Dear Editor,The letter proposes a tensor low-rank orthogonal compression(TLOC)model for a convolutional neural network(CNN),which facilitates its efficient and highly-accurate low-rank representation.Model compression...Dear Editor,The letter proposes a tensor low-rank orthogonal compression(TLOC)model for a convolutional neural network(CNN),which facilitates its efficient and highly-accurate low-rank representation.Model compression is crucial for deploying deep neural network(DNN)models on resource-constrained embedded devices.展开更多
Deep learning has become integral to robotics,particularly in tasks such as robotic grasping,where objects often exhibit diverse shapes,textures,and physical properties.In robotic grasping tasks,due to the diverse cha...Deep learning has become integral to robotics,particularly in tasks such as robotic grasping,where objects often exhibit diverse shapes,textures,and physical properties.In robotic grasping tasks,due to the diverse characteristics of the targets,frequent adjustments to the network architecture and parameters are required to avoid a decrease in model accuracy,which presents a significant challenge for non-experts.Neural Architecture Search(NAS)provides a compelling method through the automated generation of network architectures,enabling the discovery of models that achieve high accuracy through efficient search algorithms.Compared to manually designed networks,NAS methods can significantly reduce design costs,time expenditure,and improve model performance.However,such methods often involve complex topological connections,and these redundant structures can severely reduce computational efficiency.To overcome this challenge,this work puts forward a robotic grasp detection framework founded on NAS.The method automatically designs a lightweight network with high accuracy and low topological complexity,effectively adapting to the target object to generate the optimal grasp pose,thereby significantly improving the success rate of robotic grasping.Additionally,we use Class Activation Mapping(CAM)as an interpretability tool,which captures sensitive information during the perception process through visualized results.The searched model achieved competitive,and in some cases superior,performance on the Cornell and Jacquard public datasets,achieving accuracies of 98.3%and 96.8%,respectively,while sustaining a detection speed of 89 frames per second with only 0.41 million parameters.To further validate its effectiveness beyond benchmark evaluations,we conducted real-world grasping experiments on a UR5 robotic arm,where the model demonstrated reliable performance across diverse objects and high grasp success rates,thereby confirming its practical applicability in robotic manipulation tasks.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter addresses the critical challenge of preserving privacy in graph learning without compromising on data utility.Differential privacy(DP)is emerging as an effective method for privacy-preserving g...Dear Editor,This letter addresses the critical challenge of preserving privacy in graph learning without compromising on data utility.Differential privacy(DP)is emerging as an effective method for privacy-preserving graph learning.However,its application often diminishes data utility,especially for nodes with fewer neighbors in graph neural networks(GNNs).展开更多
Neural stem cells(NSCs)and glioblastoma stem cells(GSCs)share a complex regulatory landscape in which cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in both neural development and tumor progression.While acetylcholine(ACh...Neural stem cells(NSCs)and glioblastoma stem cells(GSCs)share a complex regulatory landscape in which cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in both neural development and tumor progression.While acetylcholine(ACh)regulates NSC quiescence and differentiation within neurogenic niches,glioblastoma cells exploit th ese pathways to enhance their adaptability and invasiveness.The involvement of muscarinic(M3)and nicotinic(α7)receptors in both cell types suggests that glioblastoma retains neural progenitor-like traits,contributing to its plasticity and resilience.This article explores the shared cholinergic mechanisms between NSCs and GSCs,highlighting their role in both neural development and glioblastoma progression.展开更多
The adult subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG)are the two brain regions where neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the adult mammalian brain(Min...The adult subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG)are the two brain regions where neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the adult mammalian brain(Ming and Song,2011).Adult quiescent hippocampal neural stem cells(NSCs)are bona fide stem cells and,when activated,give rise to newborn granule neurons in the adult brain,which play vital roles in learning,memory,mood,and affective cognition(Bonaguidi et al.,2011;Ming and Song,2011).展开更多
Neural machine interface technology is a pioneering approach that aims to address the complex challenges of neurological dysfunctions and disabilities resulting from conditions such as congenital disorders,traumatic i...Neural machine interface technology is a pioneering approach that aims to address the complex challenges of neurological dysfunctions and disabilities resulting from conditions such as congenital disorders,traumatic injuries,and neurological diseases.Neural machine interface technology establishes direct connections with the brain or peripheral nervous system to restore impaired motor,sensory,and cognitive functions,significantly improving patients'quality of life.This review analyzes the chronological development and integration of various neural machine interface technologies,including regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces,targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation,agonist–antagonist myoneural interfaces,and brain–machine interfaces.Recent advancements in flexible electronics and bioengineering have led to the development of more biocompatible and highresolution electrodes,which enhance the performance and longevity of neural machine interface technology.However,significant challenges remain,such as signal interference,fibrous tissue encapsulation,and the need for precise anatomical localization and reconstruction.The integration of advanced signal processing algorithms,particularly those utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning,has the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of neural signal interpretation,which will make neural machine interface technologies more intuitive and effective.These technologies have broad,impactful clinical applications,ranging from motor restoration and sensory feedback in prosthetics to neurological disorder treatment and neurorehabilitation.This review suggests that multidisciplinary collaboration will play a critical role in advancing neural machine interface technologies by combining insights from biomedical engineering,clinical surgery,and neuroengineering to develop more sophisticated and reliable interfaces.By addressing existing limitations and exploring new technological frontiers,neural machine interface technologies have the potential to revolutionize neuroprosthetics and neurorehabilitation,promising enhanced mobility,independence,and quality of life for individuals with neurological impairments.By leveraging detailed anatomical knowledge and integrating cutting-edge neuroengineering principles,researchers and clinicians can push the boundaries of what is possible and create increasingly sophisticated and long-lasting prosthetic devices that provide sustained benefits for users.展开更多
After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the tim...After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the timing of interventions,combined with the limitations of current methods.To address these challenges,various techniques have been developed to aid in the repair and reconstruction of neural circuits at different stages of injury.Notably,neuromodulation has garnered considerable attention for its potential to enhance nerve regeneration,provide neuroprotection,restore neurons,and regulate the neural reorganization of circuits within the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract.To improve the effectiveness of these interventions,the implementation of multitarget early interventional neuromodulation strategies,such as electrical and magnetic stimulation,is recommended to enhance functional recovery across different phases of nerve injury.This review concisely outlines the challenges encountered following spinal cord injury,synthesizes existing neurostimulation techniques while emphasizing neuroprotection,repair,and regeneration of impaired connections,and advocates for multi-targeted,task-oriented,and timely interventions.展开更多
The mechanistic target of rapamycin(m TOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in cellular growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism. In the central nervous system(CNS), the mTOR pathway regul...The mechanistic target of rapamycin(m TOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in cellular growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism. In the central nervous system(CNS), the mTOR pathway regulates diverse aspects of neural development and function. Genetic mutations within the m TOR pathway lead to severe neurodevelopmental disorders, collectively known as “mTORopathies”(Crino, 2020). Dysfunctions of m TOR, including both its hyperactivation and hypoactivation, have also been implicated in a wide spectrum of other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions, highlighting its importance in CNS health.展开更多
Spinal cord injury results in permanent loss of neurological functions due to severance of neural networks.Transplantation of neural stem cells holds promise to repair disrupted connections.Yet,ensuring the survival a...Spinal cord injury results in permanent loss of neurological functions due to severance of neural networks.Transplantation of neural stem cells holds promise to repair disrupted connections.Yet,ensuring the survival and integration of neural stem cells into the host neural circuit remains a formidable challenge.Here,we investigated whether modifying the intrinsic properties of neural stem cells could enhance their integration post-transplantation.We focused on phosphatase and tensin homolog(PTEN),a well-characterized tumor suppressor known to critically regulate neuronal survival and axonal regeneration.By deleting Pten in mouse neural stem cells,we observed increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced resistance to neurotoxic environments in culture.Upon transplantation into injured spinal cords,Pten-deficient neural stem cells exhibited higher survival and more extensive rostrocaudal distribution.To examine the potential influence of partial PTEN suppression,rat neural stem cells were treated with short hairpin RNA targeting PTEN,and the PTEN knockdown resulted in significant improvements in neurite growth,survival,and neurosphere motility in vitro.Transplantation of sh PTEN-treated neural stem cells into the injured spinal cord also led to an increase in graft survival and migration to an extent similar to that of complete deletion.Moreover,PTEN suppression facilitated neurite elongation from NSC-derived neurons migrating from the lesion epicenter.These findings suggest that modifying intrinsic signaling pathways,such as PTEN,within neural stem cells could bolster their therapeutic efficacy,offering potential avenues for future regenerative strategies for spinal cord injury.展开更多
Near-infrared image sensors are widely used in fields such as material identification,machine vision,and autonomous driving.Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot-based infrared photodiodes can be integrated with sil⁃icon...Near-infrared image sensors are widely used in fields such as material identification,machine vision,and autonomous driving.Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot-based infrared photodiodes can be integrated with sil⁃icon-based readout circuits in a single step.Based on this,we propose a photodiode based on an n-i-p structure,which removes the buffer layer and further simplifies the manufacturing process of quantum dot image sensors,thus reducing manufacturing costs.Additionally,for the noise complexity in quantum dot image sensors when capturing images,traditional denoising and non-uniformity methods often do not achieve optimal denoising re⁃sults.For the noise and stripe-type non-uniformity commonly encountered in infrared quantum dot detector imag⁃es,a network architecture has been developed that incorporates multiple key modules.This network combines channel attention and spatial attention mechanisms,dynamically adjusting the importance of feature maps to en⁃hance the ability to distinguish between noise and details.Meanwhile,the residual dense feature fusion module further improves the network's ability to process complex image structures through hierarchical feature extraction and fusion.Furthermore,the pyramid pooling module effectively captures information at different scales,improv⁃ing the network's multi-scale feature representation ability.Through the collaborative effect of these modules,the network can better handle various mixed noise and image non-uniformity issues.Experimental results show that it outperforms the traditional U-Net network in denoising and image correction tasks.展开更多
The hippocampus is part of the brain limbic system and plays an important role in learning and memory.Moreover,its ability to form,consolidate,and retrieve different types of memories makes it a central component in t...The hippocampus is part of the brain limbic system and plays an important role in learning and memory.Moreover,its ability to form,consolidate,and retrieve different types of memories makes it a central component in the cognitive functions necessary for everyday life.Understanding the role of the hippocampus helps comprehend how memories are created,stored,and recalled and sheds light on the impact of hippocampal damage in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.展开更多
Epilepsy,a common neurological disorder,is characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to cognitive,psychological,and neurobiological consequences.The pathogenesis of epilepsy involves neuronal dysfunction at th...Epilepsy,a common neurological disorder,is characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to cognitive,psychological,and neurobiological consequences.The pathogenesis of epilepsy involves neuronal dysfunction at the molecular,cellular,and neural circuit levels.Abnormal molecular signaling pathways or dysfunction of specific cell types can lead to epilepsy by disrupting the normal functioning of neural circuits.The continuous emergence of new technologies and the rapid advancement of existing ones have facilitated the discovery and comprehensive understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms underlying epilepsy.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies,including electroencephalography,magnetic resonance imaging,optogenetics,chemogenetics,deep brain stimulation,and brain-computer interfaces.Additionally,this review discusses these mechanisms from three perspectives:structural,synaptic,and transmitter circuits.The findings reveal that the neural circuit mechanisms of epilepsy encompass information transmission among different structures,interactions within the same structure,and the maintenance of homeostasis at the cellular,synaptic,and neurotransmitter levels.These findings offer new insights for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy and enhancing its clinical diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence due largely to aging populations worldwide and improved medical care for the elderly.Currently approved drugs can reduce some of the symptoms of neurodegenerativ...Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence due largely to aging populations worldwide and improved medical care for the elderly.Currently approved drugs can reduce some of the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases but cannot cure them.Inflammation is involved in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases,and oxidative stress is implicated in neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline and age-related cognitive impairment.Polyphenols such as curcumin,quercetin,and resveratrol possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Nanoformulations of curcumin and quercetin can optimize their pharmacological effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Nanocarriers play a crucial role in delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier,thereby lowering the risk of peripheral side effects.Various nanoforms have been developed to induce bioavailability and solubility of curcumin and quercetin,including nanoparticles and nanoemulsions.The studies reviewed included 17 using curcumin nanoformulations and seven with quercetin nanoformulations and were tested in widely used animal models of Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,and multiple sclerosis.Many of the curcumin and quercetin nanoformulations brought about improvements in learning and memory in behavioral tests of Alzheimer’s disease models and were effective in reducing oxidative stress in the brain.Both nanocurcumin and nanoquercetin decreased the levels of inflammatory markers in the brain.Nanocurcumin formulations improved motor behavior,gait,and memory in Parkinson’s disease models and increased dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra.Furthermore,nanocurcumin improved locomotor activity,memory,and learning,and the number of dendrites of medium spiny neurons in Huntington’s disease models.Nanocurcumin formulations decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in a model of demyelination.Several important limitations were identified in the studies reviewed and these need to be considered in future studies.Also,clinical trials could be performed using the currently available nanoforms of curcumin and quercetin.展开更多
The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is an important property that influences the heat transfer capabilities of nanofluids.Researchers rely on experimental investigations to explore nanofluid properties,as it is a n...The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is an important property that influences the heat transfer capabilities of nanofluids.Researchers rely on experimental investigations to explore nanofluid properties,as it is a necessary step before their practical application.As these investigations are time and resource-consuming undertakings,an effective prediction model can significantly improve the efficiency of research operations.In this work,an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model is developed to predict the thermal conductivity of metal oxide water-based nanofluid.For this,a comprehensive set of 691 data points was collected from the literature.This dataset is split into training(70%),validation(15%),and testing(15%)and used to train the ANN model.The developed model is a backpropagation artificial neural network with a 4–12–1 architecture.The performance of the developed model shows high accuracy with R values above 0.90 and rapid convergence.It shows that the developed ANN model accurately predicts the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.展开更多
Optogenetics has revolutionized the field of neuroscience by enabling precise control of neural activity through light-sensitive proteins known as opsins.This review article discusses the fundamental principles of opt...Optogenetics has revolutionized the field of neuroscience by enabling precise control of neural activity through light-sensitive proteins known as opsins.This review article discusses the fundamental principles of optogenetics,including the activation of both excitatory and inhibitory opsins,as well as the development of optogenetic models that utilize recombinant viral vectors.A considerable portion of the article addresses the limitations of optogenetic tools and explores strategies to overcome these challenges.These strategies include the use of adeno-associated viruses,cell-specific promoters,modified opsins,and methodologies such as bioluminescent optogenetics.The application of viral recombinant vectors,particularly adeno-associated viruses,is emerging as a promising avenue for clinical use in delivering opsins to target cells.This trend indicates the potential for creating tools that offer greater flexibility and accuracy in opsin delivery.The adaptations of these viral vectors provide advantages in optogenetic studies by allowing for the restricted expression of opsins through cell-specific promoters and various viral serotypes.The article also examines different cellular targets for optogenetics,including neurons,astrocytes,microglia,and Schwann cells.Utilizing specific promoters for opsin expression in these cells is essential for achieving precise and efficient stimulation.Research has demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of both neurons and glial cells-particularly the distinct phenotypes of microglia,astrocytes,and Schwann cells-can have therapeutic effects in neurological diseases.Glial cells are increasingly recognized as important targets for the treatment of these disorders.Furthermore,the article emphasizes the emerging field of bioluminescent optogenetics,which combines optogenetic principles with bioluminescent proteins to visualize and manipulate neural activity in real time.By integrating molecular genetics techniques with bioluminescence,researchers have developed methods to monitor neuronal activity efficiently and less invasively,enhancing our understanding of central nervous system function and the mechanisms of plasticity in neurological disorders beyond traditional neurobiological methods.Evidence has shown that optogenetic modulation can enhance motor axon regeneration,achieve complete sensory reinnervation,and accelerate the recovery of neuromuscular function.This approach also induces complex patterns of coordinated motor neuron activity and promotes neural reorganization.Optogenetic approaches hold immense potential for therapeutic interventions in the central nervous system.They enable precise control of neural circuits and may offer new treatments for neurological disorders,particularly spinal cord injuries,peripheral nerve injuries,and other neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
In this study,we present the development of a cryobioink designed to fabricate anisotropic scaffolds that support both neural and muscle cell-alignment.Given the critical role of cellular organization in nerve fibers ...In this study,we present the development of a cryobioink designed to fabricate anisotropic scaffolds that support both neural and muscle cell-alignment.Given the critical role of cellular organization in nerve fibers and neuromuscular junctions,we employed a vertical cryobioprinting-enabled ice-templating technique to create scaffolds with aligned microchannels.These channels facilitated cell-alignment,which is important in modeling neural and neuromuscular tissues.By integrating hyaluronic acid-methacrylate(HAMA)with gelatin methacryloyl and the necessary cryoprotective agent melezitose,we showcased that the cryobioink could preserve cell viability during freezing/thawing processes,even at low temperatures employed during cryobioprinting.We optimized HAMA concentration to enhance neural cell viability and alignment,and successfully constructed anisotropic scaffolds featuring distinct sections that contained muscle and neural cells,establishing a model for neuromuscular junctions.The resulting models provide a versatile platform for studying nerve fibers and neuromuscular dysfunctions,offering potential advancements in neural regeneration research.展开更多
Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents.While it is known transforming growth factor-βsignaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis,its role in postn...Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents.While it is known transforming growth factor-βsignaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis,its role in postnatal neurogenesis remains unclear.In this study,to define the precise role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in postnatal neurogenesis at distinct stages of the neurogenic cascade both in vitro and in vivo,we developed two novel inducible and cell type-specific mouse models to specifically silence transforming growth factor-βsignaling in neural stem cells in(mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9)or immature neuroblasts in(DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9).Our data showed that exogenous transforming growth factor-βtreatment led to inhibition of the proliferation of primary neural stem cells while stimulating their migration.These effects were abolished in activin-like kinase 5(ALK5)knockout primary neural stem cells.Consistent with this,inhibition of transforming growth factor-βsignaling with SB-431542 in wild-type neural stem cells stimulated proliferation while inhibited the migration of neural stem cells.Interestingly,deletion of transforming growth factor-βreceptor in neural stem cells in vivo inhibited the migration of postnatal born neurons in mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice,while abolishment of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in immature neuroblasts in DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice did not affect the migration of these cells in the hippocampus.In summary,our data supports a dual role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells in vitro.Moreover,our data provides novel insights on cell type-specific-dependent requirements of transforming growth factor-βsignaling on neural stem cell proliferation and migration in vivo.展开更多
This paper presents an adaptive multi-agent coordination(AMAC)strategy suitable for complex scenarios,which only requires information exchange between neighbouring robots.Unlike traditional multi-agent coordination me...This paper presents an adaptive multi-agent coordination(AMAC)strategy suitable for complex scenarios,which only requires information exchange between neighbouring robots.Unlike traditional multi-agent coordination methods that are solved by neural dynamics,the proposed strategy displays greater flexibility,adaptability and scalability.Furthermore,the proposed AMAC strategy is reconstructed as a time-varying complex-valued matrix equation.By introducing a dynamic error function,a fixed-time convergent zeroing neural network(FTCZNN)model is designed for the online solution of the AMAC strategy,with its convergence time upper bound derived theoretically.Finally,the effectiveness and applicability of the coordination control method are demonstrated by numerical simulations and physical experiments.Numerical results indicate that this method can reduce the formation error to the order of 10^(-6)within 1.8 s.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the spatial gradient of intraoperative impedance across the cochlear electrode array in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and assess its potential as a physiological indicator for the elec...Objective:To investigate the spatial gradient of intraoperative impedance across the cochlear electrode array in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and assess its potential as a physiological indicator for the electrode-neural interface.Methods:A prospective observational study involving 56 pediatric patients underwent cochlear implantation with Cochlear Nucleus devices.Intraoperative polarized impedance and electrically evoked compound action potential(ECAP)threshold were recorded across all 1232 electrodes using AutoNRT software.Eight electrodes with open-or short-circuit were excluded,leaving 1,224 for analysis.Impedance values were categorized by cochlear region(basal,middle,apical),and electrodes with elevated impedance(10-20 kΩ)were analyzed for regional distribution and clinical relevance.Data were analyzed for spatial patterns and correlation with the ECAP threshold profiles.Results:A consistent basal-to-apical increase in impedance was observed(7.7±1.9,9.2±1.4,10.8±1.5 kΩ;p<0.001).Impedance and ECAP threshold were weakly correlated(ρ=-0.20,p<0.001;β=-1.26,p<0.001),with a positive association in the apical region(ρ=0.12,p=0.048).Electrodes with higher impedance(1020 kΩ)were less likely to show elevated or absent TNRT(OR=0.175,p=0.02).The impedance gradient persisted across age groups and was significantly correlated with ECAP threshold patterns.Conclusion:Intraoperative impedance monitoring reveals a strong and physiologically consistent gradient,with higher values in apical electrodes.This gradient reflects anatomical and tissue interface variations,which may offer a valuable physiological indicator for intraoperative electrode positioning and neural interface integrity.展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Key R&D Program of Chongqing(CSTB2025TIAD-STX0032)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF0908200)+1 种基金the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Key Project(CSTB2024TIAD-KPX0018)the Southwest University Graduate Student Research Innovation(SWUB24051)。
文摘Dear Editor,The letter proposes a tensor low-rank orthogonal compression(TLOC)model for a convolutional neural network(CNN),which facilitates its efficient and highly-accurate low-rank representation.Model compression is crucial for deploying deep neural network(DNN)models on resource-constrained embedded devices.
基金funded by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515120064)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273097).
文摘Deep learning has become integral to robotics,particularly in tasks such as robotic grasping,where objects often exhibit diverse shapes,textures,and physical properties.In robotic grasping tasks,due to the diverse characteristics of the targets,frequent adjustments to the network architecture and parameters are required to avoid a decrease in model accuracy,which presents a significant challenge for non-experts.Neural Architecture Search(NAS)provides a compelling method through the automated generation of network architectures,enabling the discovery of models that achieve high accuracy through efficient search algorithms.Compared to manually designed networks,NAS methods can significantly reduce design costs,time expenditure,and improve model performance.However,such methods often involve complex topological connections,and these redundant structures can severely reduce computational efficiency.To overcome this challenge,this work puts forward a robotic grasp detection framework founded on NAS.The method automatically designs a lightweight network with high accuracy and low topological complexity,effectively adapting to the target object to generate the optimal grasp pose,thereby significantly improving the success rate of robotic grasping.Additionally,we use Class Activation Mapping(CAM)as an interpretability tool,which captures sensitive information during the perception process through visualized results.The searched model achieved competitive,and in some cases superior,performance on the Cornell and Jacquard public datasets,achieving accuracies of 98.3%and 96.8%,respectively,while sustaining a detection speed of 89 frames per second with only 0.41 million parameters.To further validate its effectiveness beyond benchmark evaluations,we conducted real-world grasping experiments on a UR5 robotic arm,where the model demonstrated reliable performance across diverse objects and high grasp success rates,thereby confirming its practical applicability in robotic manipulation tasks.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0612900,2023YFF0612902)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,China(4254086)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62472032)the Open Project Funding of Key Laboratory of Mobile Application Innovation and Governance Technology,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(2023IFS080601-K)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholarsthe Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)。
文摘Dear Editor,This letter addresses the critical challenge of preserving privacy in graph learning without compromising on data utility.Differential privacy(DP)is emerging as an effective method for privacy-preserving graph learning.However,its application often diminishes data utility,especially for nodes with fewer neighbors in graph neural networks(GNNs).
文摘Neural stem cells(NSCs)and glioblastoma stem cells(GSCs)share a complex regulatory landscape in which cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in both neural development and tumor progression.While acetylcholine(ACh)regulates NSC quiescence and differentiation within neurogenic niches,glioblastoma cells exploit th ese pathways to enhance their adaptability and invasiveness.The involvement of muscarinic(M3)and nicotinic(α7)receptors in both cell types suggests that glioblastoma retains neural progenitor-like traits,contributing to its plasticity and resilience.This article explores the shared cholinergic mechanisms between NSCs and GSCs,highlighting their role in both neural development and glioblastoma progression.
基金supported by National Institutes of Health(R35NS137480,R35NS116843,and RF1AG079557)by Dr.Miriam and Sheldon G.Adelson Medical Research Foundation.
文摘The adult subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG)are the two brain regions where neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the adult mammalian brain(Ming and Song,2011).Adult quiescent hippocampal neural stem cells(NSCs)are bona fide stem cells and,when activated,give rise to newborn granule neurons in the adult brain,which play vital roles in learning,memory,mood,and affective cognition(Bonaguidi et al.,2011;Ming and Song,2011).
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81927804(to GL),82260456(to LY),U21A20479(to LY)Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzhen,No.JCYJ20230807140559047(to LY)+3 种基金Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,No.2020B0909020004(to GL)Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation,No.2023A1515011478(to LY)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province,No.2022A0505090007(to GL)Ministry of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,No.QN2022032013L(to LY)。
文摘Neural machine interface technology is a pioneering approach that aims to address the complex challenges of neurological dysfunctions and disabilities resulting from conditions such as congenital disorders,traumatic injuries,and neurological diseases.Neural machine interface technology establishes direct connections with the brain or peripheral nervous system to restore impaired motor,sensory,and cognitive functions,significantly improving patients'quality of life.This review analyzes the chronological development and integration of various neural machine interface technologies,including regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces,targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation,agonist–antagonist myoneural interfaces,and brain–machine interfaces.Recent advancements in flexible electronics and bioengineering have led to the development of more biocompatible and highresolution electrodes,which enhance the performance and longevity of neural machine interface technology.However,significant challenges remain,such as signal interference,fibrous tissue encapsulation,and the need for precise anatomical localization and reconstruction.The integration of advanced signal processing algorithms,particularly those utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning,has the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of neural signal interpretation,which will make neural machine interface technologies more intuitive and effective.These technologies have broad,impactful clinical applications,ranging from motor restoration and sensory feedback in prosthetics to neurological disorder treatment and neurorehabilitation.This review suggests that multidisciplinary collaboration will play a critical role in advancing neural machine interface technologies by combining insights from biomedical engineering,clinical surgery,and neuroengineering to develop more sophisticated and reliable interfaces.By addressing existing limitations and exploring new technological frontiers,neural machine interface technologies have the potential to revolutionize neuroprosthetics and neurorehabilitation,promising enhanced mobility,independence,and quality of life for individuals with neurological impairments.By leveraging detailed anatomical knowledge and integrating cutting-edge neuroengineering principles,researchers and clinicians can push the boundaries of what is possible and create increasingly sophisticated and long-lasting prosthetic devices that provide sustained benefits for users.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2023YFC3603705(to DX)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82302866(to YZ).
文摘After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the timing of interventions,combined with the limitations of current methods.To address these challenges,various techniques have been developed to aid in the repair and reconstruction of neural circuits at different stages of injury.Notably,neuromodulation has garnered considerable attention for its potential to enhance nerve regeneration,provide neuroprotection,restore neurons,and regulate the neural reorganization of circuits within the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract.To improve the effectiveness of these interventions,the implementation of multitarget early interventional neuromodulation strategies,such as electrical and magnetic stimulation,is recommended to enhance functional recovery across different phases of nerve injury.This review concisely outlines the challenges encountered following spinal cord injury,synthesizes existing neurostimulation techniques while emphasizing neuroprotection,repair,and regeneration of impaired connections,and advocates for multi-targeted,task-oriented,and timely interventions.
基金supported by grants from Simons Foundation (SFARI 479754),CIHR (PJT-180565)the Scottish Rite Charitable Foundation of Canada (to YL)funding from the Canada Research Chairs program。
文摘The mechanistic target of rapamycin(m TOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in cellular growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism. In the central nervous system(CNS), the mTOR pathway regulates diverse aspects of neural development and function. Genetic mutations within the m TOR pathway lead to severe neurodevelopmental disorders, collectively known as “mTORopathies”(Crino, 2020). Dysfunctions of m TOR, including both its hyperactivation and hypoactivation, have also been implicated in a wide spectrum of other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions, highlighting its importance in CNS health.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea,Nos.2021R1A2C2006110,2021M3E5D9021364,2019R1A5A2026045(to BGK)the Korea Initiative for Fostering University of Research and Innovation(KIURI)Program of the NRF funded by the MSIT(to HK),No.NRF2021M3H1A104892211(to HSK)。
文摘Spinal cord injury results in permanent loss of neurological functions due to severance of neural networks.Transplantation of neural stem cells holds promise to repair disrupted connections.Yet,ensuring the survival and integration of neural stem cells into the host neural circuit remains a formidable challenge.Here,we investigated whether modifying the intrinsic properties of neural stem cells could enhance their integration post-transplantation.We focused on phosphatase and tensin homolog(PTEN),a well-characterized tumor suppressor known to critically regulate neuronal survival and axonal regeneration.By deleting Pten in mouse neural stem cells,we observed increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced resistance to neurotoxic environments in culture.Upon transplantation into injured spinal cords,Pten-deficient neural stem cells exhibited higher survival and more extensive rostrocaudal distribution.To examine the potential influence of partial PTEN suppression,rat neural stem cells were treated with short hairpin RNA targeting PTEN,and the PTEN knockdown resulted in significant improvements in neurite growth,survival,and neurosphere motility in vitro.Transplantation of sh PTEN-treated neural stem cells into the injured spinal cord also led to an increase in graft survival and migration to an extent similar to that of complete deletion.Moreover,PTEN suppression facilitated neurite elongation from NSC-derived neurons migrating from the lesion epicenter.These findings suggest that modifying intrinsic signaling pathways,such as PTEN,within neural stem cells could bolster their therapeutic efficacy,offering potential avenues for future regenerative strategies for spinal cord injury.
基金Supported by the National key research and development program in the 14th five year plan 2021YFA1200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62535018,62431025,62561160113)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1473400).
文摘Near-infrared image sensors are widely used in fields such as material identification,machine vision,and autonomous driving.Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot-based infrared photodiodes can be integrated with sil⁃icon-based readout circuits in a single step.Based on this,we propose a photodiode based on an n-i-p structure,which removes the buffer layer and further simplifies the manufacturing process of quantum dot image sensors,thus reducing manufacturing costs.Additionally,for the noise complexity in quantum dot image sensors when capturing images,traditional denoising and non-uniformity methods often do not achieve optimal denoising re⁃sults.For the noise and stripe-type non-uniformity commonly encountered in infrared quantum dot detector imag⁃es,a network architecture has been developed that incorporates multiple key modules.This network combines channel attention and spatial attention mechanisms,dynamically adjusting the importance of feature maps to en⁃hance the ability to distinguish between noise and details.Meanwhile,the residual dense feature fusion module further improves the network's ability to process complex image structures through hierarchical feature extraction and fusion.Furthermore,the pyramid pooling module effectively captures information at different scales,improv⁃ing the network's multi-scale feature representation ability.Through the collaborative effect of these modules,the network can better handle various mixed noise and image non-uniformity issues.Experimental results show that it outperforms the traditional U-Net network in denoising and image correction tasks.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (2020M3E5D9079764, RS-2024-00408736)(to KS)supported by Korea Drug Development Fund funded by Ministry of Science and ICT,Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy,and Ministry of Health and Welfare (RS-2024-00335752)(to KS)。
文摘The hippocampus is part of the brain limbic system and plays an important role in learning and memory.Moreover,its ability to form,consolidate,and retrieve different types of memories makes it a central component in the cognitive functions necessary for everyday life.Understanding the role of the hippocampus helps comprehend how memories are created,stored,and recalled and sheds light on the impact of hippocampal damage in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.
基金supported by Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Shanxi Province,No.20210302123486(to WJ).
文摘Epilepsy,a common neurological disorder,is characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to cognitive,psychological,and neurobiological consequences.The pathogenesis of epilepsy involves neuronal dysfunction at the molecular,cellular,and neural circuit levels.Abnormal molecular signaling pathways or dysfunction of specific cell types can lead to epilepsy by disrupting the normal functioning of neural circuits.The continuous emergence of new technologies and the rapid advancement of existing ones have facilitated the discovery and comprehensive understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms underlying epilepsy.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies,including electroencephalography,magnetic resonance imaging,optogenetics,chemogenetics,deep brain stimulation,and brain-computer interfaces.Additionally,this review discusses these mechanisms from three perspectives:structural,synaptic,and transmitter circuits.The findings reveal that the neural circuit mechanisms of epilepsy encompass information transmission among different structures,interactions within the same structure,and the maintenance of homeostasis at the cellular,synaptic,and neurotransmitter levels.These findings offer new insights for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy and enhancing its clinical diagnosis and treatment.
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence due largely to aging populations worldwide and improved medical care for the elderly.Currently approved drugs can reduce some of the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases but cannot cure them.Inflammation is involved in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases,and oxidative stress is implicated in neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline and age-related cognitive impairment.Polyphenols such as curcumin,quercetin,and resveratrol possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Nanoformulations of curcumin and quercetin can optimize their pharmacological effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Nanocarriers play a crucial role in delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier,thereby lowering the risk of peripheral side effects.Various nanoforms have been developed to induce bioavailability and solubility of curcumin and quercetin,including nanoparticles and nanoemulsions.The studies reviewed included 17 using curcumin nanoformulations and seven with quercetin nanoformulations and were tested in widely used animal models of Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,and multiple sclerosis.Many of the curcumin and quercetin nanoformulations brought about improvements in learning and memory in behavioral tests of Alzheimer’s disease models and were effective in reducing oxidative stress in the brain.Both nanocurcumin and nanoquercetin decreased the levels of inflammatory markers in the brain.Nanocurcumin formulations improved motor behavior,gait,and memory in Parkinson’s disease models and increased dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra.Furthermore,nanocurcumin improved locomotor activity,memory,and learning,and the number of dendrites of medium spiny neurons in Huntington’s disease models.Nanocurcumin formulations decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in a model of demyelination.Several important limitations were identified in the studies reviewed and these need to be considered in future studies.Also,clinical trials could be performed using the currently available nanoforms of curcumin and quercetin.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2021R1A6A1A10044950).
文摘The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is an important property that influences the heat transfer capabilities of nanofluids.Researchers rely on experimental investigations to explore nanofluid properties,as it is a necessary step before their practical application.As these investigations are time and resource-consuming undertakings,an effective prediction model can significantly improve the efficiency of research operations.In this work,an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model is developed to predict the thermal conductivity of metal oxide water-based nanofluid.For this,a comprehensive set of 691 data points was collected from the literature.This dataset is split into training(70%),validation(15%),and testing(15%)and used to train the ANN model.The developed model is a backpropagation artificial neural network with a 4–12–1 architecture.The performance of the developed model shows high accuracy with R values above 0.90 and rapid convergence.It shows that the developed ANN model accurately predicts the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
基金supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation,No.23-75-10041(to MY)。
文摘Optogenetics has revolutionized the field of neuroscience by enabling precise control of neural activity through light-sensitive proteins known as opsins.This review article discusses the fundamental principles of optogenetics,including the activation of both excitatory and inhibitory opsins,as well as the development of optogenetic models that utilize recombinant viral vectors.A considerable portion of the article addresses the limitations of optogenetic tools and explores strategies to overcome these challenges.These strategies include the use of adeno-associated viruses,cell-specific promoters,modified opsins,and methodologies such as bioluminescent optogenetics.The application of viral recombinant vectors,particularly adeno-associated viruses,is emerging as a promising avenue for clinical use in delivering opsins to target cells.This trend indicates the potential for creating tools that offer greater flexibility and accuracy in opsin delivery.The adaptations of these viral vectors provide advantages in optogenetic studies by allowing for the restricted expression of opsins through cell-specific promoters and various viral serotypes.The article also examines different cellular targets for optogenetics,including neurons,astrocytes,microglia,and Schwann cells.Utilizing specific promoters for opsin expression in these cells is essential for achieving precise and efficient stimulation.Research has demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of both neurons and glial cells-particularly the distinct phenotypes of microglia,astrocytes,and Schwann cells-can have therapeutic effects in neurological diseases.Glial cells are increasingly recognized as important targets for the treatment of these disorders.Furthermore,the article emphasizes the emerging field of bioluminescent optogenetics,which combines optogenetic principles with bioluminescent proteins to visualize and manipulate neural activity in real time.By integrating molecular genetics techniques with bioluminescence,researchers have developed methods to monitor neuronal activity efficiently and less invasively,enhancing our understanding of central nervous system function and the mechanisms of plasticity in neurological disorders beyond traditional neurobiological methods.Evidence has shown that optogenetic modulation can enhance motor axon regeneration,achieve complete sensory reinnervation,and accelerate the recovery of neuromuscular function.This approach also induces complex patterns of coordinated motor neuron activity and promotes neural reorganization.Optogenetic approaches hold immense potential for therapeutic interventions in the central nervous system.They enable precise control of neural circuits and may offer new treatments for neurological disorders,particularly spinal cord injuries,peripheral nerve injuries,and other neurodegenerative diseases.
基金support from the National Institutes of Technology(R21EB030257,R01EB028143,R01HL153857,R01HL166522,R01CA282451,R56EB034702)National Science Foundation(CBET-EBMS-1936105,CISE-IIS-2225698)+1 种基金Chan Zuckerberg Initiative(2022316712,2024-347836)the Brigham Research Institute.
文摘In this study,we present the development of a cryobioink designed to fabricate anisotropic scaffolds that support both neural and muscle cell-alignment.Given the critical role of cellular organization in nerve fibers and neuromuscular junctions,we employed a vertical cryobioprinting-enabled ice-templating technique to create scaffolds with aligned microchannels.These channels facilitated cell-alignment,which is important in modeling neural and neuromuscular tissues.By integrating hyaluronic acid-methacrylate(HAMA)with gelatin methacryloyl and the necessary cryoprotective agent melezitose,we showcased that the cryobioink could preserve cell viability during freezing/thawing processes,even at low temperatures employed during cryobioprinting.We optimized HAMA concentration to enhance neural cell viability and alignment,and successfully constructed anisotropic scaffolds featuring distinct sections that contained muscle and neural cells,establishing a model for neuromuscular junctions.The resulting models provide a versatile platform for studying nerve fibers and neuromuscular dysfunctions,offering potential advancements in neural regeneration research.
基金supported by NIH grants,Nos.R01NS125074,R01AG083164,R01NS107365,and R21NS127177(to YL),1F31NS129204-01A1(to KW)and Albert Ryan Fellowship(to KW).
文摘Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents.While it is known transforming growth factor-βsignaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis,its role in postnatal neurogenesis remains unclear.In this study,to define the precise role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in postnatal neurogenesis at distinct stages of the neurogenic cascade both in vitro and in vivo,we developed two novel inducible and cell type-specific mouse models to specifically silence transforming growth factor-βsignaling in neural stem cells in(mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9)or immature neuroblasts in(DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9).Our data showed that exogenous transforming growth factor-βtreatment led to inhibition of the proliferation of primary neural stem cells while stimulating their migration.These effects were abolished in activin-like kinase 5(ALK5)knockout primary neural stem cells.Consistent with this,inhibition of transforming growth factor-βsignaling with SB-431542 in wild-type neural stem cells stimulated proliferation while inhibited the migration of neural stem cells.Interestingly,deletion of transforming growth factor-βreceptor in neural stem cells in vivo inhibited the migration of postnatal born neurons in mGFAPcre-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice,while abolishment of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in immature neuroblasts in DCXcreERT2-ALK5fl/fl-Ai9 mice did not affect the migration of these cells in the hippocampus.In summary,our data supports a dual role of transforming growth factor-βsignaling in the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells in vitro.Moreover,our data provides novel insights on cell type-specific-dependent requirements of transforming growth factor-βsignaling on neural stem cell proliferation and migration in vivo.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61962023,61562029 and 62466019.
文摘This paper presents an adaptive multi-agent coordination(AMAC)strategy suitable for complex scenarios,which only requires information exchange between neighbouring robots.Unlike traditional multi-agent coordination methods that are solved by neural dynamics,the proposed strategy displays greater flexibility,adaptability and scalability.Furthermore,the proposed AMAC strategy is reconstructed as a time-varying complex-valued matrix equation.By introducing a dynamic error function,a fixed-time convergent zeroing neural network(FTCZNN)model is designed for the online solution of the AMAC strategy,with its convergence time upper bound derived theoretically.Finally,the effectiveness and applicability of the coordination control method are demonstrated by numerical simulations and physical experiments.Numerical results indicate that this method can reduce the formation error to the order of 10^(-6)within 1.8 s.
文摘Objective:To investigate the spatial gradient of intraoperative impedance across the cochlear electrode array in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and assess its potential as a physiological indicator for the electrode-neural interface.Methods:A prospective observational study involving 56 pediatric patients underwent cochlear implantation with Cochlear Nucleus devices.Intraoperative polarized impedance and electrically evoked compound action potential(ECAP)threshold were recorded across all 1232 electrodes using AutoNRT software.Eight electrodes with open-or short-circuit were excluded,leaving 1,224 for analysis.Impedance values were categorized by cochlear region(basal,middle,apical),and electrodes with elevated impedance(10-20 kΩ)were analyzed for regional distribution and clinical relevance.Data were analyzed for spatial patterns and correlation with the ECAP threshold profiles.Results:A consistent basal-to-apical increase in impedance was observed(7.7±1.9,9.2±1.4,10.8±1.5 kΩ;p<0.001).Impedance and ECAP threshold were weakly correlated(ρ=-0.20,p<0.001;β=-1.26,p<0.001),with a positive association in the apical region(ρ=0.12,p=0.048).Electrodes with higher impedance(1020 kΩ)were less likely to show elevated or absent TNRT(OR=0.175,p=0.02).The impedance gradient persisted across age groups and was significantly correlated with ECAP threshold patterns.Conclusion:Intraoperative impedance monitoring reveals a strong and physiologically consistent gradient,with higher values in apical electrodes.This gradient reflects anatomical and tissue interface variations,which may offer a valuable physiological indicator for intraoperative electrode positioning and neural interface integrity.
