The magnitude of El Nino determines the level of its global impact.Yet,how well our state-of-the-art models simulate this key aspect of El Nino is not well documented.Previous studies tend to ignore El Nino-Southern O...The magnitude of El Nino determines the level of its global impact.Yet,how well our state-of-the-art models simulate this key aspect of El Nino is not well documented.Previous studies tend to ignore El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)asymmetry and equate the variance of ENSO to the magnitude of El Nino.Moreover,previous evaluations are more focused on the surface manifestation of El Nino.Here,we quantify the magnitudes of El Nino and La Nina separately,both at the surface and subsurface levels.At the surface,we find that while the magnitude of La Nina events in most models is generally stronger than observed,the magnitude of El Nino is more diverse to observations.In fact,in many models,El Nino is weaker than observed.This bias in the magnitude of El Nino is more pronounced in the subsurface.We attribute this weakness in the subsurface to the generally weaker coupling strength and the apparent stronger ENSO at the surface to a lack of sufficiently strong negative feedback from the surface heat flux in the models.When normalized by the variance of ENSO,the lack of exceptionally strong El Nino events in the models is more common and pronounced.We further studied the lifespan of El Nino and La Nina events and have found that multi-year duration is not confined to just La Nina events.There are also El Nino events that last more than one year.Moreover,we have found that multi-year long La Nina events tend to occur over the decades with strong El Nino events.The study also briefly explores the impact of global warming on the duration of ENSO events through the use of a simple model and simulations by CMIP6 models.It has been found that the frequency of multi-year El Nino and La Nina events increases with global warming.展开更多
Climate change can affect rainfall and temperature worldwide,and the ability of birds to react to these changes can be mirrored by studying population phenology and their breeding success.Some European species have ad...Climate change can affect rainfall and temperature worldwide,and the ability of birds to react to these changes can be mirrored by studying population phenology and their breeding success.Some European species have advanced arrival and breeding dates in response to local spring advancement,but conditions experienced during winter seasons may also affect arrival dates and subsequent breeding success.We utilized data collected from 1983 to 2020 in four colonies of Common Swift(Apus apus)in Northern Italy(5486 breeding attempts)to examine the variations of laying date and breeding success in relation to non-breeding conditions(previous winter in Africa)and local conditions in breeding period(spring).Climatic conditions were monitored using the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and El Nino Southern Oscillation(ENSO)indices to describe conditions experienced in winter quarters and the local temperature and rainfall conditions of the breeding area.Common Swifts laid their eggs earlier in warmer springs,and this in turn had a positive effect on breeding success.We did not find evidence for any effects of African winter conditions on laying date nor on breeding success.However,because studies made in the same area have demonstrated a relationship of winter conditions(NAO)on individual survival,our data highlight the importance of considering environmental variables across the annual life cycle to understand variation in Common Swift populations.展开更多
利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)将风浪、涌浪分离的具有较高时空分辨率的45年ERA-40海浪资料,对太平洋的海表风场、风浪、涌浪、混合浪的特征进行分析。研究发现太平洋大部...利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)将风浪、涌浪分离的具有较高时空分辨率的45年ERA-40海浪资料,对太平洋的海表风场、风浪、涌浪、混合浪的特征进行分析。研究发现太平洋大部分海域的涌浪波高、混合浪波高呈显著的逐年线性递增趋势,趋势分别为0.3—0.6cm.a 1、0.3—1.2cm.a 1;太平洋的涌浪在混合浪中四季皆起主导作用,涌浪指标的低值区主要集中在南北半球的西风带,太平洋赤道附近海域存在明显的涌浪池;北太平洋的风场与风浪场的相关系数好于南太平洋,风场与涌浪场的相关系数则是南太平洋好于北太平洋;研究还发现太平洋的浪场与Nino3指数有着密切的关系。展开更多
应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析探讨了西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的变化规律,揭示了影响西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的机制。分析表明,西太平洋暖池区的次表层海温异常冷暖与太平洋北赤道流的海温冷暖异常信...应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析探讨了西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的变化规律,揭示了影响西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的机制。分析表明,西太平洋暖池区的次表层海温异常冷暖与太平洋北赤道流的海温冷暖异常信号西传有重要关系。北赤道流的海温异常冷(暖)信号是沿温跃层由赤道中东太平洋潜沉向西太平洋暖池区传播,对暖池区域次表层海温场产生重要影响。这一传播过程与西太平洋次表层海温异常暖(冷)信号向赤道中东太平洋传播,构成了热带海洋信号的气旋式“信号通道”。在这一“信号通道”中,北赤道流的海温异常信号西传是导致西太平洋暖池区及西太平洋次表层海温异常的重要机制,是影响El Nino和 La Nina事件发生的关键。展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42250710154。
文摘The magnitude of El Nino determines the level of its global impact.Yet,how well our state-of-the-art models simulate this key aspect of El Nino is not well documented.Previous studies tend to ignore El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)asymmetry and equate the variance of ENSO to the magnitude of El Nino.Moreover,previous evaluations are more focused on the surface manifestation of El Nino.Here,we quantify the magnitudes of El Nino and La Nina separately,both at the surface and subsurface levels.At the surface,we find that while the magnitude of La Nina events in most models is generally stronger than observed,the magnitude of El Nino is more diverse to observations.In fact,in many models,El Nino is weaker than observed.This bias in the magnitude of El Nino is more pronounced in the subsurface.We attribute this weakness in the subsurface to the generally weaker coupling strength and the apparent stronger ENSO at the surface to a lack of sufficiently strong negative feedback from the surface heat flux in the models.When normalized by the variance of ENSO,the lack of exceptionally strong El Nino events in the models is more common and pronounced.We further studied the lifespan of El Nino and La Nina events and have found that multi-year duration is not confined to just La Nina events.There are also El Nino events that last more than one year.Moreover,we have found that multi-year long La Nina events tend to occur over the decades with strong El Nino events.The study also briefly explores the impact of global warming on the duration of ENSO events through the use of a simple model and simulations by CMIP6 models.It has been found that the frequency of multi-year El Nino and La Nina events increases with global warming.
文摘Climate change can affect rainfall and temperature worldwide,and the ability of birds to react to these changes can be mirrored by studying population phenology and their breeding success.Some European species have advanced arrival and breeding dates in response to local spring advancement,but conditions experienced during winter seasons may also affect arrival dates and subsequent breeding success.We utilized data collected from 1983 to 2020 in four colonies of Common Swift(Apus apus)in Northern Italy(5486 breeding attempts)to examine the variations of laying date and breeding success in relation to non-breeding conditions(previous winter in Africa)and local conditions in breeding period(spring).Climatic conditions were monitored using the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and El Nino Southern Oscillation(ENSO)indices to describe conditions experienced in winter quarters and the local temperature and rainfall conditions of the breeding area.Common Swifts laid their eggs earlier in warmer springs,and this in turn had a positive effect on breeding success.We did not find evidence for any effects of African winter conditions on laying date nor on breeding success.However,because studies made in the same area have demonstrated a relationship of winter conditions(NAO)on individual survival,our data highlight the importance of considering environmental variables across the annual life cycle to understand variation in Common Swift populations.
文摘利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)将风浪、涌浪分离的具有较高时空分辨率的45年ERA-40海浪资料,对太平洋的海表风场、风浪、涌浪、混合浪的特征进行分析。研究发现太平洋大部分海域的涌浪波高、混合浪波高呈显著的逐年线性递增趋势,趋势分别为0.3—0.6cm.a 1、0.3—1.2cm.a 1;太平洋的涌浪在混合浪中四季皆起主导作用,涌浪指标的低值区主要集中在南北半球的西风带,太平洋赤道附近海域存在明显的涌浪池;北太平洋的风场与风浪场的相关系数好于南太平洋,风场与涌浪场的相关系数则是南太平洋好于北太平洋;研究还发现太平洋的浪场与Nino3指数有着密切的关系。
文摘应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析探讨了西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的变化规律,揭示了影响西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的机制。分析表明,西太平洋暖池区的次表层海温异常冷暖与太平洋北赤道流的海温冷暖异常信号西传有重要关系。北赤道流的海温异常冷(暖)信号是沿温跃层由赤道中东太平洋潜沉向西太平洋暖池区传播,对暖池区域次表层海温场产生重要影响。这一传播过程与西太平洋次表层海温异常暖(冷)信号向赤道中东太平洋传播,构成了热带海洋信号的气旋式“信号通道”。在这一“信号通道”中,北赤道流的海温异常信号西传是导致西太平洋暖池区及西太平洋次表层海温异常的重要机制,是影响El Nino和 La Nina事件发生的关键。
