Brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)have the potential to restore communication for people who have lost the ability to speak owing to a neurological disease or injury.BCIs have been used to translate the neural correlates...Brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)have the potential to restore communication for people who have lost the ability to speak owing to a neurological disease or injury.BCIs have been used to translate the neural correlates of attempted speech into text1-3.However,text communication fails to capture the nuances of human speech,such as prosody and immediately hearing one's own voice.展开更多
A neuroprosthesis is a type of precision medical device that is intended to manipulate the neuronal signals of the brain in a closed-loop fashion,while simultaneously receiving stimuli from the environment and control...A neuroprosthesis is a type of precision medical device that is intended to manipulate the neuronal signals of the brain in a closed-loop fashion,while simultaneously receiving stimuli from the environment and controlling some part of a human brain or body.Incoming visual information can be processed by the brain in millisecond intervals.The retina computes visual scenes and sends its output to the cortex in the form of neuronal spikes for further computation.Thus,the neuronal signal of interest for a retinal neuroprosthesis is the neuronal spike.Closed-loop computation in a neuroprosthesis includes two stages:encoding a stimulus as a neuronal signal,and decoding it back into a stimulus.In this paper,we review some of the recent progress that has been achieved in visual computation models that use spikes to analyze natural scenes that include static images and dynamic videos.We hypothesize that in order to obtain a better understanding of the computational principles in the retina,a hypercircuit view of the retina is necessary,in which the different functional network motifs that have been revealed in the cortex neuronal network are taken into consideration when interacting with the retina.The different building blocks of the retina,which include a diversity of cell types and synaptic connections-both chemical synapses and electrical synapses(gap junctions)-make the retina an ideal neuronal network for adapting the computational techniques that have been developed in artificial intelligence to model the encoding and decoding of visual scenes.An overall systems approach to visual computation with neuronal spikes is necessary in order to advance the next generation of retinal neuroprosthesis as an artificial visual system.展开更多
A spinal cord injury （SCI） shatters people＇s lives in a fraction of a second, leaving them paralyzed, often for the rest of their lives. The devastation caused by SCI is significant around the world. Though the exa...A spinal cord injury （SCI） shatters people＇s lives in a fraction of a second, leaving them paralyzed, often for the rest of their lives. The devastation caused by SCI is significant around the world. Though the exact prevalence of the injury is un- known, according to recent statistics, the number of injuries is estimated to be between 1.65 and 7.06 million worldwide （Alam and He, 2014）. A recent report from the World Health Organization （WHO） states that, every year, 250,000-500,000 new spinal cord injuries occur around the world （Bickenbach et al., 2013）. Beyond the physical sufferings of these paralyzed individuals, SCI has huge economic and social impacts. In the United States alone,展开更多
Background:Previous research has demonstrated that rats can learn to utilize a neuroprosthetic device to track infrared(IR)light sources outside their normal visual range.This device delivers IR information directly t...Background:Previous research has demonstrated that rats can learn to utilize a neuroprosthetic device to track infrared(IR)light sources outside their normal visual range.This device delivers IR information directly to the somatosensory cortex(S1)via intracortical microstimulation(ICMS).While S1 neurons have been shown to develop IR receptive fields,the role of the thalamus in processing this novel sensory input remains unclear.This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the thalamus in integrating IR sensory information and the emergence of IR representations within thalamocortical circuits.Methods:Adult rats were implanted with a cortical neuroprosthesis delivering IR-driven ICMS to bilateral S1.Neural activity was simultaneously recorded from left and right hemispheres of S1 and right thalamic(ventral posterior medial[VPM],posterior medial[POM])nuclei during an IR-guided behavioral task.IR receptive fields were characterized using information-theoretic analysis.Neural ensemble coding was evaluated using machine learning classification.Results:Widespread activation in response to ICMS was observed across all recorded regions.The percentage of neurons with significant mutual information between firing activity and IR stimulus features ranged from 56.2%to 74.2%.VPM ensembles demonstrated superior decoding performance for IR information compared to S1 ensembles in a support vector classification model,requiring fewer neurons to achieve similar accuracy(43.1 vs.55.0 neurons,Tukey’s HSD,P<0.05).Importantly,animals retained the ability to process tactile information and recorded neurons were found to respond to whisker stimulation.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate the rapid adaptation of thalamocortical circuits to represent a novel sensory modality and suggest a major role of the thalamus in processing the prosthetic sensation.Furthermore,these results suggest that ICMS-based neuroprostheses recruit neurons from the entire sensory pathway without compromising the endogenous sensory function.展开更多
In this review article, we present more than a decade of our work on the development of brain–computer interface (BCI)systems for the restoration of walking following neurological injuries such as spinal cord injury ...In this review article, we present more than a decade of our work on the development of brain–computer interface (BCI)systems for the restoration of walking following neurological injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI) or stroke. Most ofthis work has been in the domain of non-invasive electroencephalogram-based BCIs, including interfacing our system witha virtual reality environment and physical prostheses. Real-time online tests are presented to demonstrate the ability ofable-bodied subjects as well as those with SCI to purposefully operate our BCI system. Extensions of this work are alsopresented and include the development of a portable low-cost BCI suitable for at-home use, our ongoing eforts to develop afully implantable BCI for the restoration of walking and leg sensation after SCI, and our novel BCI-based therapy for strokerehabilitation.展开更多
Patients who suffer from a high spinal cord injury have severe motor disabilities in the lower as well as in the upper extremities. Thus they rely on the help of other people in everyday life. Restoring the function o...Patients who suffer from a high spinal cord injury have severe motor disabilities in the lower as well as in the upper extremities. Thus they rely on the help of other people in everyday life. Restoring the function of the upper limbs, especially the grasp function can help them to gain some independence. Using EEG-based neuroprosthetics is a way to help tetraplegic people restore different grasp types as well as moving the arm and the elbow. In this work an overview of non-invasive EEG-based methods for restoring the hand and arm function with the use of neuroprosthetics in individuals with high spinal cord injury is given. Since the Graz BCI group is leading in this area of non-invasive research mainly, the work of this group is represented.展开更多
Aim:Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established,but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses.The validity of interfacing technologies,such as the Osseointegrated Neural Inte...Aim:Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established,but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses.The validity of interfacing technologies,such as the Osseointegrated Neural Interface(ONI),in their ability to provide communication between native nerves and advanced prosthetics is required,necessitating a stable,longitudinal large animal model for testing.The objective of this study is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the major nerves distal to the carpal and tarsal joints,informing the creation of a chronic ONI for prosthetic control in sheep.Methods:Six pelvic and six thoracic cadaveric limbs from mature female,non-lactating sheep were utilized.Radiographs were obtained to determine average bone length,medullary canal diameter,and cortical bone thickness.Microsurgical dissection was performed to discern topographical neuroanatomy and average circumferences of the major nerves of the pelvic and thoracic limbs.Histologic analysis was performed.A surgical approach for the creation of ONI was designed.Results:Average metacarpal and metatarsal length was 15.0 cm(±0.0)and 19.7 cm(±1.0),respectively.Average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 mm(±3.69)for forelimbs and 12.60 mm(±3.69)for hindlimbs.The thoracic limb nerves consisted of one dorsal and three ventral nerves,with an average circumference of 5.14 mm(±2.00)and 5.05 mm(±1.06),respectively.Pelvic limb nerves consisted of two dorsal and one ventral nerve with an average circumference of 6.27 mm(±1.79)and 5.40 mm(±0.53),respectively.Conclusions:These anatomic data inform the surgical approach and manufacture of a sensory ONI for chronic testing in awake,freely ambulating animals for future clinical translation.展开更多
文摘Brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)have the potential to restore communication for people who have lost the ability to speak owing to a neurological disease or injury.BCIs have been used to translate the neural correlates of attempted speech into text1-3.However,text communication fails to capture the nuances of human speech,such as prosody and immediately hearing one's own voice.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB351806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61806011,61825101,61425025,and U1611461)+4 种基金the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20180005)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M630036)the International Talent Exchange Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology(Z181100001018026)the Zhejiang Lab(2019KC0AB03 and 2019KC0AD02)the Royal Society Newton Advanced Fellowship(NAF-R1-191082).
文摘A neuroprosthesis is a type of precision medical device that is intended to manipulate the neuronal signals of the brain in a closed-loop fashion,while simultaneously receiving stimuli from the environment and controlling some part of a human brain or body.Incoming visual information can be processed by the brain in millisecond intervals.The retina computes visual scenes and sends its output to the cortex in the form of neuronal spikes for further computation.Thus,the neuronal signal of interest for a retinal neuroprosthesis is the neuronal spike.Closed-loop computation in a neuroprosthesis includes two stages:encoding a stimulus as a neuronal signal,and decoding it back into a stimulus.In this paper,we review some of the recent progress that has been achieved in visual computation models that use spikes to analyze natural scenes that include static images and dynamic videos.We hypothesize that in order to obtain a better understanding of the computational principles in the retina,a hypercircuit view of the retina is necessary,in which the different functional network motifs that have been revealed in the cortex neuronal network are taken into consideration when interacting with the retina.The different building blocks of the retina,which include a diversity of cell types and synaptic connections-both chemical synapses and electrical synapses(gap junctions)-make the retina an ideal neuronal network for adapting the computational techniques that have been developed in artificial intelligence to model the encoding and decoding of visual scenes.An overall systems approach to visual computation with neuronal spikes is necessary in order to advance the next generation of retinal neuroprosthesis as an artificial visual system.
文摘A spinal cord injury （SCI） shatters people＇s lives in a fraction of a second, leaving them paralyzed, often for the rest of their lives. The devastation caused by SCI is significant around the world. Though the exact prevalence of the injury is un- known, according to recent statistics, the number of injuries is estimated to be between 1.65 and 7.06 million worldwide （Alam and He, 2014）. A recent report from the World Health Organization （WHO） states that, every year, 250,000-500,000 new spinal cord injuries occur around the world （Bickenbach et al., 2013）. Beyond the physical sufferings of these paralyzed individuals, SCI has huge economic and social impacts. In the United States alone,
基金National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke(NINDS)of the National Institutes of Health(NIH)under Award Number R01DE011451 to M.A.L.N.
文摘Background:Previous research has demonstrated that rats can learn to utilize a neuroprosthetic device to track infrared(IR)light sources outside their normal visual range.This device delivers IR information directly to the somatosensory cortex(S1)via intracortical microstimulation(ICMS).While S1 neurons have been shown to develop IR receptive fields,the role of the thalamus in processing this novel sensory input remains unclear.This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the thalamus in integrating IR sensory information and the emergence of IR representations within thalamocortical circuits.Methods:Adult rats were implanted with a cortical neuroprosthesis delivering IR-driven ICMS to bilateral S1.Neural activity was simultaneously recorded from left and right hemispheres of S1 and right thalamic(ventral posterior medial[VPM],posterior medial[POM])nuclei during an IR-guided behavioral task.IR receptive fields were characterized using information-theoretic analysis.Neural ensemble coding was evaluated using machine learning classification.Results:Widespread activation in response to ICMS was observed across all recorded regions.The percentage of neurons with significant mutual information between firing activity and IR stimulus features ranged from 56.2%to 74.2%.VPM ensembles demonstrated superior decoding performance for IR information compared to S1 ensembles in a support vector classification model,requiring fewer neurons to achieve similar accuracy(43.1 vs.55.0 neurons,Tukey’s HSD,P<0.05).Importantly,animals retained the ability to process tactile information and recorded neurons were found to respond to whisker stimulation.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate the rapid adaptation of thalamocortical circuits to represent a novel sensory modality and suggest a major role of the thalamus in processing the prosthetic sensation.Furthermore,these results suggest that ICMS-based neuroprostheses recruit neurons from the entire sensory pathway without compromising the endogenous sensory function.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation(award#1646275)the National Institute of Health(project#R01HD095457).
文摘In this review article, we present more than a decade of our work on the development of brain–computer interface (BCI)systems for the restoration of walking following neurological injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI) or stroke. Most ofthis work has been in the domain of non-invasive electroencephalogram-based BCIs, including interfacing our system witha virtual reality environment and physical prostheses. Real-time online tests are presented to demonstrate the ability ofable-bodied subjects as well as those with SCI to purposefully operate our BCI system. Extensions of this work are alsopresented and include the development of a portable low-cost BCI suitable for at-home use, our ongoing eforts to develop afully implantable BCI for the restoration of walking and leg sensation after SCI, and our novel BCI-based therapy for strokerehabilitation.
文摘Patients who suffer from a high spinal cord injury have severe motor disabilities in the lower as well as in the upper extremities. Thus they rely on the help of other people in everyday life. Restoring the function of the upper limbs, especially the grasp function can help them to gain some independence. Using EEG-based neuroprosthetics is a way to help tetraplegic people restore different grasp types as well as moving the arm and the elbow. In this work an overview of non-invasive EEG-based methods for restoring the hand and arm function with the use of neuroprosthetics in individuals with high spinal cord injury is given. Since the Graz BCI group is leading in this area of non-invasive research mainly, the work of this group is represented.
文摘Aim:Ovine models for osseointegrated prosthetics research are well established,but do not consider neural control of advanced prostheses.The validity of interfacing technologies,such as the Osseointegrated Neural Interface(ONI),in their ability to provide communication between native nerves and advanced prosthetics is required,necessitating a stable,longitudinal large animal model for testing.The objective of this study is to provide a detailed anatomic description of the major nerves distal to the carpal and tarsal joints,informing the creation of a chronic ONI for prosthetic control in sheep.Methods:Six pelvic and six thoracic cadaveric limbs from mature female,non-lactating sheep were utilized.Radiographs were obtained to determine average bone length,medullary canal diameter,and cortical bone thickness.Microsurgical dissection was performed to discern topographical neuroanatomy and average circumferences of the major nerves of the pelvic and thoracic limbs.Histologic analysis was performed.A surgical approach for the creation of ONI was designed.Results:Average metacarpal and metatarsal length was 15.0 cm(±0.0)and 19.7 cm(±1.0),respectively.Average intramedullary canal diameter was 12.91 mm(±3.69)for forelimbs and 12.60 mm(±3.69)for hindlimbs.The thoracic limb nerves consisted of one dorsal and three ventral nerves,with an average circumference of 5.14 mm(±2.00)and 5.05 mm(±1.06),respectively.Pelvic limb nerves consisted of two dorsal and one ventral nerve with an average circumference of 6.27 mm(±1.79)and 5.40 mm(±0.53),respectively.Conclusions:These anatomic data inform the surgical approach and manufacture of a sensory ONI for chronic testing in awake,freely ambulating animals for future clinical translation.
