Chronic liver diseases are very common worldwide, particularly those linked to viral hepatitis and to alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Their natural history is variable and long-term evolution differs in indiv...Chronic liver diseases are very common worldwide, particularly those linked to viral hepatitis and to alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Their natural history is variable and long-term evolution differs in individual patients. Optimised clinical management of compensated chronic liver diseases requires precise definition of the stage of liver fibrosis, the main determinant of prognosis and of most therapeutic decisions. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. However, it is invasive with possible complications, costly and prone to sampling errors. Many non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been recently proposed and assessed in the clinical setting as surrogates of liver biopsy. Direct markers are based on biochemical parameters directly linked to fibrogenesis while indirect markers use simple or more sophisticated parameters that correlate with liver fibrosis stages. Non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been tested in different forms of chronic liver disease and showed variable diagnostic performance, but accuracy rarely was above 75%-80%. Better results were obtained when markers were combined. On this line, we have recently proposed a set of algorithms that combine sequentially indirect non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis, reaching 90%-95% diagnostic accuracy with significant reduction in the need for liver biopsy. Based on available evidence, it can be anticipated that non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis and their combined use will soon become a most useful tool in the clinical management of many forms of chronic liver disease. However, their implementation is expected to reduce, but not to completely eliminate, the need for liver biopsy.展开更多
AIM: To identify the independent predictors of hepatic fibrosis in 69 children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected ...AIM: To identify the independent predictors of hepatic fibrosis in 69 children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected NASH underwent liver biopsy as a confirmatory test. The following clinical and biochemical variables at baseline were examined as likely predictors of fibrosis at histology: age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), dyastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistence (HOMA-IR), cholesterol, tryglicerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT ratio, gamma glutamil transferase (GT), platelet count, prothrombin time (PT). RESULTS: At histology 28 (40.6%) patients had no fibrosis and 41 (59.4%) had mild to bridging fibrosis. At multivariate analysis, BMI > 26.3 was the only independent predictor of fibrosis (OR = 5.85, 95% CI = 1.6-21). CONCLUSION: BMI helps identify children with NASH who might have fibrotic deposition in the liver.展开更多
Chemical exposure during prenatal development has significant implications for both maternal and child health.Compared to blood,saliva is a non-invasive and less resource-intensive,alternative.Given the temporal varia...Chemical exposure during prenatal development has significant implications for both maternal and child health.Compared to blood,saliva is a non-invasive and less resource-intensive,alternative.Given the temporal variability of xenobiotic metabolites(XM),repeated sampling is essential.Therefore,saliva offers a valuable tool for the longitudinal assessment of prenatal exposomes.Despite its potential,no studies have explored saliva for XM measurement.This study pioneered using saliva to assess XM detectability and investigate the associations between prenatal XM and endogenous metabolomes in pregnant women.Saliva samples were analysed using mass spectrometry from 80 pregnant women at 24–34 weeks gestation.Metabolomes and exposomes were annotated using the Human Metabolome and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency databases.Metabolome-XM associations were clustered using Glay community clustering.Linear regression models,adjusted for age,estimated associations between catecholamines and XMs.XM levels were validated in a cohort of women(n=14)with and without preeclampsia.Our study identified 582 metabolomes and 125 XM in saliva,demonstrating its potential as a matrix for exposure measurement.After false discovery rate correction,18109 significant metabolome-XM associations were identified.Community clustering revealed 37 connected clusters,with the largest cluster(238 nodes)enriched in tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism.Food-contactchemicals and food-additives were significantly associated with higher catecholamine and their metabolite levels.Subgroup analyses revealed higher concentrations of these chemicals in women with preeclampsia compared to healthy controls.This study demonstrates that saliva contains valuable molecular data for measuring exposomes.Food-related chemicals were associated with higher catecholamine levels,which may be relevant to the prevalence of hypertensive crises in pregnancy.展开更多
The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the role,clinical applications and future perspectives of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infec...The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the role,clinical applications and future perspectives of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.During the past decade many non-invasive methods have been developed to reduce the need for liver biopsy in staging fibrosis and to overcome whenever possible its limitations,mainly:invasiveness,costs,low reproducibility,poor acceptance by patients.Elastographic techniques conceived to assess liver stiffness,in particular transient elastography,and the most commonly used biological markers will be assessed against their respective role and limitations in staging hepatic fibrosis.Recent evidence highlights that both liver stiffness and some bio-chemical markers correlatewith survival and major clinical end-points such as liver decompensation,development of hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension.Thus the non-invasive techniques here discussed can play a major role in the management of patients with chronic HBV-related hepatitis.Given their prognostic value,transient elastography and some bio-chemical markers can be used to better categorize patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis and assign them to different classes of risk for clinically relevant outcomes.Very recent data indicates that the combined measurements of liver and spleen stiffness enable the reliable prediction of portal hypertension and esophageal varices development.展开更多
Dear Editor,Intramuscular fat(IMF)percentage is a critical indicator of pork quality,directly influencing tenderness,flavor,and consumer acceptance(Li et al.,2022).Traditional IMF percentage quantification methods,suc...Dear Editor,Intramuscular fat(IMF)percentage is a critical indicator of pork quality,directly influencing tenderness,flavor,and consumer acceptance(Li et al.,2022).Traditional IMF percentage quantification methods,such as Soxhlet extraction and chemical analysis,are destructive and time-consuming,which makes them unsuitable for real-time and on-site applications(Font-i-Furnols et al.,2014).展开更多
Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography...Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).展开更多
Monitoring cardiac function is a fundamental component of the diagnosis and management of critically ill patients.While pulmonary artery catheterization has long served as the standard for hemodynamic assessment,its i...Monitoring cardiac function is a fundamental component of the diagnosis and management of critically ill patients.While pulmonary artery catheterization has long served as the standard for hemodynamic assessment,its invasive nature and associated risks have shifted clinical practice toward non-invasive modalities.^([1]) Among these methods,point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) has gained widespread acceptance,offering real-time bedside evaluation of cardiac function.展开更多
Transparent flow field visualization techniques play a critical role in engineering and scientific applications.They provide a clear and intuitive means to understand fluid dynamics and its complex phenomena,such as l...Transparent flow field visualization techniques play a critical role in engineering and scientific applications.They provide a clear and intuitive means to understand fluid dynamics and its complex phenomena,such as laminar flow,turbulence,and vortices.However,achieving fully two-dimensional quantitative visualization of transparent flow fields under non-invasive conditions remains a significant challenge.Here,we present an approach for achieving flow field visualization by harnessing the synergistic effects of a dielectric metasurface array endowed with photonic spindecoupled capability.This approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of light-field images containing flow field information in two orthogonal dimensions,which allows for the real-time and quantitative derivation of multiple physical parameters.As a proof-of-concept,we experimentally demonstrate the applicability of the proposed visualization technique to various scenarios,including temperature field mapping,gas leak detection,visualization of various fluid physical phenomena,and 3D morphological reconstruction of transparent phase objects.This technique not only establishes an exceptional platform for advancing research in fluid physics,but also exhibits significant potential for broad applications in industrial design and vision.展开更多
Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces(NI-BCIs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and wide range of applications.However,developing non-invasive electroencephalogram(EEG)electrodes that are highl...Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces(NI-BCIs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and wide range of applications.However,developing non-invasive electroencephalogram(EEG)electrodes that are highly sensitive,comfortable to wear,and reusable has been challenging due to the limitations of conventional electrodes.Here,we introduce a simple method for fabricating semi-dry hydrogel EEG electrodes with antibacterial properties,enabling long-term,repeatable acquisition of EEG.By utilizing N-acryloyl glycinamide and hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan,we have prepared electrodes that not only possess good mechanical properties(compression modulus 65 kPa)and anti-fatigue properties but also exhibit superior antibacterial properties.These electrodes effectively inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative(E.coli)and Gram-positive(S.epidermidis)bacteria.Furthermore,the hydrogel maintains stable water retention properties,resulting in an average contact impedance of<400Ωmeasured over 12 h,and an ionic conductivity of 0.39 mS cm^(−1).Cytotoxicity and skin irritation tests have confirmed the high biocompatibility of the hydrogel electrodes.In an N170 event-related potential(ERP)test on human volunteers,we successfully captured the expected ERP signal waveform and a high signal-to-noise ratio(20.02 dB),comparable to that of conventional wet electrodes.Moreover,contact impedance on the scalps remained below 100 kΩfor 12 h,while wet electrodes became unable to detect signals after 7–8 h due to dehydration.In summary,our hydrogel electrodes are capable of detecting ERPs over extended periods in an easy-to-use manner with antibacterial properties.This reduces the risk of bacterial infection associated with prolonged reuse and expands the potential of NI-BCIs in daily life.展开更多
Non-invasive measurement of the transmission matrix(TM)enables light focusing through scattering media using linear fluorescence signals.However,its speed is limited by the frame rate of the array detector.Although ph...Non-invasive measurement of the transmission matrix(TM)enables light focusing through scattering media using linear fluorescence signals.However,its speed is limited by the frame rate of the array detector.Although photodetectors can achieve fast light focusing,they can only detect single-point signals and are ineffective in scenarios that require speckle information,such as non-invasive focusing.展开更多
Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)is a non-invasive imaging modality that generates real-time images by measuring tissue bioimpedance.It works by applying current and collecting voltage data to reconstruct images of...Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)is a non-invasive imaging modality that generates real-time images by measuring tissue bioimpedance.It works by applying current and collecting voltage data to reconstruct images of electrical conductivity,refl ecting tissue properties.[1]We aim to off er a comprehensive guide to the fundamental technology behind EIT and to explore its clinical applications across both pulmonary and extrapulmonary domains.展开更多
Pushing the information states'acquisition efficiency has been a long-held goal to reach the measurement precision limit inside scattering spaces.Recent studies have indicated that maximal information states can b...Pushing the information states'acquisition efficiency has been a long-held goal to reach the measurement precision limit inside scattering spaces.Recent studies have indicated that maximal information states can be attained through engineered modes;however,partial intrusion is generally required.While non-invasive designs have been substantially explored across diverse physical scenarios,the non-invasive acquisition of information states inside dynamic scattering spaces remains challenging due to the intractable non-unique mapping problem,particularly in the context of multi-target scenarios.Here,we establish the feasibility of non-invasive information states'acquisition experimentally for the first time by introducing a tandem-generated adversarial network framework inside dynamic scattering spaces.To illustrate the framework's efficacy,we demonstrate that efficient information states'acquisition for multi-target scenarios can achieve the Fisher information limit solely through the utilization of the external scattering matrix of the system.Our work provides insightful perspectives for precise measurements inside dynamic complex systems.展开更多
Objective To investigate the efficacy of fibrosis-4 index(FIB4),NAFLD fibrosis score(NFS),aspartate aminotransferase to platelet count ratio(APRI),liver stiffness value(LSM),and Agile 3+score and their combined model ...Objective To investigate the efficacy of fibrosis-4 index(FIB4),NAFLD fibrosis score(NFS),aspartate aminotransferase to platelet count ratio(APRI),liver stiffness value(LSM),and Agile 3+score and their combined model in predicting advanced-stage liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)combined with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).展开更多
Point-cloud-projection-based stereo vision technology is widely applied in 3D reconstruction, robotic vision, and virtual reality. A metasurface, known for its exceptional light-field manipulation capabilities and com...Point-cloud-projection-based stereo vision technology is widely applied in 3D reconstruction, robotic vision, and virtual reality. A metasurface, known for its exceptional light-field manipulation capabilities and compact integration, offers a promising approach to reducing system size while enhancing functionality. In this work, we propose and implement a short-wave infrared 3D structured light detection system based on a metasurface supporting a bound state in the continuum(BIC). The designed BIC metasurface exhibits wavelength selectivity, generating a point cloud projection array exclusively under 1350 nm laser illumination, effectively minimizing interference from environmental light and enabling penetration through certain packaging materials opaque to visible light. Using this system, we successfully demonstrate 3D detection and reconstruction of concealed objects, such as lenses and workpieces, within opaque packaging. Our design provides a non-contact,penetrating 3D reconstruction approach for industrial inspection, offering potential applications in nondestructive quality control.展开更多
Scattering media pose a significant barrier to non-invasive biomedical imaging,as conventional wavefront shaping methods rely on invasive guide stars or costly nonlinear modalities.Here,we introduce an improved approa...Scattering media pose a significant barrier to non-invasive biomedical imaging,as conventional wavefront shaping methods rely on invasive guide stars or costly nonlinear modalities.Here,we introduce an improved approach that enables high-fidelity,non-invasive fluorescence imaging through scattering media by combining the linear fluorescence mechanism with efficient computational optimization.The method leverages a genetic algorithm guided by variance maximization to dynamically optimize speckle,non-invasively exciting an individual fluorescent bead by∼10-fold enhancement in target intensity ratio.This process generates a precise system point spread function(PSF),which drives a convex optimization-based deconvolution framework to reconstruct obscured targets.Remarkably,the technique eliminates the need for complex scanning systems,achieving rapid wide-field imaging with structural similarity(SSIM)indices exceeding 0.997(for beads).We demonstrate robust imaging of both discrete beads and continuous fibers behind scattering media,revealing resolution superior to that of conventional speckle cross-correlation methods.The method provides a pathway for non-invasively visualizing fluorescent objects behind scattering media.展开更多
In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology,Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C.They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis stag...In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology,Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C.They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis staging with the aid of the metabolome of Hepatitis C patients.Overall I think Ferrassi et al took a different approach in identifying fibrosis biomarkers,by looking at the patients’metabolome.Their biomarkers clearly separate patients from controls.They can also separate out,patients with minimal fibrosis(F0-F1 stage)and patients with cirrhosis(F4 stage).Obviously,if these biomarkers were to be widely used,tests for all the important metabolites would need to be readily available for use in hospitals or outpatient setting and that may prove difficult and above all,costly.Nevertheless,this step could eventually lead to a metabolomic approach for novel biomarkers of Fibrosis.Obviously,it would need to be validated,but could represent a step towards the Holy Grail of Hepatology.展开更多
The global prevalence of chronic liver disease(CLD)is relatively high and reported to occur in up to 20%of people^([1]).Regarding pathogenesis,chronic inflammation leads to hepatocyte destruction and progressive fibro...The global prevalence of chronic liver disease(CLD)is relatively high and reported to occur in up to 20%of people^([1]).Regarding pathogenesis,chronic inflammation leads to hepatocyte destruction and progressive fibrosis of the liver parenchyma.Cirrhosis is the(mostly irreversible)late-stage of scarring of the liver caused by various forms of CLD.Arising complications due to portal hypertension and/or hepatocellular carcinoma are responsible for the dramatically increasing morbidity and mortality among this patient collective^([2,3]).展开更多
Background:Collecting and studying live sperm is central to many important fields of biology.Yet,a simple method to collect live sperm is lacking in wild seabird species.Here,we describe a non?invasive method to colle...Background:Collecting and studying live sperm is central to many important fields of biology.Yet,a simple method to collect live sperm is lacking in wild seabird species.Here,we describe a non?invasive method to collect viable sperm samples based on a simple massage technique applied to male Black?legged Kittiwakes(Rissa tridactyla).Methods:We studied a colony breeding at Kongsfjorden,Svalbard and successfully obtained sperm samples from 32 males.With a subset of samples(n = 12 males),we compared the suitability of several extenders(0.9% NaCl,PBS,Earle's balance salt solution,Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium) in maintaining sperm alive long enough for analyses.With another 18 ejaculates,we conducted computer assisted sperm analyses using the CASA plugin for ImageJ.We provide details about the settings to be used for such analyses.Lastly,droplets from 20 ejaculates were smeared on glass slides and preserved with formalin to characterize sperm morphology in terms of total sperm length,sperm head length,midpiece length and flagellum length,and percentage of abnormal sperm.Results:With this method and under field conditions,we were able to obtain sufficient amounts of live sperm to assess traits related to sperm quality(e.g.sperm morphology,percentage of motile sperm,sperm velocity).We found that two extenders,Earle's balanced salt solution and Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium,yielded similarly good results.Additionally,we investigated whether specific behaviours were associated with successful sperm collection and whether sperm collection success depended on how long before laying sperm collection was attempted.Finally,we provide mean values for sperm morphology,sperm swimming ability and percentage of motile sperm,which may prove useful for future comparative analyses,and we report high levels of sperm abnormality and within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology.Conclusions:We discuss the high percentage of abnormal sperm and high within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology in light of sperm competition theory and conclude that these figures are likely due to relaxed post?cop?ulatory sexual selection,kittiwakes being strictly monogamous.Finally,we suggest that this method could be applied to other seabird species sharing similar ecology.展开更多
Phototheranostics that performs real-time diagnosis and concurrent in situ therapy upon non-invasive photoexcitation is rapidly emerging as a promising frontier[1],by virtue of its notable advantages including minimal...Phototheranostics that performs real-time diagnosis and concurrent in situ therapy upon non-invasive photoexcitation is rapidly emerging as a promising frontier[1],by virtue of its notable advantages including minimal toxicity,precise diagnosis imaging capability,satisfactory therapeutic effect,and negligible drug resistance.Of particular interest is single organic small molecules synchronously possessing powerful second near-infrared fluorescence imaging(NIR-IIFLI)ability and prominent phototherapeutic outputs,owing to the high spatial resolution and imaging depth enabled by diminished tissue autofluorescence,reduced photon scattering,and low levels of photon absorption.展开更多
Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a non-invasive therapeutic modality that relies on the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by photosensitizers upon activation with light of specific wavelengths to ablate diseased ti...Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a non-invasive therapeutic modality that relies on the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by photosensitizers upon activation with light of specific wavelengths to ablate diseased tissues.In recent years,the clinical potential of PDT has been increasingly recognized due to its broadspectrum activity,low systemic toxicity,and spatiotemporal selectivity across various domains,including oncology,antimicrobial therapy,and neurodegenerative diseases[1-3].展开更多
文摘Chronic liver diseases are very common worldwide, particularly those linked to viral hepatitis and to alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Their natural history is variable and long-term evolution differs in individual patients. Optimised clinical management of compensated chronic liver diseases requires precise definition of the stage of liver fibrosis, the main determinant of prognosis and of most therapeutic decisions. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. However, it is invasive with possible complications, costly and prone to sampling errors. Many non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been recently proposed and assessed in the clinical setting as surrogates of liver biopsy. Direct markers are based on biochemical parameters directly linked to fibrogenesis while indirect markers use simple or more sophisticated parameters that correlate with liver fibrosis stages. Non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis have been tested in different forms of chronic liver disease and showed variable diagnostic performance, but accuracy rarely was above 75%-80%. Better results were obtained when markers were combined. On this line, we have recently proposed a set of algorithms that combine sequentially indirect non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis, reaching 90%-95% diagnostic accuracy with significant reduction in the need for liver biopsy. Based on available evidence, it can be anticipated that non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis and their combined use will soon become a most useful tool in the clinical management of many forms of chronic liver disease. However, their implementation is expected to reduce, but not to completely eliminate, the need for liver biopsy.
文摘AIM: To identify the independent predictors of hepatic fibrosis in 69 children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: All patients with clinically suspected NASH underwent liver biopsy as a confirmatory test. The following clinical and biochemical variables at baseline were examined as likely predictors of fibrosis at histology: age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), dyastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistence (HOMA-IR), cholesterol, tryglicerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT ratio, gamma glutamil transferase (GT), platelet count, prothrombin time (PT). RESULTS: At histology 28 (40.6%) patients had no fibrosis and 41 (59.4%) had mild to bridging fibrosis. At multivariate analysis, BMI > 26.3 was the only independent predictor of fibrosis (OR = 5.85, 95% CI = 1.6-21). CONCLUSION: BMI helps identify children with NASH who might have fibrotic deposition in the liver.
基金supported by grants from Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medicine Research grant(AM/SU035/2020)NMRC Clinician-Scientist Individual Research Grant New Investigator Grant(CNIG20nov-0003).
文摘Chemical exposure during prenatal development has significant implications for both maternal and child health.Compared to blood,saliva is a non-invasive and less resource-intensive,alternative.Given the temporal variability of xenobiotic metabolites(XM),repeated sampling is essential.Therefore,saliva offers a valuable tool for the longitudinal assessment of prenatal exposomes.Despite its potential,no studies have explored saliva for XM measurement.This study pioneered using saliva to assess XM detectability and investigate the associations between prenatal XM and endogenous metabolomes in pregnant women.Saliva samples were analysed using mass spectrometry from 80 pregnant women at 24–34 weeks gestation.Metabolomes and exposomes were annotated using the Human Metabolome and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency databases.Metabolome-XM associations were clustered using Glay community clustering.Linear regression models,adjusted for age,estimated associations between catecholamines and XMs.XM levels were validated in a cohort of women(n=14)with and without preeclampsia.Our study identified 582 metabolomes and 125 XM in saliva,demonstrating its potential as a matrix for exposure measurement.After false discovery rate correction,18109 significant metabolome-XM associations were identified.Community clustering revealed 37 connected clusters,with the largest cluster(238 nodes)enriched in tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism.Food-contactchemicals and food-additives were significantly associated with higher catecholamine and their metabolite levels.Subgroup analyses revealed higher concentrations of these chemicals in women with preeclampsia compared to healthy controls.This study demonstrates that saliva contains valuable molecular data for measuring exposomes.Food-related chemicals were associated with higher catecholamine levels,which may be relevant to the prevalence of hypertensive crises in pregnancy.
文摘The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the role,clinical applications and future perspectives of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.During the past decade many non-invasive methods have been developed to reduce the need for liver biopsy in staging fibrosis and to overcome whenever possible its limitations,mainly:invasiveness,costs,low reproducibility,poor acceptance by patients.Elastographic techniques conceived to assess liver stiffness,in particular transient elastography,and the most commonly used biological markers will be assessed against their respective role and limitations in staging hepatic fibrosis.Recent evidence highlights that both liver stiffness and some bio-chemical markers correlatewith survival and major clinical end-points such as liver decompensation,development of hepatocellular carcinoma and portal hypertension.Thus the non-invasive techniques here discussed can play a major role in the management of patients with chronic HBV-related hepatitis.Given their prognostic value,transient elastography and some bio-chemical markers can be used to better categorize patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis and assign them to different classes of risk for clinically relevant outcomes.Very recent data indicates that the combined measurements of liver and spleen stiffness enable the reliable prediction of portal hypertension and esophageal varices development.
基金supported by the 2030 National Science and Technology Innovation Major Special Project(2023ZD04046)Program for Innovative Research Talents in University of Henan Province(25HASTIT043)Zhongyuan Young Top Talents for Scientific and Technological Innovation Project and the Grand Science and Technology Special Project in Xizang(XZ202501ZY0147)。
文摘Dear Editor,Intramuscular fat(IMF)percentage is a critical indicator of pork quality,directly influencing tenderness,flavor,and consumer acceptance(Li et al.,2022).Traditional IMF percentage quantification methods,such as Soxhlet extraction and chemical analysis,are destructive and time-consuming,which makes them unsuitable for real-time and on-site applications(Font-i-Furnols et al.,2014).
文摘Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).
文摘Monitoring cardiac function is a fundamental component of the diagnosis and management of critically ill patients.While pulmonary artery catheterization has long served as the standard for hemodynamic assessment,its invasive nature and associated risks have shifted clinical practice toward non-invasive modalities.^([1]) Among these methods,point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) has gained widespread acceptance,offering real-time bedside evaluation of cardiac function.
基金support from the Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFA1205000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12274217,12104225)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220068)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesThe authors acknowledge the technique support from the microfabrication center of the National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures.
文摘Transparent flow field visualization techniques play a critical role in engineering and scientific applications.They provide a clear and intuitive means to understand fluid dynamics and its complex phenomena,such as laminar flow,turbulence,and vortices.However,achieving fully two-dimensional quantitative visualization of transparent flow fields under non-invasive conditions remains a significant challenge.Here,we present an approach for achieving flow field visualization by harnessing the synergistic effects of a dielectric metasurface array endowed with photonic spindecoupled capability.This approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of light-field images containing flow field information in two orthogonal dimensions,which allows for the real-time and quantitative derivation of multiple physical parameters.As a proof-of-concept,we experimentally demonstrate the applicability of the proposed visualization technique to various scenarios,including temperature field mapping,gas leak detection,visualization of various fluid physical phenomena,and 3D morphological reconstruction of transparent phase objects.This technique not only establishes an exceptional platform for advancing research in fluid physics,but also exhibits significant potential for broad applications in industrial design and vision.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(STI 2030—Major Projects 10700,No.2022 ZD0210700).
文摘Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces(NI-BCIs)have garnered significant attention due to their safety and wide range of applications.However,developing non-invasive electroencephalogram(EEG)electrodes that are highly sensitive,comfortable to wear,and reusable has been challenging due to the limitations of conventional electrodes.Here,we introduce a simple method for fabricating semi-dry hydrogel EEG electrodes with antibacterial properties,enabling long-term,repeatable acquisition of EEG.By utilizing N-acryloyl glycinamide and hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan,we have prepared electrodes that not only possess good mechanical properties(compression modulus 65 kPa)and anti-fatigue properties but also exhibit superior antibacterial properties.These electrodes effectively inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative(E.coli)and Gram-positive(S.epidermidis)bacteria.Furthermore,the hydrogel maintains stable water retention properties,resulting in an average contact impedance of<400Ωmeasured over 12 h,and an ionic conductivity of 0.39 mS cm^(−1).Cytotoxicity and skin irritation tests have confirmed the high biocompatibility of the hydrogel electrodes.In an N170 event-related potential(ERP)test on human volunteers,we successfully captured the expected ERP signal waveform and a high signal-to-noise ratio(20.02 dB),comparable to that of conventional wet electrodes.Moreover,contact impedance on the scalps remained below 100 kΩfor 12 h,while wet electrodes became unable to detect signals after 7–8 h due to dehydration.In summary,our hydrogel electrodes are capable of detecting ERPs over extended periods in an easy-to-use manner with antibacterial properties.This reduces the risk of bacterial infection associated with prolonged reuse and expands the potential of NI-BCIs in daily life.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62275188)Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund(YDZJSX2024D019)。
文摘Non-invasive measurement of the transmission matrix(TM)enables light focusing through scattering media using linear fluorescence signals.However,its speed is limited by the frame rate of the array detector.Although photodetectors can achieve fast light focusing,they can only detect single-point signals and are ineffective in scenarios that require speckle information,such as non-invasive focusing.
基金supported partially by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82470068,82270086,GS Zhang82372185,BP Tian)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Key Project)(LZ25H150001,GS Zhang)the National Health Commission Scientifi c Research Fund Zhejiang Provincial Health Major Science and Technology Plan Project(co-construction project of National Health Commission Committee and Zhejiang Province)(WKJ-ZJ-2526,GS Zhang)the Medical and Health Research Program of Zhejiang Province(2023572679).
文摘Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)is a non-invasive imaging modality that generates real-time images by measuring tissue bioimpedance.It works by applying current and collecting voltage data to reconstruct images of electrical conductivity,refl ecting tissue properties.[1]We aim to off er a comprehensive guide to the fundamental technology behind EIT and to explore its clinical applications across both pulmonary and extrapulmonary domains.
基金Zhejiang University was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)under grant nos.62071424,62201499,and 62027805。
文摘Pushing the information states'acquisition efficiency has been a long-held goal to reach the measurement precision limit inside scattering spaces.Recent studies have indicated that maximal information states can be attained through engineered modes;however,partial intrusion is generally required.While non-invasive designs have been substantially explored across diverse physical scenarios,the non-invasive acquisition of information states inside dynamic scattering spaces remains challenging due to the intractable non-unique mapping problem,particularly in the context of multi-target scenarios.Here,we establish the feasibility of non-invasive information states'acquisition experimentally for the first time by introducing a tandem-generated adversarial network framework inside dynamic scattering spaces.To illustrate the framework's efficacy,we demonstrate that efficient information states'acquisition for multi-target scenarios can achieve the Fisher information limit solely through the utilization of the external scattering matrix of the system.Our work provides insightful perspectives for precise measurements inside dynamic complex systems.
文摘Objective To investigate the efficacy of fibrosis-4 index(FIB4),NAFLD fibrosis score(NFS),aspartate aminotransferase to platelet count ratio(APRI),liver stiffness value(LSM),and Agile 3+score and their combined model in predicting advanced-stage liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)combined with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).
基金National Key Researchand Development Program of China(2022YFB4600204)Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(BJJWZYJH01201910007022)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12104046,62105024,61775019,62475018,U21A20140)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(JQ24028).
文摘Point-cloud-projection-based stereo vision technology is widely applied in 3D reconstruction, robotic vision, and virtual reality. A metasurface, known for its exceptional light-field manipulation capabilities and compact integration, offers a promising approach to reducing system size while enhancing functionality. In this work, we propose and implement a short-wave infrared 3D structured light detection system based on a metasurface supporting a bound state in the continuum(BIC). The designed BIC metasurface exhibits wavelength selectivity, generating a point cloud projection array exclusively under 1350 nm laser illumination, effectively minimizing interference from environmental light and enabling penetration through certain packaging materials opaque to visible light. Using this system, we successfully demonstrate 3D detection and reconstruction of concealed objects, such as lenses and workpieces, within opaque packaging. Our design provides a non-contact,penetrating 3D reconstruction approach for industrial inspection, offering potential applications in nondestructive quality control.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62175198,62335018,12127805,62005309,61991452,U22A2092)Open Science Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Technology of Mengchao(2024ZDSY1001)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Scattering media pose a significant barrier to non-invasive biomedical imaging,as conventional wavefront shaping methods rely on invasive guide stars or costly nonlinear modalities.Here,we introduce an improved approach that enables high-fidelity,non-invasive fluorescence imaging through scattering media by combining the linear fluorescence mechanism with efficient computational optimization.The method leverages a genetic algorithm guided by variance maximization to dynamically optimize speckle,non-invasively exciting an individual fluorescent bead by∼10-fold enhancement in target intensity ratio.This process generates a precise system point spread function(PSF),which drives a convex optimization-based deconvolution framework to reconstruct obscured targets.Remarkably,the technique eliminates the need for complex scanning systems,achieving rapid wide-field imaging with structural similarity(SSIM)indices exceeding 0.997(for beads).We demonstrate robust imaging of both discrete beads and continuous fibers behind scattering media,revealing resolution superior to that of conventional speckle cross-correlation methods.The method provides a pathway for non-invasively visualizing fluorescent objects behind scattering media.
文摘In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology,Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C.They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis staging with the aid of the metabolome of Hepatitis C patients.Overall I think Ferrassi et al took a different approach in identifying fibrosis biomarkers,by looking at the patients’metabolome.Their biomarkers clearly separate patients from controls.They can also separate out,patients with minimal fibrosis(F0-F1 stage)and patients with cirrhosis(F4 stage).Obviously,if these biomarkers were to be widely used,tests for all the important metabolites would need to be readily available for use in hospitals or outpatient setting and that may prove difficult and above all,costly.Nevertheless,this step could eventually lead to a metabolomic approach for novel biomarkers of Fibrosis.Obviously,it would need to be validated,but could represent a step towards the Holy Grail of Hepatology.
文摘The global prevalence of chronic liver disease(CLD)is relatively high and reported to occur in up to 20%of people^([1]).Regarding pathogenesis,chronic inflammation leads to hepatocyte destruction and progressive fibrosis of the liver parenchyma.Cirrhosis is the(mostly irreversible)late-stage of scarring of the liver caused by various forms of CLD.Arising complications due to portal hypertension and/or hepatocellular carcinoma are responsible for the dramatically increasing morbidity and mortality among this patient collective^([2,3]).
基金supported by the Institut Polaire Fran?ais,IPEV project 330 to OCPB was funded by an Arctic Field Grant(No.256934)from the Research Council of Norway+1 种基金by a Ph.D grant from University of La RochelleFH was financially supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation(No.PP00P3_139011)
文摘Background:Collecting and studying live sperm is central to many important fields of biology.Yet,a simple method to collect live sperm is lacking in wild seabird species.Here,we describe a non?invasive method to collect viable sperm samples based on a simple massage technique applied to male Black?legged Kittiwakes(Rissa tridactyla).Methods:We studied a colony breeding at Kongsfjorden,Svalbard and successfully obtained sperm samples from 32 males.With a subset of samples(n = 12 males),we compared the suitability of several extenders(0.9% NaCl,PBS,Earle's balance salt solution,Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium) in maintaining sperm alive long enough for analyses.With another 18 ejaculates,we conducted computer assisted sperm analyses using the CASA plugin for ImageJ.We provide details about the settings to be used for such analyses.Lastly,droplets from 20 ejaculates were smeared on glass slides and preserved with formalin to characterize sperm morphology in terms of total sperm length,sperm head length,midpiece length and flagellum length,and percentage of abnormal sperm.Results:With this method and under field conditions,we were able to obtain sufficient amounts of live sperm to assess traits related to sperm quality(e.g.sperm morphology,percentage of motile sperm,sperm velocity).We found that two extenders,Earle's balanced salt solution and Dulbecco modified Eagle's medium,yielded similarly good results.Additionally,we investigated whether specific behaviours were associated with successful sperm collection and whether sperm collection success depended on how long before laying sperm collection was attempted.Finally,we provide mean values for sperm morphology,sperm swimming ability and percentage of motile sperm,which may prove useful for future comparative analyses,and we report high levels of sperm abnormality and within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology.Conclusions:We discuss the high percentage of abnormal sperm and high within?ejaculate variation in sperm morphology in light of sperm competition theory and conclude that these figures are likely due to relaxed post?cop?ulatory sexual selection,kittiwakes being strictly monogamous.Finally,we suggest that this method could be applied to other seabird species sharing similar ecology.
文摘Phototheranostics that performs real-time diagnosis and concurrent in situ therapy upon non-invasive photoexcitation is rapidly emerging as a promising frontier[1],by virtue of its notable advantages including minimal toxicity,precise diagnosis imaging capability,satisfactory therapeutic effect,and negligible drug resistance.Of particular interest is single organic small molecules synchronously possessing powerful second near-infrared fluorescence imaging(NIR-IIFLI)ability and prominent phototherapeutic outputs,owing to the high spatial resolution and imaging depth enabled by diminished tissue autofluorescence,reduced photon scattering,and low levels of photon absorption.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(2018R1A3B1052702)the China Scholarship Council(CSC,202106270027)。
文摘Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a non-invasive therapeutic modality that relies on the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by photosensitizers upon activation with light of specific wavelengths to ablate diseased tissues.In recent years,the clinical potential of PDT has been increasingly recognized due to its broadspectrum activity,low systemic toxicity,and spatiotemporal selectivity across various domains,including oncology,antimicrobial therapy,and neurodegenerative diseases[1-3].
