In previous studies,researchers have used singing to treat respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injury.However,few studies have examined the way in which vocal training affects respiratory neural plastici...In previous studies,researchers have used singing to treat respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injury.However,few studies have examined the way in which vocal training affects respiratory neural plasticity in patients with spinal cord injury.Vocal respiratory training(VRT)is a type of vocal muscle-related treatment that is often a component of music therapy(MT)and focuses on strengthening respiratory muscles and improving lung function.In this randomized controlled study,we analyzed the therapeutic effects of VRT on respiratory dysfunction at 3 months after cervical spinal cord injury.Of an initial group of 37 patients,26 completed the music therapy intervention,which comprised five 30-minute sessions per week for 12 weeks.The intervention group(n=13)received VRT training delivered by professional certified music therapists.The control group(n=13)received respiratory physical therapy delivered by professional physical therapists.Compared with the control group,we observed a substantial increase in respiratory function in the intervention group after the 12-week intervention.Further,the nerve fiber bundles in the respiratory center in the medulla exhibited a trend towards increased diversification,with an increased number,path length,thickness,and density of nerve fiber bundles.These findings provide strong evidence for the effect of music therapeutic VRT on neural plasticity.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Rehabilitation Research Center(approval No.2020-013-1)on April 1,2020,and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration No.Chi CTR2000037871)on September 2,2020.展开更多
Rats with chronic pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy complicated with depression were studied. Anti-5-bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence staining and Timms staining showed that neurogenesis within the hippoc...Rats with chronic pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy complicated with depression were studied. Anti-5-bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence staining and Timms staining showed that neurogenesis within the hippocampal dentate gyrus and mossy fiber sprouting were increased in model rats. Neurogenesis within the hippocampal dentate gyrus was further enhanced, while mossy fiber sprouting was decreased in model rats administered carbamazepine alone or in combination with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin （0.1 and 1 mg/kg）. Among the groups, the effect was the most significant in rats receiving carbamazepine in conjunction with 1 mg/kg 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin. Thus, high dose 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin can improve neural plasticity in epileptic rats with depression.展开更多
BACKGROUND：Previous studies have demonstrated that acupuncture treatment could ameliorate impaired motor function,and these positive effects might be due to neural plasticity.OBJECTIVE：Myelin basic protein（MBP）,mi...BACKGROUND：Previous studies have demonstrated that acupuncture treatment could ameliorate impaired motor function,and these positive effects might be due to neural plasticity.OBJECTIVE：Myelin basic protein（MBP）,microtubule-associated protein 2（MAP2）,growth-associated protein-43（GAP-43）,and synaptophysin（SYN） were selected as markers of neural remodeling,and expression of these markers was evaluated with regard to altered motor function following brain injury and acupuncture treatment.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：A completely randomized experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Peking University First Hospital from November 2006 to May 2007.MATERIALS：Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rat pups,aged 7 days,were selected for the present experiment.The left common carotid artery was ligated to establish a rat model of ischemic-hypoxic brain injury.METHODS：All animals were randomly divided into three groups：sham operation,model,and electro-acupuncture treatment,with 8 rats in each group.Rats in the model and electro-acupuncture treatment group underwent establishment of ischemic-hypoxic brain injury.Upon model established,rats underwent hypobaric oxygen intervention for 24 hours.Only the left common carotid artery was exposed in rats of the sham operation group,without model establishment or oxygen intervention.The rats in the electro-acupuncture treatment group were treated with electro-acupuncture.One acupuncture needle electrode was inserted into the subcutaneous layer at the Baihui and Dazhui acupoint.The stimulation condition of the electro-acupuncture simulator was set to an amplitude-modulated wave of 0-100% and alternative frequency of 100 cycles/second,as well as frequency-modulated wave of 2-100 Hz and an alternative frequency of 3 cycles/second.Maximal current through the two electrodes was limited to 3-5 mA.The stimulation lasted for 30 minutes per day for 2 weeks.Rats in the sham operation and model groups were not treated with electro-acupuncture,but only fixed to the table for the same time period.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：After 2 weeks stimulation,expression of MBP,MAP2,GAP-43,and SYN were detected in the brain by immunohistochemistry.Motor function was evaluated in the three groups.RESULTS：In the sham operation group,MBP was abundant in the myelinated nerve fibers.In the electro-acupuncture treatment group,however,the corpus callosum exhibited more MBP staining than the model group.MAP2 expression was increased in the model group,and increased further in the electro-acupuncture treatment group compared with the sham operation group.GAP-43 expression in the cerebral cortex was less in model group than in sham operation,but present in abundance in the electro-acupuncture treatment group.SYN expression in the cerebral cortex was less in the model and electro-acupuncture treatment group compared with the sham operation group.There was no significant difference in SYN expression and distribution between the model and electro-acupuncture treatment groups.Motor function of rats in the electro-acupuncture treatment group was significantly better than the model group（P 〈 0.05）,although function remained lower than the sham operation group（P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Two weeks of electro-acupuncture treatment improved motor function in rats,and protein markers related to neural plasticity also changed,which may be a mechanism for improved motor function in rats with ischemic-hypoxic brain injury.展开更多
We have previously found that unilateral labyrinthectomy is accompanied by modification of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan staining in the lateral vestibular nucleus of rats and the time course of subs...We have previously found that unilateral labyrinthectomy is accompanied by modification of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan staining in the lateral vestibular nucleus of rats and the time course of subsequent reorganization of extracellular matrix assembly correlates to the restoration of impaired vestibular function. The tenascin-R has repelling effect on pathfinding during axonal growth/regrowth, and thus inhibits neural circuit repair. By using immunohistochemical method, we studied the modification of tenascin-R expression in the superior, medial, lateral, and descending vestibular nuclei of the rat following unilateral labyrin- thectomy. On postoperative day 1, tenascin-R reaction in the perineuronal nets disappeared on the side of labyrinthectomy in the superior, lateral, medial, and rostral part of the descending vestibular nuclei. On survival day 3, the staining intensity of tenascin-R reaction in perineuronal nets recovered on the operated side of the medial vestibular nucleus, whereas it was restored by the time of postoperative day 7 in the superior, lateral and rostral part of the descending vestib- ular nuclei. The staining intensity of tenascin-R reaction remained unchanged in the caudal part of the descending vestibular nucleus bilaterally. Regional differences in the modification of tena- scin-R expression presented here may be associated with different roles of individual vestibular nuclei in the compensatory processes. The decreased expression of the tenascin-R may suggest the extracellular facilitation of plastic modifications in the vestibular neural circuit after lesion of the labyrinthine receptors.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Ephedrine promotes neural plasticity in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ephedrine has been combined with naloxone in some studies, and it has been confirmed that their combination has...BACKGROUND： Ephedrine promotes neural plasticity in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ephedrine has been combined with naloxone in some studies, and it has been confirmed that their combination has synergistic effects on increasing neural plasticity following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of ephedrine combined with various doses of naloxone on neural plasticity and to find an optimal dose of naloxone in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by analyzing growth associated protein-43 （GAP-43）, synaptophysin and β-endorphin expression in the hippocampal CA3 area. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This immunohistochemical, randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Chongqing Research Institute of Pediatrics, China from September 2007 to June 2008. MATERIALS： Ephedrine hydrochloride injection and naloxone hydrochloride injection were respectively purchased from Shandong Lvliang Pharmaceutical Factory, China and Sichuan Jingwei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. A total of 192 healthy adult Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish models of left middle cerebral artery occlusion using the suture occlusion method. METHODS： At 2 hours following cerebral ischemia, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with 1.5 mg/kg/d ephedrine （ephedrine group）, with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg/kg/d naloxone （low, moderate and high doses of naloxone groups）, with 1.5 mg/kg/d ephedrine ＋ 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg/kg/d naloxone （ephedrine ＋ low, moderate and high doses of naloxone groups）, and with 0.5 mL saline （model group）, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： GAP-43, synaptophysin and β -endorphin expression were detected in the hippocampal CA3 area using immunohistochemistry 1-4 weeks after surgery. Sensorimotor integration in rats was assessed using the beam walking test. RESULTS： GAP-43 and synaptophysin expression was greater in the ephedrine group, and in the ephedrine ＋ moderate and high doses of naloxone groups compared with the model group. GAP-43 and synaptophysin expression was greatest in the ephedrine ＋ high dose of naloxone group at 2 and 3 weeks alter surgery. β -endorphin expression was significantly lower in the ephedrine group, and in the ephedrine ＋ moderate and high doses of naloxone groups compared with the model group （P 〈 0.05）. β -endorphin expression was persistently low in the ephedrine ＋ high dose of naloxone group. At 1-3 weeks after surgery, the beam walking test score was significantly higher in the ephedrine group and ephedrine ＋ various doses of naloxone groups than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. The score was higher in the ephedrine ＋ moderate and high doses of naloxone groups than in the ephedrine group （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, the score was increased as the dose of naloxone increased in the ephedrine ＋ various doses of naloxone groups. CONCLUSION： Ephedrine promotes GAP-43 and synaptophysin expression, inhibits /3 -endorphin expression in the hippocampal CA3 area, and improves motor function in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Naloxone does not have the above-mentioned effects. During combined treatment with ephedrine and naloxone, however, the above-described effects are enhanced with an increased dose of naloxone. The combination of ephedrine （1.5 mg/kg/d） and naloxone （0.3 mg/kg/d） can produce optimal therapeutic efficacy in treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.展开更多
Depression is a devastating psychiatric disorder widely attributed to defi cient monoaminergic signaling in the central nervous system. However,most clinical antidepressants enhance monoaminergic neurotransmission wit...Depression is a devastating psychiatric disorder widely attributed to defi cient monoaminergic signaling in the central nervous system. However,most clinical antidepressants enhance monoaminergic neurotransmission with little delay but require 4-8 weeks to reach therapeutic efficacy,a paradox suggesting that the monoaminergic hypothesis of depression is an oversimplifi cation. In contrast to the antidepressants targeting the monoaminergic system,a single dose of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor（NMDAR） antagonist ketamine produces rapid（within 2 h） and sustained（over 7 days） antidepressant effi cacy in treatment-resistant patients. Glutamatergic transmission mediated by NMDARs is critical for experience-dependent synaptic plasticity and learning,processes that can be modifi ed indirectly by the monoaminergic system. To better understand the mechanisms of action of the new antidepressants like ketamine,we review and compare the monoaminergic and glutamatergic antidepressants,with emphasis on neural plasticity. The pathogenesis of depression may involve maladaptive neural plasticity in glutamatergic circuits that may serve as a new class of targets to produce rapid antidepressant effects.展开更多
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) have been shown to regulate neural regeneration after stroke.Howeve r,whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor CXCR7,which is wide...Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) have been shown to regulate neural regeneration after stroke.Howeve r,whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor CXCR7,which is widely distributed in the develo ping and adult central nervous system,participates in neural regeneration remains poorly unde rstood.In this study,we established rat models of focal cerebral ischemia by injecting endothelin-1 into the cerebral co rtex and striatum.Starting on day 7 after injury,CXCR7-neutralizing antibody was injected into the lateral ventricle using a micro drug delivery system for 6 consecutive days.Our results showed that CXCR7-neutralizing antibody increased the total length and number of sprouting co rticospinal tra ct fibers in rats with cerebral ischemia,increased the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and growth-related protein 43,marke rs of the denervated spinal cord synapses,and promoted the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the striatum.In addition,CXCR7 antibody increased the expression of CXCR4 in the striatum,increased the protein expression of RAS and ERK1/2 associated with the RAS/ERK signaling pathway,and im proved rat motor function.These findings suggest that CXCR7 improved neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke by promoting axonal regeneration,synaptogenesis,and myelin regeneration,which may be achieved by activation of CXCR4 and the RAS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.展开更多
Willed-movement training has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to increase motor per- formance and neural plasticity in ischemic rats. However, little is known regarding the molecular signals that are in- v...Willed-movement training has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to increase motor per- formance and neural plasticity in ischemic rats. However, little is known regarding the molecular signals that are in- volved in neural plasticity following willed-movement training. To investigate the potential signals related to neural plasticity following willed-movement training, littermate rats were randomly assigned into three groups： middle cerebral artery occlusion, environmental modification, and willed-movement training. The infarct volume was measured 18 d after occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and im- munofluorescence staining were used to detect the changes in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） mRNA and protein, respectively. A chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to investigate whether STAT3 bound to plasticity-related genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）, synaptophysin, and protein in- teracting with C kinase 1 （PICK1）. In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 mRNA and protein were markedly increased following 15-d willed-movement training in the ischemic hemispheres of the treated rats. STAT3 bound to BDNF, PICK1, and synaptophysin promoters in the neocortical cells of rats. These data suggest that the increased STAT3 levels after willed-movement training might play critical roles in the neural plasticity by directly regulating plasticity-related genes.展开更多
A major basic research projectin the field of neurosciencewas launched on November26 last year at the Shanghai-basedInstitute of Neuroscience of the Chi-nese Academy of Sciences(CAS).
The precise role of neural plasticity under pathological conditions remains not well understood. It appears to be well accepted, however, that changes in the ability of neurons to express plasticity accompany neurolog...The precise role of neural plasticity under pathological conditions remains not well understood. It appears to be well accepted, however, that changes in the ability of neurons to express plasticity accompany neurological diseases. Here, we discuss recent experimental evidence, which suggests that synaptic plasticity induced by a pathological stimulus, i.e., ischemic long-term-potentiation（i LTP） of excitatory synapses, could play an important role for post-stroke recovery by influencing the post-lesional reorganization of surviving neuronal networks.展开更多
Fluoxetine hydrochloride,better known for its commercial name Prozac,is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressant drugs all over the world.This drug was considered a＂breakthrough drug＂for the treatment of dep...Fluoxetine hydrochloride,better known for its commercial name Prozac,is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressant drugs all over the world.This drug was considered a＂breakthrough drug＂for the treatment of depression because of its very high selectivity as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and because it presented a lower side-effectprofile than previous drugs （Wong et al., 2005）.展开更多
Totally three articles focusing on ＂effects of electromagnetic radiation on synaptic structures in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training on synapti...Totally three articles focusing on ＂effects of electromagnetic radiation on synaptic structures in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training on synaptic structure on the unaffected side of sensorimotor cortex, and effects of environmental enrichment on hippocampal synapses in adolescent offspring of mothers exposed to prenatal stress＂ are published in three issues. We hope that our readers find these papers useful to their research.展开更多
Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery ...Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery and morphological changes following thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. After a 7-day recovery period after spinal cord injury, mice were assigned to either a trained group(10 weeks of voluntary running wheel or forced treadmill exercise) or an untrained group. Bi-weekly assessments revealed that the exercise-trained group, particularly the voluntary wheel exercise subgroup, displayed significantly improved locomotor recovery, more plasticity of dopaminergic and serotonin modulation compared with the untrained group. Additionally, exercise interventions led to gait pattern restoration and enhanced transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. Despite consistent injury areas across groups, exercise training promoted terminal innervation of descending axons. In summary, voluntary wheel exercise shows promise for enhancing outcomes after thoracic contusive spinal cord injury, emphasizing the role of exercise modality in promoting recovery and morphological changes in spinal cord injuries. Our findings will influence future strategies for rehabilitation exercises, restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury.展开更多
Simultaneous multisite recording using multi-electrode arrays（MEAs） in cultured and acutely-dissociated brain slices and other tissues is an emerging technique in the field of network electrophysiology.Over the past...Simultaneous multisite recording using multi-electrode arrays（MEAs） in cultured and acutely-dissociated brain slices and other tissues is an emerging technique in the field of network electrophysiology.Over the past 40 years,great efforts have been made by both scientists and commercial concerns,to advance this technique.The MEA technique has been widely applied to many regions of the brain,retina,heart and smooth muscle in various studies at the network level.The present review starts from the development of MEA techniques and their uses in brain preparations,and then specifically concentrates on the use of MEA recordings in studies of synaptic plasticity at the network level in both the temporal and spatial domains.Because the MEA technique helps bridge the gap between single-cell recordings and behavioral assays,its wide application will undoubtedly shed light on the mechanisms underlying brain functions and dysfunctions at the network level that remained largely unknown due to the technical difficulties before it matured.展开更多
Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal contr...Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal control of neurons. This drawback increases side effects due to non-specific targeting. Optogenetics is a technology that allows precise spatial and temporal control of cells. Therefore, this technique has high potential as a therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Even though the application of optogenetics in understanding brain functional organization and complex behaviour states have been elaborated, reviews of its therapeutic potential especially in neurodegeneration and regeneration are still limited. This short review presents representative work in optogenetics in disease models such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease. It is aimed to provide a broader perspective on optogenetic therapeutic potential in neurodegeneration and neural regeneration.展开更多
The present study investigated the effects of Fujian tablet, a Chinese medicine compound that can nourish liver and kidney, on corticospinal tract plasticity and cervical cord microenvironment in rats with focal cereb...The present study investigated the effects of Fujian tablet, a Chinese medicine compound that can nourish liver and kidney, on corticospinal tract plasticity and cervical cord microenvironment in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. Results showed that motor function of rats with right proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion was significantly improved following treatment with Fujian tablet, 9 g crude drug/kg. Anterograde tracing revealed significantly increased biotinylated dextran amine expression in the denervated （left） side of the cervical cord （C4-6） following Fujian tablet treatment, and significantly decreased Nogo-A mRNA expression was detected in the denervated side of the cervical cord （C4-6） using in situ hybridization. Pearson＇s correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between biotinylated dextran amine and Nogo-A mRNA expression （r = -0.943, P 〈 0.01）. Results demonstrated that Fujian tablet can promote corticospinal tract plasticity possibly through the inhibitory effect on Nogo-A mRNA expression in the cervical spinal cord, thereby improving motor dysfunction.展开更多
The most remarkable feature of the nervous system is that the development and functions of the brain are largely reshaped by postnatal experiences, in joint with genetic landscapes. The nature vs. nurture argument rem...The most remarkable feature of the nervous system is that the development and functions of the brain are largely reshaped by postnatal experiences, in joint with genetic landscapes. The nature vs. nurture argument reminds us that both genetic and epigenetic information is indispensable for the normal function of the brain. The epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the central nervous system have been revealed over last a decade. Moreover, the mutations of epigenetic modulator genes have been shown to be implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders. The epigenetic study has initiated in the neuroscience field for a relative short period of time. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries about epigenetic regulation on neural development, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders. Although the comprehensive view of how epigenetic regulation contributes to the function of the brain is still not completed, the notion that brain, the most complicated organ of organisms, is profoundly shaped by epigenetic switches is widely accepted.展开更多
The mirror neuron system （MNS） was first discovered in non-human primates; these neurons fire when a monkey performs an action or observes another monkey （or even some people） performing that same action. Recent f...The mirror neuron system （MNS） was first discovered in non-human primates; these neurons fire when a monkey performs an action or observes another monkey （or even some people） performing that same action. Recent findings have suggested that neural rehabilitation might be achieved through the activation of the MNS in patients after stroke. We propose two major mechanisms （one involving adult neurogenesis and another involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor） that may underlie the activation, modulation and experience-dependent plasticity in the MNS, for further study on promoting central nerve functional reconstruction and rehabilitation of patients with central nervous system injury.展开更多
In this study, it is attempted to give an insight into the injection processability of three self-prepared polymers from A to Z. This work presents material analysis, injection molding simulation, design of ex- perime...In this study, it is attempted to give an insight into the injection processability of three self-prepared polymers from A to Z. This work presents material analysis, injection molding simulation, design of ex- periments alongside considering all interaction effects of controlling parameters carefully for green biodegradable polymeric systems, including polylactic acid （PLA）, polylactic acid-thermoplastic poly- urethane （PLA-TPU） and polylactic acid-thermoplastic starch （PLA-TPS）. The experiments were carried out using injection molding simulation software Autodesk Moldflov~~ in order to minimize warpage and volumetric shrinkage for each of the mentioned systems. The analysis was conducted by changing five significant processing parameters, including coolant temperature, packing time, packing pressure, mold temperature and melt temperature. Taguchi＇s [.27 （35） orthogonal array was selected as an efficient method for design of simulations in order to consider the interaction effects of the parameters and reduce spu- rious simulations. Meanwhile, artificial neural network （ANN） was also used for pattern recognition and optimization through modifying the processing conditions. The Taguchi coupled analysis of variance （ANOVA） and ANN analysis resulted in definition of optimum levels for each factor by two completely different methods. According to the results, melting temperature, coolant temperature and packing time had significant influence on the shrinkage and warpage. The ANN optimal level selection for minimiza- tion of shrinkage and/or warpage is in good agreement with ANOVA optimal level selection results. This investigation indicates that PLA-TPU compound exhibits the highest resistance to warpage and shrink- age defects compared to the other studied compounds.展开更多
The organization of the brain follows a topologi-cal hierarchy that changes dynamically during development.However,it remains unknown whether and how cognitive training administered over multiple years during develop-...The organization of the brain follows a topologi-cal hierarchy that changes dynamically during development.However,it remains unknown whether and how cognitive training administered over multiple years during develop-ment can modify this hierarchical topology.By measuring the brain and behavior of school children who had carried out abacus-based mental calculation(AMC)training for five years(starting from 7 years to 12 years old)in pre-training and post-training,we revealed the reshaping effect of long-term AMC intervention during development on the brain hierarchical topology.We observed the development-induced emergence of the default network,AMC training-promoted shifting,and regional changes in cortical gradi-ents.Moreover,the training-induced gradient changes were located in visual and somatomotor areas in association with the visuospatial/motor-imagery strategy.We found that gradient-based features can predict the math ability within groups.Our findings provide novel insights into the dynamic nature of network recruitment impacted by long-term cognitive training during development.展开更多
基金supported by Scientific Research Project of Establishment of the Winter Olympics Sports Injury Rehabilitation Diagnosis and Treatment System and Green Channel Demonstration of China,No.2018YFF0301104(to JJL)China Rehabilitation Science Institute,No.2020cz-10(to WZW)Scientific Research Foundation of China Rehabilitation Research Center,No.2017zx-32(to XYZ)。
文摘In previous studies,researchers have used singing to treat respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injury.However,few studies have examined the way in which vocal training affects respiratory neural plasticity in patients with spinal cord injury.Vocal respiratory training(VRT)is a type of vocal muscle-related treatment that is often a component of music therapy(MT)and focuses on strengthening respiratory muscles and improving lung function.In this randomized controlled study,we analyzed the therapeutic effects of VRT on respiratory dysfunction at 3 months after cervical spinal cord injury.Of an initial group of 37 patients,26 completed the music therapy intervention,which comprised five 30-minute sessions per week for 12 weeks.The intervention group(n=13)received VRT training delivered by professional certified music therapists.The control group(n=13)received respiratory physical therapy delivered by professional physical therapists.Compared with the control group,we observed a substantial increase in respiratory function in the intervention group after the 12-week intervention.Further,the nerve fiber bundles in the respiratory center in the medulla exhibited a trend towards increased diversification,with an increased number,path length,thickness,and density of nerve fiber bundles.These findings provide strong evidence for the effect of music therapeutic VRT on neural plasticity.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Rehabilitation Research Center(approval No.2020-013-1)on April 1,2020,and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration No.Chi CTR2000037871)on September 2,2020.
基金supported by the Foundation of Shanxi Province for Returnees, No. 2008-52
文摘Rats with chronic pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy complicated with depression were studied. Anti-5-bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence staining and Timms staining showed that neurogenesis within the hippocampal dentate gyrus and mossy fiber sprouting were increased in model rats. Neurogenesis within the hippocampal dentate gyrus was further enhanced, while mossy fiber sprouting was decreased in model rats administered carbamazepine alone or in combination with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin （0.1 and 1 mg/kg）. Among the groups, the effect was the most significant in rats receiving carbamazepine in conjunction with 1 mg/kg 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin. Thus, high dose 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin can improve neural plasticity in epileptic rats with depression.
基金International Science and Technology Cooperation Fundation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, No.2008DFA31850
文摘BACKGROUND：Previous studies have demonstrated that acupuncture treatment could ameliorate impaired motor function,and these positive effects might be due to neural plasticity.OBJECTIVE：Myelin basic protein（MBP）,microtubule-associated protein 2（MAP2）,growth-associated protein-43（GAP-43）,and synaptophysin（SYN） were selected as markers of neural remodeling,and expression of these markers was evaluated with regard to altered motor function following brain injury and acupuncture treatment.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：A completely randomized experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Peking University First Hospital from November 2006 to May 2007.MATERIALS：Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rat pups,aged 7 days,were selected for the present experiment.The left common carotid artery was ligated to establish a rat model of ischemic-hypoxic brain injury.METHODS：All animals were randomly divided into three groups：sham operation,model,and electro-acupuncture treatment,with 8 rats in each group.Rats in the model and electro-acupuncture treatment group underwent establishment of ischemic-hypoxic brain injury.Upon model established,rats underwent hypobaric oxygen intervention for 24 hours.Only the left common carotid artery was exposed in rats of the sham operation group,without model establishment or oxygen intervention.The rats in the electro-acupuncture treatment group were treated with electro-acupuncture.One acupuncture needle electrode was inserted into the subcutaneous layer at the Baihui and Dazhui acupoint.The stimulation condition of the electro-acupuncture simulator was set to an amplitude-modulated wave of 0-100% and alternative frequency of 100 cycles/second,as well as frequency-modulated wave of 2-100 Hz and an alternative frequency of 3 cycles/second.Maximal current through the two electrodes was limited to 3-5 mA.The stimulation lasted for 30 minutes per day for 2 weeks.Rats in the sham operation and model groups were not treated with electro-acupuncture,but only fixed to the table for the same time period.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：After 2 weeks stimulation,expression of MBP,MAP2,GAP-43,and SYN were detected in the brain by immunohistochemistry.Motor function was evaluated in the three groups.RESULTS：In the sham operation group,MBP was abundant in the myelinated nerve fibers.In the electro-acupuncture treatment group,however,the corpus callosum exhibited more MBP staining than the model group.MAP2 expression was increased in the model group,and increased further in the electro-acupuncture treatment group compared with the sham operation group.GAP-43 expression in the cerebral cortex was less in model group than in sham operation,but present in abundance in the electro-acupuncture treatment group.SYN expression in the cerebral cortex was less in the model and electro-acupuncture treatment group compared with the sham operation group.There was no significant difference in SYN expression and distribution between the model and electro-acupuncture treatment groups.Motor function of rats in the electro-acupuncture treatment group was significantly better than the model group（P 〈 0.05）,although function remained lower than the sham operation group（P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Two weeks of electro-acupuncture treatment improved motor function in rats,and protein markers related to neural plasticity also changed,which may be a mechanism for improved motor function in rats with ischemic-hypoxic brain injury.
基金supported by a grant from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences(MTA-TKI 11008)a grant from the European Union and the State of Hungarythe European Social Fund in the framework of TáMOP-4.2.4.A/2-11/1-2012-0001‘National Excellence Program’
文摘We have previously found that unilateral labyrinthectomy is accompanied by modification of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan staining in the lateral vestibular nucleus of rats and the time course of subsequent reorganization of extracellular matrix assembly correlates to the restoration of impaired vestibular function. The tenascin-R has repelling effect on pathfinding during axonal growth/regrowth, and thus inhibits neural circuit repair. By using immunohistochemical method, we studied the modification of tenascin-R expression in the superior, medial, lateral, and descending vestibular nuclei of the rat following unilateral labyrin- thectomy. On postoperative day 1, tenascin-R reaction in the perineuronal nets disappeared on the side of labyrinthectomy in the superior, lateral, medial, and rostral part of the descending vestibular nuclei. On survival day 3, the staining intensity of tenascin-R reaction in perineuronal nets recovered on the operated side of the medial vestibular nucleus, whereas it was restored by the time of postoperative day 7 in the superior, lateral and rostral part of the descending vestib- ular nuclei. The staining intensity of tenascin-R reaction remained unchanged in the caudal part of the descending vestibular nucleus bilaterally. Regional differences in the modification of tena- scin-R expression presented here may be associated with different roles of individual vestibular nuclei in the compensatory processes. The decreased expression of the tenascin-R may suggest the extracellular facilitation of plastic modifications in the vestibular neural circuit after lesion of the labyrinthine receptors.
基金a grant from the Bureau of Health of Chongqing City, No. [2007]1(07-2-153)
文摘BACKGROUND： Ephedrine promotes neural plasticity in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ephedrine has been combined with naloxone in some studies, and it has been confirmed that their combination has synergistic effects on increasing neural plasticity following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of ephedrine combined with various doses of naloxone on neural plasticity and to find an optimal dose of naloxone in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by analyzing growth associated protein-43 （GAP-43）, synaptophysin and β-endorphin expression in the hippocampal CA3 area. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This immunohistochemical, randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Chongqing Research Institute of Pediatrics, China from September 2007 to June 2008. MATERIALS： Ephedrine hydrochloride injection and naloxone hydrochloride injection were respectively purchased from Shandong Lvliang Pharmaceutical Factory, China and Sichuan Jingwei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. A total of 192 healthy adult Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish models of left middle cerebral artery occlusion using the suture occlusion method. METHODS： At 2 hours following cerebral ischemia, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with 1.5 mg/kg/d ephedrine （ephedrine group）, with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg/kg/d naloxone （low, moderate and high doses of naloxone groups）, with 1.5 mg/kg/d ephedrine ＋ 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg/kg/d naloxone （ephedrine ＋ low, moderate and high doses of naloxone groups）, and with 0.5 mL saline （model group）, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： GAP-43, synaptophysin and β -endorphin expression were detected in the hippocampal CA3 area using immunohistochemistry 1-4 weeks after surgery. Sensorimotor integration in rats was assessed using the beam walking test. RESULTS： GAP-43 and synaptophysin expression was greater in the ephedrine group, and in the ephedrine ＋ moderate and high doses of naloxone groups compared with the model group. GAP-43 and synaptophysin expression was greatest in the ephedrine ＋ high dose of naloxone group at 2 and 3 weeks alter surgery. β -endorphin expression was significantly lower in the ephedrine group, and in the ephedrine ＋ moderate and high doses of naloxone groups compared with the model group （P 〈 0.05）. β -endorphin expression was persistently low in the ephedrine ＋ high dose of naloxone group. At 1-3 weeks after surgery, the beam walking test score was significantly higher in the ephedrine group and ephedrine ＋ various doses of naloxone groups than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. The score was higher in the ephedrine ＋ moderate and high doses of naloxone groups than in the ephedrine group （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, the score was increased as the dose of naloxone increased in the ephedrine ＋ various doses of naloxone groups. CONCLUSION： Ephedrine promotes GAP-43 and synaptophysin expression, inhibits /3 -endorphin expression in the hippocampal CA3 area, and improves motor function in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Naloxone does not have the above-mentioned effects. During combined treatment with ephedrine and naloxone, however, the above-described effects are enhanced with an increased dose of naloxone. The combination of ephedrine （1.5 mg/kg/d） and naloxone （0.3 mg/kg/d） can produce optimal therapeutic efficacy in treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
基金supported by the 973 Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2013CB835103)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science (XDB02020200)the National 863 Project of China (2012AA022402)
文摘Depression is a devastating psychiatric disorder widely attributed to defi cient monoaminergic signaling in the central nervous system. However,most clinical antidepressants enhance monoaminergic neurotransmission with little delay but require 4-8 weeks to reach therapeutic efficacy,a paradox suggesting that the monoaminergic hypothesis of depression is an oversimplifi cation. In contrast to the antidepressants targeting the monoaminergic system,a single dose of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor（NMDAR） antagonist ketamine produces rapid（within 2 h） and sustained（over 7 days） antidepressant effi cacy in treatment-resistant patients. Glutamatergic transmission mediated by NMDARs is critical for experience-dependent synaptic plasticity and learning,processes that can be modifi ed indirectly by the monoaminergic system. To better understand the mechanisms of action of the new antidepressants like ketamine,we review and compare the monoaminergic and glutamatergic antidepressants,with emphasis on neural plasticity. The pathogenesis of depression may involve maladaptive neural plasticity in glutamatergic circuits that may serve as a new class of targets to produce rapid antidepressant effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81401002 (to SSZ),81801 053 (to XQZ)。
文摘Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) have been shown to regulate neural regeneration after stroke.Howeve r,whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor CXCR7,which is widely distributed in the develo ping and adult central nervous system,participates in neural regeneration remains poorly unde rstood.In this study,we established rat models of focal cerebral ischemia by injecting endothelin-1 into the cerebral co rtex and striatum.Starting on day 7 after injury,CXCR7-neutralizing antibody was injected into the lateral ventricle using a micro drug delivery system for 6 consecutive days.Our results showed that CXCR7-neutralizing antibody increased the total length and number of sprouting co rticospinal tra ct fibers in rats with cerebral ischemia,increased the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and growth-related protein 43,marke rs of the denervated spinal cord synapses,and promoted the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the striatum.In addition,CXCR7 antibody increased the expression of CXCR4 in the striatum,increased the protein expression of RAS and ERK1/2 associated with the RAS/ERK signaling pathway,and im proved rat motor function.These findings suggest that CXCR7 improved neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke by promoting axonal regeneration,synaptogenesis,and myelin regeneration,which may be achieved by activation of CXCR4 and the RAS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30973167,81472160,and 81173595)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2011M501301 and 2012T50711)the China-Japan Friendship Hospital Youth Science and Technology Excellence Project(No.2014-QNYC-A-04)
文摘Willed-movement training has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to increase motor per- formance and neural plasticity in ischemic rats. However, little is known regarding the molecular signals that are in- volved in neural plasticity following willed-movement training. To investigate the potential signals related to neural plasticity following willed-movement training, littermate rats were randomly assigned into three groups： middle cerebral artery occlusion, environmental modification, and willed-movement training. The infarct volume was measured 18 d after occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and im- munofluorescence staining were used to detect the changes in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） mRNA and protein, respectively. A chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to investigate whether STAT3 bound to plasticity-related genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）, synaptophysin, and protein in- teracting with C kinase 1 （PICK1）. In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 mRNA and protein were markedly increased following 15-d willed-movement training in the ischemic hemispheres of the treated rats. STAT3 bound to BDNF, PICK1, and synaptophysin promoters in the neocortical cells of rats. These data suggest that the increased STAT3 levels after willed-movement training might play critical roles in the neural plasticity by directly regulating plasticity-related genes.
文摘A major basic research projectin the field of neurosciencewas launched on November26 last year at the Shanghai-basedInstitute of Neuroscience of the Chi-nese Academy of Sciences(CAS).
基金supported by German Israeli Foundation(G-1317-418.13/2015 to AV and NM)
文摘The precise role of neural plasticity under pathological conditions remains not well understood. It appears to be well accepted, however, that changes in the ability of neurons to express plasticity accompany neurological diseases. Here, we discuss recent experimental evidence, which suggests that synaptic plasticity induced by a pathological stimulus, i.e., ischemic long-term-potentiation（i LTP） of excitatory synapses, could play an important role for post-stroke recovery by influencing the post-lesional reorganization of surviving neuronal networks.
基金Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII,Fondo Clemente Estable,FCE_6834 to FMR)Programa de Desarollo de las Ciencias Basicas,Pedeciba,Uruguay
文摘Fluoxetine hydrochloride,better known for its commercial name Prozac,is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressant drugs all over the world.This drug was considered a＂breakthrough drug＂for the treatment of depression because of its very high selectivity as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and because it presented a lower side-effectprofile than previous drugs （Wong et al., 2005）.
文摘Totally three articles focusing on ＂effects of electromagnetic radiation on synaptic structures in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rehabilitation training on synaptic structure on the unaffected side of sensorimotor cortex, and effects of environmental enrichment on hippocampal synapses in adolescent offspring of mothers exposed to prenatal stress＂ are published in three issues. We hope that our readers find these papers useful to their research.
基金supported by the NIH (R01NS103481, R01NS111776, and R01NS131489)Indiana Department of Health (ISDH58180)(all to WW)。
文摘Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery and morphological changes following thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. After a 7-day recovery period after spinal cord injury, mice were assigned to either a trained group(10 weeks of voluntary running wheel or forced treadmill exercise) or an untrained group. Bi-weekly assessments revealed that the exercise-trained group, particularly the voluntary wheel exercise subgroup, displayed significantly improved locomotor recovery, more plasticity of dopaminergic and serotonin modulation compared with the untrained group. Additionally, exercise interventions led to gait pattern restoration and enhanced transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. Despite consistent injury areas across groups, exercise training promoted terminal innervation of descending axons. In summary, voluntary wheel exercise shows promise for enhancing outcomes after thoracic contusive spinal cord injury, emphasizing the role of exercise modality in promoting recovery and morphological changes in spinal cord injuries. Our findings will influence future strategies for rehabilitation exercises, restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30770668,81070899,81171049)973 program (2011CB504100) to J.C
文摘Simultaneous multisite recording using multi-electrode arrays（MEAs） in cultured and acutely-dissociated brain slices and other tissues is an emerging technique in the field of network electrophysiology.Over the past 40 years,great efforts have been made by both scientists and commercial concerns,to advance this technique.The MEA technique has been widely applied to many regions of the brain,retina,heart and smooth muscle in various studies at the network level.The present review starts from the development of MEA techniques and their uses in brain preparations,and then specifically concentrates on the use of MEA recordings in studies of synaptic plasticity at the network level in both the temporal and spatial domains.Because the MEA technique helps bridge the gap between single-cell recordings and behavioral assays,its wide application will undoubtedly shed light on the mechanisms underlying brain functions and dysfunctions at the network level that remained largely unknown due to the technical difficulties before it matured.
基金supported in part by NIH NS059622,NS073636,DOD CDMRP W81XWH-12-1-0562,Merit Review Award I01 BX002356 from the U.SDepartment of Veterans Affairs,Craig H Neilsen Foundation 296749+1 种基金Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Foundation(ISCBIRF)019919Mari Hulman George Endowment Funds
文摘Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal control of neurons. This drawback increases side effects due to non-specific targeting. Optogenetics is a technology that allows precise spatial and temporal control of cells. Therefore, this technique has high potential as a therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Even though the application of optogenetics in understanding brain functional organization and complex behaviour states have been elaborated, reviews of its therapeutic potential especially in neurodegeneration and regeneration are still limited. This short review presents representative work in optogenetics in disease models such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease. It is aimed to provide a broader perspective on optogenetic therapeutic potential in neurodegeneration and neural regeneration.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30801470
文摘The present study investigated the effects of Fujian tablet, a Chinese medicine compound that can nourish liver and kidney, on corticospinal tract plasticity and cervical cord microenvironment in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. Results showed that motor function of rats with right proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion was significantly improved following treatment with Fujian tablet, 9 g crude drug/kg. Anterograde tracing revealed significantly increased biotinylated dextran amine expression in the denervated （left） side of the cervical cord （C4-6） following Fujian tablet treatment, and significantly decreased Nogo-A mRNA expression was detected in the denervated side of the cervical cord （C4-6） using in situ hybridization. Pearson＇s correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between biotinylated dextran amine and Nogo-A mRNA expression （r = -0.943, P 〈 0.01）. Results demonstrated that Fujian tablet can promote corticospinal tract plasticity possibly through the inhibitory effect on Nogo-A mRNA expression in the cervical spinal cord, thereby improving motor dysfunction.
基金supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(the Fostering Project of the Major Research)(No.91232712)
文摘The most remarkable feature of the nervous system is that the development and functions of the brain are largely reshaped by postnatal experiences, in joint with genetic landscapes. The nature vs. nurture argument reminds us that both genetic and epigenetic information is indispensable for the normal function of the brain. The epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the central nervous system have been revealed over last a decade. Moreover, the mutations of epigenetic modulator genes have been shown to be implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders. The epigenetic study has initiated in the neuroscience field for a relative short period of time. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries about epigenetic regulation on neural development, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders. Although the comprehensive view of how epigenetic regulation contributes to the function of the brain is still not completed, the notion that brain, the most complicated organ of organisms, is profoundly shaped by epigenetic switches is widely accepted.
基金Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China,No.FBB011469Hangzhou Municipal Natural Science Foundation, No.0737XP39Foundation of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(RGC)
文摘The mirror neuron system （MNS） was first discovered in non-human primates; these neurons fire when a monkey performs an action or observes another monkey （or even some people） performing that same action. Recent findings have suggested that neural rehabilitation might be achieved through the activation of the MNS in patients after stroke. We propose two major mechanisms （one involving adult neurogenesis and another involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor） that may underlie the activation, modulation and experience-dependent plasticity in the MNS, for further study on promoting central nerve functional reconstruction and rehabilitation of patients with central nervous system injury.
文摘In this study, it is attempted to give an insight into the injection processability of three self-prepared polymers from A to Z. This work presents material analysis, injection molding simulation, design of ex- periments alongside considering all interaction effects of controlling parameters carefully for green biodegradable polymeric systems, including polylactic acid （PLA）, polylactic acid-thermoplastic poly- urethane （PLA-TPU） and polylactic acid-thermoplastic starch （PLA-TPS）. The experiments were carried out using injection molding simulation software Autodesk Moldflov~~ in order to minimize warpage and volumetric shrinkage for each of the mentioned systems. The analysis was conducted by changing five significant processing parameters, including coolant temperature, packing time, packing pressure, mold temperature and melt temperature. Taguchi＇s [.27 （35） orthogonal array was selected as an efficient method for design of simulations in order to consider the interaction effects of the parameters and reduce spu- rious simulations. Meanwhile, artificial neural network （ANN） was also used for pattern recognition and optimization through modifying the processing conditions. The Taguchi coupled analysis of variance （ANOVA） and ANN analysis resulted in definition of optimum levels for each factor by two completely different methods. According to the results, melting temperature, coolant temperature and packing time had significant influence on the shrinkage and warpage. The ANN optimal level selection for minimiza- tion of shrinkage and/or warpage is in good agreement with ANOVA optimal level selection results. This investigation indicates that PLA-TPU compound exhibits the highest resistance to warpage and shrink- age defects compared to the other studied compounds.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071096 and 31270026)the National Social Science Foundation(17ZDA323)+3 种基金the STI 2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0200500)the Hong Kong Baptist University Research Committee Interdisciplinary Research Matching Scheme 2018/19(IRMS/18-19/SCI01)the Recruitment Program of Global Experts of Zhejiang Provincethe Start-up Funds for Leading Talents at Beijing Normal University and the National Basic Science Data Center“Chinese Data-sharing Warehouse for In-vivo Imaging Brain”(NBSDC-DB-15).
文摘The organization of the brain follows a topologi-cal hierarchy that changes dynamically during development.However,it remains unknown whether and how cognitive training administered over multiple years during develop-ment can modify this hierarchical topology.By measuring the brain and behavior of school children who had carried out abacus-based mental calculation(AMC)training for five years(starting from 7 years to 12 years old)in pre-training and post-training,we revealed the reshaping effect of long-term AMC intervention during development on the brain hierarchical topology.We observed the development-induced emergence of the default network,AMC training-promoted shifting,and regional changes in cortical gradi-ents.Moreover,the training-induced gradient changes were located in visual and somatomotor areas in association with the visuospatial/motor-imagery strategy.We found that gradient-based features can predict the math ability within groups.Our findings provide novel insights into the dynamic nature of network recruitment impacted by long-term cognitive training during development.
