Nervonic acid(NA) is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with significant potential for neural fiber repair.In this study,a mixed fatty acid methyl ester was synthesized as the raw material through saponification ...Nervonic acid(NA) is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with significant potential for neural fiber repair.In this study,a mixed fatty acid methyl ester was synthesized as the raw material through saponification of Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil.Based on the differences in boiling points and relative volatilities of various components,a four-stage vacuum batch distillation process was employed to enrich the nervonic acid methyl ester(NAME).The effect of distillation process parameters on enrichment efficiency was investigated,including distillation temperature,operating pressure,and reflux ratio.The purity of NAME achieved as 91.20% under optimal conditions and the corresponding yield was 48.91%.To further increase the purity,a low-temperature crystallization process was adopted and a final purity of NAME was obtained as 97.56%.Simulation of the above four-stage batch distillation was conducted using Aspen Plus software,and a continuous distillation processes was further simulated to establish a theoretical basis for future industrial-scale production.The results of experiments and simulation demonstrate that the integrated process of vacuum distillation and low-temperature crystallization exhibits remarkable separation performances,providing robust guidance for the production of high-purity NA.展开更多
BACKGROUND Nervonic acid(NA,C24:1,w9)is a monounsaturated fatty acid that plays a crucial role in myelination and motor function.It also regulates cognitive and metabolic functions,suggesting that impaired NA metaboli...BACKGROUND Nervonic acid(NA,C24:1,w9)is a monounsaturated fatty acid that plays a crucial role in myelination and motor function.It also regulates cognitive and metabolic functions,suggesting that impaired NA metabolism may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.Although several studies have measured erythrocyte membrane NA in first-episode psychosis(FEP),findings are conflicting,and the fate of NA in patients with chronic schizophrenia(CSZ)or under long-term antipsychotic treatment schedules remains unknown.AIM To measure erythrocyte membrane NA and determine its association with psychopathology and metabolic parameters in drug-naive patients with FEP and antipsychotic-treated patients with CSZ.METHODS In this study,twenty-one drug-naive patients with FEP,twenty patients with CSZ treated with atypical antipsychotics,and fourteen healthy male subjects were analyzed.Erythrocyte membrane NA was measured using ultrathin capillary gas chromatography,plasma leptin was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and body mass index(BMI)was calculated by using the formula:Weight(kg)/height(m^(2)).Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the brief psychiatry rating scale and the positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS).Pearson correlation coefficient(r)was computed to find the association between erythrocyte membrane NA,PANSS scores,plasma leptin,and BMI.RESULTS In patients with FEP,erythrocyte NA was non-significantly increased(about 12%)and negatively correlated with negative symptoms(PANSS-negative symptom scores,r=-0.4323,P=0.023)but not with positive symptoms(PANSS-positive symptom scores,r=-0.2915,P=0.09).In patients with CSZ,erythrocyte NA was reduced considerably(about 40%,P<0.001 vs FEP and about 30%vs control(CNT)subjects,P=0.037)and negatively correlated with both PANSS-negative symptom scores(r=-0.4562,P=0.013)and PANSS-positive symptom scores(r=-0.3911,P=0.041).Additionally,in patients with FEP,erythrocyte NA was not significantly correlated either with BMI(r=-0.2532,P=0.231)or plasma leptin(r=-0.3001,P=0.102).However,in patients with CSZ,it did negatively correlate with both BMI(r=-0.4721,P=0.029)and plasma leptin(r=-0.4701,P=0.031).CONCLUSION Erythrocyte membrane NA level could be used for predicting the development of metabolic abnormalities,treatment resistance,and prognosis in schizophrenia.展开更多
Nervonic acid(NA,cis-15-tetracosenoic acid)is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells.It can be used to treat and prevent many neurologic...Nervonic acid(NA,cis-15-tetracosenoic acid)is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells.It can be used to treat and prevent many neurological diseases.At present,commercially available NA is mainly derived from Acer truncatum seeds,which contain about 5%e6%NA in their seed oil.The aim of this study were to identify and analyze NA-containing Acer species that could be used as NA resource plants.For this purpose,46 Acer species seeds were collected in China and in some or all of the seed oils from these species 15 fatty acids were detected,including linoleic acid,oleic acid(C18:1D9,C18:1D11),erucic acid,palmitic acid,NA,linolenic acid(C18:3D6,9,12,C18:3D9,12,15),eicosenoic acid(C20:1D11,C20:1D13),stearic acid,behenic acid,tetracosanoic acid,arachidic acid,and docosadienoic acid.Nervonic acid was detected in all samples,but the content was highly variable among species.NA content over 9%was detected in eleven species,of which Acer elegantulum had the highest levels(13.90%).The seed oil content,seed weight,and fatty acid profiles varied among species,but the comprehensive evaluation value(W)showed that A.coriaceifolium could be a new potential NA resources plant.The results also showed that NA was significantly negatively correlated with palmitic acid,oleic acid,and eicosenoic acid,but positively correlated with eicosadienoic acid,behenic acid,erucic acid,and tetracosanoic acid,which indicate the probable pathway for NA biosynthesis in Acer plants.This study has identified Acer species that may serve as NA resources and will help guide subsequent species breeding programs.展开更多
Nervonic acid(NA)is a very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions that plays an important role in treating several neurological disorders.One major source of NA is plant ...Nervonic acid(NA)is a very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions that plays an important role in treating several neurological disorders.One major source of NA is plant seed oil.Here we report fatty acid profiles of seeds and germplasm diversity of six plant species,including three woody plants with high amounts of NA-enriched seed oil,Malania oleifera,Macaranga adenantha,and M.indica.M.oleifera had the largest seed(average 7.40 g single seed),highest oil content(58.71%),and highest NA level(42.22%).The germplasm diversity of M.oleifera is associated with its habitat but not elevation.Seeds of M.adenantha contained higher NA levels(28.41%)than M.indica(21.77%),but M.indica contained a significantly higher oil content(29.22%)and seed yield.M.adenantha germplasm varied among populations,with one population having seeds with high oil content(22.63%)and NA level(37.78%).Although M.indica grow naturally at a range of elevations,no significant differences were detected between M.indica populations.These results suggest that M.indica and M.oleifera have greater potential as a source of NA,which will contribute to constructing a germplasm resource nursery and establishing a selection and breeding program to improve the development of NA-enriched plants.展开更多
Nervonic acid plays an important role in nutrition and function of the human body.Malania oleifera,Acer truncatum and Xanthoceras sorbifolium are China’s unique woody plant rich in nervonic acid in seed oil.This stud...Nervonic acid plays an important role in nutrition and function of the human body.Malania oleifera,Acer truncatum and Xanthoceras sorbifolium are China’s unique woody plant rich in nervonic acid in seed oil.This study aims to investigate the lipid composition of these 3 special resources.Their fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography coupled with flame detector(GC-FID).Triglycerides(TAGs)and phospholipids(PLs)were detected by shotgun-mass spectrometry(shotgun-MS).Results showed that M.oleifera oil presented the highest level of nervonic acid(46.20±0.22%)among the 3 oils.Seeds oil of A.truncatum and X.sorbifolium had 3.53±0.20%and 1.83±0.21%nervonic acid respectively.53 species of TAGs and 15 species of PLs were identified in M.oleifera oil,with PLs content of 499.94±22.34μg/g.In A.truncatum oil,PL and TAG species were twice more than those in M.oleifera oil,and its’content of PLs was 76.27±3.21μg/g.In X.sorbifolium oil,75 TAGs and 34 PLs were detected,with the lowest PLs at 23.84±0.17μg/g.The results demonstrated that these 3 vegetable oils have great potential to become nervonic acid supplements for human health.展开更多
Nervonic acid is the world’s first and only potent substance that can repair damaged nerve fibers and promote nerve cell regeneration with high nutritional value.The wide variety of fatty acids in plant oils and fats...Nervonic acid is the world’s first and only potent substance that can repair damaged nerve fibers and promote nerve cell regeneration with high nutritional value.The wide variety of fatty acids in plant oils and fats with similar structures makes the large-scale separation and purification of high-purity nervonic acid very difficult.A new combined process of molecular distillation,urea inclusion and solvent crystallization was established to prepare high-purity nervonic acid with the mixed fatty acids obtained after saponification and acidification of Acer truncatum Bunge oil as raw materials.First,according to the difference in the mean free path of fatty acids,molecular distillation was used to separate and remove C16 saturated fatty acid of palmitic acid and four C18-C20 fatty acids of stearic,oleic,linoleic,and linolenic acids.The content of C16-C20 fatty acids decreased from 72.92% to 19.22% after two-stage molecular distillation processes,in which the contents of saturated fatty acid of palmitic acid decreased to about 0.5%.Then,according to the difference in carbon chain length and saturation of fatty acid,the contents of C22-C24 saturated fatty acids of tetracosanoic and docosanoic acids decreased to 0.21% and 0.07% by urea inclusion with urea/free fatty acid preparation by saponification(SPOMFs)ratio as 0.6.In addition,all saturated fatty acids were basically separated.Finally,according to the difference in the solubility of fatty acids in solvents,the C18-C20 unsaturated fatty acids of oleic,linoleic,and linolenic acids and C22 unsaturated fatty acid of erucic acid were removed by solvent crystallization.The content of C18-C20 unsaturated fatty acids decreased to less than 5% with pentanol as the solvent after the first stage solvent crystallization.The content of erucic acid decreased to 3.47% with anhydrous ethanol as the solvent after the second to fifth stage solvent crystallization.The combined process of molecular distillation,urea inclusion and low temperature crystallization innovatively adopted an efficient,simple and easy-toindustrial solvent crystallization method to separate erucic and nervonic acids,obtaining nervonic acid with purity of 96.53% and final yield of 47.99%.展开更多
Nervonic acid(NA)is an important long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid found in mammalian nervous tissue.It has recently garnered research attention due to its therapeutic potential in treating psychiatric and neurode...Nervonic acid(NA)is an important long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid found in mammalian nervous tissue.It has recently garnered research attention due to its therapeutic potential in treating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of NA in treating ischemia/reperfusion and poststroke events in a rat model.Specifically,there was significant reduction in the infarct area,cell death,and neuronal swelling after NA treatment,and the improvement in cerebral blood flow was also observed on day five after middle cerebral artery occlusion.Moreover,NA treatment led to the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factors and myelin basic protein genes.NA displayed improved effects on depressive-like behavior of rats by three validated assays—the sucrose preference test,open-field test,and forced swim test.Regarding the mechanism of action,direct supplementation of NA in the brain was observed.We also observed the indirect effects of NA on the gut microbiota.Notably,the NA group gradually restored the bacterial diversity and the EGb group exhibited no impact based on observed-out analysis.We found an increase in the abundance of Blautia and Sutterella,which participated in phenylalanine metabolism.The metabolomics of plasma and brain samples revealed a decrease in the levels of phenylalanine-based amino acids,which alleviated the inhibitory effects on glutamine metabolism and promoted the recovery and signaling transmission of neurons after stroke.Altogether,our findings suggest that NA can be a viable treatment option for alleviating stroke and its associated poststroke depressive-like behaviors.展开更多
Acer truncatum is considered a promising species as a raw material to produce nervonic acid(NA). The goal of this study was to explore the variation of oil content and nervonic acid content of 138 accessions native to...Acer truncatum is considered a promising species as a raw material to produce nervonic acid(NA). The goal of this study was to explore the variation of oil content and nervonic acid content of 138 accessions native to 14 regions in China as well as provide guidance for establishing plantations and improving the production of nervonic acid. A large range of variation was found in oil content, nervonic acid per gram of oil, and nervonic acid per gram of seed(17.81%–36.56%, 3.90%–7.85%, and 0.84%–2.31%, respectively). Accessions YS-6, ABZ-6 and DQTL-8 were found as the most promising potential oil sources; PQ-2 was considered the optimal germplasm, and JY-6, NJ-8, LF-6, and CC-8 were found as promising potential sources for producing NA. A very significant difference(P < 0.01) among 14 regions was observed. DQTL and YS regions are considered the optimal farming regions for crops with high oil content, while the CC and PQ regions are regarded as the most suitable regions for nervonic acid production. A geographical trend from South to North was observed in which amount of seed oil increased but no such trend in nervonic acid content was observed. The data collected in the study on oil content and nervonic acid in accessions of A. truncatum in various regions can be utilized for establishing plantations of promising genotypes through clonal means.展开更多
Nervonic acid(NA,ω-9)is beneficial for brain health,but its poor water solubility limits its bioaccessibility.The protein-based emulsions were unstable under environmental stress.In this study,the effects of a nonion...Nervonic acid(NA,ω-9)is beneficial for brain health,but its poor water solubility limits its bioaccessibility.The protein-based emulsions were unstable under environmental stress.In this study,the effects of a nonionic surfactant(Tween 20,T20)on the characteristics,stability,and in vitro digestion properties of NA-loaded nanoemulsions prepared with proteins(whey or soybean protein isolate)were evaluated.The emulsions stabilized by protein-T20 mixtures had smaller droplets with more even distributions,more negative charges,and higher encapsulation efficiencies for NA.The addition of T20 improved the interfacial properties of the systems,as confirmed by spectral and rheological analyses.Emulsion stability under various conditions was enhanced by the improved interfacial composition and emulsifying ability.In particular,the effective interfacial layers produced by the protein-T20 mixture decreased lipid digestion but increased NA bioaccessibility.Therefore,the coadsorption of proteins with suitable nonionic surfactants at oil-water interfaces is a promising approach for designing functional food delivery systems with improved stability and NA bioaccessibility.展开更多
KCS(3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase)is the key enzyme catalyzing the first step of very long chain fatty acid(VLCFA)biosynthesis.Studies showed that different KCSs possessed different substrate preference.Malania oleifera are...KCS(3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase)is the key enzyme catalyzing the first step of very long chain fatty acid(VLCFA)biosynthesis.Studies showed that different KCSs possessed different substrate preference.Malania oleifera are abundance of VLCFAs in its mature seeds,especially the nervonic acid,which is essential for human health.In this study,we identified and characterized 18 KCS genes in M.oleifera genome.Phylogenetic analysis showed that these KCS genes were classified into four subfamilies,including two FAE-like,six KCS-like,eight FDH-like and two CER6.We concentrated on the functional role of two FAE-like genes,Maole003085.T1 and Maole004215.T1 which encoded predicted amino acid residues of 516 and 518 in protein,respectively.Multiple sequence alignment showed that their two proteins contained the known and conserved active sites among FAE-like subfamily.Upon heterologous expression in wild type yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)INVSc1,we found that Maole004215.T1 could produce four new fatty acids including C22:0/C22:1 and C24:0/C24:1,but Maole003085.T1 only produced C22:1.Besides,upon heterologous expression in mutant yeast BY4741-△elo3,we found the Maole003085.T1 could produce C24:0 and C26:0,while the Maole004215.T1 could catalyze the formation of fatty acids C24:0,C26:0 and C28:0.These results showed Maole003085.T1 and Maole004215.T1 had fatty acid elongation activity in yeast,and possessed different substrate preference in the production of different VLCFAs.Interestingly,we found Maole004215.T1 could produce nervonic acid in yeast,which provides molecular basis on the genetic improvement and genic engineering for producing nervonic acid resources by using biotechnological methods.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125802,22108150,22338001)。
文摘Nervonic acid(NA) is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with significant potential for neural fiber repair.In this study,a mixed fatty acid methyl ester was synthesized as the raw material through saponification of Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil.Based on the differences in boiling points and relative volatilities of various components,a four-stage vacuum batch distillation process was employed to enrich the nervonic acid methyl ester(NAME).The effect of distillation process parameters on enrichment efficiency was investigated,including distillation temperature,operating pressure,and reflux ratio.The purity of NAME achieved as 91.20% under optimal conditions and the corresponding yield was 48.91%.To further increase the purity,a low-temperature crystallization process was adopted and a final purity of NAME was obtained as 97.56%.Simulation of the above four-stage batch distillation was conducted using Aspen Plus software,and a continuous distillation processes was further simulated to establish a theoretical basis for future industrial-scale production.The results of experiments and simulation demonstrate that the integrated process of vacuum distillation and low-temperature crystallization exhibits remarkable separation performances,providing robust guidance for the production of high-purity NA.
文摘BACKGROUND Nervonic acid(NA,C24:1,w9)is a monounsaturated fatty acid that plays a crucial role in myelination and motor function.It also regulates cognitive and metabolic functions,suggesting that impaired NA metabolism may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.Although several studies have measured erythrocyte membrane NA in first-episode psychosis(FEP),findings are conflicting,and the fate of NA in patients with chronic schizophrenia(CSZ)or under long-term antipsychotic treatment schedules remains unknown.AIM To measure erythrocyte membrane NA and determine its association with psychopathology and metabolic parameters in drug-naive patients with FEP and antipsychotic-treated patients with CSZ.METHODS In this study,twenty-one drug-naive patients with FEP,twenty patients with CSZ treated with atypical antipsychotics,and fourteen healthy male subjects were analyzed.Erythrocyte membrane NA was measured using ultrathin capillary gas chromatography,plasma leptin was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and body mass index(BMI)was calculated by using the formula:Weight(kg)/height(m^(2)).Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the brief psychiatry rating scale and the positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS).Pearson correlation coefficient(r)was computed to find the association between erythrocyte membrane NA,PANSS scores,plasma leptin,and BMI.RESULTS In patients with FEP,erythrocyte NA was non-significantly increased(about 12%)and negatively correlated with negative symptoms(PANSS-negative symptom scores,r=-0.4323,P=0.023)but not with positive symptoms(PANSS-positive symptom scores,r=-0.2915,P=0.09).In patients with CSZ,erythrocyte NA was reduced considerably(about 40%,P<0.001 vs FEP and about 30%vs control(CNT)subjects,P=0.037)and negatively correlated with both PANSS-negative symptom scores(r=-0.4562,P=0.013)and PANSS-positive symptom scores(r=-0.3911,P=0.041).Additionally,in patients with FEP,erythrocyte NA was not significantly correlated either with BMI(r=-0.2532,P=0.231)or plasma leptin(r=-0.3001,P=0.102).However,in patients with CSZ,it did negatively correlate with both BMI(r=-0.4721,P=0.029)and plasma leptin(r=-0.4701,P=0.031).CONCLUSION Erythrocyte membrane NA level could be used for predicting the development of metabolic abnormalities,treatment resistance,and prognosis in schizophrenia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 31671732).
文摘Nervonic acid(NA,cis-15-tetracosenoic acid)is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to be a core component of nerve fibers and nerve cells.It can be used to treat and prevent many neurological diseases.At present,commercially available NA is mainly derived from Acer truncatum seeds,which contain about 5%e6%NA in their seed oil.The aim of this study were to identify and analyze NA-containing Acer species that could be used as NA resource plants.For this purpose,46 Acer species seeds were collected in China and in some or all of the seed oils from these species 15 fatty acids were detected,including linoleic acid,oleic acid(C18:1D9,C18:1D11),erucic acid,palmitic acid,NA,linolenic acid(C18:3D6,9,12,C18:3D9,12,15),eicosenoic acid(C20:1D11,C20:1D13),stearic acid,behenic acid,tetracosanoic acid,arachidic acid,and docosadienoic acid.Nervonic acid was detected in all samples,but the content was highly variable among species.NA content over 9%was detected in eleven species,of which Acer elegantulum had the highest levels(13.90%).The seed oil content,seed weight,and fatty acid profiles varied among species,but the comprehensive evaluation value(W)showed that A.coriaceifolium could be a new potential NA resources plant.The results also showed that NA was significantly negatively correlated with palmitic acid,oleic acid,and eicosenoic acid,but positively correlated with eicosadienoic acid,behenic acid,erucic acid,and tetracosanoic acid,which indicate the probable pathway for NA biosynthesis in Acer plants.This study has identified Acer species that may serve as NA resources and will help guide subsequent species breeding programs.
基金supported by the Applied Basic Research Key Project of Yunnan,China(Grant No.202101AS07001)Reserve Talents for Yunnan Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Leaders,China(Grant No.202105AC160083)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31671732).
文摘Nervonic acid(NA)is a very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions that plays an important role in treating several neurological disorders.One major source of NA is plant seed oil.Here we report fatty acid profiles of seeds and germplasm diversity of six plant species,including three woody plants with high amounts of NA-enriched seed oil,Malania oleifera,Macaranga adenantha,and M.indica.M.oleifera had the largest seed(average 7.40 g single seed),highest oil content(58.71%),and highest NA level(42.22%).The germplasm diversity of M.oleifera is associated with its habitat but not elevation.Seeds of M.adenantha contained higher NA levels(28.41%)than M.indica(21.77%),but M.indica contained a significantly higher oil content(29.22%)and seed yield.M.adenantha germplasm varied among populations,with one population having seeds with high oil content(22.63%)and NA level(37.78%).Although M.indica grow naturally at a range of elevations,no significant differences were detected between M.indica populations.These results suggest that M.indica and M.oleifera have greater potential as a source of NA,which will contribute to constructing a germplasm resource nursery and establishing a selection and breeding program to improve the development of NA-enriched plants.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31571926)We also gratefully thank for the support of Hubei International Cooperation Project(Grant No.2018AHB014)+2 种基金Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2013-OCRI)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(No.1630062017034)Collaborative Innovation Task of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-XTCX2016005).
文摘Nervonic acid plays an important role in nutrition and function of the human body.Malania oleifera,Acer truncatum and Xanthoceras sorbifolium are China’s unique woody plant rich in nervonic acid in seed oil.This study aims to investigate the lipid composition of these 3 special resources.Their fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography coupled with flame detector(GC-FID).Triglycerides(TAGs)and phospholipids(PLs)were detected by shotgun-mass spectrometry(shotgun-MS).Results showed that M.oleifera oil presented the highest level of nervonic acid(46.20±0.22%)among the 3 oils.Seeds oil of A.truncatum and X.sorbifolium had 3.53±0.20%and 1.83±0.21%nervonic acid respectively.53 species of TAGs and 15 species of PLs were identified in M.oleifera oil,with PLs content of 499.94±22.34μg/g.In A.truncatum oil,PL and TAG species were twice more than those in M.oleifera oil,and its’content of PLs was 76.27±3.21μg/g.In X.sorbifolium oil,75 TAGs and 34 PLs were detected,with the lowest PLs at 23.84±0.17μg/g.The results demonstrated that these 3 vegetable oils have great potential to become nervonic acid supplements for human health.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125802 and 22078010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2222017)Big Science Project from BUCT(XK180301).
文摘Nervonic acid is the world’s first and only potent substance that can repair damaged nerve fibers and promote nerve cell regeneration with high nutritional value.The wide variety of fatty acids in plant oils and fats with similar structures makes the large-scale separation and purification of high-purity nervonic acid very difficult.A new combined process of molecular distillation,urea inclusion and solvent crystallization was established to prepare high-purity nervonic acid with the mixed fatty acids obtained after saponification and acidification of Acer truncatum Bunge oil as raw materials.First,according to the difference in the mean free path of fatty acids,molecular distillation was used to separate and remove C16 saturated fatty acid of palmitic acid and four C18-C20 fatty acids of stearic,oleic,linoleic,and linolenic acids.The content of C16-C20 fatty acids decreased from 72.92% to 19.22% after two-stage molecular distillation processes,in which the contents of saturated fatty acid of palmitic acid decreased to about 0.5%.Then,according to the difference in carbon chain length and saturation of fatty acid,the contents of C22-C24 saturated fatty acids of tetracosanoic and docosanoic acids decreased to 0.21% and 0.07% by urea inclusion with urea/free fatty acid preparation by saponification(SPOMFs)ratio as 0.6.In addition,all saturated fatty acids were basically separated.Finally,according to the difference in the solubility of fatty acids in solvents,the C18-C20 unsaturated fatty acids of oleic,linoleic,and linolenic acids and C22 unsaturated fatty acid of erucic acid were removed by solvent crystallization.The content of C18-C20 unsaturated fatty acids decreased to less than 5% with pentanol as the solvent after the first stage solvent crystallization.The content of erucic acid decreased to 3.47% with anhydrous ethanol as the solvent after the second to fifth stage solvent crystallization.The combined process of molecular distillation,urea inclusion and low temperature crystallization innovatively adopted an efficient,simple and easy-toindustrial solvent crystallization method to separate erucic and nervonic acids,obtaining nervonic acid with purity of 96.53% and final yield of 47.99%.
基金financially supported by the Scientific and technological innovation project of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021A05032,CI2021B017)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(RXRC2022003,XTCX2023001).
文摘Nervonic acid(NA)is an important long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid found in mammalian nervous tissue.It has recently garnered research attention due to its therapeutic potential in treating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of NA in treating ischemia/reperfusion and poststroke events in a rat model.Specifically,there was significant reduction in the infarct area,cell death,and neuronal swelling after NA treatment,and the improvement in cerebral blood flow was also observed on day five after middle cerebral artery occlusion.Moreover,NA treatment led to the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factors and myelin basic protein genes.NA displayed improved effects on depressive-like behavior of rats by three validated assays—the sucrose preference test,open-field test,and forced swim test.Regarding the mechanism of action,direct supplementation of NA in the brain was observed.We also observed the indirect effects of NA on the gut microbiota.Notably,the NA group gradually restored the bacterial diversity and the EGb group exhibited no impact based on observed-out analysis.We found an increase in the abundance of Blautia and Sutterella,which participated in phenylalanine metabolism.The metabolomics of plasma and brain samples revealed a decrease in the levels of phenylalanine-based amino acids,which alleviated the inhibitory effects on glutamine metabolism and promoted the recovery and signaling transmission of neurons after stroke.Altogether,our findings suggest that NA can be a viable treatment option for alleviating stroke and its associated poststroke depressive-like behaviors.
基金supported by Central Fiscal Forestry Science and Technology Extension Demonstration Fund Project(No.2016LZGC014)a Major Agricultural Project of Shandong Province(No.[2012] 213 and [2014] 96)Shandong "Double Tops" Program
文摘Acer truncatum is considered a promising species as a raw material to produce nervonic acid(NA). The goal of this study was to explore the variation of oil content and nervonic acid content of 138 accessions native to 14 regions in China as well as provide guidance for establishing plantations and improving the production of nervonic acid. A large range of variation was found in oil content, nervonic acid per gram of oil, and nervonic acid per gram of seed(17.81%–36.56%, 3.90%–7.85%, and 0.84%–2.31%, respectively). Accessions YS-6, ABZ-6 and DQTL-8 were found as the most promising potential oil sources; PQ-2 was considered the optimal germplasm, and JY-6, NJ-8, LF-6, and CC-8 were found as promising potential sources for producing NA. A very significant difference(P < 0.01) among 14 regions was observed. DQTL and YS regions are considered the optimal farming regions for crops with high oil content, while the CC and PQ regions are regarded as the most suitable regions for nervonic acid production. A geographical trend from South to North was observed in which amount of seed oil increased but no such trend in nervonic acid content was observed. The data collected in the study on oil content and nervonic acid in accessions of A. truncatum in various regions can be utilized for establishing plantations of promising genotypes through clonal means.
基金supported by the Key Technologies of Acer truncatum Industrial Technology Innovation(Grant No:ZYZB2018-DY1170).
文摘Nervonic acid(NA,ω-9)is beneficial for brain health,but its poor water solubility limits its bioaccessibility.The protein-based emulsions were unstable under environmental stress.In this study,the effects of a nonionic surfactant(Tween 20,T20)on the characteristics,stability,and in vitro digestion properties of NA-loaded nanoemulsions prepared with proteins(whey or soybean protein isolate)were evaluated.The emulsions stabilized by protein-T20 mixtures had smaller droplets with more even distributions,more negative charges,and higher encapsulation efficiencies for NA.The addition of T20 improved the interfacial properties of the systems,as confirmed by spectral and rheological analyses.Emulsion stability under various conditions was enhanced by the improved interfacial composition and emulsifying ability.In particular,the effective interfacial layers produced by the protein-T20 mixture decreased lipid digestion but increased NA bioaccessibility.Therefore,the coadsorption of proteins with suitable nonionic surfactants at oil-water interfaces is a promising approach for designing functional food delivery systems with improved stability and NA bioaccessibility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31700285)Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2018FB037)the Chinese Academy of Sciences“Light of West China”Program.
文摘KCS(3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase)is the key enzyme catalyzing the first step of very long chain fatty acid(VLCFA)biosynthesis.Studies showed that different KCSs possessed different substrate preference.Malania oleifera are abundance of VLCFAs in its mature seeds,especially the nervonic acid,which is essential for human health.In this study,we identified and characterized 18 KCS genes in M.oleifera genome.Phylogenetic analysis showed that these KCS genes were classified into four subfamilies,including two FAE-like,six KCS-like,eight FDH-like and two CER6.We concentrated on the functional role of two FAE-like genes,Maole003085.T1 and Maole004215.T1 which encoded predicted amino acid residues of 516 and 518 in protein,respectively.Multiple sequence alignment showed that their two proteins contained the known and conserved active sites among FAE-like subfamily.Upon heterologous expression in wild type yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)INVSc1,we found that Maole004215.T1 could produce four new fatty acids including C22:0/C22:1 and C24:0/C24:1,but Maole003085.T1 only produced C22:1.Besides,upon heterologous expression in mutant yeast BY4741-△elo3,we found the Maole003085.T1 could produce C24:0 and C26:0,while the Maole004215.T1 could catalyze the formation of fatty acids C24:0,C26:0 and C28:0.These results showed Maole003085.T1 and Maole004215.T1 had fatty acid elongation activity in yeast,and possessed different substrate preference in the production of different VLCFAs.Interestingly,we found Maole004215.T1 could produce nervonic acid in yeast,which provides molecular basis on the genetic improvement and genic engineering for producing nervonic acid resources by using biotechnological methods.
