported partially by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82470068,82270086,GS Zhang82372185,BP Tian)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Key Project)(LZ25H150001,GS Zhang)the National Health Commission Scientifi c Research Fund Zhejiang Provincial Health Major Science and Technology Plan Project(co-construction project of National Health Commission Committee and Zhejiang Province)(WKJ-ZJ-2526,GS Zhang)the Medical and Health Research Program of Zhejiang Province(2023572679).
文摘Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)is a non-invasive imaging modality that generates real-time images by measuring tissue bioimpedance.It works by applying current and collecting voltage data to reconstruct images of electrical conductivity,refl ecting tissue properties.[1]We aim to off er a comprehensive guide to the fundamental technology behind EIT and to explore its clinical applications across both pulmonary and extrapulmonary domains.
基金Zhejiang University was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)under grant nos.62071424,62201499,and 62027805。
文摘Pushing the information states'acquisition efficiency has been a long-held goal to reach the measurement precision limit inside scattering spaces.Recent studies have indicated that maximal information states can be attained through engineered modes;however,partial intrusion is generally required.While non-invasive designs have been substantially explored across diverse physical scenarios,the non-invasive acquisition of information states inside dynamic scattering spaces remains challenging due to the intractable non-unique mapping problem,particularly in the context of multi-target scenarios.Here,we establish the feasibility of non-invasive information states'acquisition experimentally for the first time by introducing a tandem-generated adversarial network framework inside dynamic scattering spaces.To illustrate the framework's efficacy,we demonstrate that efficient information states'acquisition for multi-target scenarios can achieve the Fisher information limit solely through the utilization of the external scattering matrix of the system.Our work provides insightful perspectives for precise measurements inside dynamic complex systems.
基金supported by grants from Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medicine Research grant(AM/SU035/2020)NMRC Clinician-Scientist Individual Research Grant New Investigator Grant(CNIG20nov-0003).
文摘Chemical exposure during prenatal development has significant implications for both maternal and child health.Compared to blood,saliva is a non-invasive and less resource-intensive,alternative.Given the temporal variability of xenobiotic metabolites(XM),repeated sampling is essential.Therefore,saliva offers a valuable tool for the longitudinal assessment of prenatal exposomes.Despite its potential,no studies have explored saliva for XM measurement.This study pioneered using saliva to assess XM detectability and investigate the associations between prenatal XM and endogenous metabolomes in pregnant women.Saliva samples were analysed using mass spectrometry from 80 pregnant women at 24–34 weeks gestation.Metabolomes and exposomes were annotated using the Human Metabolome and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency databases.Metabolome-XM associations were clustered using Glay community clustering.Linear regression models,adjusted for age,estimated associations between catecholamines and XMs.XM levels were validated in a cohort of women(n=14)with and without preeclampsia.Our study identified 582 metabolomes and 125 XM in saliva,demonstrating its potential as a matrix for exposure measurement.After false discovery rate correction,18109 significant metabolome-XM associations were identified.Community clustering revealed 37 connected clusters,with the largest cluster(238 nodes)enriched in tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism.Food-contactchemicals and food-additives were significantly associated with higher catecholamine and their metabolite levels.Subgroup analyses revealed higher concentrations of these chemicals in women with preeclampsia compared to healthy controls.This study demonstrates that saliva contains valuable molecular data for measuring exposomes.Food-related chemicals were associated with higher catecholamine levels,which may be relevant to the prevalence of hypertensive crises in pregnancy.
文摘In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology,Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C.They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis staging with the aid of the metabolome of Hepatitis C patients.Overall I think Ferrassi et al took a different approach in identifying fibrosis biomarkers,by looking at the patients’metabolome.Their biomarkers clearly separate patients from controls.They can also separate out,patients with minimal fibrosis(F0-F1 stage)and patients with cirrhosis(F4 stage).Obviously,if these biomarkers were to be widely used,tests for all the important metabolites would need to be readily available for use in hospitals or outpatient setting and that may prove difficult and above all,costly.Nevertheless,this step could eventually lead to a metabolomic approach for novel biomarkers of Fibrosis.Obviously,it would need to be validated,but could represent a step towards the Holy Grail of Hepatology.
文摘The global prevalence of chronic liver disease(CLD)is relatively high and reported to occur in up to 20%of people^([1]).Regarding pathogenesis,chronic inflammation leads to hepatocyte destruction and progressive fibrosis of the liver parenchyma.Cirrhosis is the(mostly irreversible)late-stage of scarring of the liver caused by various forms of CLD.Arising complications due to portal hypertension and/or hepatocellular carcinoma are responsible for the dramatically increasing morbidity and mortality among this patient collective^([2,3]).
基金supported by the Institut Polaire Fran?ais,IPEV project 330 to OCPB was funded by an Arctic Field Grant(No.256934)from the Research Council of Norway+1 种基金by a Ph.D grant from University of La RochelleFH was financially supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation(No.PP00P3_139011)
文摘Background:Collecting and studying live sperm is central to many important fields of biology.Yet,a simple method to collect live sperm is lacking in wild seabird species.Here,we describe a non?invasive method to collect viable sperm samples based on a simple massage technique applied to male Black?legged Kittiwakes(Rissa tridactyla).Methods:We studied a colony breeding at Kongsfjorden,Svalbard and successfully obtained sperm samples from 32 males.With a subset of samples(n = 12 males),we compared the suitability of several extenders(0.9% NaCl,PBS,Earle's balance salt solution,Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium) in maintaining sperm alive long enough for analyses.With another 18 ejaculates,we conducted computer assisted sperm analyses using the CASA plugin for ImageJ.We provide details about the settings to be used for such analyses.Lastly,droplets from 20 ejaculates were smeared on glass slides and preserved with formalin to characterize sperm morphology in terms of total sperm length,sperm head length,midpiece length and flagellum length,and percentage of abnormal sperm.Results:With this method and under field conditions,we were able to obtain sufficient amounts of live sperm to assess traits related to sperm quality(e.g.sperm morphology,percentage of motile sperm,sperm velocity).We found that two extenders,Earle's balanced salt solution and Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium,yielded similarly good results.Additionally,we investigated whether specific behaviours were associated with successful sperm collection and whether sperm collection success depended on how long before laying sperm collection was attempted.Finally,we provide mean values for sperm morphology,sperm swimming ability and percentage of motile sperm,which may prove useful for future comparative analyses,and we report high levels of sperm abnormality and within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology.Conclusions:We discuss the high percentage of abnormal sperm and high within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology in light of sperm competition theory and conclude that these figures are likely due to relaxed post?cop?ulatory sexual selection,kittiwakes being strictly monogamous.Finally,we suggest that this method could be applied to other seabird species sharing similar ecology.
基金supported by a Digital Clinician Scientist fellowship from the Berlin Institute of Health.Work in the lab of FT has been funded by the German Research Foundation(DFG Ta434/8-1 and CRC1382,Project-ID 403224013).
文摘The new European clinical practice guidelines from three scientific societies(European Association for the Study of the Liver,European Association for the Study of Diabetes and European Association for the Study of Obesity)on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)provide detailed recommendations on diagnosis,risk stratification,monitoring strategies,treatment and prevention.Lifestyle interventions(eg,weight reduction,Mediterranean diet,exercise,alcohol abstinence)and the treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors continue to be the mainstay of treatment and prevention of the disease.Incretin mimetics that are approved to treat obesity and/or type 2 diabetes such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have benefits for ameliorating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis(MASH).Novel developments include adapted strategies for screening(case finding)using non-invasive tests(NITs)with a focus on detecting fibrosis or cirrhosis,risk-adjusted monitoring of MASLD by NITs as well as the recommendation to use,if locally approved,the thyroid hormone receptorβ-agonist resmetirom in patients with non-cirrhotic MASH fibrosis(≥F2 stage).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32322035,32171078,and 82060315)Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(AB22080053)。
文摘Temporal interference(TI)stimulation is a non-invasive technique for electrically stimulating neurons at depth.1 It leverages the low-pass filtering properties of neural membranes,which render neurons more sensitive to low-frequency oscillating fields compared with high-frequency fields(e.g.,R1 kHz).This approach generates a low-frequency modulated electric field—termed envelope modulation—by superimposing high-frequency currents with slightly different frequencies,applied via scalp electrodes.The characteristics of the envelope modulation are determined by the vector sum of the applied field vectors at a given point.By adjusting electrode positions and current ratios,the amplitude of the envelope modulation can be maximized at a point distant from the scalp,potentially reaching deep brain regions.
基金supported by the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0500700)Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(22XD1422600)。
文摘In the intricate labyrinth of modern medical advancements,the quest for non-invasive and precise diagnostic tools is a journey of continual discovery and innovation.One of the most compelling frontiers in this realm is the monitoring of cerebral blood flow,a critical parameter that holds the key to understanding a myriad of neurological conditions[1,2].Traditional Transcranial Doppler(TCD)sonography,despite its widespread application,has been hindered by a number of limitations[3].
文摘Objective We aim to explore positive predictive value(PPV)in non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)-positive case and investigate the impact of diverse clinical indications and Z-scores on PPV performance.Methods From January 2021 to June 2024,37891 pregnant women underwent NIPT screening for fetal trisomy 21(T21),trisomy 18(T18)and trisomy 13(T13)a our laboratory using the NextSeq CN500 platform.Positive results were verified through prenatal diagnostic karyotyp analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridisation(FISH)techniques.Results The sensitivity,specificity and PPV were 95.24%99.95%,67.80%for T21;100%,99.97%,56.00%for T18;and 100%,99.97%,16.67%for T13.Across clinical indications,PPV ranged from 0%to 100%for T21 and T18 and 0%to 28.57%for T13.In the T21 group,the predominant proportion of pregnant women(45.76%)exhibited Z-scores between 5 and 10,accompanied by a PPV of 77.78%.For those with Z-scores above 10(23.73%),the PPV was 85.71%.Pregnant women with Z-scores between 3 and 5 exhibited a PPV of 16.67%.In the T18 group,the majority of women(52.00%)exhibited Z-scores ranging from 3 to 5,with a PPV of 33.85%.In the T13 group,all women had Z-scores between 5 and 10,with a PPV of 40.00%.Conclusions NIPT exhibits elevated PPVs for T21 and T18.Moreover,the detection eficacy of NIPT difters acros several clinical indication categories.The PPV performanc of NIPT for T21/T18/T13 is associated with Z-scores.These results provide valuable guidance for clinicians in prenatal consultation and interpretation of NIPT results.
文摘Fifty years after the introduction of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG),a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis[1],it is still the most effective and successful adjuvant immunotherapy of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)[2].The guidelines of the European Association of Urology(EAU)suggest a 6-weekly induction phase followed by a maintenance schedule of BCG once weekly for 3 weeks and at 3,6,12,18,24,30,and 36 months for 1 to 3 years[2].
文摘Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(STI 2030—Major Projects 10700,No.2022 ZD0210700).
文摘Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces(NI-BCIs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and wide range of applications.However,developing non-invasive electroencephalogram(EEG)electrodes that are highly sensitive,comfortable to wear,and reusable has been challenging due to the limitations of conventional electrodes.Here,we introduce a simple method for fabricating semi-dry hydrogel EEG electrodes with antibacterial properties,enabling long-term,repeatable acquisition of EEG.By utilizing N-acryloyl glycinamide and hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan,we have prepared electrodes that not only possess good mechanical properties(compression modulus 65 kPa)and anti-fatigue properties but also exhibit superior antibacterial properties.These electrodes effectively inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative(E.coli)and Gram-positive(S.epidermidis)bacteria.Furthermore,the hydrogel maintains stable water retention properties,resulting in an average contact impedance of<400Ωmeasured over 12 h,and an ionic conductivity of 0.39 mS cm^(−1).Cytotoxicity and skin irritation tests have confirmed the high biocompatibility of the hydrogel electrodes.In an N170 event-related potential(ERP)test on human volunteers,we successfully captured the expected ERP signal waveform and a high signal-to-noise ratio(20.02 dB),comparable to that of conventional wet electrodes.Moreover,contact impedance on the scalps remained below 100 kΩfor 12 h,while wet electrodes became unable to detect signals after 7–8 h due to dehydration.In summary,our hydrogel electrodes are capable of detecting ERPs over extended periods in an easy-to-use manner with antibacterial properties.This reduces the risk of bacterial infection associated with prolonged reuse and expands the potential of NI-BCIs in daily life.
文摘Brain-computer interface(BCI)is an emerging technology with significant potential in clinical neurorestoratology.Over the past two years,various BCI systems,either invasive or non-invasive,have demonstrated promising effectives in clinical neurorestorative applications.These advancements have led to notable progress in areas such as motor function recovery,neurofeedback training,assistive communication,and stroke rehabilitation.
