Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 s...Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.展开更多
Seasonal cycles are essential components of weather and climatic systems. This study utilized observational data from a meteorological station on an island in the South China Sea from 1961 to 2020, along with ERA5 rea...Seasonal cycles are essential components of weather and climatic systems. This study utilized observational data from a meteorological station on an island in the South China Sea from 1961 to 2020, along with ERA5 reanalysis data, to explore the variations in seasonal cycles and thermal comfort characteristics on the island. The observational data revealed that the onset of summer on the island occurred earlier each year, whereas the onset of autumn was gradually delayed,leading to an increase in the duration of summer. Urbanization had played an important role in elevating local temperatures and extending the duration of summer. The thermal comfort index exhibited a clear upward trend annually, reflecting a shift towards warmer and less comfortable conditions due to urbanization. From 1961 to 2020, the annual average thermal comfort index indicated that 36 years(60%) were characterized by hot discomfort, and 24 years(40%) were within the comfortable range. The number of comfortable days per year on the island exhibited a declining trend. Urbanization markedly influenced the thermal comfort levels on the island, contributing to an annual increase in the number of hot discomfort days. However, the reanalysis data did not reflect the actual observed changes in the comfort characteristics on the island.展开更多
Great Lakes Regions(GLRs)in China often confront landscape fragmentation,wetland degradation,and ecological resilience(ER)losses owing to extensive and intensive urbanization.In GLRs,however,the ER responses to urbani...Great Lakes Regions(GLRs)in China often confront landscape fragmentation,wetland degradation,and ecological resilience(ER)losses owing to extensive and intensive urbanization.In GLRs,however,the ER responses to urbanization remain unclear.This study explored the spatiotemporal evolution of ER and urbanization in five GLRs in China to analyze the ER dynamic patterns along center−lakeside−periphery gradient.The Spatial Durbin Model(SDM)and Panel Threshold Model(PTM)were combined to reveal the spillover and threshold effects of urbanization in five GLRs.The results indicate that the ER in five GLRs declined with a rate of 21%from 2000 to 2020.There was a clear“center-periphery”contraction trend with low ER areas primarily spreading to human activity-concentrated regions such as lakesides,riversides,and road networks.Driven by economic and land urbanization,the average urbanization level increased from 0.06 to 0.13,where lakesides,riversides,and road networks were key areas undergoing expansion.The urbanization showed a noticeable negative spatial spillover effect on ER.Away from central lakes,the negative impacts on ER exhibited a two-phase decrease with the threshold of 81 km.This study contributes to the understanding of human-environment interactions by examining the ecological resilience response process of GLRs under the impact of urbanization.Based on a multidimensional“center−lakeside−periphery”analytical model,this study provides a strategic framework for ecological construction in GLRs in China,promoting sustainable development and adaptive capacity in vulnerable areas.展开更多
The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to inv...The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.展开更多
Enhancing urban ecological resilience(UER)is a new concept for modern tourism-oriented cities to cope with environmental crises.Revealing the impact of the urbanization on UER is critical to the sustainability of urba...Enhancing urban ecological resilience(UER)is a new concept for modern tourism-oriented cities to cope with environmental crises.Revealing the impact of the urbanization on UER is critical to the sustainability of urban ecosystems.Taking Zhangjiajie,a typical tourism-oriented city,as an example,urbanization level(UL)and UER evaluation system were constructed,and the change trend was analyzed.The Granger Causality Test model was used to discuss the relationship between UL and UER.The results showed that:(1)the urbanization rate of Zhangjiajie significantly increased by 0.531 from 2011 to 2020.Cili county has the highest UL,and Wulingyuan district including a large number of scenic spots has the fastest development trend.(2)The ecological restoration was more sensitive in the face of rising pressure,and showed a synchronized change trend with pressure.The high pressure in 2016 had the most significant impact on resistance.This effect continued into 2019,with an average decline in resistance of 0.802.(3)The UL has significantly promoted the improvement of urban ecological restoration.Specially,tourism urbanization was the most significant in scenic spots,while economic and social urbanization played a major role in other regions for the improvement of ecological restoration.展开更多
Dryland regions face complex interactions between urbanization and ecological changes,where effective coordination is essential for enhancing sustainability and resilience.However,most studies concentrate on the natio...Dryland regions face complex interactions between urbanization and ecological changes,where effective coordination is essential for enhancing sustainability and resilience.However,most studies concentrate on the national or provincial scales,with insufficient research on county-level coordination,limiting the ability to provide targeted polifrom a precise perspective.This study addresses this gap by analyzing 39 counties within the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin Urban Agglomeration(HBOYUA),a typical dryland urban cluster in China.We use daytime and nighttime remote sensing images to track the spatio-temporal evolution of urbanization and ecological conditions from 1992 to 2023.A novel quantitative framework based on an improved coupling coordination degree(CCD)is proposed to assess their coordination relationship.The results reveal that:(1)Urbanization and ecological quality both exhibited fluctuating upward trends,with spatial heterogeneity increasing for urbanization and decreasing for the eco-environment.Regions with better ecological conditions had higher urbanization levels.(2)The overall coordinated level improved from imbalance(0.36)to low-level coordination(0.55),although its spatial distribution remained uneven,with central urban areas showing higher CCD than surrounding counties.(3)Socioeconomic factors exerted greater effects on CCD than natural factors,with GDP and land surface temperature(LST)playing a significant role in interaction analysis.(4)In western arid regions,urbanization did not necessarily harm ecosystems;instead,ecological conditions improved alongside urbanization.This research offers targeted and valuable references for county and city governments in resource allocation and sustainable development.The proposed methodology is also adaptable for urban resilience studies in other regions.展开更多
Urbanization’s impact on pre-monsoon extreme rainfall in the Greater Bay Area(GBA),coastal South China(SC),and its relation to different synoptic systems remains understudied.This research investigates urbanization e...Urbanization’s impact on pre-monsoon extreme rainfall in the Greater Bay Area(GBA),coastal South China(SC),and its relation to different synoptic systems remains understudied.This research investigates urbanization effects on premonsoon rainfall using hourly station observations and Weather Research and Forecasting model with the Single Layer Urban Canopy Model(WRF-SLUCM)simulations.Observations show stronger pre-monsoon extreme rainfall in GBA cities than surrounding rural areas,with the urban heat island(UHI)intensifying the urban rainfall intensity and probability.Extreme cases were classified into frontal and shear-line warm-sector types.Enhanced urban rainfall due to UHI was more pronounced under shear-line and warm-sector systems.Four frontal and four shear-line cases were dynamically downscaled using WRF-SLUCM,and four parallel experiments were conducted:“Nourban”(urban areas replaced by cropland),“AH0”,“AH100”,and“AH300”[normal land use,with the diurnal maximum anthropogenic heat(AH)set to 0,100,and 300 W m^(−2)in SLUCM,respectively].In frontal cases,significantly reduced urban rainfall in AH0 is due to decreased(enhanced)surface evaporation(wind divergence)in cities compared to cropland.Strong northerly winds and cold-air intrusion suppress the UHI in AH0 and AH100 during the rainfall process;enhanced urban rainfall occurs only in AH300.In contrast,for shear-line cases,urban friction and UHI promote local convection and wind convergence,increasing urban rainfall significantly in all urban experiments compared to Nourban.Overall,urbanization’s influence on SC’s premonsoon extreme rainfall is highly sensitive to the type of synoptic systems,necessitating further investigation of urban rainfall in this season.展开更多
In sharp contrast to Western urbanization models, the distinctive feature of China's rapid urbanization lies in the production of space. This is not only a crucial entry point for comprehending China's urbaniz...In sharp contrast to Western urbanization models, the distinctive feature of China's rapid urbanization lies in the production of space. This is not only a crucial entry point for comprehending China's urbanization path but also provides a new orientation for global urban studies.展开更多
A comprehensive understanding of urbanization impacts on landscape dynamics,eco-environmental consequences,and advancements in human habitation is paramount for effectively advancing urbanization-related sustainable d...A comprehensive understanding of urbanization impacts on landscape dynamics,eco-environmental consequences,and advancements in human habitation is paramount for effectively advancing urbanization-related sustainable development goals.This study predicted the urbanization process within the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Ulanqab(HBOU)region and its projected implications for ecology,human settlement,and energy consumption in 2020–2050 using multi-source data and models under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs).The results revealed that the HBOU region's urban area grew by 624.66 km~2 between 1990 and 2020.By 2050,it is expected to reach 1793.49±169.30 km~2,mainly expanding into cropland(58.95%)and natural ecological land(31.79%).Urban greening is projected to enhance,with the highest urban green space(UGS)predicted under SSP1(32.42%).Under this scenario,the per capita urban area(PCUA)and per capita urban green space area(PCUGA)are projected to reach 172.66 and 55.63 m~2/person in 2050,respectively.Furthermore,the ecological and energy utilization impacts are anticipated to decrease by 3.99%to 37.52%relative to alternative scenarios.Our projections suggest that limiting urbanization area in the HBOU region to 1500–1600 km~2 would significantly enhance the settlement environment and mitigate ecological and energy consumption effects.These results guide urban strategies balancing ecology,energy use,and habitation in arid regions.展开更多
This study examines the impact of urbanization on the Surface Urban Heat Island(SUHI)effect in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region(BMR)over a 36-year period,utilizing advanced machine learning techniques to assess changes...This study examines the impact of urbanization on the Surface Urban Heat Island(SUHI)effect in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region(BMR)over a 36-year period,utilizing advanced machine learning techniques to assess changes in land use and land cover(LULC).The research addresses three key questions:(1)How have changes in LULC influenced the dynamics of the urban heat island(UHI)effect in the BMR?(2)What roles do green and blue infrastructure play in mitigating urban heat?(3)How effectively can machine learning models classify LULC changes and provide insights to support sustainable urban planning?The findings reveal a strong correlation between urban growth and increased land surface temperatures(LST),with parks and water bodies exhibiting lower LSTs,emphasizing the importance of green and blue infrastructure in mitigating urban heat.The SUHI effect,initially measured at 3℃ from 1988 to 1991,peaked at 4.8℃ between 2012 and 2019 before slightly declining to 4.1℃ in recent years due to urban greening initiatives.However,ongoing urban development continues to diminish green spaces and water bodies,underscoring the urgent need for sustainable urban planning.Economic factors,including the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and land tax laws introduced in 2019,influenced land use patterns,further exacerbating the SUHI effect.The research highlights the necessity of integrated urban management and sustainable land use policies to enhance climate resilience in rapidly urbanizing regions like the BMR.展开更多
At its core,Urbanization and Production of Space provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between urbanization and the production of space,particularly within the rapidly evolving context of Chi...At its core,Urbanization and Production of Space provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between urbanization and the production of space,particularly within the rapidly evolving context of China's urban transformation.As one of the most populous and dynamically urbanizing nations,China serves as a compelling case for understanding the broader global implications of spatial restructuring.展开更多
This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of wetland degradation in Delhi from 1991 to 2021 using remote sensing and GIS techniques.The Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)was applied to pre-monsoon Land...This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of wetland degradation in Delhi from 1991 to 2021 using remote sensing and GIS techniques.The Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)was applied to pre-monsoon Landsat imagery to delineate surface water bodies over the past 30 years accurately.Supervised classification was employed to generate land use maps,while census data was utilized to analyze urbanization trends across the region.Classification accuracy was assessed using Google Earth reference data through a confusion matrix,ensuring the reliability of the land cover analysis.Results reveal a significant decline in wetland extent,especially in densely populated and rapidly urbanizing districts such as North West,South,and East Delhi.During this time,the urban population increased from 52.7% to 97.4%,accompanied by a 70.2% expansion of built-up areas,while wetlands contracted from 32.9 km^(2) to 30.2 km^(2).South Delhi experienced the most severe wetland loss,with water body coverage dropping from 0.800% to 0.025%,whereas North East and Central Delhi maintained higher wetland coverage due to the influence of the Yamuna River and targeted conservation efforts.The study highlights the strong linkage between urban growth and wetland decline,which threatens biodiversity,groundwater recharge,and ecological stability.These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated urban planning and conservation policies to safeguard wetlands,thereby promoting sustainability and water security in the National Capital Region.展开更多
Understanding the complex interactions between urbanization and ecosystem services(ESs)is crucial for optimiz ing planning policies and achieving sustainable urban management.While previous research has largely focuse...Understanding the complex interactions between urbanization and ecosystem services(ESs)is crucial for optimiz ing planning policies and achieving sustainable urban management.While previous research has largely focused on highly urbanized areas,little attention has been given to the phased effect of progressive urbanization on ES networks.This study proposes a conceptual framework that utilizes the network method and space-time replace ment to examine the effect of urbanization on the complex relationships among ESs at different stages,with a particular emphasis on the progressive evolution of the process.We apply this framework to the Horqin area,a typical eco-fragile area in China.Results demonstrate that the connectivity of the ES synergy network exhibits a non-stationary characteristic,initially increasing,then decreasing,and subsequently strengthening.Meanwhile,its modularity shows a rising trend during periods of accelerated urbanization.The performance of the trade off network displays the opposite pattern.Additionally,we observe a gradual replacement of provisioning and regulation services by cultural services in terms of dominance in the synergy network as urbanization advances.By providing guidance for identifying key planning initiatives and implementing ecological protection policies at different stages of development,this study contributes a pathway that can inform development strategies in other regions undergoing progressive urbanization.展开更多
South Florida’s natural forest ecosystems,including pine rocklands and hardwood hammocks,are threatened by land use change and urbanization,invasive species,and climate change.It is critical to understand the respons...South Florida’s natural forest ecosystems,including pine rocklands and hardwood hammocks,are threatened by land use change and urbanization,invasive species,and climate change.It is critical to understand the responses of these ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbances to conserve the remnants of the USA natural subtropical forests.Using dendrochronology,long-term growth patterns were characterized in three dominant native tree species:Bursera simaruba,Swietenia mahagoni,and Pinus elliottii.Core samples were collected from>30 individuals of each species in hardwood hammocks(B.simaruba and S.mahagoni)and pine rocklands(P.elliottii)to examine growth patterns.Relationships between annual tree growth rates and climatic variables were assessed to address three questions:(1)What are the climatic drivers of growth in these three South Florida tree species?(2)Are their growth rates stable or changing through time?and(3)Are tree growth rates affected by urbanization?Standardized growth rates of the three species have changed through time,with small young trees showing accelerated growth through time,whereas larger,older trees showed declining growth rates.S.mahagoni and B.simaruba grew faster in urbanized parks than in more natural parks,whereas P.elliottii grew slower in urban parks.There were positive correlations between tree growth and the current year’s fall precipitation and no discernable effects of the current year’s monthly temperatures on growth rates of any of the species.These results suggest that the foundational tree species of the southern USA endangered pine rocklands and hardwood hammocks may be vulnerable to ongoing changes in precipitation and temperature as well as other environmental effects associated with urbanization.展开更多
Wetlands are unique ecological environments capable of harboring high biodiversity.However,urbanization can degrade,eliminate,or transformthese habitats.Although amphibians utilize habitats created by humans in urban ...Wetlands are unique ecological environments capable of harboring high biodiversity.However,urbanization can degrade,eliminate,or transformthese habitats.Although amphibians utilize habitats created by humans in urban landscapes,few studies have investigated the infuence of thehabitat quality on the life history of anurans.We assessed life history traits such as snout-vent length(SVL),body condition,and reproductiveinvestment in the South American common toad Rhinella arenarum,to determine whether urbanization is harmful or benefcial to this species.We sampled wetlands with different levels of urbanization in Río Cuarto city,Córdoba,Argentina.We recorded males with lower SVL in mediumurbanized wetlands and those with the highest SVL in both low and high urbanization categories,similar to what was found for body conditionswith males with low body conditions inhabiting wetlands with a medium degree of urbanization.In females,lower SVL was recorded in mediumurbanization and highest SVL in high and low urbanization.It is observed that females recorded in highly urbanized wetlands have a very lowbody condition.The reproductive investment parameters were not signifcantly different,but we observed an association between a greaternumber of eggs and clutch size with wetlands of low urbanization.These results show a variability of responses of R.arenarum to urbanization,which could be due to phenotypic plasticity in its life history parameters,allowing it to inhabit urban areas.Continuous monitoring of the speciesin these wetlands is needed to determine if these biological responses are temporary or persistent.展开更多
Urban lakes,situated in cities characterized by dense population and economic activities,are susceptible to eutrophication.This study focuses on the water ecological restoration project of Xuanwu Lake,assessing the ef...Urban lakes,situated in cities characterized by dense population and economic activities,are susceptible to eutrophication.This study focuses on the water ecological restoration project of Xuanwu Lake,assessing the efficacy of ecological management through laboratory analysis of water quality indicators.Furthermore,it delves into a comprehensive life cycle cost structure analysis,ecosystem service value accounting,and economic benefit evaluation.From an economic standpoint,the research examines the cost-effectiveness and external impacts of the clear-water ecosystem restoration project.Findings indicate that TP and TN levels in the treated area have decreased by over 50%,substantially reducing the eutrophication index.The cost-benefit ratio for each unit of treatment stands at 1:3.2(direct benefit).Notably,the restoration has markedly improved water quality and augmented the value of ecosystem services,demonstrating long-term cost sustainability and positive economic externalities.To ensure the sustained success of such restorations,it is imperative to optimize public resource allocation,incorporate market-based incentives,and furnish economic insights for managing urban lakes.展开更多
Urbanization develops with the goal of establishing improved and more sustainable habitats for residents.Environmental and social performance must be simultaneously monitored to ascertain whether regions are progressi...Urbanization develops with the goal of establishing improved and more sustainable habitats for residents.Environmental and social performance must be simultaneously monitored to ascertain whether regions are progressing towards or deviating from the safe and just space(SJS)in urbanization.Despite relevant studies,the absence of indicators that bridge ecological preservation and human well-beings renders dual monitoring challenging.This study bridged the gap by exploring the interactions between urbanization,ecosystem services(ESs),and basic water,energy,and food(WEF)needs within the SJS framework across China and its provinces.By quantifying the minimum and actual demands for freshwater withdrawal,carbon emissions,phosphorus emissions,and land use,as well as the supply of ESs into unified biophysical indicators,we found that:(1)China can meet the basic WEF needs for all from 2000 to 2020,but only water and land provisioning ESs can operate within the SJS.Carbon emissions surpassed the sequestration capacity in 2010,while phosphorus purification ES has consistently been unsafe.(2)The SJS performance in terms of ecological and social fulfilment exhibited scale differences and undergone changes with urbanization.Overall,no province in China can consistently operate within all SJSs.(3)In the process of urbanization,improvements in ecological protection and production practices in most provinces expanded the size of SJS,but the continuous increase in total demand failed to steer regions toward safer spaces.Our framework emphasized the common but differentiated pathways that regions at varying stages of urbanization navigate to achieve safety and justice.It also provides an applicable solution for regions aiming to pursue urban growth while maintaining ecological conservation and social justice,ultimately achieving sustainable development.展开更多
Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution an...Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF).Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning,in conservation strategies,and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context.In this study,we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km^(2)research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru,a megacity in Southern India.Additionally,we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH)from the tree crown diameter(CD)derived from the detected bounding boxes.Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient.The findings revealed distinct patterns:the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m)and DBH(mean:43.78 cm)but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare).Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center,tree density increased,while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased,showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru.This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient.This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.展开更多
Urbanization significantly affects the balance of key elements such as water,heat,and carbon in cities.However,previous studies have not integrated these factors for comprehensive analysis.Here,we proposed a waterheat...Urbanization significantly affects the balance of key elements such as water,heat,and carbon in cities.However,previous studies have not integrated these factors for comprehensive analysis.Here,we proposed a waterheat-carbon(WHC)nexus model to provide a holistic understanding of urbanization's impacts.Furthermore,we employed the model to identify the mechanisms and response thresholds of urbanization through this coupling approach.Our findings reveal three key insights:(1)WHC exhibits a nonlinear,inverted S-shaped response to urbanization.(2)The mechanisms through which urbanization impacts WHC differ significantly across urbanization gradients.Acrossing urbanization gradients,the complexity of impact pathways increases,with direct effects becoming more pronounced and positive impact pathways emerging progressively.(3)We identified priority zones for restoration and protection based on the likelihood of units shifting between lower-risk and higher-risk categories.Our study enhances understanding of the WHC-urbanization nexus and highlights the importance of accounting for threshold effects and environmental interactions when examining the impact between urbanization and WHC.This framework can be adapted to other urban areas experiencing similar challenges.展开更多
New-type urbanization(NTU)is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency(GDE)during the process of rapid urbanization.However,the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear....New-type urbanization(NTU)is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency(GDE)during the process of rapid urbanization.However,the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear.Using panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019,we measured NTU and GDE to describe their spatiotemporal pattern and relationship evolution.The fixed effects panel model and mediating effect panel model were further utilized to analyze the benchmark impact,mediating mechanism and spatiotem-poral heterogeneity of NTU on GDE.The results showed that NTU improved,with the highest levels observed in the eastern region,while GDE increased with fluctuations,performing better in both the eastern and western regions.With the proportion of double-high cities increasing from 13.83%to 43.62%,the NTU-GDE relationship was upgraded.Overall,every 1%improvement in NTU increased GDE by 0.3111%,and the enterprise effect,resident effect and government effect played a positive mediating role from high to low.During the later stage of NTU,its impact on GDE strengthened significantly,and the mediating role of governments was optimized.The eastern region was the only region with three positive mediating roles of governments,enterprises and residents.These findings will promote GDE through NTU in China and serve as a valuable reference for sustainable global urbanization.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460380,42007042)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSSKF2023-06)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20242BAB25389)National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410410029X)Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2024-S330).
文摘Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A6001,42475077)Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province。
文摘Seasonal cycles are essential components of weather and climatic systems. This study utilized observational data from a meteorological station on an island in the South China Sea from 1961 to 2020, along with ERA5 reanalysis data, to explore the variations in seasonal cycles and thermal comfort characteristics on the island. The observational data revealed that the onset of summer on the island occurred earlier each year, whereas the onset of autumn was gradually delayed,leading to an increase in the duration of summer. Urbanization had played an important role in elevating local temperatures and extending the duration of summer. The thermal comfort index exhibited a clear upward trend annually, reflecting a shift towards warmer and less comfortable conditions due to urbanization. From 1961 to 2020, the annual average thermal comfort index indicated that 36 years(60%) were characterized by hot discomfort, and 24 years(40%) were within the comfortable range. The number of comfortable days per year on the island exhibited a declining trend. Urbanization markedly influenced the thermal comfort levels on the island, contributing to an annual increase in the number of hot discomfort days. However, the reanalysis data did not reflect the actual observed changes in the comfort characteristics on the island.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42301226,42271209 and 42471199)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024CDJXY014)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20242BAB25170)Special Funds for Water Resources in Jiangxi Province(Science and Technology Projects)(Grant No.202425YBKT16)the Young Talent Cultivation and Innovation Fund Project of Nanchang University(Grant No.XX202506030028).
文摘Great Lakes Regions(GLRs)in China often confront landscape fragmentation,wetland degradation,and ecological resilience(ER)losses owing to extensive and intensive urbanization.In GLRs,however,the ER responses to urbanization remain unclear.This study explored the spatiotemporal evolution of ER and urbanization in five GLRs in China to analyze the ER dynamic patterns along center−lakeside−periphery gradient.The Spatial Durbin Model(SDM)and Panel Threshold Model(PTM)were combined to reveal the spillover and threshold effects of urbanization in five GLRs.The results indicate that the ER in five GLRs declined with a rate of 21%from 2000 to 2020.There was a clear“center-periphery”contraction trend with low ER areas primarily spreading to human activity-concentrated regions such as lakesides,riversides,and road networks.Driven by economic and land urbanization,the average urbanization level increased from 0.06 to 0.13,where lakesides,riversides,and road networks were key areas undergoing expansion.The urbanization showed a noticeable negative spatial spillover effect on ER.Away from central lakes,the negative impacts on ER exhibited a two-phase decrease with the threshold of 81 km.This study contributes to the understanding of human-environment interactions by examining the ecological resilience response process of GLRs under the impact of urbanization.Based on a multidimensional“center−lakeside−periphery”analytical model,this study provides a strategic framework for ecological construction in GLRs in China,promoting sustainable development and adaptive capacity in vulnerable areas.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931293)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271275).
文摘The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.
基金The National Key Research and Development Project,No.2022YFF1303204。
文摘Enhancing urban ecological resilience(UER)is a new concept for modern tourism-oriented cities to cope with environmental crises.Revealing the impact of the urbanization on UER is critical to the sustainability of urban ecosystems.Taking Zhangjiajie,a typical tourism-oriented city,as an example,urbanization level(UL)and UER evaluation system were constructed,and the change trend was analyzed.The Granger Causality Test model was used to discuss the relationship between UL and UER.The results showed that:(1)the urbanization rate of Zhangjiajie significantly increased by 0.531 from 2011 to 2020.Cili county has the highest UL,and Wulingyuan district including a large number of scenic spots has the fastest development trend.(2)The ecological restoration was more sensitive in the face of rising pressure,and showed a synchronized change trend with pressure.The high pressure in 2016 had the most significant impact on resistance.This effect continued into 2019,with an average decline in resistance of 0.802.(3)The UL has significantly promoted the improvement of urban ecological restoration.Specially,tourism urbanization was the most significant in scenic spots,while economic and social urbanization played a major role in other regions for the improvement of ecological restoration.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42330106。
文摘Dryland regions face complex interactions between urbanization and ecological changes,where effective coordination is essential for enhancing sustainability and resilience.However,most studies concentrate on the national or provincial scales,with insufficient research on county-level coordination,limiting the ability to provide targeted polifrom a precise perspective.This study addresses this gap by analyzing 39 counties within the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin Urban Agglomeration(HBOYUA),a typical dryland urban cluster in China.We use daytime and nighttime remote sensing images to track the spatio-temporal evolution of urbanization and ecological conditions from 1992 to 2023.A novel quantitative framework based on an improved coupling coordination degree(CCD)is proposed to assess their coordination relationship.The results reveal that:(1)Urbanization and ecological quality both exhibited fluctuating upward trends,with spatial heterogeneity increasing for urbanization and decreasing for the eco-environment.Regions with better ecological conditions had higher urbanization levels.(2)The overall coordinated level improved from imbalance(0.36)to low-level coordination(0.55),although its spatial distribution remained uneven,with central urban areas showing higher CCD than surrounding counties.(3)Socioeconomic factors exerted greater effects on CCD than natural factors,with GDP and land surface temperature(LST)playing a significant role in interaction analysis.(4)In western arid regions,urbanization did not necessarily harm ecosystems;instead,ecological conditions improved alongside urbanization.This research offers targeted and valuable references for county and city governments in resource allocation and sustainable development.The proposed methodology is also adaptable for urban resilience studies in other regions.
基金supported by CUHK Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund(project no.3135536)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515020029).
文摘Urbanization’s impact on pre-monsoon extreme rainfall in the Greater Bay Area(GBA),coastal South China(SC),and its relation to different synoptic systems remains understudied.This research investigates urbanization effects on premonsoon rainfall using hourly station observations and Weather Research and Forecasting model with the Single Layer Urban Canopy Model(WRF-SLUCM)simulations.Observations show stronger pre-monsoon extreme rainfall in GBA cities than surrounding rural areas,with the urban heat island(UHI)intensifying the urban rainfall intensity and probability.Extreme cases were classified into frontal and shear-line warm-sector types.Enhanced urban rainfall due to UHI was more pronounced under shear-line and warm-sector systems.Four frontal and four shear-line cases were dynamically downscaled using WRF-SLUCM,and four parallel experiments were conducted:“Nourban”(urban areas replaced by cropland),“AH0”,“AH100”,and“AH300”[normal land use,with the diurnal maximum anthropogenic heat(AH)set to 0,100,and 300 W m^(−2)in SLUCM,respectively].In frontal cases,significantly reduced urban rainfall in AH0 is due to decreased(enhanced)surface evaporation(wind divergence)in cities compared to cropland.Strong northerly winds and cold-air intrusion suppress the UHI in AH0 and AH100 during the rainfall process;enhanced urban rainfall occurs only in AH300.In contrast,for shear-line cases,urban friction and UHI promote local convection and wind convergence,increasing urban rainfall significantly in all urban experiments compared to Nourban.Overall,urbanization’s influence on SC’s premonsoon extreme rainfall is highly sensitive to the type of synoptic systems,necessitating further investigation of urban rainfall in this season.
文摘In sharp contrast to Western urbanization models, the distinctive feature of China's rapid urbanization lies in the production of space. This is not only a crucial entry point for comprehending China's urbanization path but also provides a new orientation for global urban studies.
基金Natural Resources Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,No.CHZX-2023-45The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA23100201+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42261144746Graduate Students’Research&Innovation Fund of Inner Mongolia Normal University,No.CXJJB22012Fundamental Research Funds for the Inner Mongolia Normal University,No.2022JBXC017。
文摘A comprehensive understanding of urbanization impacts on landscape dynamics,eco-environmental consequences,and advancements in human habitation is paramount for effectively advancing urbanization-related sustainable development goals.This study predicted the urbanization process within the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Ulanqab(HBOU)region and its projected implications for ecology,human settlement,and energy consumption in 2020–2050 using multi-source data and models under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs).The results revealed that the HBOU region's urban area grew by 624.66 km~2 between 1990 and 2020.By 2050,it is expected to reach 1793.49±169.30 km~2,mainly expanding into cropland(58.95%)and natural ecological land(31.79%).Urban greening is projected to enhance,with the highest urban green space(UGS)predicted under SSP1(32.42%).Under this scenario,the per capita urban area(PCUA)and per capita urban green space area(PCUGA)are projected to reach 172.66 and 55.63 m~2/person in 2050,respectively.Furthermore,the ecological and energy utilization impacts are anticipated to decrease by 3.99%to 37.52%relative to alternative scenarios.Our projections suggest that limiting urbanization area in the HBOU region to 1500–1600 km~2 would significantly enhance the settlement environment and mitigate ecological and energy consumption effects.These results guide urban strategies balancing ecology,energy use,and habitation in arid regions.
文摘This study examines the impact of urbanization on the Surface Urban Heat Island(SUHI)effect in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region(BMR)over a 36-year period,utilizing advanced machine learning techniques to assess changes in land use and land cover(LULC).The research addresses three key questions:(1)How have changes in LULC influenced the dynamics of the urban heat island(UHI)effect in the BMR?(2)What roles do green and blue infrastructure play in mitigating urban heat?(3)How effectively can machine learning models classify LULC changes and provide insights to support sustainable urban planning?The findings reveal a strong correlation between urban growth and increased land surface temperatures(LST),with parks and water bodies exhibiting lower LSTs,emphasizing the importance of green and blue infrastructure in mitigating urban heat.The SUHI effect,initially measured at 3℃ from 1988 to 1991,peaked at 4.8℃ between 2012 and 2019 before slightly declining to 4.1℃ in recent years due to urban greening initiatives.However,ongoing urban development continues to diminish green spaces and water bodies,underscoring the urgent need for sustainable urban planning.Economic factors,including the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and land tax laws introduced in 2019,influenced land use patterns,further exacerbating the SUHI effect.The research highlights the necessity of integrated urban management and sustainable land use policies to enhance climate resilience in rapidly urbanizing regions like the BMR.
文摘At its core,Urbanization and Production of Space provides a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between urbanization and the production of space,particularly within the rapidly evolving context of China's urban transformation.As one of the most populous and dynamically urbanizing nations,China serves as a compelling case for understanding the broader global implications of spatial restructuring.
文摘This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of wetland degradation in Delhi from 1991 to 2021 using remote sensing and GIS techniques.The Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)was applied to pre-monsoon Landsat imagery to delineate surface water bodies over the past 30 years accurately.Supervised classification was employed to generate land use maps,while census data was utilized to analyze urbanization trends across the region.Classification accuracy was assessed using Google Earth reference data through a confusion matrix,ensuring the reliability of the land cover analysis.Results reveal a significant decline in wetland extent,especially in densely populated and rapidly urbanizing districts such as North West,South,and East Delhi.During this time,the urban population increased from 52.7% to 97.4%,accompanied by a 70.2% expansion of built-up areas,while wetlands contracted from 32.9 km^(2) to 30.2 km^(2).South Delhi experienced the most severe wetland loss,with water body coverage dropping from 0.800% to 0.025%,whereas North East and Central Delhi maintained higher wetland coverage due to the influence of the Yamuna River and targeted conservation efforts.The study highlights the strong linkage between urban growth and wetland decline,which threatens biodiversity,groundwater recharge,and ecological stability.These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated urban planning and conservation policies to safeguard wetlands,thereby promoting sustainability and water security in the National Capital Region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Projects of China(Grant No.42071284).
文摘Understanding the complex interactions between urbanization and ecosystem services(ESs)is crucial for optimiz ing planning policies and achieving sustainable urban management.While previous research has largely focused on highly urbanized areas,little attention has been given to the phased effect of progressive urbanization on ES networks.This study proposes a conceptual framework that utilizes the network method and space-time replace ment to examine the effect of urbanization on the complex relationships among ESs at different stages,with a particular emphasis on the progressive evolution of the process.We apply this framework to the Horqin area,a typical eco-fragile area in China.Results demonstrate that the connectivity of the ES synergy network exhibits a non-stationary characteristic,initially increasing,then decreasing,and subsequently strengthening.Meanwhile,its modularity shows a rising trend during periods of accelerated urbanization.The performance of the trade off network displays the opposite pattern.Additionally,we observe a gradual replacement of provisioning and regulation services by cultural services in terms of dominance in the synergy network as urbanization advances.By providing guidance for identifying key planning initiatives and implementing ecological protection policies at different stages of development,this study contributes a pathway that can inform development strategies in other regions undergoing progressive urbanization.
基金supported by the Kushlan Fund from the University of Miami Department of Biology.
文摘South Florida’s natural forest ecosystems,including pine rocklands and hardwood hammocks,are threatened by land use change and urbanization,invasive species,and climate change.It is critical to understand the responses of these ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbances to conserve the remnants of the USA natural subtropical forests.Using dendrochronology,long-term growth patterns were characterized in three dominant native tree species:Bursera simaruba,Swietenia mahagoni,and Pinus elliottii.Core samples were collected from>30 individuals of each species in hardwood hammocks(B.simaruba and S.mahagoni)and pine rocklands(P.elliottii)to examine growth patterns.Relationships between annual tree growth rates and climatic variables were assessed to address three questions:(1)What are the climatic drivers of growth in these three South Florida tree species?(2)Are their growth rates stable or changing through time?and(3)Are tree growth rates affected by urbanization?Standardized growth rates of the three species have changed through time,with small young trees showing accelerated growth through time,whereas larger,older trees showed declining growth rates.S.mahagoni and B.simaruba grew faster in urbanized parks than in more natural parks,whereas P.elliottii grew slower in urban parks.There were positive correlations between tree growth and the current year’s fall precipitation and no discernable effects of the current year’s monthly temperatures on growth rates of any of the species.These results suggest that the foundational tree species of the southern USA endangered pine rocklands and hardwood hammocks may be vulnerable to ongoing changes in precipitation and temperature as well as other environmental effects associated with urbanization.
基金Financial support was provided by Secretaría de Cienciay Técnica-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto(SECyTUNRC,Grant PPI 18/C416)Fondo para la Investigación Científca y Tecnológica(FONCyT,Grant PICT BIDPICT 0981-20182530-2019).
文摘Wetlands are unique ecological environments capable of harboring high biodiversity.However,urbanization can degrade,eliminate,or transformthese habitats.Although amphibians utilize habitats created by humans in urban landscapes,few studies have investigated the infuence of thehabitat quality on the life history of anurans.We assessed life history traits such as snout-vent length(SVL),body condition,and reproductiveinvestment in the South American common toad Rhinella arenarum,to determine whether urbanization is harmful or benefcial to this species.We sampled wetlands with different levels of urbanization in Río Cuarto city,Córdoba,Argentina.We recorded males with lower SVL in mediumurbanized wetlands and those with the highest SVL in both low and high urbanization categories,similar to what was found for body conditionswith males with low body conditions inhabiting wetlands with a medium degree of urbanization.In females,lower SVL was recorded in mediumurbanization and highest SVL in high and low urbanization.It is observed that females recorded in highly urbanized wetlands have a very lowbody condition.The reproductive investment parameters were not signifcantly different,but we observed an association between a greaternumber of eggs and clutch size with wetlands of low urbanization.These results show a variability of responses of R.arenarum to urbanization,which could be due to phenotypic plasticity in its life history parameters,allowing it to inhabit urban areas.Continuous monitoring of the speciesin these wetlands is needed to determine if these biological responses are temporary or persistent.
文摘Urban lakes,situated in cities characterized by dense population and economic activities,are susceptible to eutrophication.This study focuses on the water ecological restoration project of Xuanwu Lake,assessing the efficacy of ecological management through laboratory analysis of water quality indicators.Furthermore,it delves into a comprehensive life cycle cost structure analysis,ecosystem service value accounting,and economic benefit evaluation.From an economic standpoint,the research examines the cost-effectiveness and external impacts of the clear-water ecosystem restoration project.Findings indicate that TP and TN levels in the treated area have decreased by over 50%,substantially reducing the eutrophication index.The cost-benefit ratio for each unit of treatment stands at 1:3.2(direct benefit).Notably,the restoration has markedly improved water quality and augmented the value of ecosystem services,demonstrating long-term cost sustainability and positive economic externalities.To ensure the sustained success of such restorations,it is imperative to optimize public resource allocation,incorporate market-based incentives,and furnish economic insights for managing urban lakes.
基金supported by Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZB20240816)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M753474)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72404267)National Social Science Fund(Grant No.23BGLI88)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0405805–04)Major program of the National Social Science Fund(Grant No.19ZDA084).
文摘Urbanization develops with the goal of establishing improved and more sustainable habitats for residents.Environmental and social performance must be simultaneously monitored to ascertain whether regions are progressing towards or deviating from the safe and just space(SJS)in urbanization.Despite relevant studies,the absence of indicators that bridge ecological preservation and human well-beings renders dual monitoring challenging.This study bridged the gap by exploring the interactions between urbanization,ecosystem services(ESs),and basic water,energy,and food(WEF)needs within the SJS framework across China and its provinces.By quantifying the minimum and actual demands for freshwater withdrawal,carbon emissions,phosphorus emissions,and land use,as well as the supply of ESs into unified biophysical indicators,we found that:(1)China can meet the basic WEF needs for all from 2000 to 2020,but only water and land provisioning ESs can operate within the SJS.Carbon emissions surpassed the sequestration capacity in 2010,while phosphorus purification ES has consistently been unsafe.(2)The SJS performance in terms of ecological and social fulfilment exhibited scale differences and undergone changes with urbanization.Overall,no province in China can consistently operate within all SJSs.(3)In the process of urbanization,improvements in ecological protection and production practices in most provinces expanded the size of SJS,but the continuous increase in total demand failed to steer regions toward safer spaces.Our framework emphasized the common but differentiated pathways that regions at varying stages of urbanization navigate to achieve safety and justice.It also provides an applicable solution for regions aiming to pursue urban growth while maintaining ecological conservation and social justice,ultimately achieving sustainable development.
基金financial support provided by the German Research Foundation,DFG,through grant number KL894/23-2 and NO 1444/1-2 as part of the Research Unit FOR2432/2the China Scholarship Council(CSC)that supports the first author with a Ph D scholarshipsupport provided by Indian partners at the Institute of Wood Science and Technology(IWST),Bengaluru。
文摘Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF).Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning,in conservation strategies,and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context.In this study,we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km^(2)research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru,a megacity in Southern India.Additionally,we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH)from the tree crown diameter(CD)derived from the detected bounding boxes.Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient.The findings revealed distinct patterns:the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m)and DBH(mean:43.78 cm)but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare).Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center,tree density increased,while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased,showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru.This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient.This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.
基金funded by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration(Grant No.2023132050)National Forestry and Grassland Administration(Grant No.2019132703)+1 种基金National Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42171093,42101250)Fengyun 3 Satellite Ground Application Project(Grants No.FY-2(03)-AS-12.09-ZT,FY-APP-2021.0407)。
文摘Urbanization significantly affects the balance of key elements such as water,heat,and carbon in cities.However,previous studies have not integrated these factors for comprehensive analysis.Here,we proposed a waterheat-carbon(WHC)nexus model to provide a holistic understanding of urbanization's impacts.Furthermore,we employed the model to identify the mechanisms and response thresholds of urbanization through this coupling approach.Our findings reveal three key insights:(1)WHC exhibits a nonlinear,inverted S-shaped response to urbanization.(2)The mechanisms through which urbanization impacts WHC differ significantly across urbanization gradients.Acrossing urbanization gradients,the complexity of impact pathways increases,with direct effects becoming more pronounced and positive impact pathways emerging progressively.(3)We identified priority zones for restoration and protection based on the likelihood of units shifting between lower-risk and higher-risk categories.Our study enhances understanding of the WHC-urbanization nexus and highlights the importance of accounting for threshold effects and environmental interactions when examining the impact between urbanization and WHC.This framework can be adapted to other urban areas experiencing similar challenges.
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2021xjkk0905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42121001).
文摘New-type urbanization(NTU)is proposed by China to solve unsustainable issues and improve green development efficiency(GDE)during the process of rapid urbanization.However,the impact mechanism of NTU on GDE is unclear.Using panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019,we measured NTU and GDE to describe their spatiotemporal pattern and relationship evolution.The fixed effects panel model and mediating effect panel model were further utilized to analyze the benchmark impact,mediating mechanism and spatiotem-poral heterogeneity of NTU on GDE.The results showed that NTU improved,with the highest levels observed in the eastern region,while GDE increased with fluctuations,performing better in both the eastern and western regions.With the proportion of double-high cities increasing from 13.83%to 43.62%,the NTU-GDE relationship was upgraded.Overall,every 1%improvement in NTU increased GDE by 0.3111%,and the enterprise effect,resident effect and government effect played a positive mediating role from high to low.During the later stage of NTU,its impact on GDE strengthened significantly,and the mediating role of governments was optimized.The eastern region was the only region with three positive mediating roles of governments,enterprises and residents.These findings will promote GDE through NTU in China and serve as a valuable reference for sustainable global urbanization.
