The rise of time-sensitive applications with broad geographical scope drives the development of time-sensitive networking(TSN)from intra-domain to inter-domain to ensure overall end-to-end connectivity requirements in...The rise of time-sensitive applications with broad geographical scope drives the development of time-sensitive networking(TSN)from intra-domain to inter-domain to ensure overall end-to-end connectivity requirements in heterogeneous deployments.When multiple TSN networks interconnect over non-TSN networks,all devices in the network need to be syn-chronized by sharing a uniform time reference.How-ever,most non-TSN networks are best-effort.Path delay asymmetry and random noise accumulation can introduce unpredictable time errors during end-to-end time synchronization.These factors can degrade syn-chronization performance.Therefore,cross-domain time synchronization becomes a challenging issue for multiple TSN networks interconnected by non-TSN networks.This paper presents a cross-domain time synchronization scheme that follows the software-defined TSN(SD-TSN)paradigm.It utilizes a com-bined control plane constructed by a coordinate con-troller and a domain controller for centralized control and management of cross-domain time synchroniza-tion.The general operation flow of the cross-domain time synchronization process is designed.The mecha-nism of cross-domain time synchronization is revealed by introducing a synchronization model and an error compensation method.A TSN cross-domain proto-type testbed is constructed for verification.Results show that the scheme can achieve end-to-end high-precision time synchronization with accuracy and sta-bility.展开更多
Guided by molecular networking,nine novel curvularin derivatives(1-9)and 16 known analogs(10-25)were isolated from the hydrothermal vent sediment fungus Penicillium sp.HL-50.Notably,compounds 5-7 represented a hybrid ...Guided by molecular networking,nine novel curvularin derivatives(1-9)and 16 known analogs(10-25)were isolated from the hydrothermal vent sediment fungus Penicillium sp.HL-50.Notably,compounds 5-7 represented a hybrid of curvularin and purine.The structures and absolute configurations of compounds 1-9 were elucidated via nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations,^(13)C NMR calculation,modified Mosher's method,and chemical derivatization.Investigation of anti-inflammatory activities revealed that compounds 7-9,11,12,14,15,and 18 exhibited significant suppressive effects against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO)production in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells,with IC_(50)values ranging from 0.44 to 4.40μmol·L^(-1).Furthermore,these bioactive compounds were found to suppress the expression of inflammation-related proteins,including inducible NO synthase(i NOS),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3),and nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB).Additional studies demonstrated that the novel compound 7 possessed potent antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting the transcription of inflammation-related genes,downregulating the expression of inflammation-related proteins,and inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines,indicating its potential application in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.展开更多
The increased accessibility of social networking services(SNSs)has facilitated communication and information sharing among users.However,it has also heightened concerns about digital safety,particularly for children a...The increased accessibility of social networking services(SNSs)has facilitated communication and information sharing among users.However,it has also heightened concerns about digital safety,particularly for children and adolescents who are increasingly exposed to online grooming crimes.Early and accurate identification of grooming conversations is crucial in preventing long-term harm to victims.However,research on grooming detection in South Korea remains limited,as existing models trained primarily on English text and fail to reflect the unique linguistic features of SNS conversations,leading to inaccurate classifications.To address these issues,this study proposes a novel framework that integrates optical character recognition(OCR)technology with KcELECTRA,a deep learning-based natural language processing(NLP)model that shows excellent performance in processing the colloquial Korean language.In the proposed framework,the KcELECTRA model is fine-tuned by an extensive dataset,including Korean social media conversations,Korean ethical verification data from AI-Hub,and Korean hate speech data from Hug-gingFace,to enable more accurate classification of text extracted from social media conversation images.Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 0.953,outperforming existing transformer-based models.Furthermore,OCR technology shows high accuracy in extracting text from images,demonstrating that the proposed framework is effective for online grooming detection.The proposed framework is expected to contribute to the more accurate detection of grooming text and the prevention of grooming-related crimes.展开更多
(±)-Penicithrones A–D(1a/1b–4a/4b),four novel pairs of anthrone–cyclopentenone heterodimers characterized by a distinctive bridged 6/6/6−5 tetracyclic core skeleton,together with three previously identified co...(±)-Penicithrones A–D(1a/1b–4a/4b),four novel pairs of anthrone–cyclopentenone heterodimers characterized by a distinctive bridged 6/6/6−5 tetracyclic core skeleton,together with three previously identified compounds(5–7),were isolated from the crude extract of the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp.,guided by heteronuclear single quantum correlation(HSQC)-based small molecule accurate recognition technology(SMART 2.0)and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)-based molecular networking.The structural elucidation of new compounds was accomplished through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis,and their absolute configurations were determined using DP4+^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)calculations and electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations.Compounds 1a/1b–4a/4b demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines HeLa,HCT116 and MCF-7 with half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values ranging from 15.95±1.64 to 28.56±2.59μmol·L–1.展开更多
The sixth-generation(6G)networks will consist of multiple bands such as low-frequency,midfrequency,millimeter wave,terahertz and other bands to meet various business requirements and networking scenarios.The dynamic c...The sixth-generation(6G)networks will consist of multiple bands such as low-frequency,midfrequency,millimeter wave,terahertz and other bands to meet various business requirements and networking scenarios.The dynamic complementarity of multiple bands are crucial for enhancing the spectrum efficiency,reducing network energy consumption,and ensuring a consistent user experience.This paper investigates the present researches and challenges associated with deployment of multi-band integrated networks in existing infrastructures.Then,an evolutionary path for integrated networking is proposed with the consideration of maturity of emerging technologies and practical network deployment.The proposed design principles for 6G multi-band integrated networking aim to achieve on-demand networking objectives,while the architecture supports full spectrum access and collaboration between high and low frequencies.In addition,the potential key air interface technologies and intelligent technologies for integrated networking are comprehensively discussed.It will be a crucial basis for the subsequent standards promotion of 6G multi-band integrated networking technology.展开更多
Named data networking(NDNs)is an idealized deployment of information-centric networking(ICN)that has attracted attention from scientists and scholars worldwide.A distributed in-network caching scheme can efficiently r...Named data networking(NDNs)is an idealized deployment of information-centric networking(ICN)that has attracted attention from scientists and scholars worldwide.A distributed in-network caching scheme can efficiently realize load balancing.However,such a ubiquitous caching approach may cause problems including duplicate caching and low data diversity,thus reducing the caching efficiency of NDN routers.To mitigate these caching problems and improve the NDN caching efficiency,in this paper,a hierarchical-based sequential caching(HSC)scheme is proposed.In this scheme,the NDN routers in the data transmission path are divided into various levels and data with different request frequencies are cached in distinct router levels.The aim is to cache data with high request frequencies in the router that is closest to the content requester to increase the response probability of the nearby data,improve the data caching efficiency of named data networks,shorten the response time,and reduce cache redundancy.Simulation results show that this scheme can effectively improve the cache hit rate(CHR)and reduce the average request delay(ARD)and average route hop(ARH).展开更多
Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are common network attacks that primarily target Internet of Things(IoT)devices.They are critical for emerging wireless services,especially for applications with limited late...Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are common network attacks that primarily target Internet of Things(IoT)devices.They are critical for emerging wireless services,especially for applications with limited latency.DDoS attacks pose significant risks to entrepreneurial businesses,preventing legitimate customers from accessing their websites.These attacks require intelligent analytics before processing service requests.Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks exploit vulnerabilities in IoT devices by launchingmulti-point distributed attacks.These attacks generate massive traffic that overwhelms the victim’s network,disrupting normal operations.The consequences of distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are typically more severe in software-defined networks(SDNs)than in traditional networks.The centralised architecture of these networks can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities,as these weaknesses may not be effectively addressed in this model.The preliminary objective for detecting and mitigating distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks in software-defined networks(SDN)is to monitor traffic patterns and identify anomalies that indicate distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks.It implements measures to counter the effects ofDDoS attacks,and ensure network reliability and availability by leveraging the flexibility and programmability of SDN to adaptively respond to threats.The authors present a mechanism that leverages the OpenFlow and sFlow protocols to counter the threats posed by DDoS attacks.The results indicate that the proposed model effectively mitigates the negative effects of DDoS attacks in an SDN environment.展开更多
With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of hig...With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of high, medium, and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies. The objective is to develop a space-terrestrial integrated 6G network that ensures ubiquitous connectivity and seamless services, facilitating intelligent interconnection and collaborative symbiosis among humans, machines, and objects. This integration has become a central focus of global technological innovation.展开更多
With the continuous advancement of communication and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)technologies,the collaborative operations of diverse platforms,including UAVs and ground vehicles,have been significantly promoted.Howev...With the continuous advancement of communication and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)technologies,the collaborative operations of diverse platforms,including UAVs and ground vehicles,have been significantly promoted.However,battlefield uncertainties,such as equipment failures and enemy attacks,can impact these collaborative operations'stability and communication efficiency.To this end,we design a highly destruction-resistant air-ground cooperative resilient networking platform that aims to enhance the robustness of network communications by integrating ground vehicle information for UAV network deployment.It then incorporates the concept of virtual guiding force,enabling the UAV swarm to adaptively configure its network layout based on ground vehicle information,thereby improving network destruction resistance.Simulation results demonstrate that the UAV swarm involved in the proposed platform exhibits balanced flight energy consumption and excellent performance in network destruction resistance.展开更多
1.Introduction As a key development of the next-generation spatial information infrastructure,1the Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network(STIN)has become a strategic priority actively pursued by major spacefaring na...1.Introduction As a key development of the next-generation spatial information infrastructure,1the Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network(STIN)has become a strategic priority actively pursued by major spacefaring nations and regions,including the United States,Europe,China,and Russia.Specifically,Space X’s Starlink project has deployed over 6750 satellites,2while One Web has completed its initial phase of satellite constellation deployment with more than 600 satellites.展开更多
Under the guidance of the approach which integrates molecular networking,MolNetEnhancer and Net-work Annotation Propagation(NAP),daphnaltaicanoids A and B(1 and 2)with unprecedented 9-oxa-tetracyclo[6.6.1.0^(2,6).0^(8...Under the guidance of the approach which integrates molecular networking,MolNetEnhancer and Net-work Annotation Propagation(NAP),daphnaltaicanoids A and B(1 and 2)with unprecedented 9-oxa-tetracyclo[6.6.1.0^(2,6).0^(8,13)]pentadecane and tetracyclo[5.3.0.1^(2,5).2^(4,11)]tridecane central frameworks were iso-lated from Daphne altaica Pall.,representing two types of unparalleled meroterpenoid cores.Their struc-tures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)calcula-tions,DP4+analysis and electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations.The plausible biosynthetic path-ways for 1 and 2 were postulated.Biologically,2 exerted potent neuroprotective activities which were su-perior to trolox at 12.5 and 25μmol/L.Moreover,1 and 2 exhibited more noticeable acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities than donepezil.Molecular docking simulations were performed to explore the inter-molecular interaction of compounds 1 and 2 with acetylcholinesterase.The bioactivity evaluation results highlight the prospects of 1 and 2 as a novel category of neurological agents.展开更多
The healthcare sector holds valuable and sensitive data.The amount of this data and the need to handle,exchange,and protect it,has been increasing at a fast pace.Due to their nature,software-defined networks(SDNs)are ...The healthcare sector holds valuable and sensitive data.The amount of this data and the need to handle,exchange,and protect it,has been increasing at a fast pace.Due to their nature,software-defined networks(SDNs)are widely used in healthcare systems,as they ensure effective resource utilization,safety,great network management,and monitoring.In this sector,due to the value of thedata,SDNs faceamajor challengeposed byawide range of attacks,such as distributed denial of service(DDoS)and probe attacks.These attacks reduce network performance,causing the degradation of different key performance indicators(KPIs)or,in the worst cases,a network failure which can threaten human lives.This can be significant,especially with the current expansion of portable healthcare that supports mobile and wireless devices for what is called mobile health,or m-health.In this study,we examine the effectiveness of using SDNs for defense against DDoS,as well as their effects on different network KPIs under various scenarios.We propose a threshold-based DDoS classifier(TBDC)technique to classify DDoS attacks in healthcare SDNs,aiming to block traffic considered a hazard in the form of a DDoS attack.We then evaluate the accuracy and performance of the proposed TBDC approach.Our technique shows outstanding performance,increasing the mean throughput by 190.3%,reducing the mean delay by 95%,and reducing packet loss by 99.7%relative to normal,with DDoS attack traffic.展开更多
As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Informatio...As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Information-Centric Networking(ICN)came into being.From a technical point of view,ICN is a promising future network architecture.Researching and customizing a reasonable pricing mechanism plays a positive role in promoting the deployment of ICN.The current research on ICN pricing mechanism is focused on paid content.Therefore,we study an ICN pricing model for free content,which uses game theory based on Nash equilibrium to analysis.In this work,advertisers are considered,and an advertiser model is established to describe the economic interaction between advertisers and ICN entities.This solution can formulate the best pricing strategy for all ICN entities and maximize the benefits of each entity.Our extensive analysis and numerical results show that the proposed pricing framework is significantly better than existing solutions when it comes to free content.展开更多
Software Defined Networking(SDN)is programmable by separation of forwarding control through the centralization of the controller.The controller plays the role of the‘brain’that dictates the intelligent part of SDN t...Software Defined Networking(SDN)is programmable by separation of forwarding control through the centralization of the controller.The controller plays the role of the‘brain’that dictates the intelligent part of SDN technology.Various versions of SDN controllers exist as a response to the diverse demands and functions expected of them.There are several SDN controllers available in the open market besides a large number of commercial controllers;some are developed tomeet carrier-grade service levels and one of the recent trends in open-source SDN controllers is the Open Network Operating System(ONOS).This paper presents a comparative study between open source SDN controllers,which are known as Network Controller Platform(NOX),Python-based Network Controller(POX),component-based SDN framework(Ryu),Java-based OpenFlow controller(Floodlight),OpenDayLight(ODL)and ONOS.The discussion is further extended into ONOS architecture,as well as,the evolution of ONOS controllers.This article will review use cases based on ONOS controllers in several application deployments.Moreover,the opportunities and challenges of open source SDN controllers will be discussed,exploring carriergrade ONOS for future real-world deployments,ONOS unique features and identifying the suitable choice of SDN controller for service providers.In addition,we attempt to provide answers to several critical questions relating to the implications of the open-source nature of SDN controllers regarding vendor lock-in,interoperability,and standards compliance,Similarly,real-world use cases of organizations using open-source SDN are highlighted and how the open-source community contributes to the development of SDN controllers.Furthermore,challenges faced by open-source projects,and considerations when choosing an open-source SDN controller are underscored.Then the role of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)in the evolution of open-source SDN controllers in light of recent research is indicated.In addition,the challenges and limitations associated with deploying open-source SDN controllers in production networks,how can they be mitigated,and finally how opensource SDN controllers handle network security and ensure that network configurations and policies are robust and resilient are presented.Potential opportunities and challenges for future Open SDN deployment are outlined to conclude the article.展开更多
Software-Defined Networking(SDN),with segregated data and control planes,provides faster data routing,stability,and enhanced quality metrics,such as throughput(Th),maximum available bandwidth(Bd(max)),data transfer(DT...Software-Defined Networking(SDN),with segregated data and control planes,provides faster data routing,stability,and enhanced quality metrics,such as throughput(Th),maximum available bandwidth(Bd(max)),data transfer(DTransfer),and reduction in end-to-end delay(D(E-E)).This paper explores the critical work of deploying SDN in large-scale Data Center Networks(DCNs)to enhance its Quality of Service(QoS)parameters,using logically distributed control configurations.There is a noticeable increase in Delay(E-E)when adopting SDN with a unified(single)control structure in big DCNs to handle Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)requests causing a reduction in network quality parameters(Bd(max),Th,DTransfer,D(E-E),etc.).This article examines the network performance in terms of quality matrices(bandwidth,throughput,data transfer,etc.),by establishing a large-scale SDN-based virtual network in the Mininet environment.The SDN network is simulated in three stages:(1)An SDN network with unitary controller-POX to manage the data traffic flow of the network without the server load management algorithm.(2)An SDN network with only one controller to manage the data traffic flow of the network with a server load management algorithm.(3)Deployment of SDN in proposed control arrangement(logically distributed controlled framework)with multiple controllers managing data traffic flow under the proposed Intelligent Sensing Server Load Management(ISSLM)algorithm.As a result of this approach,the network quality parameters in large-scale networks are enhanced.展开更多
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)make it easy to transfer information between vehicles,and this feature is utilized to enable collaborative decision-making between vehicles to enhance the safety,economy,and entertainm...Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)make it easy to transfer information between vehicles,and this feature is utilized to enable collaborative decision-making between vehicles to enhance the safety,economy,and entertainment of vehicle operation.The high mobility of vehicles leads to a time-varying topology between vehicles,which makes inter-vehicle information transfer challenging in terms of delay control and ensuring the stability of collaborative decision-making among vehicles.The clustering algorithm is a method aimed at improving the efficiency of VANET communication.Currently,most of the research based on this method focuses on maintaining the stability of vehicle clustering,and few methods focus on the information interaction and collaborative decisionmaking of vehicles in the region.In this context,this paper proposes a networking method for intra-regional vehicle information interaction,through an efficient information transmission mechanism,vehicles can quickly obtain the required information and make more accurate decisions.Firstly,this networking method utilizes DBSCAN and the proposed vehicle scoring model to form clusters,ensuring the stability and adaptability of clusters;secondly,in the process of interacting with the information,the cosine similarity is utilized to check the similarity of the information to eliminate the highly similar information,effectively reducing redundant information;and lastly,in the case of a consensus reached by the cluster,the frequency of broadcasting of information between vehicles is reduced as a way to minimize the waste of communication resources.The proposed method is simulated based on Python and Sumo platforms,and several metrics such as cluster clustering situation,information volume,and state change rate are analyzed.The results show that the method maintains better cluster stability with a 60%and 92%reduction in information overhead compared to the FVC and HCAR algorithms,respectively.展开更多
The demands on conventional communication networks are increasing rapidly because of the exponential expansion of connected multimedia content.In light of the data-centric aspect of contemporary communication,the info...The demands on conventional communication networks are increasing rapidly because of the exponential expansion of connected multimedia content.In light of the data-centric aspect of contemporary communication,the information-centric network(ICN)paradigm offers hope for a solution by emphasizing content retrieval by name instead of location.If 5G networks are to meet the expected data demand surge from expanded connectivity and Internet of Things(IoT)devices,then effective caching solutions will be required tomaximize network throughput andminimize the use of resources.Hence,an ICN-based Cooperative Caching(ICN-CoC)technique has been used to select a cache by considering cache position,content attractiveness,and rate prediction.The findings show that utilizing our suggested approach improves caching regarding the Cache Hit Ratio(CHR)of 84.3%,Average Hop Minimization Ratio(AHMR)of 89.5%,and Mean Access Latency(MAL)of 0.4 s.Within a framework,it suggests improved caching strategies to handle the difficulty of effectively controlling data consumption in 5G networks.These improvements aim to make the network run more smoothly by enhancing content delivery,decreasing latency,and relieving congestion.By improving 5G communication systems’capacity tomanage the demands faced by modern data-centric applications,the research ultimately aids in advancement.展开更多
This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural la...This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural launch in 2002,China has achieved substantial advancements in ocean satellite technology,forming an observation system composed of the HY-1,HY-2,and HY-3 series satellites.These satellites are integral to global ocean environmental monitoring due to their high resolution,extensive coverage,and frequent observations.Looking forward,China aims to further enhance and expand its ocean satellite capabilities through ongoing projects to support global environmental protection and sustainable development.展开更多
Software-Defined Networking(SDN)improves network management by separating its control logic from the underlying hardware and integrating it into a logically centralized control unit,termed the SDN controller.SDN adapt...Software-Defined Networking(SDN)improves network management by separating its control logic from the underlying hardware and integrating it into a logically centralized control unit,termed the SDN controller.SDN adaptation is essential for wireless networks because it offers enhanced and data-intensive services.The initial intent of the SDN design was to have a physically centralized controller.However,network experts have suggested logically centralized and physically distributed designs for SDN controllers,owing to issues such as a single point of failure and scalability.This study addressed the security,scalability,reliability,and consistency issues associated with the design of distributed SDN controllers.Moreover,the security issues of an enterprise related to multiple physically distributed controllers in a software-defined wireless local area network(SD-WLAN)were emphasized,and optimal solutions were suggested.展开更多
Background:Risk substances in cosmetics have long been associated with adverse reactions.However,as risk substances become more concealed and diversified,conventional targeted analysis methods are no longer sufficient...Background:Risk substances in cosmetics have long been associated with adverse reactions.However,as risk substances become more concealed and diversified,conventional targeted analysis methods are no longer sufficient to meet regulatory requirements.Objective:To construct a rapid and effective non-targeted screening method for the identification of risk substances,and to provide a high-throughput method for toxicity assessment.Methods:Molecular networking was utilized for the non-targeted screening of risk substances in facial skincare products,and the toxicity of these risk substances was evaluated through molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR)models.Results:Through molecular networking,we identified seven known prohibited ingredients,six of which were confirmed using standard substances.In addition,17 potential risk substances were discovered within molecular clusters containing prohibited ingredients,including antibiotics,antihistamines,and phthalates,etc.Notably,chloramphenicol base and N-desmethyl chlorpheniramine exhibited stronger binding affinity to keratin 5/14 than chloramphenicol and chlorpheniramine through molecular docking,respectively.Additionally,toxicity prediction results indicated that the carcinogenicity of antibiotics presented gender differences in mice and rats,and two chlorpheniramine derivatives also showed carcinogenicity in mice.Moreover,of the 24 compounds,11 showed skin sensitization,while 14 caused skin irritation.Furthermore,half of these compounds demonstrated potential developmental toxicity,and only 4-nitrobenzenethiol was found to be mutagenic.Conclusion:In this study,we developed a visualization strategy for non-targeted screening of risk substances and a high-throughput method for initial toxicity assessment of risk substances.展开更多
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3803700)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92067102)in part by the project of Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks.
文摘The rise of time-sensitive applications with broad geographical scope drives the development of time-sensitive networking(TSN)from intra-domain to inter-domain to ensure overall end-to-end connectivity requirements in heterogeneous deployments.When multiple TSN networks interconnect over non-TSN networks,all devices in the network need to be syn-chronized by sharing a uniform time reference.How-ever,most non-TSN networks are best-effort.Path delay asymmetry and random noise accumulation can introduce unpredictable time errors during end-to-end time synchronization.These factors can degrade syn-chronization performance.Therefore,cross-domain time synchronization becomes a challenging issue for multiple TSN networks interconnected by non-TSN networks.This paper presents a cross-domain time synchronization scheme that follows the software-defined TSN(SD-TSN)paradigm.It utilizes a com-bined control plane constructed by a coordinate con-troller and a domain controller for centralized control and management of cross-domain time synchroniza-tion.The general operation flow of the cross-domain time synchronization process is designed.The mecha-nism of cross-domain time synchronization is revealed by introducing a synchronization model and an error compensation method.A TSN cross-domain proto-type testbed is constructed for verification.Results show that the scheme can achieve end-to-end high-precision time synchronization with accuracy and sta-bility.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2804101)the Guangdong Provincial Key R&D Program(No.2023B1111050011)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515010432)the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.202201010305)the High-Level Talents Special Program of Zhejiang(No.2022R52036)。
文摘Guided by molecular networking,nine novel curvularin derivatives(1-9)and 16 known analogs(10-25)were isolated from the hydrothermal vent sediment fungus Penicillium sp.HL-50.Notably,compounds 5-7 represented a hybrid of curvularin and purine.The structures and absolute configurations of compounds 1-9 were elucidated via nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations,^(13)C NMR calculation,modified Mosher's method,and chemical derivatization.Investigation of anti-inflammatory activities revealed that compounds 7-9,11,12,14,15,and 18 exhibited significant suppressive effects against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO)production in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells,with IC_(50)values ranging from 0.44 to 4.40μmol·L^(-1).Furthermore,these bioactive compounds were found to suppress the expression of inflammation-related proteins,including inducible NO synthase(i NOS),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3),and nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB).Additional studies demonstrated that the novel compound 7 possessed potent antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting the transcription of inflammation-related genes,downregulating the expression of inflammation-related proteins,and inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines,indicating its potential application in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)grant funded by the Korean government(Ministry of Science and ICT)(IITP-2025-RS-2024-00438056).
文摘The increased accessibility of social networking services(SNSs)has facilitated communication and information sharing among users.However,it has also heightened concerns about digital safety,particularly for children and adolescents who are increasingly exposed to online grooming crimes.Early and accurate identification of grooming conversations is crucial in preventing long-term harm to victims.However,research on grooming detection in South Korea remains limited,as existing models trained primarily on English text and fail to reflect the unique linguistic features of SNS conversations,leading to inaccurate classifications.To address these issues,this study proposes a novel framework that integrates optical character recognition(OCR)technology with KcELECTRA,a deep learning-based natural language processing(NLP)model that shows excellent performance in processing the colloquial Korean language.In the proposed framework,the KcELECTRA model is fine-tuned by an extensive dataset,including Korean social media conversations,Korean ethical verification data from AI-Hub,and Korean hate speech data from Hug-gingFace,to enable more accurate classification of text extracted from social media conversation images.Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 0.953,outperforming existing transformer-based models.Furthermore,OCR technology shows high accuracy in extracting text from images,demonstrating that the proposed framework is effective for online grooming detection.The proposed framework is expected to contribute to the more accurate detection of grooming text and the prevention of grooming-related crimes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2303100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32022002 and 21977113).
文摘(±)-Penicithrones A–D(1a/1b–4a/4b),four novel pairs of anthrone–cyclopentenone heterodimers characterized by a distinctive bridged 6/6/6−5 tetracyclic core skeleton,together with three previously identified compounds(5–7),were isolated from the crude extract of the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp.,guided by heteronuclear single quantum correlation(HSQC)-based small molecule accurate recognition technology(SMART 2.0)and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)-based molecular networking.The structural elucidation of new compounds was accomplished through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis,and their absolute configurations were determined using DP4+^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)calculations and electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations.Compounds 1a/1b–4a/4b demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines HeLa,HCT116 and MCF-7 with half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values ranging from 15.95±1.64 to 28.56±2.59μmol·L–1.
基金supported by China’s National Key R&D Program(Project Number:2022YFB2902100)。
文摘The sixth-generation(6G)networks will consist of multiple bands such as low-frequency,midfrequency,millimeter wave,terahertz and other bands to meet various business requirements and networking scenarios.The dynamic complementarity of multiple bands are crucial for enhancing the spectrum efficiency,reducing network energy consumption,and ensuring a consistent user experience.This paper investigates the present researches and challenges associated with deployment of multi-band integrated networks in existing infrastructures.Then,an evolutionary path for integrated networking is proposed with the consideration of maturity of emerging technologies and practical network deployment.The proposed design principles for 6G multi-band integrated networking aim to achieve on-demand networking objectives,while the architecture supports full spectrum access and collaboration between high and low frequencies.In addition,the potential key air interface technologies and intelligent technologies for integrated networking are comprehensively discussed.It will be a crucial basis for the subsequent standards promotion of 6G multi-band integrated networking technology.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61972424 and 62372479in part by the High Value Intellectual Property Cultivation Project of Hubei Province,China,under grant D2021002094+1 种基金in part by JSPS KAKENHI under Grants JP16K00117 and JP19K20250in part by the Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers(LEADER),MEXT,Japan,and KDDI Foundation.
文摘Named data networking(NDNs)is an idealized deployment of information-centric networking(ICN)that has attracted attention from scientists and scholars worldwide.A distributed in-network caching scheme can efficiently realize load balancing.However,such a ubiquitous caching approach may cause problems including duplicate caching and low data diversity,thus reducing the caching efficiency of NDN routers.To mitigate these caching problems and improve the NDN caching efficiency,in this paper,a hierarchical-based sequential caching(HSC)scheme is proposed.In this scheme,the NDN routers in the data transmission path are divided into various levels and data with different request frequencies are cached in distinct router levels.The aim is to cache data with high request frequencies in the router that is closest to the content requester to increase the response probability of the nearby data,improve the data caching efficiency of named data networks,shorten the response time,and reduce cache redundancy.Simulation results show that this scheme can effectively improve the cache hit rate(CHR)and reduce the average request delay(ARD)and average route hop(ARH).
基金supported by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support(QU-APC-2025).
文摘Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are common network attacks that primarily target Internet of Things(IoT)devices.They are critical for emerging wireless services,especially for applications with limited latency.DDoS attacks pose significant risks to entrepreneurial businesses,preventing legitimate customers from accessing their websites.These attacks require intelligent analytics before processing service requests.Distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks exploit vulnerabilities in IoT devices by launchingmulti-point distributed attacks.These attacks generate massive traffic that overwhelms the victim’s network,disrupting normal operations.The consequences of distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks are typically more severe in software-defined networks(SDNs)than in traditional networks.The centralised architecture of these networks can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities,as these weaknesses may not be effectively addressed in this model.The preliminary objective for detecting and mitigating distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks in software-defined networks(SDN)is to monitor traffic patterns and identify anomalies that indicate distributed denial of service(DDoS)attacks.It implements measures to counter the effects ofDDoS attacks,and ensure network reliability and availability by leveraging the flexibility and programmability of SDN to adaptively respond to threats.The authors present a mechanism that leverages the OpenFlow and sFlow protocols to counter the threats posed by DDoS attacks.The results indicate that the proposed model effectively mitigates the negative effects of DDoS attacks in an SDN environment.
文摘With the large-scale deployment of satellite constellations such as Starlink and the rapid advancement of technologies including artificial intelligence (AI) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), the integration of high, medium, and low Earth orbit satellite networks with terrestrial networks has become a critical direction for future communication technologies. The objective is to develop a space-terrestrial integrated 6G network that ensures ubiquitous connectivity and seamless services, facilitating intelligent interconnection and collaborative symbiosis among humans, machines, and objects. This integration has become a central focus of global technological innovation.
基金supported by the Researchers Supporting Project of King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,under Project RSPD2025R681。
文摘With the continuous advancement of communication and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)technologies,the collaborative operations of diverse platforms,including UAVs and ground vehicles,have been significantly promoted.However,battlefield uncertainties,such as equipment failures and enemy attacks,can impact these collaborative operations'stability and communication efficiency.To this end,we design a highly destruction-resistant air-ground cooperative resilient networking platform that aims to enhance the robustness of network communications by integrating ground vehicle information for UAV network deployment.It then incorporates the concept of virtual guiding force,enabling the UAV swarm to adaptively configure its network layout based on ground vehicle information,thereby improving network destruction resistance.Simulation results demonstrate that the UAV swarm involved in the proposed platform exhibits balanced flight energy consumption and excellent performance in network destruction resistance.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62225103,U2441227,U24A20211)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.FRF-TP-22-002C2)。
文摘1.Introduction As a key development of the next-generation spatial information infrastructure,1the Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network(STIN)has become a strategic priority actively pursued by major spacefaring nations and regions,including the United States,Europe,China,and Russia.Specifically,Space X’s Starlink project has deployed over 6750 satellites,2while One Web has completed its initial phase of satellite constellation deployment with more than 600 satellites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82073736,81872766)Science and Technology Planning Project of Liaoning Province(No.2021JH1/10400049)Liaoning revitalization talents program(Nos.XLYC2002066,XLYC2007180).
文摘Under the guidance of the approach which integrates molecular networking,MolNetEnhancer and Net-work Annotation Propagation(NAP),daphnaltaicanoids A and B(1 and 2)with unprecedented 9-oxa-tetracyclo[6.6.1.0^(2,6).0^(8,13)]pentadecane and tetracyclo[5.3.0.1^(2,5).2^(4,11)]tridecane central frameworks were iso-lated from Daphne altaica Pall.,representing two types of unparalleled meroterpenoid cores.Their struc-tures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)calcula-tions,DP4+analysis and electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations.The plausible biosynthetic path-ways for 1 and 2 were postulated.Biologically,2 exerted potent neuroprotective activities which were su-perior to trolox at 12.5 and 25μmol/L.Moreover,1 and 2 exhibited more noticeable acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities than donepezil.Molecular docking simulations were performed to explore the inter-molecular interaction of compounds 1 and 2 with acetylcholinesterase.The bioactivity evaluation results highlight the prospects of 1 and 2 as a novel category of neurological agents.
基金extend their appreciation to Researcher Supporting Project Number(RSPD2023R582)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The healthcare sector holds valuable and sensitive data.The amount of this data and the need to handle,exchange,and protect it,has been increasing at a fast pace.Due to their nature,software-defined networks(SDNs)are widely used in healthcare systems,as they ensure effective resource utilization,safety,great network management,and monitoring.In this sector,due to the value of thedata,SDNs faceamajor challengeposed byawide range of attacks,such as distributed denial of service(DDoS)and probe attacks.These attacks reduce network performance,causing the degradation of different key performance indicators(KPIs)or,in the worst cases,a network failure which can threaten human lives.This can be significant,especially with the current expansion of portable healthcare that supports mobile and wireless devices for what is called mobile health,or m-health.In this study,we examine the effectiveness of using SDNs for defense against DDoS,as well as their effects on different network KPIs under various scenarios.We propose a threshold-based DDoS classifier(TBDC)technique to classify DDoS attacks in healthcare SDNs,aiming to block traffic considered a hazard in the form of a DDoS attack.We then evaluate the accuracy and performance of the proposed TBDC approach.Our technique shows outstanding performance,increasing the mean throughput by 190.3%,reducing the mean delay by 95%,and reducing packet loss by 99.7%relative to normal,with DDoS attack traffic.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Anhui Province in 2020 under Grant No.202004a05020078China Environment for Network Innovations(CENI)under Grant No.2016-000052-73-01-000515.
文摘As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Information-Centric Networking(ICN)came into being.From a technical point of view,ICN is a promising future network architecture.Researching and customizing a reasonable pricing mechanism plays a positive role in promoting the deployment of ICN.The current research on ICN pricing mechanism is focused on paid content.Therefore,we study an ICN pricing model for free content,which uses game theory based on Nash equilibrium to analysis.In this work,advertisers are considered,and an advertiser model is established to describe the economic interaction between advertisers and ICN entities.This solution can formulate the best pricing strategy for all ICN entities and maximize the benefits of each entity.Our extensive analysis and numerical results show that the proposed pricing framework is significantly better than existing solutions when it comes to free content.
基金supported by UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia,under Dana Impak Perdana 2.0.(Ref:DIP–2022–020).
文摘Software Defined Networking(SDN)is programmable by separation of forwarding control through the centralization of the controller.The controller plays the role of the‘brain’that dictates the intelligent part of SDN technology.Various versions of SDN controllers exist as a response to the diverse demands and functions expected of them.There are several SDN controllers available in the open market besides a large number of commercial controllers;some are developed tomeet carrier-grade service levels and one of the recent trends in open-source SDN controllers is the Open Network Operating System(ONOS).This paper presents a comparative study between open source SDN controllers,which are known as Network Controller Platform(NOX),Python-based Network Controller(POX),component-based SDN framework(Ryu),Java-based OpenFlow controller(Floodlight),OpenDayLight(ODL)and ONOS.The discussion is further extended into ONOS architecture,as well as,the evolution of ONOS controllers.This article will review use cases based on ONOS controllers in several application deployments.Moreover,the opportunities and challenges of open source SDN controllers will be discussed,exploring carriergrade ONOS for future real-world deployments,ONOS unique features and identifying the suitable choice of SDN controller for service providers.In addition,we attempt to provide answers to several critical questions relating to the implications of the open-source nature of SDN controllers regarding vendor lock-in,interoperability,and standards compliance,Similarly,real-world use cases of organizations using open-source SDN are highlighted and how the open-source community contributes to the development of SDN controllers.Furthermore,challenges faced by open-source projects,and considerations when choosing an open-source SDN controller are underscored.Then the role of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)in the evolution of open-source SDN controllers in light of recent research is indicated.In addition,the challenges and limitations associated with deploying open-source SDN controllers in production networks,how can they be mitigated,and finally how opensource SDN controllers handle network security and ensure that network configurations and policies are robust and resilient are presented.Potential opportunities and challenges for future Open SDN deployment are outlined to conclude the article.
文摘Software-Defined Networking(SDN),with segregated data and control planes,provides faster data routing,stability,and enhanced quality metrics,such as throughput(Th),maximum available bandwidth(Bd(max)),data transfer(DTransfer),and reduction in end-to-end delay(D(E-E)).This paper explores the critical work of deploying SDN in large-scale Data Center Networks(DCNs)to enhance its Quality of Service(QoS)parameters,using logically distributed control configurations.There is a noticeable increase in Delay(E-E)when adopting SDN with a unified(single)control structure in big DCNs to handle Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)requests causing a reduction in network quality parameters(Bd(max),Th,DTransfer,D(E-E),etc.).This article examines the network performance in terms of quality matrices(bandwidth,throughput,data transfer,etc.),by establishing a large-scale SDN-based virtual network in the Mininet environment.The SDN network is simulated in three stages:(1)An SDN network with unitary controller-POX to manage the data traffic flow of the network without the server load management algorithm.(2)An SDN network with only one controller to manage the data traffic flow of the network with a server load management algorithm.(3)Deployment of SDN in proposed control arrangement(logically distributed controlled framework)with multiple controllers managing data traffic flow under the proposed Intelligent Sensing Server Load Management(ISSLM)algorithm.As a result of this approach,the network quality parameters in large-scale networks are enhanced.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.52267003.
文摘Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)make it easy to transfer information between vehicles,and this feature is utilized to enable collaborative decision-making between vehicles to enhance the safety,economy,and entertainment of vehicle operation.The high mobility of vehicles leads to a time-varying topology between vehicles,which makes inter-vehicle information transfer challenging in terms of delay control and ensuring the stability of collaborative decision-making among vehicles.The clustering algorithm is a method aimed at improving the efficiency of VANET communication.Currently,most of the research based on this method focuses on maintaining the stability of vehicle clustering,and few methods focus on the information interaction and collaborative decisionmaking of vehicles in the region.In this context,this paper proposes a networking method for intra-regional vehicle information interaction,through an efficient information transmission mechanism,vehicles can quickly obtain the required information and make more accurate decisions.Firstly,this networking method utilizes DBSCAN and the proposed vehicle scoring model to form clusters,ensuring the stability and adaptability of clusters;secondly,in the process of interacting with the information,the cosine similarity is utilized to check the similarity of the information to eliminate the highly similar information,effectively reducing redundant information;and lastly,in the case of a consensus reached by the cluster,the frequency of broadcasting of information between vehicles is reduced as a way to minimize the waste of communication resources.The proposed method is simulated based on Python and Sumo platforms,and several metrics such as cluster clustering situation,information volume,and state change rate are analyzed.The results show that the method maintains better cluster stability with a 60%and 92%reduction in information overhead compared to the FVC and HCAR algorithms,respectively.
基金New Brunswick Innovation Foundation(NBIF)for the financial support of the global project.
文摘The demands on conventional communication networks are increasing rapidly because of the exponential expansion of connected multimedia content.In light of the data-centric aspect of contemporary communication,the information-centric network(ICN)paradigm offers hope for a solution by emphasizing content retrieval by name instead of location.If 5G networks are to meet the expected data demand surge from expanded connectivity and Internet of Things(IoT)devices,then effective caching solutions will be required tomaximize network throughput andminimize the use of resources.Hence,an ICN-based Cooperative Caching(ICN-CoC)technique has been used to select a cache by considering cache position,content attractiveness,and rate prediction.The findings show that utilizing our suggested approach improves caching regarding the Cache Hit Ratio(CHR)of 84.3%,Average Hop Minimization Ratio(AHMR)of 89.5%,and Mean Access Latency(MAL)of 0.4 s.Within a framework,it suggests improved caching strategies to handle the difficulty of effectively controlling data consumption in 5G networks.These improvements aim to make the network run more smoothly by enhancing content delivery,decreasing latency,and relieving congestion.By improving 5G communication systems’capacity tomanage the demands faced by modern data-centric applications,the research ultimately aids in advancement.
基金Supported by Remote Sensing Support for Offshore Ocean Environment and Polar Sea Ice Early Warning Services(102121201550000009004)。
文摘This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural launch in 2002,China has achieved substantial advancements in ocean satellite technology,forming an observation system composed of the HY-1,HY-2,and HY-3 series satellites.These satellites are integral to global ocean environmental monitoring due to their high resolution,extensive coverage,and frequent observations.Looking forward,China aims to further enhance and expand its ocean satellite capabilities through ongoing projects to support global environmental protection and sustainable development.
文摘Software-Defined Networking(SDN)improves network management by separating its control logic from the underlying hardware and integrating it into a logically centralized control unit,termed the SDN controller.SDN adaptation is essential for wireless networks because it offers enhanced and data-intensive services.The initial intent of the SDN design was to have a physically centralized controller.However,network experts have suggested logically centralized and physically distributed designs for SDN controllers,owing to issues such as a single point of failure and scalability.This study addressed the security,scalability,reliability,and consistency issues associated with the design of distributed SDN controllers.Moreover,the security issues of an enterprise related to multiple physically distributed controllers in a software-defined wireless local area network(SD-WLAN)were emphasized,and optimal solutions were suggested.
基金supported by the Scientific and technological innovation project of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration(ZA20230069,2024ZDZ04)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangdong Provincial(2023A1111120025).
文摘Background:Risk substances in cosmetics have long been associated with adverse reactions.However,as risk substances become more concealed and diversified,conventional targeted analysis methods are no longer sufficient to meet regulatory requirements.Objective:To construct a rapid and effective non-targeted screening method for the identification of risk substances,and to provide a high-throughput method for toxicity assessment.Methods:Molecular networking was utilized for the non-targeted screening of risk substances in facial skincare products,and the toxicity of these risk substances was evaluated through molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR)models.Results:Through molecular networking,we identified seven known prohibited ingredients,six of which were confirmed using standard substances.In addition,17 potential risk substances were discovered within molecular clusters containing prohibited ingredients,including antibiotics,antihistamines,and phthalates,etc.Notably,chloramphenicol base and N-desmethyl chlorpheniramine exhibited stronger binding affinity to keratin 5/14 than chloramphenicol and chlorpheniramine through molecular docking,respectively.Additionally,toxicity prediction results indicated that the carcinogenicity of antibiotics presented gender differences in mice and rats,and two chlorpheniramine derivatives also showed carcinogenicity in mice.Moreover,of the 24 compounds,11 showed skin sensitization,while 14 caused skin irritation.Furthermore,half of these compounds demonstrated potential developmental toxicity,and only 4-nitrobenzenethiol was found to be mutagenic.Conclusion:In this study,we developed a visualization strategy for non-targeted screening of risk substances and a high-throughput method for initial toxicity assessment of risk substances.
