Macrophages in the brain barrier system include microglia in the brain parenchyma,border-associated macrophages at the brain’s borders,and recruited macrophages.They are responsible for neural development,maintenance...Macrophages in the brain barrier system include microglia in the brain parenchyma,border-associated macrophages at the brain’s borders,and recruited macrophages.They are responsible for neural development,maintenance of homeostasis,and orchestrating immune responses.With the rapid exploitation and development of new technologies,there is a deeper understanding of macrophages in the brain barrier system.Here we review the origin,development,important molecules,and functions of macrophages,mainly focusing on microglia and border-associated macrophages.We also highlight some advances in single-cell sequencing and significant cell markers.We anticipate that more advanced methods will emerge to study resident and recruited macrophages in the future,opening new horizons for neuroimmunology and related peripheral immune fields.展开更多
In recent years,the field of neuroimmunology has witnessed a profound paradigm shift.Research has expanded beyond the traditional focus on the central nervous system to unravel the dynamic interplay between peripheral...In recent years,the field of neuroimmunology has witnessed a profound paradigm shift.Research has expanded beyond the traditional focus on the central nervous system to unravel the dynamic interplay between peripheral immunity and neural networks.Cutting-edge methodologies have unmasked a tripartite communication axis enabling peripheral immune signals to mediate the CNS:(1)neural communication via vagal afferents,(2)humoral signaling through circumventricular organ cytokine diffusion,and(3)cellular interactions involving bone marrow-derived macrophages[1].展开更多
Brain organoids encompass a large collection of in vitro stem cell–derived 3D culture systems that aim to recapitulate multiple aspects of in vivo brain development and function.First,this review provides a brief int...Brain organoids encompass a large collection of in vitro stem cell–derived 3D culture systems that aim to recapitulate multiple aspects of in vivo brain development and function.First,this review provides a brief introduction to the current state-of-the-art for neuroectoderm brain organoid development,emphasizing their biggest advantages in comparison with classical two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models.However,despite their usefulness for developmental studies,a major limitation for most brain organoid models is the absence of contributing cell types from endodermal and mesodermal origin.As such,current research is highly investing towards the incorporation of a functional vasculature and the microglial immune component.In this review,we will specifically focus on the development of immune-competent brain organoids.By summarizing the different approaches applied to incorporate microglia,it is highlighted that immune-competent brain organoids are not only important for studying neuronal network formation,but also offer a clear future as a new tool to study inflammatory responses in vitro in 3D in a brainlike environment.Therefore,our main focus here is to provide a comprehensive overview of assays to measure microglial phenotype and function within brain organoids,with an outlook on how these findings could better understand neuronal network development or restoration,as well as the influence of physical stress on microglia-containing brain organoids.Finally,we would like to stress that even though the development of immune-competent brain organoids has largely evolved over the past decade,their full potential as a pre-clinical tool to study novel therapeutic approaches to halt or reduce inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration still needs to be explored and validated.展开更多
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infec- tion is associated with several different types of peripheral neuropathy: distal predominantly sensory axonal polyneuropathy, like Guillain Barre syndrome. Case presen...Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infec- tion is associated with several different types of peripheral neuropathy: distal predominantly sensory axonal polyneuropathy, like Guillain Barre syndrome. Case presentation: A 55-year-old Caucasian woman with Human immunodeficiency virus infection, diag- nosed with Guillain Barre syndrome was studied. Serum and CSF immunoglobulin G and Albumin levels were quantified by using an immunodiffusion technique. She had preceding viral symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of the illness in this patient was pa-resthesias or sensory loss, tendon reflexes. It was also observed cranial nerves abnormalities, acute mo- tor and sensory axonal neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia. The mean CD4 count was 367/mm3, CSF white blood cell 25 wbc/mm3. The serum sodium concentration was significantly low (133 mmol/L). She had a respiratory compromise as a result of their neuropa- thy and developed congestive heart failure and hy- potension and died of a cardiac arrest. The neuro-immunological response described by our patient was a blood/CSF barrier dysfunction without IgG intra-thecal synthesis. Conclusion: There is no doubt that this study is of great importance because will help clinicians increase their knowledge of the immune response in patients with this autoimmune disorder on the basis of this case report, in which, for first time, could be seen the neuroimmunological response through the reibergram in a patient with HIV- asso-ciated Guillain-Barre syndrome.展开更多
The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully d...The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully disentangled.To control cognitive function and behavior,the two systems are engaged in a subtle interacting act.In this scenario,a dual action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of brain network connections is emerging.Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed required to express physiological plasticity in the hippocampal network while being detrimental when over-expressed during uncontrolled inflammatory processes.In this dynamic equilibrium,synaptic functioning and the performance of neural networks are ensured by maintaining an appropriate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system microenvironment.展开更多
This review addresses the accumulating evidence that live(not decellularized)allogeneic peripheral nerves are functionally and immunologically peculiar in comparison with many other transplanted allogeneic tissues.Thi...This review addresses the accumulating evidence that live(not decellularized)allogeneic peripheral nerves are functionally and immunologically peculiar in comparison with many other transplanted allogeneic tissues.This is relevant because live peripheral nerve allografts are very effective at promoting recovery after segmental peripheral nerve injury via axonal regeneration and axon fusion.Understanding the immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts may also be of interest to the field of transplantation in general.Three topics are addressed:The first discusses peripheral nerve injury and the potential utility of peripheral nerve allografts for bridging segmental peripheral nerve defects via axon fusion and axon regeneration.The second reviews evidence that peripheral nerve allografts elicit a more gradual and less severe host immune response allowing for prolonged survival and function of allogeneic peripheral nerve cells and structures.Lastly,potential mechanisms that may account for the immunological differences of peripheral nerve allografts are discussed.展开更多
Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently defined autoimmune disorder of the nervous system associated with autoantibodies against IgLON5. Given its broad clinical spectrum and extremely complex pathogenesis, as well as diffi...Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently defined autoimmune disorder of the nervous system associated with autoantibodies against IgLON5. Given its broad clinical spectrum and extremely complex pathogenesis, as well as difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment, anti-IgLON5 disease has become the subject of considerable research attention in the field of neuroimmunology. Anti-IgLON5 disease has characteristics of both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration due to the unique activity of the antiIgLON5 antibody. Neuropathologic examination revealed the presence of a tauopathy preferentially affecting the hypothalamus and brainstem tegmentum, potentially broadening our understanding of tauopathies. In contrast to that seen with other autoimmune encephalitis-related antibodies, basic studies have demonstrated that IgLON5 antibody-induced neuronal damage and degeneration are irreversible, indicative of a potential link between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in antiIgLON5 disease. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss basic and clinical studies relating to anti-IgLON5 disease to better understand this complicated disorder.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the occurrence of PTSD in pre-hospital emergency nurses and its related factors, and to compare the differences of neurotransmitter and immune-related factors between pre-hospital emergency n...Objective: To investigate the occurrence of PTSD in pre-hospital emergency nurses and its related factors, and to compare the differences of neurotransmitter and immune-related factors between pre-hospital emergency nurses who experienced traumatic events and those who did not develop PTSD and healthy people. How: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PCL-C) tests were performed on pre-hospital emergency nurses in PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy control group, and the plasma monoamine neurotransmitters and serum cytokines were determined by double-antibody sandwich ABC-ELISA assay using enzyme-linked adsorption kit provided by Shanghai Xitang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Results: 1) There were statistically significant differences in PCL-C scores between PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy group (p α between PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy group (p Conclusion: Pre-hospital emergency nurses should have early psychological intervention and guidance to reduce the occurrence of PTSD in emergency and emergency nurses.展开更多
Neuroinfection&neuroimmunology is a growing subspecialty of the nervous system.Despite remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic advancements during the past 30 years through the prevention of infectious diseases by v...Neuroinfection&neuroimmunology is a growing subspecialty of the nervous system.Despite remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic advancements during the past 30 years through the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccine and the development of safe,effective antimicrobial agents,neurologic infections remain to be major causes of permanent neurologic disability worldwide[1].In this issue of Radiology of Infectious Diseases,the articles succinctly cover a range of radiologic topics of infectious or immunological diseases of the central nervous system(CNS).展开更多
An increasing amount of evidence shows that type I interferon response,which is induced by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase(cGAS)and stimulator of interferon genes(STING)is closely assoc...An increasing amount of evidence shows that type I interferon response,which is induced by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase(cGAS)and stimulator of interferon genes(STING)is closely associated with health and neuroinflammatory diseases.Abnormal activation or loss of control of the cGAS-STING axis affects the development of neuroinflammation.Thus,we examined its role in major neurological diseases,including traumatic brain injury,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,multiple sclerosis,herpes simplex encephalitis,and ataxia-telangiectasia.Additionally,targeted intervention of the cGAS-STING axis to control neuroinflammation and treat related diseases has become the focus of current clinical research.This article describes the development of cGAS inhibitors and small molecules that target the cGAS-STING axis and explores the potential applications of STING inhibitors and agonists in clinical research.In summary,the cGAS-STING axis may impact neurological diseases more than a single protein or gene.Future studies should focus on elucidating the functional dynamics and regulatory networks of this axis and delineating its crosstalk with other signaling cascades.These investigations will provide mechanistic insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies for associated disorders and potentially facilitate drug repurposing across diverse disease contexts.展开更多
Microglia cells are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system(CNS)(Paolicelli et al.,2022).They play a pivotal role in CNS development and in maintaining homeostasis during adulthood.Microglia are...Microglia cells are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system(CNS)(Paolicelli et al.,2022).They play a pivotal role in CNS development and in maintaining homeostasis during adulthood.Microglia are being extensively studied for their involvement in CNS disorders,ranging from autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis to neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions,as well as stroke and brain tumors(Paolicelli et al.,2022).展开更多
Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the gut-immune-brain axis,a dynamic bidirectional communication system involving intricate interactions between the gut microbiota,immune responses,and the central ner...Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the gut-immune-brain axis,a dynamic bidirectional communication system involving intricate interactions between the gut microbiota,immune responses,and the central nervous system.Gut microbes and their metabolites have profound effects on immune and neurological homeostasis,influencing the development and function of multiple physiological systems.Disruption of the composition of the gut microbiota and barrier integrity has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders,including autism spectrum disorder,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,depression,and anxiety.Most insights into these host-microbiota interactions come from preclinical models,revealing both the complexity and potential therapeutic opportunities of the gut-brain communication pathways.This review synthesizes the current understanding of these intricate interactions,exploring how microbiota-driven modulation of the gut and brain barriers,immune signaling,and neuronal pathways,such as those through the vagus nerve,contributes to health and disease.We further explore therapeutic implications,including personalized precision microbiota interventions,microbiome-derived biomarkers,and barrierstrengthening strategies.Advancing this field offers transformative potential for developing innovative,personalized therapies tailored to individual microbiomes and immune profiles,ultimately redefining clinical approaches to neurological and immunemediated diseases.展开更多
Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical science that emerges from the intersection of studies on the nervous system and the immune system.The complex interplay between the two systems has long bee...Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical science that emerges from the intersection of studies on the nervous system and the immune system.The complex interplay between the two systems has long been recognized.Research efforts directed at the underlying functional interface and associated pathophysiology,however,have garnered attention only in recent decades.In this narrative review,we highlight significant advances in research on neuroimmune interplay and modulation.A particular focus is on early-and middle-career neuroimmunologists in China and their achievements in frontier areas of"neuroimmune interface","neuro-endocrine-immune network and modulation","neuroimmune interactions in diseases","meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic systems in health and disease",and"tools and methodologies in neuroimmunology research".Key scientific questions and future directions for potential breakthroughs in neuroimmunology research are proposed.展开更多
Recent research in neuroimmunology has revolutionized our understanding of the intricate interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system(CNS).The CNS,an“immune-privileged organ”,is now known to...Recent research in neuroimmunology has revolutionized our understanding of the intricate interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system(CNS).The CNS,an“immune-privileged organ”,is now known to be intimately connected to the immune system through different cell types and cytokines.While type 2 immune responses have traditionally been associated with allergy and parasitic infections,emerging evidence suggests that these responses also play a crucial role in CNS homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.Type 2 immunity encompasses a delicate interplay among stroma,Th2 cells,innate lymphoid type 2 cells(ILC2s),mast cells,basophils,and the cytokines interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-13,IL-25,TSLP and IL-33.In this review,we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of type 2 immune cells and cytokines in CNS injury and homeostasis,cognition,and diseases such as tumors,Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.展开更多
The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by the peripheral nervous system and populated by the immune system.These two systems critically coordinate the sensations of and adaptations to dietary,microbial,and d...The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by the peripheral nervous system and populated by the immune system.These two systems critically coordinate the sensations of and adaptations to dietary,microbial,and damaging stimuli from the external and internal microenvironment during tissue homeostasis and inflammation.The brain receives and integrates ascending sensory signals from the gut and transduces descending signals back to the gut via autonomic neurons.Neurons regulate intestinal immune responses through the action of local axon reflexes or through neuronal circuits via the gut-brain axis.This neuroimmune crosstalk is critical for gut homeostatic maintenance and disease resolution.In this review,we discuss the roles of distinct types of gut-innervating neurons in the modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity.We will focus on the molecular mechanisms governing how different immune cells respond to neural signals in host defense and inflammation.We also discuss the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting neuroimmune crosstalk for intestinal diseases.展开更多
Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract,yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier.Situated in the nasal passages,the olfactory ...Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract,yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier.Situated in the nasal passages,the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants;however,this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain.As a result,olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences,including dysfunction of the olfactory system,CNS invasion,dissemination to the lower respiratory tract,and transmission between individuals.Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue.A better understanding of innate,adaptive,and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2.Here,we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa,review the subsequent immune response,and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.展开更多
Aim: To apply cluster coefficient (CC) to the pattern of international author collaborations in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation using data from Medline and to visualize results using Google maps and social netwo...Aim: To apply cluster coefficient (CC) to the pattern of international author collaborations in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation using data from Medline and to visualize results using Google maps and social network analysis (SNA). Methods: Selecting 2799 abstracts, author names, countries, and keywords on January 22, 2018 from Medline based on keyword neuroimmunology (or neuroinflammation) within the article title since 1982, we reported following features: (1) nation distribution for the 1st author's nationality;(2) eminent journals and authors in the field of neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation;(3) notable keywords defined by authors representing both neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation;and (4) CCs in networks. We programmed Microsoft Excel VBA routines to extract data from Medline and used Google Maps and SNA Pajek software to display graphical representations with an easy-to-read feature for readers. Results: We found that: (1) the most number of papers in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation are from the USA (902, 32.23%) and China (363, 12.97%);(2) the productive journals and authors in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation are J Neuroinflammation and PLoS One, and Michael T. Heneka (Germany) and Richard M. Ransohoff (USA);(3) the most linked keywords are interleukin (IL), IL-1beta, and blood brain barrier;(4) author networks present higher CC than those nation networks. Conclusion: SNA provides wide and deep insight into the relationships among nations in co-author collaboration. The results can help readers in future submission to a journal in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation.展开更多
Under the joint collaboration of all the Editorial Board Members, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation (NN) has achieved outstanding success with 198 articles published since its launch date on June 27th, 2014. On be...Under the joint collaboration of all the Editorial Board Members, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation (NN) has achieved outstanding success with 198 articles published since its launch date on June 27th, 2014. On behalf of all staff and faculty members, the Editors-in-Chief would like to convey our sincere gratitude to all readers and supporters. Many thanks to you all.展开更多
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by the John Cunningham (JC) virus typically seen in immuno-compromised patients. Several drugs th...Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by the John Cunningham (JC) virus typically seen in immuno-compromised patients. Several drugs that suppress that immune system have already been known to cause PML such as natalizumab and rituximab. We present a patient with sarcoidosis who develops PML in the rare setting of minimal immunosuppression with only hydroxychloroquine. There was significant delay in the diagnosis due to negative cerebrospinal fluid testing for JC virus and concern for neuro-sarcoidosis, but eventually a diagnosis of PML was made via brain biopsy.展开更多
About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peerreviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The...About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peerreviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at http://www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).展开更多
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology China Brain Initiative Grant,No.2022ZD0204702(to ZY)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82371357(to LC)+2 种基金Foundation for Military Medicine,No.16QNP085(to ZY)Navy Medical University Basic Medical College“Yi Zhang”Basic Medical Talent Development and Support Program,Nos.JCYZRC-D-022(to TC)and JCYZRC-D-024(to HD)Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund of Shanghai Baoshan District,No.2023-E-05(to YW).
文摘Macrophages in the brain barrier system include microglia in the brain parenchyma,border-associated macrophages at the brain’s borders,and recruited macrophages.They are responsible for neural development,maintenance of homeostasis,and orchestrating immune responses.With the rapid exploitation and development of new technologies,there is a deeper understanding of macrophages in the brain barrier system.Here we review the origin,development,important molecules,and functions of macrophages,mainly focusing on microglia and border-associated macrophages.We also highlight some advances in single-cell sequencing and significant cell markers.We anticipate that more advanced methods will emerge to study resident and recruited macrophages in the future,opening new horizons for neuroimmunology and related peripheral immune fields.
基金supported by the STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0200600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971269).
文摘In recent years,the field of neuroimmunology has witnessed a profound paradigm shift.Research has expanded beyond the traditional focus on the central nervous system to unravel the dynamic interplay between peripheral immunity and neural networks.Cutting-edge methodologies have unmasked a tripartite communication axis enabling peripheral immune signals to mediate the CNS:(1)neural communication via vagal afferents,(2)humoral signaling through circumventricular organ cytokine diffusion,and(3)cellular interactions involving bone marrow-derived macrophages[1].
基金funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skodowska-Curie grant agreement No.813263(PMSMat Train,granted to UF,PP,MV,and DP)provided by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders(FWO-Vlaanderen)of the Flemish Government(FWO sabbatical bench fee K800224N granted to PP)and ERA-NET Re Park(granted to PP)。
文摘Brain organoids encompass a large collection of in vitro stem cell–derived 3D culture systems that aim to recapitulate multiple aspects of in vivo brain development and function.First,this review provides a brief introduction to the current state-of-the-art for neuroectoderm brain organoid development,emphasizing their biggest advantages in comparison with classical two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models.However,despite their usefulness for developmental studies,a major limitation for most brain organoid models is the absence of contributing cell types from endodermal and mesodermal origin.As such,current research is highly investing towards the incorporation of a functional vasculature and the microglial immune component.In this review,we will specifically focus on the development of immune-competent brain organoids.By summarizing the different approaches applied to incorporate microglia,it is highlighted that immune-competent brain organoids are not only important for studying neuronal network formation,but also offer a clear future as a new tool to study inflammatory responses in vitro in 3D in a brainlike environment.Therefore,our main focus here is to provide a comprehensive overview of assays to measure microglial phenotype and function within brain organoids,with an outlook on how these findings could better understand neuronal network development or restoration,as well as the influence of physical stress on microglia-containing brain organoids.Finally,we would like to stress that even though the development of immune-competent brain organoids has largely evolved over the past decade,their full potential as a pre-clinical tool to study novel therapeutic approaches to halt or reduce inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration still needs to be explored and validated.
文摘Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infec- tion is associated with several different types of peripheral neuropathy: distal predominantly sensory axonal polyneuropathy, like Guillain Barre syndrome. Case presentation: A 55-year-old Caucasian woman with Human immunodeficiency virus infection, diag- nosed with Guillain Barre syndrome was studied. Serum and CSF immunoglobulin G and Albumin levels were quantified by using an immunodiffusion technique. She had preceding viral symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of the illness in this patient was pa-resthesias or sensory loss, tendon reflexes. It was also observed cranial nerves abnormalities, acute mo- tor and sensory axonal neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia. The mean CD4 count was 367/mm3, CSF white blood cell 25 wbc/mm3. The serum sodium concentration was significantly low (133 mmol/L). She had a respiratory compromise as a result of their neuropa- thy and developed congestive heart failure and hy- potension and died of a cardiac arrest. The neuro-immunological response described by our patient was a blood/CSF barrier dysfunction without IgG intra-thecal synthesis. Conclusion: There is no doubt that this study is of great importance because will help clinicians increase their knowledge of the immune response in patients with this autoimmune disorder on the basis of this case report, in which, for first time, could be seen the neuroimmunological response through the reibergram in a patient with HIV- asso-ciated Guillain-Barre syndrome.
文摘The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully disentangled.To control cognitive function and behavior,the two systems are engaged in a subtle interacting act.In this scenario,a dual action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of brain network connections is emerging.Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed required to express physiological plasticity in the hippocampal network while being detrimental when over-expressed during uncontrolled inflammatory processes.In this dynamic equilibrium,synaptic functioning and the performance of neural networks are ensured by maintaining an appropriate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system microenvironment.
基金supported by University of Wyoming Startup Funds,United States Department of Defense,grant No.W81XWH-17-1-0402the University of Wyoming Sensory Biology COBRE under National Institutes of Health(NIH),award number 5P20GM121310-02+2 种基金the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under Award Number P20GM103432(to JSB)the Lone Star Paralysis Foundation,NIH R01NS081063Department of Defense award W81XWH-19-2-0054 to GDB。
文摘This review addresses the accumulating evidence that live(not decellularized)allogeneic peripheral nerves are functionally and immunologically peculiar in comparison with many other transplanted allogeneic tissues.This is relevant because live peripheral nerve allografts are very effective at promoting recovery after segmental peripheral nerve injury via axonal regeneration and axon fusion.Understanding the immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts may also be of interest to the field of transplantation in general.Three topics are addressed:The first discusses peripheral nerve injury and the potential utility of peripheral nerve allografts for bridging segmental peripheral nerve defects via axon fusion and axon regeneration.The second reviews evidence that peripheral nerve allografts elicit a more gradual and less severe host immune response allowing for prolonged survival and function of allogeneic peripheral nerve cells and structures.Lastly,potential mechanisms that may account for the immunological differences of peripheral nerve allografts are discussed.
基金supported by Shanghai Shuguang Plan Project,No. 18SG15Shanghai Outstanding Young Scholars Project+1 种基金Shanghai Talent Development Project,No. 2019044Clinical Research Plan of SHDC,No. SHDC 2020CR2027B (all to SC)。
文摘Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently defined autoimmune disorder of the nervous system associated with autoantibodies against IgLON5. Given its broad clinical spectrum and extremely complex pathogenesis, as well as difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment, anti-IgLON5 disease has become the subject of considerable research attention in the field of neuroimmunology. Anti-IgLON5 disease has characteristics of both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration due to the unique activity of the antiIgLON5 antibody. Neuropathologic examination revealed the presence of a tauopathy preferentially affecting the hypothalamus and brainstem tegmentum, potentially broadening our understanding of tauopathies. In contrast to that seen with other autoimmune encephalitis-related antibodies, basic studies have demonstrated that IgLON5 antibody-induced neuronal damage and degeneration are irreversible, indicative of a potential link between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in antiIgLON5 disease. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss basic and clinical studies relating to anti-IgLON5 disease to better understand this complicated disorder.
文摘Objective: To investigate the occurrence of PTSD in pre-hospital emergency nurses and its related factors, and to compare the differences of neurotransmitter and immune-related factors between pre-hospital emergency nurses who experienced traumatic events and those who did not develop PTSD and healthy people. How: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PCL-C) tests were performed on pre-hospital emergency nurses in PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy control group, and the plasma monoamine neurotransmitters and serum cytokines were determined by double-antibody sandwich ABC-ELISA assay using enzyme-linked adsorption kit provided by Shanghai Xitang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Results: 1) There were statistically significant differences in PCL-C scores between PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy group (p α between PTSD group, non-PTSD group and healthy group (p Conclusion: Pre-hospital emergency nurses should have early psychological intervention and guidance to reduce the occurrence of PTSD in emergency and emergency nurses.
文摘Neuroinfection&neuroimmunology is a growing subspecialty of the nervous system.Despite remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic advancements during the past 30 years through the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccine and the development of safe,effective antimicrobial agents,neurologic infections remain to be major causes of permanent neurologic disability worldwide[1].In this issue of Radiology of Infectious Diseases,the articles succinctly cover a range of radiologic topics of infectious or immunological diseases of the central nervous system(CNS).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82301382the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,No.H2022316001+1 种基金Government Funded Clinical Medicine Excellent Talents Project,No.ZF2023126the Postdoctoral Research Support Program for Clinical Medicine of Hebei Medical University,No.PD2023004(all to QZ).
文摘An increasing amount of evidence shows that type I interferon response,which is induced by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase(cGAS)and stimulator of interferon genes(STING)is closely associated with health and neuroinflammatory diseases.Abnormal activation or loss of control of the cGAS-STING axis affects the development of neuroinflammation.Thus,we examined its role in major neurological diseases,including traumatic brain injury,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,multiple sclerosis,herpes simplex encephalitis,and ataxia-telangiectasia.Additionally,targeted intervention of the cGAS-STING axis to control neuroinflammation and treat related diseases has become the focus of current clinical research.This article describes the development of cGAS inhibitors and small molecules that target the cGAS-STING axis and explores the potential applications of STING inhibitors and agonists in clinical research.In summary,the cGAS-STING axis may impact neurological diseases more than a single protein or gene.Future studies should focus on elucidating the functional dynamics and regulatory networks of this axis and delineating its crosstalk with other signaling cascades.These investigations will provide mechanistic insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies for associated disorders and potentially facilitate drug repurposing across diverse disease contexts.
文摘Microglia cells are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system(CNS)(Paolicelli et al.,2022).They play a pivotal role in CNS development and in maintaining homeostasis during adulthood.Microglia are being extensively studied for their involvement in CNS disorders,ranging from autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis to neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions,as well as stroke and brain tumors(Paolicelli et al.,2022).
基金supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT):L.C.and H.-K.K.were supported by RS-2024-00361620,RS-2019-NR040072,RS-2025-00561456,and RS2024-00438443.S.-H.I was supported by RS-2024-00345575.We would like to thank MID(Medical Illustration&Design),a member of the Medical Research Support Services of Yonsei University College of Medicine,for providing excellent support with medical illustrations.
文摘Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the gut-immune-brain axis,a dynamic bidirectional communication system involving intricate interactions between the gut microbiota,immune responses,and the central nervous system.Gut microbes and their metabolites have profound effects on immune and neurological homeostasis,influencing the development and function of multiple physiological systems.Disruption of the composition of the gut microbiota and barrier integrity has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders,including autism spectrum disorder,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,depression,and anxiety.Most insights into these host-microbiota interactions come from preclinical models,revealing both the complexity and potential therapeutic opportunities of the gut-brain communication pathways.This review synthesizes the current understanding of these intricate interactions,exploring how microbiota-driven modulation of the gut and brain barriers,immune signaling,and neuronal pathways,such as those through the vagus nerve,contributes to health and disease.We further explore therapeutic implications,including personalized precision microbiota interventions,microbiome-derived biomarkers,and barrierstrengthening strategies.Advancing this field offers transformative potential for developing innovative,personalized therapies tailored to individual microbiomes and immune profiles,ultimately redefining clinical approaches to neurological and immunemediated diseases.
文摘Neuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biomedical science that emerges from the intersection of studies on the nervous system and the immune system.The complex interplay between the two systems has long been recognized.Research efforts directed at the underlying functional interface and associated pathophysiology,however,have garnered attention only in recent decades.In this narrative review,we highlight significant advances in research on neuroimmune interplay and modulation.A particular focus is on early-and middle-career neuroimmunologists in China and their achievements in frontier areas of"neuroimmune interface","neuro-endocrine-immune network and modulation","neuroimmune interactions in diseases","meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic systems in health and disease",and"tools and methodologies in neuroimmunology research".Key scientific questions and future directions for potential breakthroughs in neuroimmunology research are proposed.
文摘Recent research in neuroimmunology has revolutionized our understanding of the intricate interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system(CNS).The CNS,an“immune-privileged organ”,is now known to be intimately connected to the immune system through different cell types and cytokines.While type 2 immune responses have traditionally been associated with allergy and parasitic infections,emerging evidence suggests that these responses also play a crucial role in CNS homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.Type 2 immunity encompasses a delicate interplay among stroma,Th2 cells,innate lymphoid type 2 cells(ILC2s),mast cells,basophils,and the cytokines interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-13,IL-25,TSLP and IL-33.In this review,we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of type 2 immune cells and cytokines in CNS injury and homeostasis,cognition,and diseases such as tumors,Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
基金The Chiu Lab is supported by NIH grants R01 DK127257 and R01 AI168005,Kenneth Rainin Foundation,Burroughs Wellcome Fund,Food Allergy Science Initiative,Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative,Fairbairn Lyme Initiative,Drako Family Foundation,and Jackson-Wijaya Research Fund.
文摘The gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated by the peripheral nervous system and populated by the immune system.These two systems critically coordinate the sensations of and adaptations to dietary,microbial,and damaging stimuli from the external and internal microenvironment during tissue homeostasis and inflammation.The brain receives and integrates ascending sensory signals from the gut and transduces descending signals back to the gut via autonomic neurons.Neurons regulate intestinal immune responses through the action of local axon reflexes or through neuronal circuits via the gut-brain axis.This neuroimmune crosstalk is critical for gut homeostatic maintenance and disease resolution.In this review,we discuss the roles of distinct types of gut-innervating neurons in the modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity.We will focus on the molecular mechanisms governing how different immune cells respond to neural signals in host defense and inflammation.We also discuss the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting neuroimmune crosstalk for intestinal diseases.
基金supported by R01NS121067.E.A.M.is also supported by R21NS133561 and R21DC021260.
文摘Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract,yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier.Situated in the nasal passages,the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants;however,this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain.As a result,olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences,including dysfunction of the olfactory system,CNS invasion,dissemination to the lower respiratory tract,and transmission between individuals.Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue.A better understanding of innate,adaptive,and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2.Here,we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa,review the subsequent immune response,and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.
文摘Aim: To apply cluster coefficient (CC) to the pattern of international author collaborations in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation using data from Medline and to visualize results using Google maps and social network analysis (SNA). Methods: Selecting 2799 abstracts, author names, countries, and keywords on January 22, 2018 from Medline based on keyword neuroimmunology (or neuroinflammation) within the article title since 1982, we reported following features: (1) nation distribution for the 1st author's nationality;(2) eminent journals and authors in the field of neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation;(3) notable keywords defined by authors representing both neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation;and (4) CCs in networks. We programmed Microsoft Excel VBA routines to extract data from Medline and used Google Maps and SNA Pajek software to display graphical representations with an easy-to-read feature for readers. Results: We found that: (1) the most number of papers in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation are from the USA (902, 32.23%) and China (363, 12.97%);(2) the productive journals and authors in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation are J Neuroinflammation and PLoS One, and Michael T. Heneka (Germany) and Richard M. Ransohoff (USA);(3) the most linked keywords are interleukin (IL), IL-1beta, and blood brain barrier;(4) author networks present higher CC than those nation networks. Conclusion: SNA provides wide and deep insight into the relationships among nations in co-author collaboration. The results can help readers in future submission to a journal in neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation.
文摘Under the joint collaboration of all the Editorial Board Members, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation (NN) has achieved outstanding success with 198 articles published since its launch date on June 27th, 2014. On behalf of all staff and faculty members, the Editors-in-Chief would like to convey our sincere gratitude to all readers and supporters. Many thanks to you all.
文摘Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by the John Cunningham (JC) virus typically seen in immuno-compromised patients. Several drugs that suppress that immune system have already been known to cause PML such as natalizumab and rituximab. We present a patient with sarcoidosis who develops PML in the rare setting of minimal immunosuppression with only hydroxychloroquine. There was significant delay in the diagnosis due to negative cerebrospinal fluid testing for JC virus and concern for neuro-sarcoidosis, but eventually a diagnosis of PML was made via brain biopsy.
文摘About the Journal Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation(Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation)(ISSN:Print 2347-8659,Online 2349-6142)is a peerreviewed online journal with print on demand compilation of articles published.The journal’s full text is available online at http://www.nnjournal.net.The journal allows free access(Open Access)to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional/subject-based repository.The journal focuses on neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation,and the coverage extends to other basic and clinical studies related to neuroscience,including molecular biology,pharmacology,endocrinology,pathology,physiology,psychology,oncology,etc.The journal is indexed with CAS,Google Scholar,EBSCO,Eurasian Scientific Journal Index,Hinari,Root Indexing,CNKI,Wanfang Data,JournalGuide,JournalTOCs,DRJI,Open J-Gate,SHERPA/RoMEO,ResearchBib,and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine(BASE).
