Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900-1880 nm)offers high signalto-background ratio(SBR),enhanced definition,and superior tissue penetration,making it ideal for real-time surgical navigati...Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900-1880 nm)offers high signalto-background ratio(SBR),enhanced definition,and superior tissue penetration,making it ideal for real-time surgical navigation.However,with single-channel imaging,surgeons must frequently switch between the surgi⁃cal field and the NIR-II images on the monitor.To address this,a coaxial dual-channel imaging system that com⁃bines visible light and 1100 nm longpass(1100LP)fluorescence was developed.The system features a custom⁃ized coaxial dual-channel lens with optimized distortion,achieving precise alignment with an error of less than±0.15 mm.Additionally,the shared focusing mechanism simplifies operation.Using FDA-approved indocya⁃nine green(ICG),the system was successfully applied in dual-channel guided rat lymph node excision,and blood supply assessment of reconstructed human flap.This approach enhances surgical precision,improves opera⁃tional efficiency,and provides a valuable reference for further clinical translation of NIR-II fluorescence imaging.展开更多
Ischemia is a significant factor affecting the repair of peripheral nerve injuries,while exosomes have been shown to promote angiogenesis.To further investigate the detailed processes and efficacy of exosome thera⁃py ...Ischemia is a significant factor affecting the repair of peripheral nerve injuries,while exosomes have been shown to promote angiogenesis.To further investigate the detailed processes and efficacy of exosome thera⁃py for ischemic peripheral nerve injuries,this study utilized glucose-modified near-infrared-II(NIR-II)quantum dots(QDs)to label adipose-derived stem cell exosomes(QDs-ADSC-Exos),enabling long-term in vivo NIR-II imaging of exosome treatment for ischemic peripheral nerve damage.Experimental results confirmed that QDs can be used for non-invasive in vitro labeling of exosomes,with QDs-ADSC-Exos exhibiting strong fluorescence signals in the NIR-II window and demonstrating favorable NIR-II imaging characteristics in vivo.Notably,QDsADSC-Exos showed accumulation at the site of nerve injury in cases of ischemic peripheral nerve damage.Func⁃tional neurological assessments indicated that QDs-ADSC-Exos effectively promoted neural regeneration.This study highlights the potential of exosomes in treating ischemic peripheral nerve injuries and elucidates the spatio⁃temporal characteristics of exosome therapy,providing objective evidence for the further optimization of exosomebased treatment protocols.展开更多
The second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900-1880 nm)overcomes critical limitations of visible(360-760 nm)and NIR-I(760-900 nm)imaging—including restricted penetration depth,low signal-to-back⁃ground ratio,and tissue a...The second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900-1880 nm)overcomes critical limitations of visible(360-760 nm)and NIR-I(760-900 nm)imaging—including restricted penetration depth,low signal-to-back⁃ground ratio,and tissue autofluorescence—establishing its pivotal role for in vivo deep-tissue bioimaging.With exponential growth in NIR-II photodiagnosis and phototherapy research over the past decade,bibliometric analy⁃sis is essential to map the evolving landscape and guide strategic priorities.We systematically analyzed 2,491 NIR-II-related publications(2009-2023)from the Web of Science Core Collection,employing scientometric tools for distinct analytical purposes:(a)VOSviewer,SCImago Graphica,and Gephi for co-authorship and co-occur⁃rence network mapping;(b)the R bibliometrix package for tracking field evolution and identifying high-impact publications/journals.The search retrieved 2491 studies from 359 journals originating from 54 countries.The country with the most published articles is China.Chinese institutions drive>60%of publications,with Stanford University(USA)and Nanyang Technological University(Singapore)ranked as the top two institutions by re⁃search quality.International cooperation is becoming increasingly frequent.Fan Quli,Tang Benzhong and Dai Hongjie are the top 3 productive authors in this field.Keyword evolution identifies"photodynamic therapy"and"immunotherapy"as pivotal future directions.We summarize the most cited literatures and NIR-II imaging clini⁃cal trials.This study delineates the NIR-II research trajectory,highlighting China's leadership,intensifying glob⁃al collaboration,and interdisciplinary convergence.Future efforts should prioritize the novel NIR-II probe devel⁃opment for NIR-II imaging and clinical translation of photodynamic/immunotherapy combinational platforms.展开更多
Fluorophores emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700nm) allow for high-resolution deep-tissue bioimaging owing to minimal tissue scattering. Although J-aggregation offers a promising approach to...Fluorophores emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700nm) allow for high-resolution deep-tissue bioimaging owing to minimal tissue scattering. Although J-aggregation offers a promising approach to developing long-wavelength emitters, the scarcity of J-type backbones and reliable design principles limits their application in biological imaging. Here, we introduce a strategy for engineering high-brightness NIR-II J-aggregated fluorophores by incorporating electron-withdrawing substituents into a fused-ring backbone. These substituents modulate the electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution across the conjugated backbone, reducing both electrostatic repulsion and intermolecular distance, which promotes ordered J-aggregation. As a result, Y8 aggregate (Y8 nanoparticles) exhibits an outstanding fluorescence quantum yield of up to 12.9% and strong near-infrared absorption in aqueous solution for high-performance NIR-II fluorescence imaging in vivo. This work not only presents a novel J-type backbone but also advances the understanding of the structure–property relationship critical to designing NIR-II J-aggregates.展开更多
Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of dynamic biological processes in deep tissue remains challenging due to the trade-off between temporal resolution and imaging depth. Here, we present a novel near-infrared-II (NI...Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of dynamic biological processes in deep tissue remains challenging due to the trade-off between temporal resolution and imaging depth. Here, we present a novel near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 900–1880nm) fluorescence volumetric microscopic imaging method that combines an electrically tunable lens (ETL) with deep learning approaches for rapid 3D imaging. The technology achieves volumetric imaging at 4.2 frames per second (fps) across a 200 μm depth range in live mouse brain vasculature. Two specialized neural networks are utilized: a scale-recurrent network (SRN) for image enhancement and a cerebral vessel interpolation (CVI) network that enables 16-fold axial upsampling. The SRN, trained on two-photon fluorescence microscopic data, improves both lateral and axial resolution of NIR-II fluorescence wide-field microscopic images. The CVI network, adapted from video interpolation techniques, generates intermediate frames between acquired axial planes, resulting in smooth and continuous 3D vessel reconstructions. Using this integrated system, we visualize and quantify blood flow dynamics in individual vessels and are capable of measuring blood velocity at different depths. This approach maintains high lateral resolution while achieving rapid volumetric imaging, and is particularly suitable for studying dynamic vascular processes in deep tissue. Our method demonstrates the potential of combining optical engineering with artificial intelligence to advance biological imaging capabilities.展开更多
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and often fatal disease, especially since the brain metastasis of TNBC has been a particularly severe manifestation. However, brain metastasis in TNBC at early sta...Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and often fatal disease, especially since the brain metastasis of TNBC has been a particularly severe manifestation. However, brain metastasis in TNBC at early stages often lacks noticeable symptoms, making it challenging to detect. Near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence microscopic imaging obtains long wavelength, which enables reduced scattering, high spatial resolution and minimal autofluorescence, it is also a favorable imaging method for tumor diagnosis. PbS@CdS quantum dots (QDs) are one of the popular NIR-II fluorescence nanoprobes for well brightness. In this study, NIR-II emissive PbS@CdS QDs were utilized and further encapsulated with thiol-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (SH-PEG, MW = 5000) to form PbS@CdS@PEG QDs nanoparticles (NPs). The obtained PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs were then characterized and further studied in detail. The PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs had large absorption spectra, exhibited strong NIR-II fluorescence emission at approximately 1300nm, and possessed good NIR-II fluorescence properties. Then, the mice model of early-stage brain metastases of TNBC was established, and the PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs were injected into the tumor-bearing mice for NIR-II fluorescence microscopic bioimaging. The brain vessels and tumors of the living mice were detected with high spatial resolution under the NIR-II fluorescence microscopic imaging system with irradiation of 808nm laser. The tumor tissues were further restricted and prepared as thin slices. The NIR-II fluorescence signals were collected from the tumor slices with high spatial resolution and signal-to-background ratio (SBR). Thus, the PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs-assisted NIR-II fluorescence microscopic system can effectively achieve targeting brain metastases of TNBC imaging, offering a novel and promising approach for TNBC-specific diagnosis.展开更多
Near infrared-II(NIR-II)dyes have unique advantages in biomedical applications owing to the powerful ability in penetrating biological tissues.Herein,NIR-II aza-BODIPY dye,QLD-BDP,was developed with julolidine at 1,7-...Near infrared-II(NIR-II)dyes have unique advantages in biomedical applications owing to the powerful ability in penetrating biological tissues.Herein,NIR-II aza-BODIPY dye,QLD-BDP,was developed with julolidine at 1,7-sites and p-dimethylaminophenyl group at 3,5-sites.According to X-ray analysis,QLD-BDP exhibits significant distortion,and this molecule appears a bowl shaped structure.The photothermal conversion efficiency of the self-assembled QLD-BDP nanoparticles(QLD-BDP-NPs)can reach 50.5%,with maximum emission at 998 nm by the aggregate.QLD-BDP-NPs can cause the complete destruction of 4T1multicellular spheroids(MCSs),indicating a photothermal therapy(PTT)effect.展开更多
Hypoxia is the common characteristic of almost all solid tumors,which prevents therapeutic drugs from reaching the tumors.Therefore,the development of new targeted agents for the accurate diagnosis of hypoxia tumors i...Hypoxia is the common characteristic of almost all solid tumors,which prevents therapeutic drugs from reaching the tumors.Therefore,the development of new targeted agents for the accurate diagnosis of hypoxia tumors is widely concerned.As carbonic anhydrase IX(CA IX)is abundantly distributed on the hypoxia tumor cells,it is considered as a potential tumor biomarker.4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide(ABS)as a CA IX inhibitor has inherent inhibitory activity and good targeting effect.In this study,Ag_(2)S quantum dots(QDs)were used as the carrier to prepare a novel diagnostic and therapeutic bioprobe(Ag_(2)S@polyethylene glycol(PEG)-ABS)through ligand exchange and amide condensation reaction.Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can selectively target tumors by surface-modified ABS and achieve accurate tumor imaging by the near infrared-II(NIR-II)fluorescence characteristics of Ag_(2)S QDs.PEG modification of Ag_(2)S QDs greatly improves its water solubility and stability,and therefore achieves high photothermal stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency(PCE)of 45.17%.Under laser irradiation,Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS has powerful photothermal and inherent antitumor combinations on colon cancer cells(CT-26)in vitro.It also has been proved that Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can realize the effective treatment of hypoxia tumors in vivo and show good biocompatibility.Therefore,it is a new efficient integrated platform for the diagnosis and treatment of hypoxia tumors.展开更多
Owing to the high spatiotemporal resolution,the second near-infrared(NIR-II)imaging window can provide high imaging contrast with diminished tissue autofluorescence and suppressed photon scattering to pinpoint the loc...Owing to the high spatiotemporal resolution,the second near-infrared(NIR-II)imaging window can provide high imaging contrast with diminished tissue autofluorescence and suppressed photon scattering to pinpoint the locations for tumor surgery.Due to the unique optical properties and excellent fluorescence performance,quantum dots(QDs)are regarded as ideal nanoprobes for fluorescence-guided surgery(FGS).Moreover,QDs can be excited by a variety of light sources owing to the continuous and wide absorption ranges.Herein,light-emitting diode(LED)was used as the excitation source of QDs-based nanoprobes to realize FGS of tumor with high resolution.Since the LED light could irradiate a large region with consistent light intensity,signal distortion at the edge of imaging field was avoided.The signal intensity of the view edges under LED excitation can be improved by about 5 times compared to laser excitation.Therefore,more micro-vessels and smaller tumors(Vtumor<5 mm^(2))could be detected,thus providing more precise guidance for tumor resection surgery.展开更多
Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is known to be overexpressed in prostate cancer(PCa).The development of precise and rapid imaging technologies to monitor PSMA is crucial for early diagnosis and therapy.Fluores...Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is known to be overexpressed in prostate cancer(PCa).The development of precise and rapid imaging technologies to monitor PSMA is crucial for early diagnosis and therapy.Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II)has emerged as a powerful tool for real-time tracking and in vivo visualization,offering high sensitivity and resolu-tion.However,there is a lack of stable,bright and easy-to-implement NIR-II fluorescent probes for PSMA targeting.Herein,we presented a PSMA-targeting NIR-II fluorescent probe FC-PSMA based onπ-conjugated crossbreeding dyed strategy that affords high stability,large extinction coefficient,and good bright-ness.As demonstrated,FC-PSMA displayed a high fluorescence quantum yield in fetal bovine serum(FBS).Following intravenous injection of FC-PSMA,the tumor-to-normal ratio of fluorescence intensity steadily increased over time,reaching a peak at 48 h(tumor-to-leg ratio=12.16±0.90).This advancement enables precise identification of PC through NIR-II fluorescence imaging,facili-tating high-performance guidance for prostate cancer resection surgery.展开更多
Gastric ulcers are one of the most common stomach diseases that often accompanied by inflammation,congestion,edema,scar tissue formation,and pyloric obstruction.Fiberoptic endoscopy and X-ray analysis of the upper GI ...Gastric ulcers are one of the most common stomach diseases that often accompanied by inflammation,congestion,edema,scar tissue formation,and pyloric obstruction.Fiberoptic endoscopy and X-ray analysis of the upper GI tract have become the diagnostic procedure of choice for patients.However,conventional diagnosis technology is either invasive or radioactive.Herein,a novel CD-MOF NIR-II fluorophore(GPs-CH1055)was developed.The relative fluorophore intensity was largely consistent at various media and pH buffers,and it can swell into gel particles in solvents and be completely expelled from the gastrointestinal tract without being assimilated.GPs-CH1055 has been further evaluated in vivo,and exhibited strong retention effect on the gastric ulcer sites,bright NIR-II signals with high spatial and temporal resolution.Therefore,GPs-CH1055 shows great promise for realizing real-time gastric ulcer imaging and diagnosis.展开更多
Stanene,the two-dimensional form of elemental tin(Sn),is easily oxidized in the ambient environ-ment,significantly hindering its applications in biomedical fields.However,the degradation mechanism of stanene remains u...Stanene,the two-dimensional form of elemental tin(Sn),is easily oxidized in the ambient environ-ment,significantly hindering its applications in biomedical fields.However,the degradation mechanism of stanene remains unclear.Herein,combined DFT calculations and proof-of-concept experiments were conducted to elucidate the underlying degradation mechanism of stanene.The results reveal that the degradation of stanene in an oxygenated water environment is a water-accelerated oxidation process.H_(2) O molecules could not only facilitate the electron transfer from stanene to O_(2) because of the polarization effect of H_(2) O,but also directly react with the defect sites of stanene due to enhanced absorption energy.Moreover,several protective strategies like alcohol protection were proposed to avoid or mitigate the oxidation of stanene for further applications.Finally,stanene was explored as the second near-infrared(NIR-II)photonic agents for ablation of 4T1 tumor,depicting a tumor-growth inhibition ratio up to 96.7%,much better than that of the first near-infrared(NIR-I)group(65.5%).This work reveals the degradation mechanism of stanene and demonstrates its biomedical applications in the NIR-II region.展开更多
In recent years,with the rapid development of nano-technology,the combination of diagnosis and treatment by nanotechnologyhas brought new hope for mankind to overcome cancer.The Near-infrared two-region(NIR-II)imaging...In recent years,with the rapid development of nano-technology,the combination of diagnosis and treatment by nanotechnologyhas brought new hope for mankind to overcome cancer.The Near-infrared two-region(NIR-II)imaging technology hasdeveloped rapidly in recent years because of its non-invasive nature,strong tissue penetration and overall imaging of small animals.In this study,a novel nano-drug delivery system(DOX-IR1061 cationic liposomes)was prepared,loaded with doxorubicin(DOX)as a chemotherapeutic drug and NIR-II-excited fluorescent probe IR1061 as an imaging agent,and the uptake ability of tumor cellswas enhanced by octadecylamine.DOX-IR1061 cationic liposomes have good NIR-II imaging ability,clear imaging and obvioussignal.Cell uptake indicated that palamine could enhance the uptake efficiency of cationic liposomes by tumor cells,while in vitroanti-tumor experiments revealed that the enhancement of uptake efficiency would enhance the anti-tumor effect of DOX.Therefore,DOX-IR1061 cationic liposomes we prepared have the potential to realize both tumor imaging and therapy,and to realize theintegration of rapid diagnosis and treatment,and provide new ideas for cancer cure and the development of the field of diagnosis andtreatment integration.展开更多
In recent years,fluorescent materials centered on the second near-infrared(NIR-II)window have emerged as a new research area of interest for prospective biomedical applications.Among the latest generation of NIR-II pr...In recent years,fluorescent materials centered on the second near-infrared(NIR-II)window have emerged as a new research area of interest for prospective biomedical applications.Among the latest generation of NIR-II probes,rare earth nanocrystals(RE NCs)have distinguished themselves by their remarkable optical properties,such as high stability,large Stokes/anti-Stokes shift,a broad excitation spectral bandwidth,and a prolonged fluorescence lifetime.Particularly,via ingenious design and meticulous manipulation of the structure and composition,the energy transfer and photon transition during the luminescence process can be precisely regulated,thereby achieving substantial optimization of optical performance.In this review,we will briefly outline the NIR-II emission mechanism of RE NCs and focus on the luminescence enhancement strategies of the latest advancements,with the intention of furnishing valuable references for research in related fields.展开更多
Human papillomavirus(HPV)is a highly prevalent venereal pathogen accounting for genital warts and various cancers like cervical,anal,and oropharyngeal cancers.Although imiquimod,a topical medication,is commonly used t...Human papillomavirus(HPV)is a highly prevalent venereal pathogen accounting for genital warts and various cancers like cervical,anal,and oropharyngeal cancers.Although imiquimod,a topical medication,is commonly used to treat genital warts induced by HPV,its potential as an in situ immune response regulator for HPV-related cancers has rarely been explored.In this study,we developed an innovative synergistic therapeutic platform by integrating near-infrared-II(NIR-II)absorbing aggregationinduced emission(AIE)agent(TPE-BT-BBTD)and imiquimod into an injectable hydrogel named TIH.TPE-BT-BBTD molecule that serves as a photothermal agent,with exposure to a 1064 nm laser,effectively destroys tumor cells and releases tumor-related antigens.During the thermogenesis process,the hydrogel melts and releases imiquimod.The released imiquimod,in conjunction with the dead tumor antigens,stimulates dendritic cellmaturation,activating the immune system to ultimately eliminate residual cancer cells.This novel approach combines the immunomodulatory effects of imiquimod with a 1064 nm-excitable photothermal agent in a hydrogel delivery system,offering a promising tactic for combating HPV-associated cancers.展开更多
Organic agents possessing NIR-II and photoacoustic duplex imaging capabilities,coupled with high-efficiency photothermal conversion,offer significant potential for noninvasive and precise phototheranostics of glioblas...Organic agents possessing NIR-II and photoacoustic duplex imaging capabilities,coupled with high-efficiency photothermal conversion,offer significant potential for noninvasive and precise phototheranostics of glioblastoma,which is further augmented when these agents can concurrently exhibit tumor targeting and blood–brain barrier(BBB)permeability.This study reports a series of finely tunable NIRII molecular luminophores based on the aza-BODIPY scaffold,featuring unique twisted and rotatable structures.They are further constructed to folate-decorated polymeric nanoparticles,exhibiting remarkable NIR-II/photoacoustic imaging performance and superior photothermal conversion efficiency(49.7%).Folate modification enables tumor targeting and BBB permeability through receptor-mediated transcytosis,allowing for precise and efficient phototherapy in 4T1-/glioblastomabearing mice after a single intravenous injection and irradiation.This study presents a rational molecular engineering approach and a versatile structural scaffold for designing NIR-II emitters with tailored photophysical properties and desirable phototherapeutic efficacy,thereby offering novel perspectives on the development of advanced depth imaging probes and brain tumor therapeutics.展开更多
Albumin encapsulation is a powerful strategy for drug delivery,yet its potential has not been fully explored for photodynamic therapy(PDT)agents.Cl-containing near-infrared(NIR)cyanine dyes are intrinsically PDT agent...Albumin encapsulation is a powerful strategy for drug delivery,yet its potential has not been fully explored for photodynamic therapy(PDT)agents.Cl-containing near-infrared(NIR)cyanine dyes are intrinsically PDT agents and tend to covalently bind with albumin;however,their PDT efficiency in tumors is largely compromised due to limited accumulation of the complex(size less than 10 nm)to the tumor site.To maximize their PDT effect while retaining sufficient NIR brightness for imaging-guided PDT,we developed a DTT-promoted encapsula-tion strategy to enhance singlet oxygen release for Cl-containing dyes.By disrupting disulfide bonds in albumin,the protein shell is loosened,increasing size while maintaining singlet oxygen release,partial brightness,and photostability.In vivo experiments reveal the rapid tumor accumulation of IR-6B3@DTT-HSA,enabling flexible treatment timing.This strategy enhances targeted delivery and PDT efficacy,paving the way for broader applications in cancer therapy.展开更多
The vasculature,as the essential biological network for oxygen and nutrients delivery and the dynamic regulatory center for physiological processes,is fundamentally important for maintaining human health and life qual...The vasculature,as the essential biological network for oxygen and nutrients delivery and the dynamic regulatory center for physiological processes,is fundamentally important for maintaining human health and life quality.Accurate visualization of vascular structures,as well as real-time monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and molecular profiles associated with vascular function,are therefore crucial for early diagnosis and preventive interventions of vascular diseases.Fluorescence imaging technology,particularly in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II;1000–1700 nm),offers distinct advantages for these demanding imaging requirements not only due to its high sensitivity,excellent spatial resolution,and real-time monitoring capability but also thanks to the superior signal-to-background ratio and large tissue penetration depth of NIR-II fluorescence.Among diverse NIR-II fluorescent probes,aggregation-induced emission luminogens(AIEgens)stand out for their intrinsic organic nature and,more importantly,for their unique aggregation-enhanced emission properties,which clearly differentiates them from traditional fluorophores and enable high-resolution imaging.Currently,a series of high-performance NIR-II AIEgens featuring relatively high fluorescence brightness and long emission wavelengths with emission tails even extending into the NIR-IIa(1300–1400 nm)and NIR-IIb(1500–1700 nm)subwindows have been reported and demonstrated encouraging results in intravital fluorescence angiography.This minireview summarizes recent advances in NIR-II AIEgens for various vascular imaging applications,categorized by anatomical locations,including cerebral,abdominal,hindlimb,ear,axillary,renal,and tumor angiography.The molecular design strategies and nanoengineering approaches to achieve longer emission wavelengths,higher fluorescence brightness,and improved bioavailability are highlighted.Finally,the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed from the aspects of materials engineering,application scenarios expansion,and clinical translation.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3206000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20487)+1 种基金Dr.Li Dak Sum&Yip Yio Chin Development Fund for Regenerative Medicine,Zhejiang Universitythe National Natural Science Foundation of China(61975172).
文摘近红外二区(the second near-infrared window,NIR-II,900~1880 nm)荧光成像具有信号背景比高、穿透深度大的优势,在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。对NIR-II成像窗口的划分有利于优化成像过程,其中,NIRIIx(1400~1500 nm)成像窗口得益于其独特的水吸收,可以有效抑制散射背景,实现高对比度成像。文章通过仿真模拟和活体实验,系统评估了NIR-IIx窗口的成像潜力。为了更好地推进NIR-IIx荧光成像的临床转化,研究采用美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)批准的有机小分子染料吲哚菁绿(Indocyanine Green,ICG)作为荧光探针,利用其延伸至NIR-II的荧光发射拖尾,实现了高对比度和清晰度的小鼠血管和肠道的NIR-IIx成像。此外,研究还结合同样通过FDA认证的亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue,MB),成功实现了高质量的NIR-II双通道成像,精准定位小鼠的血管和淋巴结。文章进一步挖掘了NIR-IIx在生物成像上的独特优势和临床应用的潜力,并为NIR-II荧光成像的临床转化提供了重要参考。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20487)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3206000)+1 种基金Dr.Li Dak Sum&Yip Yio Chin Development Fund for Regenerative Medicine,Zhejiang Universitythe National Natural Science Foundation of China(61975172).
文摘Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900-1880 nm)offers high signalto-background ratio(SBR),enhanced definition,and superior tissue penetration,making it ideal for real-time surgical navigation.However,with single-channel imaging,surgeons must frequently switch between the surgi⁃cal field and the NIR-II images on the monitor.To address this,a coaxial dual-channel imaging system that com⁃bines visible light and 1100 nm longpass(1100LP)fluorescence was developed.The system features a custom⁃ized coaxial dual-channel lens with optimized distortion,achieving precise alignment with an error of less than±0.15 mm.Additionally,the shared focusing mechanism simplifies operation.Using FDA-approved indocya⁃nine green(ICG),the system was successfully applied in dual-channel guided rat lymph node excision,and blood supply assessment of reconstructed human flap.This approach enhances surgical precision,improves opera⁃tional efficiency,and provides a valuable reference for further clinical translation of NIR-II fluorescence imaging.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371373,W2412120)the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(21ZR1436100).
文摘Ischemia is a significant factor affecting the repair of peripheral nerve injuries,while exosomes have been shown to promote angiogenesis.To further investigate the detailed processes and efficacy of exosome thera⁃py for ischemic peripheral nerve injuries,this study utilized glucose-modified near-infrared-II(NIR-II)quantum dots(QDs)to label adipose-derived stem cell exosomes(QDs-ADSC-Exos),enabling long-term in vivo NIR-II imaging of exosome treatment for ischemic peripheral nerve damage.Experimental results confirmed that QDs can be used for non-invasive in vitro labeling of exosomes,with QDs-ADSC-Exos exhibiting strong fluorescence signals in the NIR-II window and demonstrating favorable NIR-II imaging characteristics in vivo.Notably,QDsADSC-Exos showed accumulation at the site of nerve injury in cases of ischemic peripheral nerve damage.Func⁃tional neurological assessments indicated that QDs-ADSC-Exos effectively promoted neural regeneration.This study highlights the potential of exosomes in treating ischemic peripheral nerve injuries and elucidates the spatio⁃temporal characteristics of exosome therapy,providing objective evidence for the further optimization of exosomebased treatment protocols.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81874059 and 82102105)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ22H160017)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M702825).
文摘The second near-infrared window(NIR-II,900-1880 nm)overcomes critical limitations of visible(360-760 nm)and NIR-I(760-900 nm)imaging—including restricted penetration depth,low signal-to-back⁃ground ratio,and tissue autofluorescence—establishing its pivotal role for in vivo deep-tissue bioimaging.With exponential growth in NIR-II photodiagnosis and phototherapy research over the past decade,bibliometric analy⁃sis is essential to map the evolving landscape and guide strategic priorities.We systematically analyzed 2,491 NIR-II-related publications(2009-2023)from the Web of Science Core Collection,employing scientometric tools for distinct analytical purposes:(a)VOSviewer,SCImago Graphica,and Gephi for co-authorship and co-occur⁃rence network mapping;(b)the R bibliometrix package for tracking field evolution and identifying high-impact publications/journals.The search retrieved 2491 studies from 359 journals originating from 54 countries.The country with the most published articles is China.Chinese institutions drive>60%of publications,with Stanford University(USA)and Nanyang Technological University(Singapore)ranked as the top two institutions by re⁃search quality.International cooperation is becoming increasingly frequent.Fan Quli,Tang Benzhong and Dai Hongjie are the top 3 productive authors in this field.Keyword evolution identifies"photodynamic therapy"and"immunotherapy"as pivotal future directions.We summarize the most cited literatures and NIR-II imaging clini⁃cal trials.This study delineates the NIR-II research trajectory,highlighting China's leadership,intensifying glob⁃al collaboration,and interdisciplinary convergence.Future efforts should prioritize the novel NIR-II probe devel⁃opment for NIR-II imaging and clinical translation of photodynamic/immunotherapy combinational platforms.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62175201 and 52373142)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK20220404)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe open research fund of State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays.
文摘Fluorophores emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900–1700nm) allow for high-resolution deep-tissue bioimaging owing to minimal tissue scattering. Although J-aggregation offers a promising approach to developing long-wavelength emitters, the scarcity of J-type backbones and reliable design principles limits their application in biological imaging. Here, we introduce a strategy for engineering high-brightness NIR-II J-aggregated fluorophores by incorporating electron-withdrawing substituents into a fused-ring backbone. These substituents modulate the electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution across the conjugated backbone, reducing both electrostatic repulsion and intermolecular distance, which promotes ordered J-aggregation. As a result, Y8 aggregate (Y8 nanoparticles) exhibits an outstanding fluorescence quantum yield of up to 12.9% and strong near-infrared absorption in aqueous solution for high-performance NIR-II fluorescence imaging in vivo. This work not only presents a novel J-type backbone but also advances the understanding of the structure–property relationship critical to designing NIR-II J-aggregates.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2024YFF1206700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U23A20487)the Hangzhou Chengxi Sci-tech Innovation Corridor Management Committee.
文摘Three-dimensional (3D) visualization of dynamic biological processes in deep tissue remains challenging due to the trade-off between temporal resolution and imaging depth. Here, we present a novel near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 900–1880nm) fluorescence volumetric microscopic imaging method that combines an electrically tunable lens (ETL) with deep learning approaches for rapid 3D imaging. The technology achieves volumetric imaging at 4.2 frames per second (fps) across a 200 μm depth range in live mouse brain vasculature. Two specialized neural networks are utilized: a scale-recurrent network (SRN) for image enhancement and a cerebral vessel interpolation (CVI) network that enables 16-fold axial upsampling. The SRN, trained on two-photon fluorescence microscopic data, improves both lateral and axial resolution of NIR-II fluorescence wide-field microscopic images. The CVI network, adapted from video interpolation techniques, generates intermediate frames between acquired axial planes, resulting in smooth and continuous 3D vessel reconstructions. Using this integrated system, we visualize and quantify blood flow dynamics in individual vessels and are capable of measuring blood velocity at different depths. This approach maintains high lateral resolution while achieving rapid volumetric imaging, and is particularly suitable for studying dynamic vascular processes in deep tissue. Our method demonstrates the potential of combining optical engineering with artificial intelligence to advance biological imaging capabilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant Nos.62035011,82202220 and 82060326State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis,Prevention and treat ment of High Incident Diseases in central Asia(Nos.SKL-HIDCA-2022-3 and SKL-HIDCA-2022-GJ1)+3 种基金the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Regional Collaborative Innovation Special Science and Technology Assistance Program(No.2022E02130)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Natural Sci ence Foundation Key Project(No.2022D01D40)Outstanding Youth Project(2023D01E06)Y.Gao and C.Zhang authors contributed equally to this work.
文摘Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and often fatal disease, especially since the brain metastasis of TNBC has been a particularly severe manifestation. However, brain metastasis in TNBC at early stages often lacks noticeable symptoms, making it challenging to detect. Near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence microscopic imaging obtains long wavelength, which enables reduced scattering, high spatial resolution and minimal autofluorescence, it is also a favorable imaging method for tumor diagnosis. PbS@CdS quantum dots (QDs) are one of the popular NIR-II fluorescence nanoprobes for well brightness. In this study, NIR-II emissive PbS@CdS QDs were utilized and further encapsulated with thiol-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (SH-PEG, MW = 5000) to form PbS@CdS@PEG QDs nanoparticles (NPs). The obtained PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs were then characterized and further studied in detail. The PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs had large absorption spectra, exhibited strong NIR-II fluorescence emission at approximately 1300nm, and possessed good NIR-II fluorescence properties. Then, the mice model of early-stage brain metastases of TNBC was established, and the PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs were injected into the tumor-bearing mice for NIR-II fluorescence microscopic bioimaging. The brain vessels and tumors of the living mice were detected with high spatial resolution under the NIR-II fluorescence microscopic imaging system with irradiation of 808nm laser. The tumor tissues were further restricted and prepared as thin slices. The NIR-II fluorescence signals were collected from the tumor slices with high spatial resolution and signal-to-background ratio (SBR). Thus, the PbS@CdS@PEG QDs NPs-assisted NIR-II fluorescence microscopic system can effectively achieve targeting brain metastases of TNBC imaging, offering a novel and promising approach for TNBC-specific diagnosis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22078201,U1908202)Liaoning&Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment(Nos.2021JH13/10200018,21–104–0–23)。
文摘Near infrared-II(NIR-II)dyes have unique advantages in biomedical applications owing to the powerful ability in penetrating biological tissues.Herein,NIR-II aza-BODIPY dye,QLD-BDP,was developed with julolidine at 1,7-sites and p-dimethylaminophenyl group at 3,5-sites.According to X-ray analysis,QLD-BDP exhibits significant distortion,and this molecule appears a bowl shaped structure.The photothermal conversion efficiency of the self-assembled QLD-BDP nanoparticles(QLD-BDP-NPs)can reach 50.5%,with maximum emission at 998 nm by the aggregate.QLD-BDP-NPs can cause the complete destruction of 4T1multicellular spheroids(MCSs),indicating a photothermal therapy(PTT)effect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:82073808,82273885).
文摘Hypoxia is the common characteristic of almost all solid tumors,which prevents therapeutic drugs from reaching the tumors.Therefore,the development of new targeted agents for the accurate diagnosis of hypoxia tumors is widely concerned.As carbonic anhydrase IX(CA IX)is abundantly distributed on the hypoxia tumor cells,it is considered as a potential tumor biomarker.4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide(ABS)as a CA IX inhibitor has inherent inhibitory activity and good targeting effect.In this study,Ag_(2)S quantum dots(QDs)were used as the carrier to prepare a novel diagnostic and therapeutic bioprobe(Ag_(2)S@polyethylene glycol(PEG)-ABS)through ligand exchange and amide condensation reaction.Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can selectively target tumors by surface-modified ABS and achieve accurate tumor imaging by the near infrared-II(NIR-II)fluorescence characteristics of Ag_(2)S QDs.PEG modification of Ag_(2)S QDs greatly improves its water solubility and stability,and therefore achieves high photothermal stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency(PCE)of 45.17%.Under laser irradiation,Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS has powerful photothermal and inherent antitumor combinations on colon cancer cells(CT-26)in vitro.It also has been proved that Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can realize the effective treatment of hypoxia tumors in vivo and show good biocompatibility.Therefore,it is a new efficient integrated platform for the diagnosis and treatment of hypoxia tumors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant(Nos.22174105 and 21974104)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0908800)。
文摘Owing to the high spatiotemporal resolution,the second near-infrared(NIR-II)imaging window can provide high imaging contrast with diminished tissue autofluorescence and suppressed photon scattering to pinpoint the locations for tumor surgery.Due to the unique optical properties and excellent fluorescence performance,quantum dots(QDs)are regarded as ideal nanoprobes for fluorescence-guided surgery(FGS).Moreover,QDs can be excited by a variety of light sources owing to the continuous and wide absorption ranges.Herein,light-emitting diode(LED)was used as the excitation source of QDs-based nanoprobes to realize FGS of tumor with high resolution.Since the LED light could irradiate a large region with consistent light intensity,signal distortion at the edge of imaging field was avoided.The signal intensity of the view edges under LED excitation can be improved by about 5 times compared to laser excitation.Therefore,more micro-vessels and smaller tumors(Vtumor<5 mm^(2))could be detected,thus providing more precise guidance for tumor resection surgery.
基金supported by NSFC/China(22225805,21878087,22378122,32394001,and 32121005)National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFA0910000),Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.23J21901600)+4 种基金Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism(Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,grant 2021 Sci&Tech 03-28)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant 2018SHZDZX03)Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Rising-Star Program(22QC1400400)Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(B16017)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1416600).
文摘Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is known to be overexpressed in prostate cancer(PCa).The development of precise and rapid imaging technologies to monitor PSMA is crucial for early diagnosis and therapy.Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II)has emerged as a powerful tool for real-time tracking and in vivo visualization,offering high sensitivity and resolu-tion.However,there is a lack of stable,bright and easy-to-implement NIR-II fluorescent probes for PSMA targeting.Herein,we presented a PSMA-targeting NIR-II fluorescent probe FC-PSMA based onπ-conjugated crossbreeding dyed strategy that affords high stability,large extinction coefficient,and good bright-ness.As demonstrated,FC-PSMA displayed a high fluorescence quantum yield in fetal bovine serum(FBS).Following intravenous injection of FC-PSMA,the tumor-to-normal ratio of fluorescence intensity steadily increased over time,reaching a peak at 48 h(tumor-to-leg ratio=12.16±0.90).This advancement enables precise identification of PC through NIR-II fluorescence imaging,facili-tating high-performance guidance for prostate cancer resection surgery.
基金partially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0908800)National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.81773674)+7 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grant(No.JCYJ20190808152019182)Hubei Province Scientific and Technical Innovation Key Project(No.2020BAB058)the Applied Basic Research Program of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(No.2019020701011429)the Local Development Funds of Science and Technology Department of Tibet(No.XZ202001YD0028C)Tibet Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project Key Project(No.XZ201901-GB-11)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei(No.2019CFB679)the Health Commission of Hubei Province Scientific Research Project(No.WJ2021Q031)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.ZNJC201931)。
文摘Gastric ulcers are one of the most common stomach diseases that often accompanied by inflammation,congestion,edema,scar tissue formation,and pyloric obstruction.Fiberoptic endoscopy and X-ray analysis of the upper GI tract have become the diagnostic procedure of choice for patients.However,conventional diagnosis technology is either invasive or radioactive.Herein,a novel CD-MOF NIR-II fluorophore(GPs-CH1055)was developed.The relative fluorophore intensity was largely consistent at various media and pH buffers,and it can swell into gel particles in solvents and be completely expelled from the gastrointestinal tract without being assimilated.GPs-CH1055 has been further evaluated in vivo,and exhibited strong retention effect on the gastric ulcer sites,bright NIR-II signals with high spatial and temporal resolution.Therefore,GPs-CH1055 shows great promise for realizing real-time gastric ulcer imaging and diagnosis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(No.52071120)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(Nos.GXXT-2019-045 and GXXT-2020-063)the Open Foundation of Shenzhen Bay Lab-oratory(No.SZBL2019062801005).
文摘Stanene,the two-dimensional form of elemental tin(Sn),is easily oxidized in the ambient environ-ment,significantly hindering its applications in biomedical fields.However,the degradation mechanism of stanene remains unclear.Herein,combined DFT calculations and proof-of-concept experiments were conducted to elucidate the underlying degradation mechanism of stanene.The results reveal that the degradation of stanene in an oxygenated water environment is a water-accelerated oxidation process.H_(2) O molecules could not only facilitate the electron transfer from stanene to O_(2) because of the polarization effect of H_(2) O,but also directly react with the defect sites of stanene due to enhanced absorption energy.Moreover,several protective strategies like alcohol protection were proposed to avoid or mitigate the oxidation of stanene for further applications.Finally,stanene was explored as the second near-infrared(NIR-II)photonic agents for ablation of 4T1 tumor,depicting a tumor-growth inhibition ratio up to 96.7%,much better than that of the first near-infrared(NIR-I)group(65.5%).This work reveals the degradation mechanism of stanene and demonstrates its biomedical applications in the NIR-II region.
文摘In recent years,with the rapid development of nano-technology,the combination of diagnosis and treatment by nanotechnologyhas brought new hope for mankind to overcome cancer.The Near-infrared two-region(NIR-II)imaging technology hasdeveloped rapidly in recent years because of its non-invasive nature,strong tissue penetration and overall imaging of small animals.In this study,a novel nano-drug delivery system(DOX-IR1061 cationic liposomes)was prepared,loaded with doxorubicin(DOX)as a chemotherapeutic drug and NIR-II-excited fluorescent probe IR1061 as an imaging agent,and the uptake ability of tumor cellswas enhanced by octadecylamine.DOX-IR1061 cationic liposomes have good NIR-II imaging ability,clear imaging and obvioussignal.Cell uptake indicated that palamine could enhance the uptake efficiency of cationic liposomes by tumor cells,while in vitroanti-tumor experiments revealed that the enhancement of uptake efficiency would enhance the anti-tumor effect of DOX.Therefore,DOX-IR1061 cationic liposomes we prepared have the potential to realize both tumor imaging and therapy,and to realize theintegration of rapid diagnosis and treatment,and provide new ideas for cancer cure and the development of the field of diagnosis andtreatment integration.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFF0701800 and 2022YFF0710000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22020102003,22388101,52372278,and 22125701)。
文摘In recent years,fluorescent materials centered on the second near-infrared(NIR-II)window have emerged as a new research area of interest for prospective biomedical applications.Among the latest generation of NIR-II probes,rare earth nanocrystals(RE NCs)have distinguished themselves by their remarkable optical properties,such as high stability,large Stokes/anti-Stokes shift,a broad excitation spectral bandwidth,and a prolonged fluorescence lifetime.Particularly,via ingenious design and meticulous manipulation of the structure and composition,the energy transfer and photon transition during the luminescence process can be precisely regulated,thereby achieving substantial optimization of optical performance.In this review,we will briefly outline the NIR-II emission mechanism of RE NCs and focus on the luminescence enhancement strategies of the latest advancements,with the intention of furnishing valuable references for research in related fields.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82371613 to F.S.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2700200 to F.S.)+5 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2023C03035 to F.S.)the Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(No.2021BEG02029 to F.S.)the 2024 Zhejiang Medicine and Health Technology Plan(No.2024KY100 to X.Y.)the 2024 Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan(No.2024ZL597 to X.Y.)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ24H180003 to X.Y.)the 2023 Clinical Medical Research Special Key Project Fund of the Zhejiang Medical Association(2023ZYC-Z05 to X.Y.)for financial support.
文摘Human papillomavirus(HPV)is a highly prevalent venereal pathogen accounting for genital warts and various cancers like cervical,anal,and oropharyngeal cancers.Although imiquimod,a topical medication,is commonly used to treat genital warts induced by HPV,its potential as an in situ immune response regulator for HPV-related cancers has rarely been explored.In this study,we developed an innovative synergistic therapeutic platform by integrating near-infrared-II(NIR-II)absorbing aggregationinduced emission(AIE)agent(TPE-BT-BBTD)and imiquimod into an injectable hydrogel named TIH.TPE-BT-BBTD molecule that serves as a photothermal agent,with exposure to a 1064 nm laser,effectively destroys tumor cells and releases tumor-related antigens.During the thermogenesis process,the hydrogel melts and releases imiquimod.The released imiquimod,in conjunction with the dead tumor antigens,stimulates dendritic cellmaturation,activating the immune system to ultimately eliminate residual cancer cells.This novel approach combines the immunomodulatory effects of imiquimod with a 1064 nm-excitable photothermal agent in a hydrogel delivery system,offering a promising tactic for combating HPV-associated cancers.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22322405,22274055,21904040Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research,Grant/Award Number:TQ20240206+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesShanghai Pujiang Program,Grant/Award Number:19PJ1402800。
文摘Organic agents possessing NIR-II and photoacoustic duplex imaging capabilities,coupled with high-efficiency photothermal conversion,offer significant potential for noninvasive and precise phototheranostics of glioblastoma,which is further augmented when these agents can concurrently exhibit tumor targeting and blood–brain barrier(BBB)permeability.This study reports a series of finely tunable NIRII molecular luminophores based on the aza-BODIPY scaffold,featuring unique twisted and rotatable structures.They are further constructed to folate-decorated polymeric nanoparticles,exhibiting remarkable NIR-II/photoacoustic imaging performance and superior photothermal conversion efficiency(49.7%).Folate modification enables tumor targeting and BBB permeability through receptor-mediated transcytosis,allowing for precise and efficient phototherapy in 4T1-/glioblastomabearing mice after a single intravenous injection and irradiation.This study presents a rational molecular engineering approach and a versatile structural scaffold for designing NIR-II emitters with tailored photophysical properties and desirable phototherapeutic efficacy,thereby offering novel perspectives on the development of advanced depth imaging probes and brain tumor therapeutics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2408100)the Xiaomi Young Scholar project,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.
文摘Albumin encapsulation is a powerful strategy for drug delivery,yet its potential has not been fully explored for photodynamic therapy(PDT)agents.Cl-containing near-infrared(NIR)cyanine dyes are intrinsically PDT agents and tend to covalently bind with albumin;however,their PDT efficiency in tumors is largely compromised due to limited accumulation of the complex(size less than 10 nm)to the tumor site.To maximize their PDT effect while retaining sufficient NIR brightness for imaging-guided PDT,we developed a DTT-promoted encapsula-tion strategy to enhance singlet oxygen release for Cl-containing dyes.By disrupting disulfide bonds in albumin,the protein shell is loosened,increasing size while maintaining singlet oxygen release,partial brightness,and photostability.In vivo experiments reveal the rapid tumor accumulation of IR-6B3@DTT-HSA,enabling flexible treatment timing.This strategy enhances targeted delivery and PDT efficacy,paving the way for broader applications in cancer therapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22275124,22475134)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515010662)+1 种基金Shenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(868-000003011036)Scientific Foundation for Youth Scholars of Shenzhen University(868-000001032113,868–000001032219).
文摘The vasculature,as the essential biological network for oxygen and nutrients delivery and the dynamic regulatory center for physiological processes,is fundamentally important for maintaining human health and life quality.Accurate visualization of vascular structures,as well as real-time monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and molecular profiles associated with vascular function,are therefore crucial for early diagnosis and preventive interventions of vascular diseases.Fluorescence imaging technology,particularly in the second near-infrared window(NIR-II;1000–1700 nm),offers distinct advantages for these demanding imaging requirements not only due to its high sensitivity,excellent spatial resolution,and real-time monitoring capability but also thanks to the superior signal-to-background ratio and large tissue penetration depth of NIR-II fluorescence.Among diverse NIR-II fluorescent probes,aggregation-induced emission luminogens(AIEgens)stand out for their intrinsic organic nature and,more importantly,for their unique aggregation-enhanced emission properties,which clearly differentiates them from traditional fluorophores and enable high-resolution imaging.Currently,a series of high-performance NIR-II AIEgens featuring relatively high fluorescence brightness and long emission wavelengths with emission tails even extending into the NIR-IIa(1300–1400 nm)and NIR-IIb(1500–1700 nm)subwindows have been reported and demonstrated encouraging results in intravital fluorescence angiography.This minireview summarizes recent advances in NIR-II AIEgens for various vascular imaging applications,categorized by anatomical locations,including cerebral,abdominal,hindlimb,ear,axillary,renal,and tumor angiography.The molecular design strategies and nanoengineering approaches to achieve longer emission wavelengths,higher fluorescence brightness,and improved bioavailability are highlighted.Finally,the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed from the aspects of materials engineering,application scenarios expansion,and clinical translation.
