The presence of residual alkaline compounds in the ultrahigh-nickel layered oxide cathodes(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1−x−y)O_(2),x≥_(0.9))aggravates structural degradation,increases surface reactivity,and promotes slurry gel...The presence of residual alkaline compounds in the ultrahigh-nickel layered oxide cathodes(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1−x−y)O_(2),x≥_(0.9))aggravates structural degradation,increases surface reactivity,and promotes slurry gelation,leading to the capacity decay of batteries with these cathodes and complicating their manufacturing.Traditional approaches for addressing this issue,including direct removal,coverage,and utilization,are complex and require surface regeneration.Herein,we propose neutralizing residual alkaline compounds with 3-thiopheneboronic acid(3-TBA)to improve the performance of LiNi_(0.9)5Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.01)O_(2)(NCM)cathode material,a facile strategy that does not require any post-treatment.The suggested reaction yields a uniform and thin organic-modified layer on the surface of the NCM cathode,improving its chemical stability toward the electrolyte,as demonstrated by multiple characterization methods.The modified NCM cathode exhibited impressive cyclic and rate performances,achieving a capacity retention of 83.34%after 200 cycles at 1.0 C and a specific capacity of 162.00 mAh·g^(−1) at 10.0 C.Most importantly,the proposed approach can efficiently suppress unfavorable phase transitions,severe electrolyte degradation,and CO_(2) gas evolution,improving the application potential of ultrahigh-nickel layered oxide cathode materials.展开更多
In the present research,nutrient broth(NB)medium was identified to be able to neutralize the antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives.Therefore,an improved test method independent of NB medium was propos...In the present research,nutrient broth(NB)medium was identified to be able to neutralize the antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives.Therefore,an improved test method independent of NB medium was proposed to precisely quantify the antibacterial effectiveness and efficiency of chitosan.The minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of chitosan was 60μg m L^(-1) against S.aureus and E.coli,and 0.01%(w/v)chitosan could kill 100%of bacteria within 3 min.From another point of view,the neutralizing efficiency of NB could be tripled by adding 25 g L^(-1) of sodium chloride.Then the neutralizing mechanism of NB medium was ascribed to flocculation between chitosan and protein.Adding extra sodium chloride could significantly reduce the size of floccules,and smaller floccules would lose the ability of binding with bacteria directly,showing higher neutralizing rate on the macro scale.展开更多
Inductively coupled radio-frequency（RF） plasma neutralizer（RPN） is an insert-free device that can be employed as an electron source in electric propulsion applications.Electron-extraction characteristics of the RP...Inductively coupled radio-frequency（RF） plasma neutralizer（RPN） is an insert-free device that can be employed as an electron source in electric propulsion applications.Electron-extraction characteristics of the RPN are related to the bulk plasma parameters and the device＇s geometry.Therefore,the effects of different electron-extraction apertures and operational parameters upon the electron-extraction characteristics are investigated according to the global nonambipolar flow and sheath model.Moreover,these models can also be used to explain why the electron-extraction characteristics of the RPN strongly depend upon the formation of the anode spot.During the experimental study,two types of anode spots are observed.Each of them has unique characteristics of electron extraction.Moreover,the hysteresis of an anode spot is observed by changing the xenon volume-flow rates or the bias voltages.In addition,the rapid ignited method,gas-utilization factor,electron-extraction cost and other factors that need to be considered in the design of the RPN are also discussed.展开更多
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) spectrometers are subject to several restrictions when a radioactive source is employed to bring the aerosol to a steady-state charge distribution. An alternative solution, comm...Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) spectrometers are subject to several restrictions when a radioactive source is employed to bring the aerosol to a steady-state charge distribution. An alternative solution, commercially available, is represented by the soft X-ray neutralizer. The present study investigates the outcome of a combination of a Grimm SMPS, which employs a 241Am radioactive source, with the soft X-ray advanced aerosol neutralizer (TSI model 3087). To date, the latter device has been interfaced only with TSI’s Electrostatic Classifiers. Particle size distribution of sodium chloride aerosol was measured with both neutralizers and it was found that the particle number concentration agreed to be within 9% for the 10 - 700 nm range. This difference mainly corresponds to the bias reported by TSI, when the X-ray device is mounted on a TSI spectrometer. It was concluded that the X-ray neutralizer could be usefully employed, as a standalone device, in combination with Grimm Electrostatic Classifiers.展开更多
Objective: To explore whether a DNA immunization approach targeting the major haemorrhage molecule of a prothrombin activator-like metalloproteinase from Echis ocellatus(E. ocellatus) venom could be conceived to inspi...Objective: To explore whether a DNA immunization approach targeting the major haemorrhage molecule of a prothrombin activator-like metalloproteinase from Echis ocellatus(E. ocellatus) venom could be conceived to inspire antibodies with more prominent specificity and equal adequacy to current conventional antivenoms systems.Methods: The isolated DNA Eo MP-6 was used as the template for PCR amplification using the Eo DC-2-specific forward and reverse primers. A PCR product of approximately700 bp was obtained and cloned into p Sec Tag-B expression vector where anti-Eo DC-2antibodies were generated and analysed for their efficacy to neutralise local haemorrhage in vitro and in vivo.Results: Our results suggest that the generated anti-Eo DC-2 showed a remarkable efficacy by(a) interfering with the interaction of the recombinant disintegrin "Eo DC-2" isolated from the E. ocellatus as well as other viper species to the a2b1-integrins on platelets;(b) complete inhibition of the catalytic site of the metalloproteinase molecules in vitro using an adaptation antibody zymography assay. Furthermore, it has a polyspecific potential and constitutively expressed significant inhibition by cross-reaction and neutralised venom-induced local haemorrhage exerted by different viper species in vivo. The potential characteristic of Eo DC-2 against one part(the non-catalytic domain) as opposed to the whole molecule to neutralise its haemorrhagic activity is of crucial importance as it represents a novel approach with greater immunological specificity and fewer hazards, if any, than conventional systems of antivenom production, by exposure large animals that usually being used for the current antivenom production to a less injurious than expression of the whole molecule containing the catalytic metalloprotease domain. Hence, we report for the first time that our preliminary results hold a promising future for antivenom development.Conclusions: Antibodies generated against the E. ocellatus venom prothrombin activatorlike metalloprotease and disintegrin-cysteine-rich domains modulated and inhibited the catalytic activity both in vitro and in vivo of venom metalloproteinase disintegrin cysteine rich molecules. Thus, generating of venom specific-toxin antibodies by DNA immunization offer a more rational treatment of snake envenoming than conventional antivenom.展开更多
Energetic neutral atoms(ENAs)are produced by the neutralization of energetic ions formed by shock-accelerated gradual solar energetic particle events(SEP).These high-energy ENAs(HENAs)can reach the Earth earlier than ...Energetic neutral atoms(ENAs)are produced by the neutralization of energetic ions formed by shock-accelerated gradual solar energetic particle events(SEP).These high-energy ENAs(HENAs)can reach the Earth earlier than the associated SEPs and thus can provide information about the SEPs at the lower corona.The HENA properties observed at Earth depend on the properties of the coronal mass ejection(CME)-driven shocks that accelerate the SEPs.Using a model of HENA production in a shock-accelerated SEP event,we semi-quantitatively investigate the energy-time spectrum of HENAs depending on the width,propagation speed,and direction of the shock,as well as the density and ion abundances of the lower corona.Compared to the baseline model parameters,the cases with a wider shock width angle or a higher coronal density would increase the HENA flux observed at the Earth,while the case with an Earthpropagating shock shows a softened HENA spectrum.The comparison of expected HENA fluxes in different cases with a flight-proven ENA instrument suggests that solar HENAs can feasibly be monitored with current technologies,which could provide a lead time of 2−3 hours for SEPs at a few MeV.We propose that monitoring of solar HENAs could provide a new method to forecast shock-driven SEP events that are capable of significant space weather impacts on the near-Earth environment.展开更多
The rate of neutralized charge by lightning（RNCL） is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity.The total charging rate（CR）,the CR of one kind of polarity（e.g.,negative） charge（CROP）...The rate of neutralized charge by lightning（RNCL） is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity.The total charging rate（CR）,the CR of one kind of polarity（e.g.,negative） charge（CROP）,and the outflow rate of charge on precipitation（ORCP） are proposed as key factors impacting RNCL,based on the principle of conservation of one kind of polarity charge in a thunderstorm.In this paper,the impacts of updraft on CR and CROP are analyzed by using a 3D cloud resolution model for a strong storm that occurred in Beijing on 6 September 2008.The results show that updraft both promotes and inhibits RNCL at the same time.（1） Updraft always has a positive influence on CR.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CR can reach 0.96.Strengthening of the updraft facilitates strengthening of RNCL through this positive influence.（2） Strengthening of the updraft also promotes reinforcement of CROP.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CROP is high（about0.9）,but this promotion restrains the strengthening of RNCL because the strengthening of CROP will,most of the time,inhibit the increasing of RNCL.（3） Additionally,increasing of ORCP depresses the strengthening of RNCL.In terms of magnitude,the peak of ORCP is equal to the peak of CR.Because precipitation mainly appears after the lightning activity finishes,the depression effect of ORCP on RNCL can be ignored during the active lightning period.展开更多
Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR)represents a sustainable and environmentally benign route for ammonia(NH3)synthesis.However,NO3RR is still limited by the competition from hydrogen evolution reaction(...Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR)represents a sustainable and environmentally benign route for ammonia(NH3)synthesis.However,NO3RR is still limited by the competition from hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the high energy barrier in the hydrogenation step of nitrogen-containing intermediates.Here,we report a selective etching strategy to construct Ru M nanoalloys(M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)uniformly dispersed on porous nitrogen-doped carbon substrates for efficient neutral NH3electrosynthesis.Density functional theory calculations confirm that the synergic effect between Ru and transition metal M modulates the electronic structure of the alloy,significantly lowering the energy barrier for the conversion of*NO_(2)to*HNO_(2).Experimentally,the optimized Ru Fe-NC catalyst achieves 100%Faraday efficiency with a high yield rate of 0.83 mg h^(-1)mg^(-1)catat a low potential of-0.1 V vs.RHE,outperforming most reported catalysts.In situ spectroscopic analyses further demonstrate that the Ru M-NC effectively promotes the hydrogenation of nitrogen intermediates while inhibiting the formation of hydrogen radicals,thereby reducing HER competition.The Ru FeNC assembled Zn-NO_(3)^(-)battery achieved a high open-circuit voltage and an outstanding power density and capacity,which drive selective NO_(3)^(-)conversion to NH3.This work provides a powerful synergistic design strategy for efficient NH3electrosynthesis and a general framework for the development of advanced multi-component catalysts for sustainable nitrogen conversion.展开更多
Global land monsoon precipitation(GLMP)is highly sensitive to changes in interhemispheric thermal contrast(ITC).Amplified interhemispheric asymmetries of GLMP due to enhanced ITC driven by high-level anthropogenic emi...Global land monsoon precipitation(GLMP)is highly sensitive to changes in interhemispheric thermal contrast(ITC).Amplified interhemispheric asymmetries of GLMP due to enhanced ITC driven by high-level anthropogenic emissions are expected to simultaneously increase the probability of regional floods and droughts,threatening ecosystems within global terrestrial monsoon regions and the freshwater supply for billions of residents in these areas.In this study,the responses of GLMP to the evolution of ITC toward the carbon neutrality goal are assessed using multimodel outputs from a new model intercomparison project(CovidMIP).The results show that the Northern Hemisphere-Southern Hemisphere(NH-SH)asymmetry of GLMP in boreal summer weakens during the 2040s,as a persistent reduction in well-mixed greenhouse gas(WMGHG)emissions leads to a downward trend in the ITC after 2040.At the same time,the reduction in WMGHG emissions dampens the Eastern Hemisphere-Western Hemisphere(EH-WH)asymmetry of GLMP by inducing La Niña-like cooling and enhancing moisture transport to Inner America.The resulting increases in land monsoon precipitation(LMP)may alleviate drought under the global warming scenario by about 19%-25%and 7%-9%in the WH and SH monsoon regions,respectively.However,a persistent reduction in aerosol emissions in Asia will dominate the increases in LMP in this region until the mid-21st century,and these increases may be approximately 23%-60%of the growth under the global warming scenario.Our results highlight the different rates of response of aerosol and WMGHG concentrations to the carbon neutrality goal,leading to various changes in LMP at global and regional scales.展开更多
Most conventional aerosol neutralizers are based on radioactive sources, which are controlled by strict regulations restricting their handling, transport, and storage. The TSI 3087 soft X-ray （SXR） neutralizer circu...Most conventional aerosol neutralizers are based on radioactive sources, which are controlled by strict regulations restricting their handling, transport, and storage. The TSI 3087 soft X-ray （SXR） neutralizer circumvents these legal restrictions. The aim of the present work is to compare the performance of a standalone SXR aerosol neutralizer with that of conventional radioactive aerosol neutralizers based on 85Kr （TSI 3077） and 241Am （Grimm 5522） by performing field tests in a real environmental scenario. The results obtained when the SXR neutralizer was connected to a mobility particle sizer spectrometer （MPS）, different from the device suggested by the manufacturer, were comparable with those obtained with the use of radioactive aerosol neutralizers. In changing the neutralizer, the particle number concentrations, measured with the MPS connected to the SXR neutralizer, almost remained within the 10% uncertainty bounds for the particle size interval 10-300 nm, when diffusion losses inside the SXR tube were considered. Based on our comparisons, the SXR neutralizer can be regarded as a standalone instrument that could solve the problems associated with legal restrictions on radioactive neutralizers and fulfil the need for a portable instrument for different field test purposes.展开更多
The wide transmission and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 have led to the rapid accumulation of mutations,posing significant challenges to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.Although several neutra...The wide transmission and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 have led to the rapid accumulation of mutations,posing significant challenges to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.Although several neutralizing antibodies were authorized for emergency clinical use,convalescent patients derived natural antibodies are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation.展开更多
Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) continues to pose serious threats to pediatric populations due to the lack of a vaccine and effective antiviral drugs. RSV fusion(F) glycoprotein mediates viral-host membrane fusion an...Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) continues to pose serious threats to pediatric populations due to the lack of a vaccine and effective antiviral drugs. RSV fusion(F) glycoprotein mediates viral-host membrane fusion and is a key target for neutralizing antibodies. We generated 23 full-human monoclonal antibodies(hm Abs) against prefusion F protein(pre-F) from a healthy adult with natural RSV infection by single B cell cloning technique. A highly potent RSV-neutralizing hm Ab, named as 25-20, is selected, which targets a new site Φ-specific epitope. Site-directed mutagenesis and structural modelling analysis demonstrated that 25-20 mainly targets a highly conserved hydrophobic region located at the a4 helix and a1 helix of pre-F, indicating a site of vulnerability for drug and vaccine design. It is worth noting that 25-20 uses an unreported inferred germline(i GL) that binds very poorly to pre-F, thus high levels of somatic mutations are needed to gain high binding affinity with pre-F. Our observation helps to understand the evolution of RSV antibody during natural infection. Furthermore, by in silico prediction and experimental verification, we optimized 25-20 with KD values as low as picomolar range. Therefore, the optimized 25-20 represents an excellent candidate for passive protection against RSV infection.展开更多
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)variant B.1.1.529,also named Omicron,is becoming the main circulating strain in many countries worldwide and brings new challenges to preventing COVID-19[...The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)variant B.1.1.529,also named Omicron,is becoming the main circulating strain in many countries worldwide and brings new challenges to preventing COVID-19[1,2,3,4,5].The latest data show that the Omicron variant contains more than 50 mutations.Among them,there are 32 mutations in the spike protein[6],which is the key component that determines the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus.Furthermore,15 mutations are located in the receptor-binding domain(RBD),which is key for viral-cell interactions mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2)[7,8].展开更多
The worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 4.5 million deaths.Although coronaviruses have a proofreading mechanism to maintain the stability o...The worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 4.5 million deaths.Although coronaviruses have a proofreading mechanism to maintain the stability of their long genomic RNAs,mutations emerge continuously,and new variants conferring advantages rapidly become the dominant lineages[1].Strategies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic using either vaccines or nonpharmaceutical interventions have specifically been threatened by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern(VOCs)[2].展开更多
Despite the availability of an effective measles virus(MeV)vaccine and efforts to increase vaccine coverage by the WHO,UNICEF,and their partners,MeV has not been eradicated,and the estimated global measles death rose ...Despite the availability of an effective measles virus(MeV)vaccine and efforts to increase vaccine coverage by the WHO,UNICEF,and their partners,MeV has not been eradicated,and the estimated global measles death rose from 89,780 in 2016 to 207,500 in 2019.1 Because there is an effective measles vaccine,antiviral development for measles has not been prioritized,but recent outbreaks have highlighted the need for drugs to prevent transmission in unvaccinated populations and to protect and treat immunocompromised individuals.We identified several neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)that target the MeV fusion(F)protein in its prefusion state2 and inhibit fusion and viral infection.We engineered a single-chain variable fragment(scFv)from the most potent anti-MeV F mAb.The scFv retains the ability to inhibit fusion and prevents infection in vitro,and intranasal administration of the scFv antibody construct prevents infection in vivo.展开更多
Potent neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising therapeutic against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.However,the continuous emergence of neutralizing antibody escape variants makes it challenging f...Potent neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising therapeutic against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.However,the continuous emergence of neutralizing antibody escape variants makes it challenging for antibody therapeutics based on monospecific nAbs.Here,we generated an IgG-like bispecific antibody(bsAb),Bi-Nab,based on a pair of human neutralizing antibodies targeting multiple and invariant sites of the spike receptor binding domain(RBD):35B5 and 32C7.We demonstrated that Bi-Nab exhibited higher binding affinity to the Delta spike protein than its parental antibodies and presented an extended inhibition breadth of preventing RBD binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2.In addition,pseudovirus neutralization results showed that Bi-Nab improved the neutralization potency and breadth with a lower half maximum inhibitory concentration(IC50)against wild-type SARS-CoV-2,variants being monitored(VBMs)and variants of concern(VOCs).Notably,the IgG-like Bi-Nab enhanced the neutralizing activity against Omicron variants with potent capabilities for transmission and immune evasion in comparison with its parental monoclonal antibody(mAb)32C7 and a cocktail(with the lowest IC50 values of 31.6 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.1 and 399.2 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.2),showing evidence of synergistic neutralization potency of Bi-Nab against the Omicron variants.Thus,Bi-Nab represents a feasible and effective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.展开更多
Large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal technology is an essential step to cope with global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.Direct air capture(DAC)has recently received increasing attention given...Large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal technology is an essential step to cope with global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.Direct air capture(DAC)has recently received increasing attention given the high flexibility to remove CO_(2)from discrete sources.Porous materials with adjustable pore characteristics are promising sorbents with low or no latent heat of vaporization.This review article has summarized the recent development of porous sorbents for DAC,with a focus of pore engineering strategy and adsorption mechanism.Physisorbents such as zeolites,porous carbons,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),and amine-modified chemisorbents have been discussed and their challenges in practical application have been analyzed.At last,future directions have been proposed,and it is expected to inspire collaborations from chemistry,environment,material science and engineering communities.展开更多
Coal-based soild wastes(CBSWs)are industrial byproducts that can be harmful to the environment.The exploitation and utilization of CBsWs offer societal advantages such as resource conservation,pollution reduction,and ...Coal-based soild wastes(CBSWs)are industrial byproducts that can be harmful to the environment.The exploitation and utilization of CBsWs offer societal advantages such as resource conservation,pollution reduction,and cost-effective production.However,environmentally sustainable management remains a worldwide challenge due to the substantial production volume and limited disposal capacity of CBSWs.The physicochemical properties and utilization of CBSWs are summarized,including fly ash,coal gangue and coal gasification slag.It also presents the current global applications status of CBSWs resources and examines market supply and demand.Subsequently,the paper provides an overview of studies on ways to utilise CBSWs,highlighting the primary avenues of CBSWs resource utilization which are mainly from the fields of chemical materials,metallurgy and agriculture.Furthermore,a comparative evaluation of the various methods for CBSWs resource recovery is conducted,outlining their respective advantages and disadvantages.The future development of CBSWs recycling processes is also discussed.The review concludes that while there is a growing need for attention in CBSWs recycling,its utilization will involve a combination of both large-scale treatment and refinement processes.The paper aims to offer references and insights for the effective utilization and environmental protection of CBSWs.Future direction will focus on the collaborative utilization of CBSWs,emphasizing on the combination of large-scale and high-value utilization.In addition,there is a need to establish a comprehensive database based on on-site production practices,explore on-site solutions to reduce transportation costs,and improve physicochemical properties during the production process.展开更多
This paper proposes that China,under the challenge of balancing its development and security,can aim for the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to no more than 2℃by actively seeking carbonpeak and car...This paper proposes that China,under the challenge of balancing its development and security,can aim for the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to no more than 2℃by actively seeking carbonpeak and carbon-neutrality pathways that align with China's national conditions,rather than following the idealized path toward the 1.5℃target by initially relying on extensive negative-emission technologies such as direct air carbon capture and storage(DACCS).This work suggests that pursuing a 1.5℃target is increasingly less feasible for China,as it would potentially incur 3–4 times the cost of pursuing the 2℃target.With China being likely to achieve a peak in its emissions around 2028,at about 12.8 billion tonnes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),and become carbon neutral,projected global warming levels may be less severe after the 2050s than previously estimated.This could reduce the risk potential of climate tipping points and extreme events,especially considering that the other two major carbon emitters in the world(Europe and North America)have already passed their carbon peaks.While natural carbon sinks will contribute to China's carbon neutrality efforts,they are not expected to be decisive in the transition stages.This research also addresses the growing focus on climate overshoot,tipping points,extreme events,loss and damage,and methane reductions in international climate cooperation,emphasizing the need to balance these issues with China's development,security,and fairness considerations.China's pursuit of carbon neutrality will have significant implications for global emissions scenarios,warming levels,and extreme event projections,as well as for climate change hotspots of international concern,such as climate tipping points,the climate crisis,and the notion that the world has moved from a warming to a boiling era.Possible research recommendations for global emissions scenarios based on China's 2℃target pathway are also summarized.展开更多
Solar energy, as a renewable resource, is an effective solution to the current global energy shortage problem. To actively respond to the call for "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality", solar cell ...Solar energy, as a renewable resource, is an effective solution to the current global energy shortage problem. To actively respond to the call for "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality", solar cell industry has experienced unprecedented development. The full utilization of solar energy resources remains an urgent issue to be addressed.展开更多
基金the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(Grant Nos.202501AT070298,202401AU070163,and 202401AT070368)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52162030)+5 种基金the Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Projects(Grant No.202202AG050003)the Yunnan Engineering Research Center Innovation Ability Construction and Enhancement Projects(Grant No.2023-XMDJ-00617107)the University Service Key Industry Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.FWCY-ZD2024005)the Yunnan Thousand Talents Program for Young Talents(Grant No.KKS2202052001)the Scientific Research Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Grant No.20220122)the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Grant No.2023T20220122).
文摘The presence of residual alkaline compounds in the ultrahigh-nickel layered oxide cathodes(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1−x−y)O_(2),x≥_(0.9))aggravates structural degradation,increases surface reactivity,and promotes slurry gelation,leading to the capacity decay of batteries with these cathodes and complicating their manufacturing.Traditional approaches for addressing this issue,including direct removal,coverage,and utilization,are complex and require surface regeneration.Herein,we propose neutralizing residual alkaline compounds with 3-thiopheneboronic acid(3-TBA)to improve the performance of LiNi_(0.9)5Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.01)O_(2)(NCM)cathode material,a facile strategy that does not require any post-treatment.The suggested reaction yields a uniform and thin organic-modified layer on the surface of the NCM cathode,improving its chemical stability toward the electrolyte,as demonstrated by multiple characterization methods.The modified NCM cathode exhibited impressive cyclic and rate performances,achieving a capacity retention of 83.34%after 200 cycles at 1.0 C and a specific capacity of 162.00 mAh·g^(−1) at 10.0 C.Most importantly,the proposed approach can efficiently suppress unfavorable phase transitions,severe electrolyte degradation,and CO_(2) gas evolution,improving the application potential of ultrahigh-nickel layered oxide cathode materials.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC(Nos.U1706212 and 81671828)。
文摘In the present research,nutrient broth(NB)medium was identified to be able to neutralize the antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives.Therefore,an improved test method independent of NB medium was proposed to precisely quantify the antibacterial effectiveness and efficiency of chitosan.The minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of chitosan was 60μg m L^(-1) against S.aureus and E.coli,and 0.01%(w/v)chitosan could kill 100%of bacteria within 3 min.From another point of view,the neutralizing efficiency of NB could be tripled by adding 25 g L^(-1) of sodium chloride.Then the neutralizing mechanism of NB medium was ascribed to flocculation between chitosan and protein.Adding extra sodium chloride could significantly reduce the size of floccules,and smaller floccules would lose the ability of binding with bacteria directly,showing higher neutralizing rate on the macro scale.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB23030100)
文摘Inductively coupled radio-frequency（RF） plasma neutralizer（RPN） is an insert-free device that can be employed as an electron source in electric propulsion applications.Electron-extraction characteristics of the RPN are related to the bulk plasma parameters and the device＇s geometry.Therefore,the effects of different electron-extraction apertures and operational parameters upon the electron-extraction characteristics are investigated according to the global nonambipolar flow and sheath model.Moreover,these models can also be used to explain why the electron-extraction characteristics of the RPN strongly depend upon the formation of the anode spot.During the experimental study,two types of anode spots are observed.Each of them has unique characteristics of electron extraction.Moreover,the hysteresis of an anode spot is observed by changing the xenon volume-flow rates or the bias voltages.In addition,the rapid ignited method,gas-utilization factor,electron-extraction cost and other factors that need to be considered in the design of the RPN are also discussed.
文摘Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) spectrometers are subject to several restrictions when a radioactive source is employed to bring the aerosol to a steady-state charge distribution. An alternative solution, commercially available, is represented by the soft X-ray neutralizer. The present study investigates the outcome of a combination of a Grimm SMPS, which employs a 241Am radioactive source, with the soft X-ray advanced aerosol neutralizer (TSI model 3087). To date, the latter device has been interfaced only with TSI’s Electrostatic Classifiers. Particle size distribution of sodium chloride aerosol was measured with both neutralizers and it was found that the particle number concentration agreed to be within 9% for the 10 - 700 nm range. This difference mainly corresponds to the bias reported by TSI, when the X-ray device is mounted on a TSI spectrometer. It was concluded that the X-ray neutralizer could be usefully employed, as a standalone device, in combination with Grimm Electrostatic Classifiers.
基金Supported by the Wellcome Trust,UK(RAH,Grant No.061325)the University of Science and Technology,Yementhe Gunter Trust,UK
文摘Objective: To explore whether a DNA immunization approach targeting the major haemorrhage molecule of a prothrombin activator-like metalloproteinase from Echis ocellatus(E. ocellatus) venom could be conceived to inspire antibodies with more prominent specificity and equal adequacy to current conventional antivenoms systems.Methods: The isolated DNA Eo MP-6 was used as the template for PCR amplification using the Eo DC-2-specific forward and reverse primers. A PCR product of approximately700 bp was obtained and cloned into p Sec Tag-B expression vector where anti-Eo DC-2antibodies were generated and analysed for their efficacy to neutralise local haemorrhage in vitro and in vivo.Results: Our results suggest that the generated anti-Eo DC-2 showed a remarkable efficacy by(a) interfering with the interaction of the recombinant disintegrin "Eo DC-2" isolated from the E. ocellatus as well as other viper species to the a2b1-integrins on platelets;(b) complete inhibition of the catalytic site of the metalloproteinase molecules in vitro using an adaptation antibody zymography assay. Furthermore, it has a polyspecific potential and constitutively expressed significant inhibition by cross-reaction and neutralised venom-induced local haemorrhage exerted by different viper species in vivo. The potential characteristic of Eo DC-2 against one part(the non-catalytic domain) as opposed to the whole molecule to neutralise its haemorrhagic activity is of crucial importance as it represents a novel approach with greater immunological specificity and fewer hazards, if any, than conventional systems of antivenom production, by exposure large animals that usually being used for the current antivenom production to a less injurious than expression of the whole molecule containing the catalytic metalloprotease domain. Hence, we report for the first time that our preliminary results hold a promising future for antivenom development.Conclusions: Antibodies generated against the E. ocellatus venom prothrombin activatorlike metalloprotease and disintegrin-cysteine-rich domains modulated and inhibited the catalytic activity both in vitro and in vivo of venom metalloproteinase disintegrin cysteine rich molecules. Thus, generating of venom specific-toxin antibodies by DNA immunization offer a more rational treatment of snake envenoming than conventional antivenom.
文摘Energetic neutral atoms(ENAs)are produced by the neutralization of energetic ions formed by shock-accelerated gradual solar energetic particle events(SEP).These high-energy ENAs(HENAs)can reach the Earth earlier than the associated SEPs and thus can provide information about the SEPs at the lower corona.The HENA properties observed at Earth depend on the properties of the coronal mass ejection(CME)-driven shocks that accelerate the SEPs.Using a model of HENA production in a shock-accelerated SEP event,we semi-quantitatively investigate the energy-time spectrum of HENAs depending on the width,propagation speed,and direction of the shock,as well as the density and ion abundances of the lower corona.Compared to the baseline model parameters,the cases with a wider shock width angle or a higher coronal density would increase the HENA flux observed at the Earth,while the case with an Earthpropagating shock shows a softened HENA spectrum.The comparison of expected HENA fluxes in different cases with a flight-proven ENA instrument suggests that solar HENAs can feasibly be monitored with current technologies,which could provide a lead time of 2−3 hours for SEPs at a few MeV.We propose that monitoring of solar HENAs could provide a new method to forecast shock-driven SEP events that are capable of significant space weather impacts on the near-Earth environment.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41205001)National(Key)Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2014CB441406)+1 种基金National Major Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development Special(61327810)Basic Research Funds of CAMS(2012Y005 and 2013Z006)
文摘The rate of neutralized charge by lightning（RNCL） is an important parameter indicating the intensity of lightning activity.The total charging rate（CR）,the CR of one kind of polarity（e.g.,negative） charge（CROP）,and the outflow rate of charge on precipitation（ORCP） are proposed as key factors impacting RNCL,based on the principle of conservation of one kind of polarity charge in a thunderstorm.In this paper,the impacts of updraft on CR and CROP are analyzed by using a 3D cloud resolution model for a strong storm that occurred in Beijing on 6 September 2008.The results show that updraft both promotes and inhibits RNCL at the same time.（1） Updraft always has a positive influence on CR.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CR can reach 0.96.Strengthening of the updraft facilitates strengthening of RNCL through this positive influence.（2） Strengthening of the updraft also promotes reinforcement of CROP.The correlation coefficient between the updraft volume and CROP is high（about0.9）,but this promotion restrains the strengthening of RNCL because the strengthening of CROP will,most of the time,inhibit the increasing of RNCL.（3） Additionally,increasing of ORCP depresses the strengthening of RNCL.In terms of magnitude,the peak of ORCP is equal to the peak of CR.Because precipitation mainly appears after the lightning activity finishes,the depression effect of ORCP on RNCL can be ignored during the active lightning period.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22466010)Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)ZK[2023]47 and key program ZD[2025]075+6 种基金Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project for overseas Talents in Guizhou Province[2022]02Specific Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou University(X202207)the national undergraduate innovation and entrepreneurship training program(gzugc2023006gzusc2024012)SRT project of Guizhou university(2023SRT0292023SRT024)supported by Shanghai Technical Service Center of Science and Engineering Computing,Shanghai University。
文摘Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3RR)represents a sustainable and environmentally benign route for ammonia(NH3)synthesis.However,NO3RR is still limited by the competition from hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the high energy barrier in the hydrogenation step of nitrogen-containing intermediates.Here,we report a selective etching strategy to construct Ru M nanoalloys(M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)uniformly dispersed on porous nitrogen-doped carbon substrates for efficient neutral NH3electrosynthesis.Density functional theory calculations confirm that the synergic effect between Ru and transition metal M modulates the electronic structure of the alloy,significantly lowering the energy barrier for the conversion of*NO_(2)to*HNO_(2).Experimentally,the optimized Ru Fe-NC catalyst achieves 100%Faraday efficiency with a high yield rate of 0.83 mg h^(-1)mg^(-1)catat a low potential of-0.1 V vs.RHE,outperforming most reported catalysts.In situ spectroscopic analyses further demonstrate that the Ru M-NC effectively promotes the hydrogenation of nitrogen intermediates while inhibiting the formation of hydrogen radicals,thereby reducing HER competition.The Ru FeNC assembled Zn-NO_(3)^(-)battery achieved a high open-circuit voltage and an outstanding power density and capacity,which drive selective NO_(3)^(-)conversion to NH3.This work provides a powerful synergistic design strategy for efficient NH3electrosynthesis and a general framework for the development of advanced multi-component catalysts for sustainable nitrogen conversion.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42275039)the Meteorological Joint Fund by NSF and CMA(Grant No.U2342224)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3701202)the S&T Development Fund of CAMS(Grant No.2024KJ019)。
文摘Global land monsoon precipitation(GLMP)is highly sensitive to changes in interhemispheric thermal contrast(ITC).Amplified interhemispheric asymmetries of GLMP due to enhanced ITC driven by high-level anthropogenic emissions are expected to simultaneously increase the probability of regional floods and droughts,threatening ecosystems within global terrestrial monsoon regions and the freshwater supply for billions of residents in these areas.In this study,the responses of GLMP to the evolution of ITC toward the carbon neutrality goal are assessed using multimodel outputs from a new model intercomparison project(CovidMIP).The results show that the Northern Hemisphere-Southern Hemisphere(NH-SH)asymmetry of GLMP in boreal summer weakens during the 2040s,as a persistent reduction in well-mixed greenhouse gas(WMGHG)emissions leads to a downward trend in the ITC after 2040.At the same time,the reduction in WMGHG emissions dampens the Eastern Hemisphere-Western Hemisphere(EH-WH)asymmetry of GLMP by inducing La Niña-like cooling and enhancing moisture transport to Inner America.The resulting increases in land monsoon precipitation(LMP)may alleviate drought under the global warming scenario by about 19%-25%and 7%-9%in the WH and SH monsoon regions,respectively.However,a persistent reduction in aerosol emissions in Asia will dominate the increases in LMP in this region until the mid-21st century,and these increases may be approximately 23%-60%of the growth under the global warming scenario.Our results highlight the different rates of response of aerosol and WMGHG concentrations to the carbon neutrality goal,leading to various changes in LMP at global and regional scales.
文摘Most conventional aerosol neutralizers are based on radioactive sources, which are controlled by strict regulations restricting their handling, transport, and storage. The TSI 3087 soft X-ray （SXR） neutralizer circumvents these legal restrictions. The aim of the present work is to compare the performance of a standalone SXR aerosol neutralizer with that of conventional radioactive aerosol neutralizers based on 85Kr （TSI 3077） and 241Am （Grimm 5522） by performing field tests in a real environmental scenario. The results obtained when the SXR neutralizer was connected to a mobility particle sizer spectrometer （MPS）, different from the device suggested by the manufacturer, were comparable with those obtained with the use of radioactive aerosol neutralizers. In changing the neutralizer, the particle number concentrations, measured with the MPS connected to the SXR neutralizer, almost remained within the 10% uncertainty bounds for the particle size interval 10-300 nm, when diffusion losses inside the SXR tube were considered. Based on our comparisons, the SXR neutralizer can be regarded as a standalone instrument that could solve the problems associated with legal restrictions on radioactive neutralizers and fulfil the need for a portable instrument for different field test purposes.
基金This work was supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871667 and 82002153).
文摘The wide transmission and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 have led to the rapid accumulation of mutations,posing significant challenges to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.Although several neutralizing antibodies were authorized for emergency clinical use,convalescent patients derived natural antibodies are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFA0507402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270991,82041015,31630024,81761128009,32100123,32100751,81991492 and 82041039)。
文摘Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) continues to pose serious threats to pediatric populations due to the lack of a vaccine and effective antiviral drugs. RSV fusion(F) glycoprotein mediates viral-host membrane fusion and is a key target for neutralizing antibodies. We generated 23 full-human monoclonal antibodies(hm Abs) against prefusion F protein(pre-F) from a healthy adult with natural RSV infection by single B cell cloning technique. A highly potent RSV-neutralizing hm Ab, named as 25-20, is selected, which targets a new site Φ-specific epitope. Site-directed mutagenesis and structural modelling analysis demonstrated that 25-20 mainly targets a highly conserved hydrophobic region located at the a4 helix and a1 helix of pre-F, indicating a site of vulnerability for drug and vaccine design. It is worth noting that 25-20 uses an unreported inferred germline(i GL) that binds very poorly to pre-F, thus high levels of somatic mutations are needed to gain high binding affinity with pre-F. Our observation helps to understand the evolution of RSV antibody during natural infection. Furthermore, by in silico prediction and experimental verification, we optimized 25-20 with KD values as low as picomolar range. Therefore, the optimized 25-20 represents an excellent candidate for passive protection against RSV infection.
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (grant No.2019YFS0111)the PostDoctor Research Project,West China Hospital,Sichuan University (No.2020HXBH131)+2 种基金the National Science Foundation of China (No.82103413)the PostDoctor Research Project of Sichuan University and Sichuan University postdoctoral interdisciplinary Innovation Fund (to Lingling Zhu)the Key R&D projects of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan (grant No.2020YFS0212).
文摘The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)variant B.1.1.529,also named Omicron,is becoming the main circulating strain in many countries worldwide and brings new challenges to preventing COVID-19[1,2,3,4,5].The latest data show that the Omicron variant contains more than 50 mutations.Among them,there are 32 mutations in the spike protein[6],which is the key component that determines the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus.Furthermore,15 mutations are located in the receptor-binding domain(RBD),which is key for viral-cell interactions mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE-2)[7,8].
基金This work was supported by the National Special Research Program of China for Important Infectious Diseases(2017ZX10202102 and 2018ZX10302103)the Special 2019-nCoV Project of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC0841400)+9 种基金the Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(EKPG21-24)the Special 2019-nCoV Program of the Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(82041002)the Special Research and Development Program of Guangzhou(202008070010)the Important Key Program of NSFC(81730060)to HZThis work was also supported by the Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province(ZNSA-2021004)the Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(EKPG21-29)to XTThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100743,82171825)to XH.This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971918)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.JSGG20200225150431472 and JCYJ20200109142601702)the Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou(201806010118)and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(2021qntd43)to TPThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100743,82171825)to X.H.
文摘The worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 4.5 million deaths.Although coronaviruses have a proofreading mechanism to maintain the stability of their long genomic RNAs,mutations emerge continuously,and new variants conferring advantages rapidly become the dominant lineages[1].Strategies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic using either vaccines or nonpharmaceutical interventions have specifically been threatened by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern(VOCs)[2].
基金supported by grants from the NIH:All21349,NS091263,and NS105699,Al 146980 to M.P.,from the French ANR NITRODEP(ANR-13-PDOC-OO10-01)to C.M.and from the Region Auvergne Rhone Alpes and LABEX ECOFECT(ANR-11-LABX-0048)of Lyon University within the program"Investissements d'Avenir"(ANR-11-IDEX-0007),operated by the French National Research Agency(ANR)to B.H.The Sharon Golub Fund at Columbia University Irving Medical Center(CUIMC).
文摘Despite the availability of an effective measles virus(MeV)vaccine and efforts to increase vaccine coverage by the WHO,UNICEF,and their partners,MeV has not been eradicated,and the estimated global measles death rose from 89,780 in 2016 to 207,500 in 2019.1 Because there is an effective measles vaccine,antiviral development for measles has not been prioritized,but recent outbreaks have highlighted the need for drugs to prevent transmission in unvaccinated populations and to protect and treat immunocompromised individuals.We identified several neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)that target the MeV fusion(F)protein in its prefusion state2 and inhibit fusion and viral infection.We engineered a single-chain variable fragment(scFv)from the most potent anti-MeV F mAb.The scFv retains the ability to inhibit fusion and prevents infection in vitro,and intranasal administration of the scFv antibody construct prevents infection in vivo.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32192453)the Chinese Universities Scientific Funds(2022RC019 and 2022TC163)+1 种基金the China Agricultural University Graduate Independent Innovation Research Fund(2022TC163)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Potent neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising therapeutic against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.However,the continuous emergence of neutralizing antibody escape variants makes it challenging for antibody therapeutics based on monospecific nAbs.Here,we generated an IgG-like bispecific antibody(bsAb),Bi-Nab,based on a pair of human neutralizing antibodies targeting multiple and invariant sites of the spike receptor binding domain(RBD):35B5 and 32C7.We demonstrated that Bi-Nab exhibited higher binding affinity to the Delta spike protein than its parental antibodies and presented an extended inhibition breadth of preventing RBD binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2.In addition,pseudovirus neutralization results showed that Bi-Nab improved the neutralization potency and breadth with a lower half maximum inhibitory concentration(IC50)against wild-type SARS-CoV-2,variants being monitored(VBMs)and variants of concern(VOCs).Notably,the IgG-like Bi-Nab enhanced the neutralizing activity against Omicron variants with potent capabilities for transmission and immune evasion in comparison with its parental monoclonal antibody(mAb)32C7 and a cocktail(with the lowest IC50 values of 31.6 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.1 and 399.2 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.2),showing evidence of synergistic neutralization potency of Bi-Nab against the Omicron variants.Thus,Bi-Nab represents a feasible and effective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22278011,22225803,22038001 and 22108007)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.Z230023)+1 种基金The Science&Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Education Committee(No.KZ201810005004)Beijing Nova Program(No.Z211100002121094)。
文摘Large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))removal technology is an essential step to cope with global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.Direct air capture(DAC)has recently received increasing attention given the high flexibility to remove CO_(2)from discrete sources.Porous materials with adjustable pore characteristics are promising sorbents with low or no latent heat of vaporization.This review article has summarized the recent development of porous sorbents for DAC,with a focus of pore engineering strategy and adsorption mechanism.Physisorbents such as zeolites,porous carbons,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),and amine-modified chemisorbents have been discussed and their challenges in practical application have been analyzed.At last,future directions have been proposed,and it is expected to inspire collaborations from chemistry,environment,material science and engineering communities.
基金supported by the following:“National Natural Science Foundation of China”(22478231)“Natural Science Foundation of Henan”(242300421449)“Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province”(202403021221011).
文摘Coal-based soild wastes(CBSWs)are industrial byproducts that can be harmful to the environment.The exploitation and utilization of CBsWs offer societal advantages such as resource conservation,pollution reduction,and cost-effective production.However,environmentally sustainable management remains a worldwide challenge due to the substantial production volume and limited disposal capacity of CBSWs.The physicochemical properties and utilization of CBSWs are summarized,including fly ash,coal gangue and coal gasification slag.It also presents the current global applications status of CBSWs resources and examines market supply and demand.Subsequently,the paper provides an overview of studies on ways to utilise CBSWs,highlighting the primary avenues of CBSWs resource utilization which are mainly from the fields of chemical materials,metallurgy and agriculture.Furthermore,a comparative evaluation of the various methods for CBSWs resource recovery is conducted,outlining their respective advantages and disadvantages.The future development of CBSWs recycling processes is also discussed.The review concludes that while there is a growing need for attention in CBSWs recycling,its utilization will involve a combination of both large-scale treatment and refinement processes.The paper aims to offer references and insights for the effective utilization and environmental protection of CBSWs.Future direction will focus on the collaborative utilization of CBSWs,emphasizing on the combination of large-scale and high-value utilization.In addition,there is a need to establish a comprehensive database based on on-site production practices,explore on-site solutions to reduce transportation costs,and improve physicochemical properties during the production process.
基金supported by the top-level design of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Major Project“Realization of optimal carbon neutral pathway and coupling of multi-scale interaction patterns of natural-social systems in China”(42341202)the Basic Scientific Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2021Z014)。
文摘This paper proposes that China,under the challenge of balancing its development and security,can aim for the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to no more than 2℃by actively seeking carbonpeak and carbon-neutrality pathways that align with China's national conditions,rather than following the idealized path toward the 1.5℃target by initially relying on extensive negative-emission technologies such as direct air carbon capture and storage(DACCS).This work suggests that pursuing a 1.5℃target is increasingly less feasible for China,as it would potentially incur 3–4 times the cost of pursuing the 2℃target.With China being likely to achieve a peak in its emissions around 2028,at about 12.8 billion tonnes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),and become carbon neutral,projected global warming levels may be less severe after the 2050s than previously estimated.This could reduce the risk potential of climate tipping points and extreme events,especially considering that the other two major carbon emitters in the world(Europe and North America)have already passed their carbon peaks.While natural carbon sinks will contribute to China's carbon neutrality efforts,they are not expected to be decisive in the transition stages.This research also addresses the growing focus on climate overshoot,tipping points,extreme events,loss and damage,and methane reductions in international climate cooperation,emphasizing the need to balance these issues with China's development,security,and fairness considerations.China's pursuit of carbon neutrality will have significant implications for global emissions scenarios,warming levels,and extreme event projections,as well as for climate change hotspots of international concern,such as climate tipping points,the climate crisis,and the notion that the world has moved from a warming to a boiling era.Possible research recommendations for global emissions scenarios based on China's 2℃target pathway are also summarized.
文摘Solar energy, as a renewable resource, is an effective solution to the current global energy shortage problem. To actively respond to the call for "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality", solar cell industry has experienced unprecedented development. The full utilization of solar energy resources remains an urgent issue to be addressed.
