Despite advancements in neuroimaging,false positive diagnoses of intracranial aneurysms remain a significant concern.This article examines the causes,prevalence,and implications of such false-positive diagnoses.We dis...Despite advancements in neuroimaging,false positive diagnoses of intracranial aneurysms remain a significant concern.This article examines the causes,prevalence,and implications of such false-positive diagnoses.We discuss how conditions like arterial occlusion with vascular stump formation and infundibular widening can mimic aneurysms,particularly in the anterior circulation.The article compares various imaging modalities,including computer tomography angiogram,magnetic resonance imaging/angiography,and digital subtraction angiogram,highlighting their strengths and limitations.We emphasize the im-portance of accurate differentiation to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.The potential of emerging technologies,such as high-resolution vessel wall ima-ging and deep neural networks for automated detection,is explored as promising avenues for improving diagnostic accuracy.This manuscript underscores the need for continued research and clinical vigilance in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.展开更多
Photon-counting computed tomography(PCCT)represents a transformative advancement in neuroimaging,offering superior spatial resolution,spectral imaging capabilities,reduced radiation dose,and enhanced contrast-to-noise...Photon-counting computed tomography(PCCT)represents a transformative advancement in neuroimaging,offering superior spatial resolution,spectral imaging capabilities,reduced radiation dose,and enhanced contrast-to-noise ratios.This review explores the technical foundations of PCCT,its advantages over conventional CT,and its growing applications in neuroimaging.PCCT has shown promise in improving neurovascular imaging,detecting small vessels,and reducing artifacts near metallic implants.It also enhances the visualization of spontaneous intracranial hypotension and cerebrospinal fluid leaks and provides superior diagnostic accuracy in acute ischemic stroke imaging.However,current limitations,including protocol complexity,high data volume,and the absence of integrated artificial intelligence noise reduction algorithms,pose challenges to widespread adoption.Future research should address these limitations and refine PCCT’s applications to unlock its full clinical potential.展开更多
BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological s...BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological substrates underlying depression,the intricate patterns of disrupted brain network connectivity in adolescents warrant further exploration.AIM To elucidate the neural correlates of adolescent depression by examining brain network connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI).METHODS The study cohort comprised 74 depressed adolescents and 59 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years.Participants underwent rs-fMRI to evaluate functional connectivity within and across critical brain networks,including the visual,default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention,salience,somatomotor,and frontoparietal control networks.RESULTS Analyses revealed pronounced functional disparities within key neural circuits among adolescents with depression.The results demonstrated existence of hemispheric asymmetries characterized by enhanced activity in the left visual network,which contrasted the diminished activity in the right hemisphere.The DMN facilitated increased activity within the left prefrontal cortex and reduced engagement in the right hemisphere,implicating disrupted self-referential and emotional processing mechanisms.Additionally,an overactive right dorsal attention network and a hypoactive salience network were identified,underscoring significant abnormalities in attentional and emotional regulation in adolescent depression.CONCLUSION The findings from this study underscore distinct neural connectivity disruptions in adolescent depression,underscoring the critical role of specific neurobiological markers for precise early diagnosis of adolescent depression.The observed functional asymmetries and network-specific deviations elucidate the complex neurobiological architecture of adolescent depression,supporting the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.展开更多
Major depressive disorder(MDD),a psychiatric disorder characterized by functional brain deficits,poses considerable diagnostic and treatment challenges,especially in adolescents owing to varying clinical presentations...Major depressive disorder(MDD),a psychiatric disorder characterized by functional brain deficits,poses considerable diagnostic and treatment challenges,especially in adolescents owing to varying clinical presentations.Biomarkers hold substantial clinical potential in the field of mental health,enabling objective assessments of physiological and pathological states,facilitating early diagnosis,and enhancing clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.Recent breakthroughs combine neuroimaging with machine learning(ML)to distinguish brain activity patterns between MDD patients and healthy controls,paving the way for diagnostic support and personalized treatment.However,the accuracy of the results depends on the selection of neuroimaging features and algorithms.Ensuring privacy protection,ML model accuracy,and fostering trust are essential steps prior to clinical implementation.Future research should prioritize the establishment of comprehensive legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms for using ML in MDD diagnosis while safeguarding patient privacy and rights.By doing so,we can advance accuracy and personalized care for MDD.展开更多
Major depressive disorder(MDD),one of the most prevalent mental illnesses,is characterized by anhedonia,the inability to experience pleasure from rewarding activities.This minireview examines the complex relationship ...Major depressive disorder(MDD),one of the most prevalent mental illnesses,is characterized by anhedonia,the inability to experience pleasure from rewarding activities.This minireview examines the complex relationship between music,anhedonia,and neural activity from neuroimaging and neuroelectrophysiological perspectives.It synthesizes the latest advances in music neuroscience,exploring music's potential to modulate emotional responses and alleviate anhedonia in depressed individuals.Anhedonia has been linked to dysfunctional brain reward circuits.Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have revealed that the potential mechanism by which music exerts its anti-depressive effect may involve the reactivation of the anterior cingulate cortex,while electroencephalographic studies have revealed that oscillatory network dysfunction significantly impairs music perception engagement in patients with MDD.Musical chills,representing intense emotional peaks during musical experiences,can evoke profound plea-sure in healthy individuals and may offer a therapeutic modality for alleviating anhedonia in MDD.This review discusses how music therapy may support emotional regulation by activating these neural pathways and enhancing affective processing.Despite promising developments,this field remains understudied.A more nuanced research approach is urgently needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying music's effects on anhedonia and to develop effective interventions.展开更多
The scientists are dedicated to studying the detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset to find a cure, or at the very least, medication that can slow the progression of the disease. This article explores the effectivene...The scientists are dedicated to studying the detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset to find a cure, or at the very least, medication that can slow the progression of the disease. This article explores the effectiveness of longitudinal data analysis, artificial intelligence, and machine learning approaches based on magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography neuroimaging modalities for progression estimation and the detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset. The significance of feature extraction in highly complex neuroimaging data, identification of vulnerable brain regions, and the determination of the threshold values for plaques, tangles, and neurodegeneration of these regions will extensively be evaluated. Developing automated methods to improve the aforementioned research areas would enable specialists to determine the progression of the disease and find the link between the biomarkers and more accurate detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset.展开更多
Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful ...Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful when developing therapeutic strategies for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.In this review,studies that have demonstrated brain changes during recovery of impaired consciousness were reviewed.These studies used positron emission tomography,electroencephalography/transcranial magnetic stimulation,diffusion tensor tractography,and diffusion tensor tractography/electroencephalography.The majority of these studies reported on the importance of supratentorial areas or structures in the recovery of impaired consciousness.The important brain areas or structures that were identified were the prefrontal cortex,basal forebrain,anterior cingulate cortex,and parietal cortex.These results have a clinically important implication that these brain areas or structures can be target areas for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.However,most of studies were case reports;therefore,further original studies involving larger numbers of patients with disorders of consciousness are warranted.In addition,more detailed information on the brain areas or structures that are relevant to the recovery of impaired consciousness is needed.展开更多
Neuroinformatics is a fascinating research field that applies computational models and analytical tools to high dimensional experimental neuroscience data for a better understanding of how the brain functions or dysfu...Neuroinformatics is a fascinating research field that applies computational models and analytical tools to high dimensional experimental neuroscience data for a better understanding of how the brain functions or dysfunctions in brain diseases. Neuroinformaticians work in the intersection of neuroscience and informatics supporting the integration of various sub-disciplines（behavioural neuroscience, genetics, cognitive psychology, etc.） working on brain research. Neuroinformaticians are the pathway of information exchange between informaticians and clinicians for a better understanding of the outcome of computational models and the clinical interpretation of the analysis. Machine learning is one of the most significant computational developments in the last decade giving tools to neuroinformaticians and finally to radiologists and clinicians for an automatic and early diagnosis-prognosis of a brain disease. Random forest（RF） algorithm has been successfully applied to high-dimensional neuroimaging data for feature reduction and also has been applied to classify the clinical label of a subject using single or multi-modal neuroimaging datasets. Our aim was to review the studies where RF was applied to correctly predict the Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）, the conversion from mild cognitive impairment（MCI） and its robustness to overfitting, outliers and handling of non-linear data. Finally, we described our RF-based model that gave us the 1 ^（st） position in an international challenge for automated prediction of MCI from MRI data.展开更多
AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus...AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus and Embase in February 2015.Date filters were applied from the year2009 and onward,and studies were limited to those written in the English language and those performed upon human subjects.The initial search yielded 797articles,out of which 38 were pulled for full text review and 27 were included for study analysis.Investigations were reviewed to determine study design,methodology and results,and data points were placed in tabular format to facilitate analysis of study findings across disparate investigations.RESULTS:Analysis of study data resulted in the abstraction of four key themes:Neurohormonal differences,anatomic measurements of brain structure and connectivity,differences in functional responsiveness of the brain during rectal distention,and confounding/correlating patient factors.Studies in this review noted alterations of glutamate in the left hippocampus(HIPP),commonalities across IBS subjects in terms of brain oscillation patterns,cortical thickness/gray matter volume differences,and neuroanatomical regions withincreased activation in patients with IBS:Anterio cingulate cortex,mid cingulate cortex,amygdala anterior insula,posterior insula and prefrontal cortex.A striking finding among interventions was the substantia influence that patient variables(e.g.,sex,psychologica and disease related factors)had upon the identification of neuroanatomical differences in structure and con nectivity.CONCLUSION:The field of neuroimaging can provide insight into underlying physiological differences that distinguish patients with IBS from a healthy population.展开更多
Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have provided an unprecedented neurobiological perspective for research on personality traits. Evidence from task-...Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have provided an unprecedented neurobiological perspective for research on personality traits. Evidence from task-related neuroimaging has shown that extraversion is associated with activations in regions of the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus and the amygdala. Currently, resting-state neuroimaging is being widely used in cognitive neuroscience. Initial exploration of extraversion has revealed correlations with the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and the precuneus. Recent research work has indicated that the long-range temporal dependence of the resting-state spontaneous oscillation has high test-retest reliability. Moreover, the long-range temporal dependence of the resting-state networks is highly correlated with personality traits, and this can be used for the prediction of extraversion. As the long-range temporal dependence reflects real-time information updating in individuals, this method may provide a new approach to research on personality traits.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To identify global research trends in neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction using a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL： We performed a bibliometric analysis of data retri...OBJECTIVE： To identify global research trends in neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction using a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL： We performed a bibliometric analysis of data retrieval for neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction containing the key words ＂CT, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, transcranial Doppler, transvaginal color Doppler, digital subtraction angiography, and cerebral infarction＂ using the Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA： Inclusion criteria were： （a） peer-reviewed articles on neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction which were published and indexed in the Web of Science; （b） original research articles and reviews; and （c） publication between 2004-2011. Exclusion criteria were： （a） articles that required manual searching or telephone access; and （b） corrected papers or book chapters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1）Annual publication output; （2） distribution according to country; （3） distribution according to institution; （4） top cited publications; （5） distribution according to journals; and （6） comparison of study results on neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction. RESULTS： Imaging has become the predominant method used in diagnosing cerebral infarction. The most frequently used clinical imaging methods were digital subtraction angiography, CT, MRI, and transcranial color Doppler examination. Digital subtraction angiography is used as the gold standard. However, it is a costly and time-consuming invasive diagnosis that requires some radiation exposure, and is poorly accepted by patients. As such, it is mostly adopted in interventional therapy in the clinic. CT is now accepted as a rapid, simple, and reliable non-invasive method for use in diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease and preoperative appraisal. Ultrasonic Doppler can be used to reflect the hardness of the vascular wall and the nature of the plaque more clearly than CT and MRI. CONCLUSION： At present, there is no unified standard of classification of cerebral infarction imaging. Detection of clinical super-acute cerebral infarction remains controversial due to its changes on imaging, lack of specificity, and its similarity to a space-occupying lesion. Neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction remains a highly active area of research and development.展开更多
Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)uses a certain amount of electric current to pass through the head of the patient,causing convulsions throughout the body,to relieve the symptoms of the disease and achieve the purpose of...Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)uses a certain amount of electric current to pass through the head of the patient,causing convulsions throughout the body,to relieve the symptoms of the disease and achieve the purpose of treatment.ECT can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of patients with major depression,but its therapeutic mechanism is still unclear.With the rapid development of neuroimaging technology,it is necessary to explore the neurobiological mechanism of major depression from the aspects of brain structure,brain function and brain metabolism,and to find that ECT can improve the brain function,metabolism and even brain structure of patients to a certain extent.Currently,an increasing number of neuroimaging studies adopt various neuroimaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),positron emission tomography,magnetic resonance spectroscopy,structural MRI,and diffusion tensor imaging to reveal the neural effects of ECT.This article reviews the recent progress in neuroimaging research on ECT for major depression.The results suggest that the neurobiological mechanism of ECT may be to modulate the functional activity and connectivity or neural structural plasticity in specific brain regions to the normal level,to achieve the therapeutic effect.展开更多
AIM To examine the effects of cognitive remediation therapies on brain functioning through neuroimaging procedures in patients with schizophrenia.METHODS A systematic, computerised literature search was conducted in t...AIM To examine the effects of cognitive remediation therapies on brain functioning through neuroimaging procedures in patients with schizophrenia.METHODS A systematic, computerised literature search was conducted in the PubM ed/Medline and PsychI nfo databases. The search was performed through February 2016 without any restrictions on language or publication date. The search was performed using the following search terms: [("cogniti*" and "remediation" or "training" or "enhancement") and("fMRI" or "MRI" or "PET" or "SPECT") and(schizophrenia or schiz*)]. The search was accompanied by a manual online search and a review of the references from each of the papers selected, and those papers fulfilling our inclusion criteria were also included.RESULTS A total of 101 studies were found, but only 18 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies indicated that cognitive remediation improves brain activation in neuroimaging studies. The most commonly reported changes were those that involved the prefrontal and thalamic regions. Those findings are in agreement with the hypofrontality hypothesis, which proposes that frontal hypoactivation is the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Nonetheless,great heterogeneity among the studies was found. They presented different hypotheses, different results and different findings. The results of more recent studies interpreted cognitive recovery within broader frameworks, namely, as amelioration of the efficiency of different networks. Furthermore, advances in neuroimaging methodologies, such as the use of wholebrain analysis, tractography, graph analysis, and other sophisticated methodologies of data processing, might be conditioning the interpretation of results and generating new theoretical frameworks. Additionally, structural changes were described in both the grey and white matter, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of cognitive remediation. Cognitive, functional and structural improvements tended to be positively correlated.CONCLUSION Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in patients with schizophrenia suggest a positive effect on brain functioning in terms of the functional reorganisation of neural networks.展开更多
Personality disorders often act as a common denominator for many psychiatric problems,and studies on personality disorders contribute to the etiopathology,diagnosis,and treatment of many mental disorders.In recent yea...Personality disorders often act as a common denominator for many psychiatric problems,and studies on personality disorders contribute to the etiopathology,diagnosis,and treatment of many mental disorders.In recent years,increasing evidence from various studies has shown distinctive features of personality disorders,and that from genetic and neuroimaging studies has been especially valuable.Genetic studies primarily target the genes encoding neurotransmitters and enzymes in the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems,and neuroimaging studies mainly focus on the frontal and temporal lobes as well as the limbic-paralimbic system in patients with personality disorders.Although some studies have suffered due to unclear diagnoses of personality disorders and some have included few patients for a given personality disorder,great opportunities remain for investigators to launch new ideas and technologies in the field.展开更多
Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network,and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated diffe rently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal d...Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network,and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated diffe rently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal discharges.Gaining more detailed information on brain network alterations can help us to further understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and pave the way for brain network-based precise therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.An increasing number of advanced neuroimaging techniques and electrophysiological techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tra ctography,diffusion kurtosis imaging-based fiber tractography,fiber ball imagingbased tra ctography,electroencephalography,functional magnetic resonance imaging,magnetoencephalography,positron emission tomography,molecular imaging,and functional ultrasound imaging have been extensively used to delineate epileptic networks.In this review,we summarize the relevant neuroimaging and neuroelectrophysiological techniques for assessing structural and functional brain networks in patients with epilepsy,and extensively analyze the imaging mechanisms,advantages,limitations,and clinical application ranges of each technique.A greater focus on emerging advanced technologies,new data analysis software,a combination of multiple techniques,and the construction of personalized virtual epilepsy models can provide a theoretical basis to better understand the brain network mechanisms of epilepsy and make surgical decisions.展开更多
This study investigated the neural mechanisms located in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)involved in maintaining addictive-like eating behavior.Therefore,we aimed toll a gap in the existing literature and help clarify the f...This study investigated the neural mechanisms located in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)involved in maintaining addictive-like eating behavior.Therefore,we aimed toll a gap in the existing literature and help clarify the food addiction(FA)cycle by inspecting the relationship between the executive control and psychopathology involved in the FA cycle.Twenty-three students recruited from the University of Macao participated in this study.We investigated a hemodynamic response captured by NIRS recordings,activated during n-back,set-shifting,and go/nogo paradigms.Moreover,we investigated the FA symptoms through the YFAS clinical inventory to better understand the relationship between hemodynamic response and clinical symptomatology in college students.First,the hemodynamicndings conrm that altered cognitive control in executive function performance appears to be linked to addictive-like eating behaviors,which in turn conrms a circuit similarity between FA and the substance abuse population(SUD)as reported in previous fMRI studies.Secondly,the psychologicalndings conrm the signicant association between the working memory decits and symptoms severity which suggest the role of self-control and regulation in limiting the storage resources as a potential trigger to develop overconsumption episodes in the FA cycle.Ourndings highlight how disrupted self-control and regulation of craving and negative a®ect induced by mental imagery might shape and overload the working memory storage as a potential trigger to develop binge eating episodes to maintain the FA cycle.In conclusion,the use of fNIRS in the context of eating disorders studies represents a valuable application,noninvasive,and patientfriendly tool,providing new insights into understanding the addiction cycle and treatment guidelines.展开更多
The neuroimaging results of drug-resistant epilepsy patients play an important role in the surgery decision and prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these results on the efficacy of epilepay ...The neuroimaging results of drug-resistant epilepsy patients play an important role in the surgery decision and prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these results on the efficacy of epilepay surgery, and then to explore surgical benefit for epilepsy patients with negative magnetic resonance （MR） images. Twenty-four subgroups describing the outcomes of 1475 epilepsy pa- tients with positive-neuroimaging results and 696 patients with negative-neuroimaging results were in- volved in the meta-analysis. Overall, the odds of postoperational seizurefree rate were 2.03 times higher in magnetic resonance imaging-positive （MRI-positive） patients than in MRI-negative patients [odds ratio （OR）=2.03, 95% CI （1.67, 2.47）, P〈0.00001]. For patients with temporal lobe epilepsy （TLE）, the odds were 1.76 times higher in those with MRI-positive results than in those with MRI-negative results [OR=1.76, 95% CI （1.34, 2.32）, P〈0.0001]. For patients with extra-temporal lobe epilepsy （extra-TLE）, the odds were 2.88 times higher in MRI-positive patients than in MRI-negative patients [OR=2.88, 95% CI （1.53, 5.43）, P=0.001]. It was concluded that the seizure-free rate of MRI-positive patients after surgery was higher than that of MRI-negative patients. For patients with negative results, an appropriate surgery should be concerned for TLE.展开更多
Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity,and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to re...Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity,and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to remain intact while the data on hedonics and detection threshold are inconsistent. Despite the behavioral abnormalities noted, no specific regional brain hypoactivity has been identified in psychosis patients, for any of the olfactory domains. However, an intriguing finding emerged from this review in that the amygdala and pirifom cortices were not noted to be abnormal in hedonic processing(nor was the amygdala identified abnormal in any study) in psychotic disorders. This finding is in contrast to the literature in healthy individuals, in that this brain region is strongly implicated in olfactory processing(particularly for unpleasant odorants). Secondary olfactory cortex(orbitofrontal cortices, thalamus, and insula) was abnormally activated in the studies examined, particularly for hedonic processing. Further research, using consistent methodology, is required for better understanding the neurobiology of olfactory deficits. The authors suggest taking age and sex differences into consideration and further contrasting olfactory subgroups(impaired vs intact) to better our understanding of the heterogeneity of psychotic disorders.展开更多
The development of 7‐Tesla(7T)magnetic resonance imaging systems has opened new avenues for exploring the advantages of diffusion imaging at higher field strengths,especially in neuroscience research.This review inve...The development of 7‐Tesla(7T)magnetic resonance imaging systems has opened new avenues for exploring the advantages of diffusion imaging at higher field strengths,especially in neuroscience research.This review investigates whether 7T diffusion imaging offers significant benefits over lower field strengths by addressing the following:Technical challenges and corresponding strategies:Challenges include achieving shorter transverse relaxation/effective transverse relaxation times and greater B0 and B1 inhomogeneities.Advanced techniques including high‐performance gradient systems,parallel imaging,multi‐shot acquisition,and parallel transmission can mitigate these issues.Comparison of 3‐Tesla and 7T diffusion imaging:Technologies such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding and deep learning reconstruction(DLR)have been developed to mitigate artifacts and improve image quality.This comparative analysis demonstrates significant improvements in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatial resolution at 7T with a powerful gradient system,facilitating enhanced visualization of microstructural changes.Despite greater geometric distortions and signal inhomogeneity at 7T,the system shows clear advantages in high b‐value imaging and highresolution diffusion tensor imaging.Additionally,multiplexed sensitivity encoding significantly reduces image blurring and distortion,and DLR substantially improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio and image sharpness.7T diffusion applications in structural analysis and disease characterization:This review discusses the potential applications of 7T diffusion imaging in structural analysis and disease characterization.展开更多
The notion that some special brain regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive dis- order （OCD） dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Structural neuroimaging studies in the pa...The notion that some special brain regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive dis- order （OCD） dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Structural neuroimaging studies in the past 2 decades have revealed important findings that facilitate understanding of OCD pathogenesis. Current knowledge based on func- tional and structural neuroimaging investigations largely emphasizes abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic-cortical and orbitofronto-striato-thalamic circuits in the pathophysiology of OCD. However, these neuroimaging studies did not focus on refractory OCD. The present review mainly focused on structural neuroimaging performed in OCD, which had been ignored previously, and highlighted current evidence supporting that orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus are key brain re- gions, and that the hippocampus-amygdala complex is associated with refractoriness to the available treatment strategies. However, to fully reveal the neuroanatomy of refractoriness, longitudinal studies with larger samples are required.展开更多
文摘Despite advancements in neuroimaging,false positive diagnoses of intracranial aneurysms remain a significant concern.This article examines the causes,prevalence,and implications of such false-positive diagnoses.We discuss how conditions like arterial occlusion with vascular stump formation and infundibular widening can mimic aneurysms,particularly in the anterior circulation.The article compares various imaging modalities,including computer tomography angiogram,magnetic resonance imaging/angiography,and digital subtraction angiogram,highlighting their strengths and limitations.We emphasize the im-portance of accurate differentiation to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.The potential of emerging technologies,such as high-resolution vessel wall ima-ging and deep neural networks for automated detection,is explored as promising avenues for improving diagnostic accuracy.This manuscript underscores the need for continued research and clinical vigilance in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.
文摘Photon-counting computed tomography(PCCT)represents a transformative advancement in neuroimaging,offering superior spatial resolution,spectral imaging capabilities,reduced radiation dose,and enhanced contrast-to-noise ratios.This review explores the technical foundations of PCCT,its advantages over conventional CT,and its growing applications in neuroimaging.PCCT has shown promise in improving neurovascular imaging,detecting small vessels,and reducing artifacts near metallic implants.It also enhances the visualization of spontaneous intracranial hypotension and cerebrospinal fluid leaks and provides superior diagnostic accuracy in acute ischemic stroke imaging.However,current limitations,including protocol complexity,high data volume,and the absence of integrated artificial intelligence noise reduction algorithms,pose challenges to widespread adoption.Future research should address these limitations and refine PCCT’s applications to unlock its full clinical potential.
基金Supported by the Medical Research Project of the Chongqing Municipal Health Commission,No.2024WSJK110.
文摘BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological substrates underlying depression,the intricate patterns of disrupted brain network connectivity in adolescents warrant further exploration.AIM To elucidate the neural correlates of adolescent depression by examining brain network connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI).METHODS The study cohort comprised 74 depressed adolescents and 59 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years.Participants underwent rs-fMRI to evaluate functional connectivity within and across critical brain networks,including the visual,default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention,salience,somatomotor,and frontoparietal control networks.RESULTS Analyses revealed pronounced functional disparities within key neural circuits among adolescents with depression.The results demonstrated existence of hemispheric asymmetries characterized by enhanced activity in the left visual network,which contrasted the diminished activity in the right hemisphere.The DMN facilitated increased activity within the left prefrontal cortex and reduced engagement in the right hemisphere,implicating disrupted self-referential and emotional processing mechanisms.Additionally,an overactive right dorsal attention network and a hypoactive salience network were identified,underscoring significant abnormalities in attentional and emotional regulation in adolescent depression.CONCLUSION The findings from this study underscore distinct neural connectivity disruptions in adolescent depression,underscoring the critical role of specific neurobiological markers for precise early diagnosis of adolescent depression.The observed functional asymmetries and network-specific deviations elucidate the complex neurobiological architecture of adolescent depression,supporting the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
文摘Major depressive disorder(MDD),a psychiatric disorder characterized by functional brain deficits,poses considerable diagnostic and treatment challenges,especially in adolescents owing to varying clinical presentations.Biomarkers hold substantial clinical potential in the field of mental health,enabling objective assessments of physiological and pathological states,facilitating early diagnosis,and enhancing clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.Recent breakthroughs combine neuroimaging with machine learning(ML)to distinguish brain activity patterns between MDD patients and healthy controls,paving the way for diagnostic support and personalized treatment.However,the accuracy of the results depends on the selection of neuroimaging features and algorithms.Ensuring privacy protection,ML model accuracy,and fostering trust are essential steps prior to clinical implementation.Future research should prioritize the establishment of comprehensive legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms for using ML in MDD diagnosis while safeguarding patient privacy and rights.By doing so,we can advance accuracy and personalized care for MDD.
基金Supported by the Wuxi Municipal Health Commission Research Project Plan,No.Q202450Wuxi Scientific and technological breakthrough of“Light of the Taihu Lake”(Basic Research),No.K20221039Top Talent Support Program for Young and Middleaged People of Wuxi Health Committee,No.BJ2023086.
文摘Major depressive disorder(MDD),one of the most prevalent mental illnesses,is characterized by anhedonia,the inability to experience pleasure from rewarding activities.This minireview examines the complex relationship between music,anhedonia,and neural activity from neuroimaging and neuroelectrophysiological perspectives.It synthesizes the latest advances in music neuroscience,exploring music's potential to modulate emotional responses and alleviate anhedonia in depressed individuals.Anhedonia has been linked to dysfunctional brain reward circuits.Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have revealed that the potential mechanism by which music exerts its anti-depressive effect may involve the reactivation of the anterior cingulate cortex,while electroencephalographic studies have revealed that oscillatory network dysfunction significantly impairs music perception engagement in patients with MDD.Musical chills,representing intense emotional peaks during musical experiences,can evoke profound plea-sure in healthy individuals and may offer a therapeutic modality for alleviating anhedonia in MDD.This review discusses how music therapy may support emotional regulation by activating these neural pathways and enhancing affective processing.Despite promising developments,this field remains understudied.A more nuanced research approach is urgently needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying music's effects on anhedonia and to develop effective interventions.
文摘The scientists are dedicated to studying the detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset to find a cure, or at the very least, medication that can slow the progression of the disease. This article explores the effectiveness of longitudinal data analysis, artificial intelligence, and machine learning approaches based on magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography neuroimaging modalities for progression estimation and the detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset. The significance of feature extraction in highly complex neuroimaging data, identification of vulnerable brain regions, and the determination of the threshold values for plaques, tangles, and neurodegeneration of these regions will extensively be evaluated. Developing automated methods to improve the aforementioned research areas would enable specialists to determine the progression of the disease and find the link between the biomarkers and more accurate detection of Alzheimer’s disease onset.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP)(No.2018R1A2B6000996to SHJ)
文摘Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful when developing therapeutic strategies for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.In this review,studies that have demonstrated brain changes during recovery of impaired consciousness were reviewed.These studies used positron emission tomography,electroencephalography/transcranial magnetic stimulation,diffusion tensor tractography,and diffusion tensor tractography/electroencephalography.The majority of these studies reported on the importance of supratentorial areas or structures in the recovery of impaired consciousness.The important brain areas or structures that were identified were the prefrontal cortex,basal forebrain,anterior cingulate cortex,and parietal cortex.These results have a clinically important implication that these brain areas or structures can be target areas for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.However,most of studies were case reports;therefore,further original studies involving larger numbers of patients with disorders of consciousness are warranted.In addition,more detailed information on the brain areas or structures that are relevant to the recovery of impaired consciousness is needed.
基金supported by Medical Research Council(MRC)grant MR/K004360/1 to SIDMARIE CURIE COFUND EU-UK Research Fellowship to SID
文摘Neuroinformatics is a fascinating research field that applies computational models and analytical tools to high dimensional experimental neuroscience data for a better understanding of how the brain functions or dysfunctions in brain diseases. Neuroinformaticians work in the intersection of neuroscience and informatics supporting the integration of various sub-disciplines（behavioural neuroscience, genetics, cognitive psychology, etc.） working on brain research. Neuroinformaticians are the pathway of information exchange between informaticians and clinicians for a better understanding of the outcome of computational models and the clinical interpretation of the analysis. Machine learning is one of the most significant computational developments in the last decade giving tools to neuroinformaticians and finally to radiologists and clinicians for an automatic and early diagnosis-prognosis of a brain disease. Random forest（RF） algorithm has been successfully applied to high-dimensional neuroimaging data for feature reduction and also has been applied to classify the clinical label of a subject using single or multi-modal neuroimaging datasets. Our aim was to review the studies where RF was applied to correctly predict the Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）, the conversion from mild cognitive impairment（MCI） and its robustness to overfitting, outliers and handling of non-linear data. Finally, we described our RF-based model that gave us the 1 ^（st） position in an international challenge for automated prediction of MCI from MRI data.
基金Supported by Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Nursing Research to W.A.H.No.1ZIANR000018-01-05
文摘AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus and Embase in February 2015.Date filters were applied from the year2009 and onward,and studies were limited to those written in the English language and those performed upon human subjects.The initial search yielded 797articles,out of which 38 were pulled for full text review and 27 were included for study analysis.Investigations were reviewed to determine study design,methodology and results,and data points were placed in tabular format to facilitate analysis of study findings across disparate investigations.RESULTS:Analysis of study data resulted in the abstraction of four key themes:Neurohormonal differences,anatomic measurements of brain structure and connectivity,differences in functional responsiveness of the brain during rectal distention,and confounding/correlating patient factors.Studies in this review noted alterations of glutamate in the left hippocampus(HIPP),commonalities across IBS subjects in terms of brain oscillation patterns,cortical thickness/gray matter volume differences,and neuroanatomical regions withincreased activation in patients with IBS:Anterio cingulate cortex,mid cingulate cortex,amygdala anterior insula,posterior insula and prefrontal cortex.A striking finding among interventions was the substantia influence that patient variables(e.g.,sex,psychologica and disease related factors)had upon the identification of neuroanatomical differences in structure and con nectivity.CONCLUSION:The field of neuroimaging can provide insight into underlying physiological differences that distinguish patients with IBS from a healthy population.
基金supported by grants from the National High Technology Research Development Project (863 Project) of China (2015AA020504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571111 and 31200857)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (SW1509113)
文摘Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have provided an unprecedented neurobiological perspective for research on personality traits. Evidence from task-related neuroimaging has shown that extraversion is associated with activations in regions of the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus and the amygdala. Currently, resting-state neuroimaging is being widely used in cognitive neuroscience. Initial exploration of extraversion has revealed correlations with the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and the precuneus. Recent research work has indicated that the long-range temporal dependence of the resting-state spontaneous oscillation has high test-retest reliability. Moreover, the long-range temporal dependence of the resting-state networks is highly correlated with personality traits, and this can be used for the prediction of extraversion. As the long-range temporal dependence reflects real-time information updating in individuals, this method may provide a new approach to research on personality traits.
文摘OBJECTIVE： To identify global research trends in neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction using a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL： We performed a bibliometric analysis of data retrieval for neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction containing the key words ＂CT, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, transcranial Doppler, transvaginal color Doppler, digital subtraction angiography, and cerebral infarction＂ using the Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA： Inclusion criteria were： （a） peer-reviewed articles on neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction which were published and indexed in the Web of Science; （b） original research articles and reviews; and （c） publication between 2004-2011. Exclusion criteria were： （a） articles that required manual searching or telephone access; and （b） corrected papers or book chapters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1）Annual publication output; （2） distribution according to country; （3） distribution according to institution; （4） top cited publications; （5） distribution according to journals; and （6） comparison of study results on neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction. RESULTS： Imaging has become the predominant method used in diagnosing cerebral infarction. The most frequently used clinical imaging methods were digital subtraction angiography, CT, MRI, and transcranial color Doppler examination. Digital subtraction angiography is used as the gold standard. However, it is a costly and time-consuming invasive diagnosis that requires some radiation exposure, and is poorly accepted by patients. As such, it is mostly adopted in interventional therapy in the clinic. CT is now accepted as a rapid, simple, and reliable non-invasive method for use in diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease and preoperative appraisal. Ultrasonic Doppler can be used to reflect the hardness of the vascular wall and the nature of the plaque more clearly than CT and MRI. CONCLUSION： At present, there is no unified standard of classification of cerebral infarction imaging. Detection of clinical super-acute cerebral infarction remains controversial due to its changes on imaging, lack of specificity, and its similarity to a space-occupying lesion. Neuroimaging diagnosis for cerebral infarction remains a highly active area of research and development.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo.81901373。
文摘Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)uses a certain amount of electric current to pass through the head of the patient,causing convulsions throughout the body,to relieve the symptoms of the disease and achieve the purpose of treatment.ECT can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of patients with major depression,but its therapeutic mechanism is still unclear.With the rapid development of neuroimaging technology,it is necessary to explore the neurobiological mechanism of major depression from the aspects of brain structure,brain function and brain metabolism,and to find that ECT can improve the brain function,metabolism and even brain structure of patients to a certain extent.Currently,an increasing number of neuroimaging studies adopt various neuroimaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),positron emission tomography,magnetic resonance spectroscopy,structural MRI,and diffusion tensor imaging to reveal the neural effects of ECT.This article reviews the recent progress in neuroimaging research on ECT for major depression.The results suggest that the neurobiological mechanism of ECT may be to modulate the functional activity and connectivity or neural structural plasticity in specific brain regions to the normal level,to achieve the therapeutic effect.
基金Supported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ of Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FIS,No.PI 11/09158(to Penadés R)
文摘AIM To examine the effects of cognitive remediation therapies on brain functioning through neuroimaging procedures in patients with schizophrenia.METHODS A systematic, computerised literature search was conducted in the PubM ed/Medline and PsychI nfo databases. The search was performed through February 2016 without any restrictions on language or publication date. The search was performed using the following search terms: [("cogniti*" and "remediation" or "training" or "enhancement") and("fMRI" or "MRI" or "PET" or "SPECT") and(schizophrenia or schiz*)]. The search was accompanied by a manual online search and a review of the references from each of the papers selected, and those papers fulfilling our inclusion criteria were also included.RESULTS A total of 101 studies were found, but only 18 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies indicated that cognitive remediation improves brain activation in neuroimaging studies. The most commonly reported changes were those that involved the prefrontal and thalamic regions. Those findings are in agreement with the hypofrontality hypothesis, which proposes that frontal hypoactivation is the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Nonetheless,great heterogeneity among the studies was found. They presented different hypotheses, different results and different findings. The results of more recent studies interpreted cognitive recovery within broader frameworks, namely, as amelioration of the efficiency of different networks. Furthermore, advances in neuroimaging methodologies, such as the use of wholebrain analysis, tractography, graph analysis, and other sophisticated methodologies of data processing, might be conditioning the interpretation of results and generating new theoretical frameworks. Additionally, structural changes were described in both the grey and white matter, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of cognitive remediation. Cognitive, functional and structural improvements tended to be positively correlated.CONCLUSION Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in patients with schizophrenia suggest a positive effect on brain functioning in terms of the functional reorganisation of neural networks.
基金supported by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of China (91132715)
文摘Personality disorders often act as a common denominator for many psychiatric problems,and studies on personality disorders contribute to the etiopathology,diagnosis,and treatment of many mental disorders.In recent years,increasing evidence from various studies has shown distinctive features of personality disorders,and that from genetic and neuroimaging studies has been especially valuable.Genetic studies primarily target the genes encoding neurotransmitters and enzymes in the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems,and neuroimaging studies mainly focus on the frontal and temporal lobes as well as the limbic-paralimbic system in patients with personality disorders.Although some studies have suffered due to unclear diagnoses of personality disorders and some have included few patients for a given personality disorder,great opportunities remain for investigators to launch new ideas and technologies in the field.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China,Nos.2022NSFSC1545 (to YG),2022NSFSC1387 (to ZF)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing of China,Nos.CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0038,cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0035 (both to XT)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82001378 (to XT)the Joint Project of Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau,No.2023QNXM009 (to XT)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission of China,No.KJQN202200435 (to XT)the Chongqing Talents:Exceptional Young Talents Project,No.CQYC202005014 (to XT)。
文摘Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network,and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated diffe rently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal discharges.Gaining more detailed information on brain network alterations can help us to further understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and pave the way for brain network-based precise therapeutic approaches in clinical practice.An increasing number of advanced neuroimaging techniques and electrophysiological techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tra ctography,diffusion kurtosis imaging-based fiber tractography,fiber ball imagingbased tra ctography,electroencephalography,functional magnetic resonance imaging,magnetoencephalography,positron emission tomography,molecular imaging,and functional ultrasound imaging have been extensively used to delineate epileptic networks.In this review,we summarize the relevant neuroimaging and neuroelectrophysiological techniques for assessing structural and functional brain networks in patients with epilepsy,and extensively analyze the imaging mechanisms,advantages,limitations,and clinical application ranges of each technique.A greater focus on emerging advanced technologies,new data analysis software,a combination of multiple techniques,and the construction of personalized virtual epilepsy models can provide a theoretical basis to better understand the brain network mechanisms of epilepsy and make surgical decisions.
基金FDCT 025/2015/A1 grants from the Macao government and by research grants MYRG2014-00093-FHS,MYRG 2015-00036-FHS from the University of Macao.
文摘This study investigated the neural mechanisms located in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)involved in maintaining addictive-like eating behavior.Therefore,we aimed toll a gap in the existing literature and help clarify the food addiction(FA)cycle by inspecting the relationship between the executive control and psychopathology involved in the FA cycle.Twenty-three students recruited from the University of Macao participated in this study.We investigated a hemodynamic response captured by NIRS recordings,activated during n-back,set-shifting,and go/nogo paradigms.Moreover,we investigated the FA symptoms through the YFAS clinical inventory to better understand the relationship between hemodynamic response and clinical symptomatology in college students.First,the hemodynamicndings conrm that altered cognitive control in executive function performance appears to be linked to addictive-like eating behaviors,which in turn conrms a circuit similarity between FA and the substance abuse population(SUD)as reported in previous fMRI studies.Secondly,the psychologicalndings conrm the signicant association between the working memory decits and symptoms severity which suggest the role of self-control and regulation in limiting the storage resources as a potential trigger to develop overconsumption episodes in the FA cycle.Ourndings highlight how disrupted self-control and regulation of craving and negative a®ect induced by mental imagery might shape and overload the working memory storage as a potential trigger to develop binge eating episodes to maintain the FA cycle.In conclusion,the use of fNIRS in the context of eating disorders studies represents a valuable application,noninvasive,and patientfriendly tool,providing new insights into understanding the addiction cycle and treatment guidelines.
文摘The neuroimaging results of drug-resistant epilepsy patients play an important role in the surgery decision and prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these results on the efficacy of epilepay surgery, and then to explore surgical benefit for epilepsy patients with negative magnetic resonance （MR） images. Twenty-four subgroups describing the outcomes of 1475 epilepsy pa- tients with positive-neuroimaging results and 696 patients with negative-neuroimaging results were in- volved in the meta-analysis. Overall, the odds of postoperational seizurefree rate were 2.03 times higher in magnetic resonance imaging-positive （MRI-positive） patients than in MRI-negative patients [odds ratio （OR）=2.03, 95% CI （1.67, 2.47）, P〈0.00001]. For patients with temporal lobe epilepsy （TLE）, the odds were 1.76 times higher in those with MRI-positive results than in those with MRI-negative results [OR=1.76, 95% CI （1.34, 2.32）, P〈0.0001]. For patients with extra-temporal lobe epilepsy （extra-TLE）, the odds were 2.88 times higher in MRI-positive patients than in MRI-negative patients [OR=2.88, 95% CI （1.53, 5.43）, P=0.001]. It was concluded that the seizure-free rate of MRI-positive patients after surgery was higher than that of MRI-negative patients. For patients with negative results, an appropriate surgery should be concerned for TLE.
基金Supported by In part the Department of Psychiatry Dalhousie UniversityThe Faculty of Medicine at Dalhousie University+1 种基金The Nova Scotia Health Research Fundthe Canadian Institutes of Health Research
文摘Olfactory deficits on measures of identification, familiarity,and memory are consistently noted in patients with psychotic disorders relative to age-matched controls. Olfactory intensity ratings, however, appear to remain intact while the data on hedonics and detection threshold are inconsistent. Despite the behavioral abnormalities noted, no specific regional brain hypoactivity has been identified in psychosis patients, for any of the olfactory domains. However, an intriguing finding emerged from this review in that the amygdala and pirifom cortices were not noted to be abnormal in hedonic processing(nor was the amygdala identified abnormal in any study) in psychotic disorders. This finding is in contrast to the literature in healthy individuals, in that this brain region is strongly implicated in olfactory processing(particularly for unpleasant odorants). Secondary olfactory cortex(orbitofrontal cortices, thalamus, and insula) was abnormally activated in the studies examined, particularly for hedonic processing. Further research, using consistent methodology, is required for better understanding the neurobiology of olfactory deficits. The authors suggest taking age and sex differences into consideration and further contrasting olfactory subgroups(impaired vs intact) to better our understanding of the heterogeneity of psychotic disorders.
文摘The development of 7‐Tesla(7T)magnetic resonance imaging systems has opened new avenues for exploring the advantages of diffusion imaging at higher field strengths,especially in neuroscience research.This review investigates whether 7T diffusion imaging offers significant benefits over lower field strengths by addressing the following:Technical challenges and corresponding strategies:Challenges include achieving shorter transverse relaxation/effective transverse relaxation times and greater B0 and B1 inhomogeneities.Advanced techniques including high‐performance gradient systems,parallel imaging,multi‐shot acquisition,and parallel transmission can mitigate these issues.Comparison of 3‐Tesla and 7T diffusion imaging:Technologies such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding and deep learning reconstruction(DLR)have been developed to mitigate artifacts and improve image quality.This comparative analysis demonstrates significant improvements in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatial resolution at 7T with a powerful gradient system,facilitating enhanced visualization of microstructural changes.Despite greater geometric distortions and signal inhomogeneity at 7T,the system shows clear advantages in high b‐value imaging and highresolution diffusion tensor imaging.Additionally,multiplexed sensitivity encoding significantly reduces image blurring and distortion,and DLR substantially improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio and image sharpness.7T diffusion applications in structural analysis and disease characterization:This review discusses the potential applications of 7T diffusion imaging in structural analysis and disease characterization.
文摘The notion that some special brain regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive dis- order （OCD） dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Structural neuroimaging studies in the past 2 decades have revealed important findings that facilitate understanding of OCD pathogenesis. Current knowledge based on func- tional and structural neuroimaging investigations largely emphasizes abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic-cortical and orbitofronto-striato-thalamic circuits in the pathophysiology of OCD. However, these neuroimaging studies did not focus on refractory OCD. The present review mainly focused on structural neuroimaging performed in OCD, which had been ignored previously, and highlighted current evidence supporting that orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus are key brain re- gions, and that the hippocampus-amygdala complex is associated with refractoriness to the available treatment strategies. However, to fully reveal the neuroanatomy of refractoriness, longitudinal studies with larger samples are required.
