Objective:To evaluate whether there would be a difference in outcome when the smaller ultra-mini 12 Fr sheath was used instead of the mini 16 Fr sheath for percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)in paediatric patients for ...Objective:To evaluate whether there would be a difference in outcome when the smaller ultra-mini 12 Fr sheath was used instead of the mini 16 Fr sheath for percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)in paediatric patients for stones less than 25 mm.Methods:This was a prospective cohort study of patients who underwent PCNL in our hospital in a 2-year period from July 2016 to June 2018 by a single surgeon.PCNL was performed in a prone position and tract was dilated to the respective size using single step dilatation.Laser was used to fragment the stone.Stone-free outcome was defined as absence of stone fragment at 3 months on kidney,ureter,and bladder X-ray.Results:There were 40 patients in each group.Mean stone size was comparable between the two groups(14.5 mm vs.15.0 mm).The procedure was completed faster in the 16 Fr group compared to 12 Fr group(24.5 min vs.34.6 min).Stone clearance was highly successful in both groups(97.5%vs.95.0%).There was no difference in complications between the two groups.The decrease in hemoglobin was minimal in both groups(0.2 g/dL vs.0.3 g/dL).Conclusion:We found that the success rates were similar in both mini PCNL and the smaller ultra-mini PCNL groups.No significant difference in bleeding was noted in our pilot study,however,operative time was longer in the ultra-mini group as compared to the mini sheath group.展开更多
BACKGROUND Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL)is the standard treatment for medium-sized and large kidney stones.Many potential complications of PNL may warrant hospital readmission(HR)after discharge,threatening patien...BACKGROUND Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL)is the standard treatment for medium-sized and large kidney stones.Many potential complications of PNL may warrant hospital readmission(HR)after discharge,threatening patient safety and increasing the costs.AIM To estimate the rate of unplanned HR after PNL and identify its urological and nursing-related predictors.METHODS One hundred sixty-one patients were prospectively studied for HR after PNL from April 2022 to December 2022.The relevant urological and nursing-related characteristics of patients with and without unplanned HR after PNL were studied for association with HR,using univariate and multivariate analyses.Variables such as the demographic characteristics,comorbidities,laboratory and imaging characteristics,dietary status,operative time,number of kidney punctures,blood loss,urinary tract infections,and the receipt of instructions for catheter care and activities of daily living were included.A risk score was created.RESULTS The mean age of patients with HR(44.4±12.7 years)and without HR(43.9±12.6 years)was similar(P=0.847).The overall stone-free rate was 88.8%.The total complication rate was 32.3%(52 patients),and the highest grade was IIIa,according to the modified Clavein grading system,resulting in an HR rate of 22.4%.History of preoperative pyuria(P=0.001),hydronephrosis(P=0.001)and mean stone size(P=0.012),multiple renal punctures(P<0.001),double J stent(P=0.033),total operative time(P=0.001),intraoperative injury(P=0.011),postoperative urinary tract infection(P<0.001),and inadequate instructions for urethral catheter(P=0.001)and activity daily living(P=0.048)were significantly associated with HR after PNL.On multivariate analysis,only preoperative pyuria(P=0.004),intraoperative injury(P=0.001),and inadequate instructions on urethral catheter care(P=0.035)were associated with HR.The risk score of the independent predictors was 0-17;0-4(low risk),5-9(moderate risk),and 10-17(high risk).CONCLUSION The rate of unplanned HR after PNL was relatively high(22.4%).The presence of pus cells in the preoperative urine analysis,intraoperative injury,and receiving inadequate instructions on urethral catheter care were independent predictors of HR after PNL.Combined studying of the urological and nursing-related predictors may promote the implementation of enhanced recovery protocols after PNL.展开更多
Over the past three decades,there has been increasing interest in miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)techniques featuring smaller tracts as they offer potential solutions to mitigate complications associa...Over the past three decades,there has been increasing interest in miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)techniques featuring smaller tracts as they offer potential solutions to mitigate complications associated with standard PCNL(sPCNL).However,despite this growing acceptance and recognition of its benefits,unresolved controversies and acknowledged limitations continue to impede widespread adoption due to a lack of consensus on optimal perioperative management strategies and procedural tips and tricks.In response to these challenges,an international panel comprising experts from the International Alliance of Urolithiasis(IAU)took on the task of compiling an expert consensus document on mPCNL procedures aimed at providing urologists with a comprehensive clinical framework for practice.This endeavor involved conducting a systematic literature review to identify research gaps(RGs),which formed the foundation for developing a structured questionnaire survey.Subsequently,a two-round modified Delphi survey was implemented,culminating in a group meeting to generate final evidence-based comments.All 64 experts completed the second-round survey,resulting in a response rate of 100.0%.Fifty-eight key questions were raised focusing on mPCNLs within 4 main domains,including general information(13 questions),preoperative work-up(13 questions),procedural tips and tricks(19 questions),and postoperative evaluation and follow-up(13 questions).Additionally,9 questions evaluated the experts’experience with PCNLs.Consensus was reached on 30 questions after the second-round survey,while professional statements for the remaining 28 key questions were provided after discussion in an online panel meeting.mPCNL,characterized by a tract smaller than 18 Fr and an innovative lithotripsy technique,has firmly established itself as a viable and effective approach for managing upper urinary tract stones in both adults and pediatrics.It offers several advantages over sPCNL including reduced bleeding,fewer requirements for nephrostomy tubes,decreased pain,and shorter hospital stays.The series of detailed techniques presented here serve as a comprehensive guide for urologists,aiming to improve their procedural understanding and optimize patient outcomes.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge among urologists of usage of fluoroscopy during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.MethodsWe conducted an anonymous internet-based survey addressed to the EAU...Objective This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge among urologists of usage of fluoroscopy during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.MethodsWe conducted an anonymous internet-based survey addressed to the EAU Section of Uro-Technology and the International Alliance of Urolithiasis members with particular interest in the stone treatment at all levels of expertise.The final version of the questionnaire included 31 questions,evaluated the level of knowledge on X-ray utilization and exposure,and identified correlations between geographic areas,levels of seniority,surgical volumes,and awareness on radiation protection.ResultsIn total,586 respondents were included.Knowledge of fluoroscopy settings appeared low,particularly among trainees(up to 87.5%were uninformed,p=0.008).Precautions to reduce exposure appeared poorly followed as up to 25.4%of respondents used regularly continuous fluoroscopy,and up to 20.5%used regularly high-frequency setting and this trend was more obvious among senior specialists(6.2%of trainees used high-frequency settings vs.21.3%of consultants,p<0.05).Additionally,only 24.9%of respondents would provide X-ray protection to patients too.ConclusionAlthough high and routinary utilization of X-rays,the level of awareness and adhesion to“as low as reasonably achievable”principles among endourologists seems suboptimal in 65.0%of all respondents.Highest volume surgeons,inevitably at higher risk,do not seem to adopt more precautions.More efforts should be addressed to improve these results,reducing the risk related to excessive radiation exposure for both surgical staff and patients in order to minimize health related issues.展开更多
Th e International Alliance of Urolithiasis(IAU)consensus on miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)[1]is produced by an experienced international panel of experts in kidney stone surgery and is based on a sy...Th e International Alliance of Urolithiasis(IAU)consensus on miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)[1]is produced by an experienced international panel of experts in kidney stone surgery and is based on a systematic review of literature and a Delphi process,ensuring that recommendations are grounded in evidence.展开更多
Miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)procedures have gained increased popularity in recent years.They aim to reduce percutaneous tract size in order to lower complication rates,while maintaining high stone-f...Miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)procedures have gained increased popularity in recent years.They aim to reduce percutaneous tract size in order to lower complication rates,while maintaining high stone-free rates.Recently,miniaturized PCNL techniques have further expanded,and can currently be classified into mini-PCNL,minimally invasive PCNL(MIP),Chinese mini-PCNL(MPCNL),ultra-mini-PCNL(UMP),micro-PCNL,mini-micro-PCNL,and super-mini-PCNL(SMP).However,despite its minimally-invasive nature,its potential superiority in terms of safety and efficacy when compared to conventional PCNL is still under debate.The aim of this review is to summarise different available modalities of miniaturized PCNL,details of instruments involved,and their corresponding safety and efficacy.In particular,this article highlights the role of the SMP and our experience with this novel technique in management of urolithiasis.Overall,miniaturized PCNL techniques appear to be safe and effective alternatives to conventional PCNL for both adult and pediatric patients.Well-designed,randomized studies are required to further investigate and identify specific roles of miniaturized PCNL techniques before considering them as standard rather than alternative procedures to conventional PCNL.展开更多
Objective:To summarize recent advancements in mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL)in surgical technique,stone removal strategy,lithotripsy,and surgical model from the current literature.Methods:We conducted a ...Objective:To summarize recent advancements in mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL)in surgical technique,stone removal strategy,lithotripsy,and surgical model from the current literature.Methods:We conducted a narrative review of relevant English-language articles up to October 2022 using the PubMed and Web of Science databases.The following keywords were used in the search:“percutaneous nephrolithotomy”,“minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy”,“mini-PCNL”,“mini-perc”,“mPCNL”,and“miniaturization”.Results:A series of new progress has been made in many aspects of mini-PCNL,such as further reduction of tract sizedneedle perc and further improvement of robotic-assisted PCNLdartificial intelligence-powered robotic devices.Conclusion:Many studies and trials have been conducted to reduce morbidity and increase the safety and effectiveness of mini-PCNL.It is crucial to realize that miniaturization of PCNL requires not only a smaller percutaneous tract size,but also an adjustment strategically in renal access,stone removal,lithotripsy,and surgical model in general.More large-scale prospective research needs to be carried out to further validate and optimize the safety and effectiveness of mini-PCNL.展开更多
BACKGROUND Upper urinary tract stones are very common in my country,with an incidence of 1%to 5%in the North and an even higher incidence of 5%to 10%in the south.The incidence rate in the south is higher than that in ...BACKGROUND Upper urinary tract stones are very common in my country,with an incidence of 1%to 5%in the North and an even higher incidence of 5%to 10%in the south.The incidence rate in the south is higher than that in the north,mainly due to the water quality,climate and eating habits of the region.From the perspective of sex,incidence is more likely in males than females.In the high-incidence population,young adults are most prone to stones.Men in the age range of 25 to 40 years are more likely to have stones.AIM To observe the therapeutic effect of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)on upper urinary tract stones and its influence on the renal function of patients.METHODS Patients with upper urinary tract stones who were treated in our hospital from February 2017 to March 2018 were selected as research subjects and were divided into the PCNL group and the mPCNL group according to the random number table method.The general conditions of the two groups of patients were observed during the perioperative period,and the differences in stone clearance,pain,renal function indicators and complication rates were compared between the two groups to determine which were statistically significant(P<0.05).RESULTS The operation time of the mPCNL group was longer than that of the PCNL group(t=-34.392,P<0.001),and the intraoperative blood loss of the mPCNL group was more than that of the PCNL group(t=34.090,P<0.001).There was no difference in renal function indices between the two groups of patients before treatment,and there was no difference in the levels of serum creatinine,β2 microglobulin or retinol binding protein in the mPCNL group after treatment.The visual analog scale score of patients in the mPCNL group was lower than that of the PCNL group(t=12.191,P<0.001),and there was no significant difference in the stone clearance rate between the two groups(χ2 value=1.013,P=0.314).There was no significant difference in the incidence of urine extravasation,dyspnea and peripheral organ damage between the two groups(χ2 value=1.053,P=0.305).At 1 mo after treatment and 3 mo after treatment,the quality of life of the mPCNL group was lower than that of the PCNL group,and the Qmax level of the mPCNL group was higher than that of the PCNL group.CONCLUSION mPCNL has a good therapeutic effect on upper urinary tract stones,with a high stone clearance rate without causing kidney damage or increasing the incidence of complications,and thus has good application value.展开更多
BACKGROUND It is possible that this condition will lead to urosepsis and progressive deterioration of renal function in the absence of surgical intervention.Several recent clinical studies have shown that multi-tract ...BACKGROUND It is possible that this condition will lead to urosepsis and progressive deterioration of renal function in the absence of surgical intervention.Several recent clinical studies have shown that multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy(MPCNL)has a similar stone free rate(SFR)as standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy(S-PCNL).As a result,M-PCNL was also recommended as a treatment option for staghorn calculi.AIM To examine the perioperative and long-term results of ultrasonography-guided single-and M-PCNL.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study.Between March 2021 and January 2022,the urology department of our hospital selected patients for the treatment of staghorn calculi using percutaneous nephrolithotomy.The primary outcomes were com plication rate and SFR,and the characteristics of patients,operative parameters,laboratory measurements were also collected.RESULTS In total,345 patients were enrolled in the study(186 in the S-PCNL group and 159 in the M-PCNL group).The SFR in the M-PCNL group was significantly higher than that in the S-PCNL group(P=0.033).Moreover,the incidence rates of hydrothorax(P=0.03)and postoperative infection(P=0.012)were higher in the M-PCNL group than in the S-PCNL group.Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that post-operative white blood cell count(OR=2.57,95%CI:1.90-3.47,P<0.001)and stone size(OR=1.59,95%CI:1.27-2.00,P<0.001)were associated with a higher overall complication rate in the S-PCNL group.Body mass index(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.06-1.40,P=0.004)and stone size(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.35-2.15,P<0.001)were associated with increased overall complications in the M-PCNL group.CONCLUSION Multiple access tracts can facilitate higher SFR while slightly increasing the incidence of acceptable complications.展开更多
Objective:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is commonly used in the management of large renal stones.Postoperative infections are one of the most common complications of this procedure.The present study is to determin...Objective:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is commonly used in the management of large renal stones.Postoperative infections are one of the most common complications of this procedure.The present study is to determine and assess the factors that may increase the risk to develop fever and urinary sepsis after PCNL.Methods:A total of 60 patients(38 males and 22 females)with a mean age of 40.25 years enrolled in this study in Sulaimania Teaching Hospital.Patients had renal stone disease need operation with different socioeconomic status,body mass index and different type and size of stones were included in this study.Patients with preoperative positive urine culture and sensitivity were excluded.Preoperative investigations done for all patients.All Patients received prophylactic antibiotic gentamicin intravenously at the induction of anaesthesia.Renal pelvis urine sample were taken from all patients after puncturing the pelvicalyceal system and send for culture and sensitivity.Patients were monitored closely in the postoperative period for the development of fever and sepsis.Results:Mean duration of the operations was 77.08 min ranged 40e120 min.All patients had postoperative nephrostomy tube.Seventeen(28.33%)patients developed post PCNL fever and the statistically significant factors for post PCNL fever were diabetes mellitus(DM)(p Z 0.001),stone burden(p Z 0.001),number of the stones(p<0.001),degree of hydronephrosis(p Z 0.001),duration of the operation(p<0.001),residual stones(p Z 0.001)and number of tracts(p Z 0.038).Three(5.00%)patients developed post PCNL sepsis,and the statistically significant risk factors for post PCNL sepsis were duration of the operation(p Z 0.013)and intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drop in haemoglobin(HB)level(p Z 0.046).Conclusion:DM,staghorn stones,degree of hydronephrosis,duration of the operation and number of tracts are risk factors for post PCNL fever,while number of stones,intraoperative blood loss,duration of the operation and residual stones are risk factors for post PCNL sepsis.展开更多
Staghorn calculi comprise a unique subset of complex kidney stone disease. Percutaneousnephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard treatment for staghorn stones. Despitecontinuous refinements to the technique and inst...Staghorn calculi comprise a unique subset of complex kidney stone disease. Percutaneousnephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard treatment for staghorn stones. Despitecontinuous refinements to the technique and instrumentation of PCNL, these stones remaina troublesome challenge for endourologists and are associated with a higher rate of perioperativecomplications than that for non-staghorn stones. Common and notable intraoperativecomplications include bleeding, renal collecting system injury, injury of visceral organs, pulmonarycomplications, thromboembolic complications, extrarenal stone migration, andmisplacement of the nephrostomy tube. Postoperative complications include infection and urosepsis,bleeding, persistent nephrocutaneous urine leakage, infundibular stenosis, and death.In this review, we report recommendations regarding troubleshooting measures that can beused to identify and characterize these complications. Additionally, we include informationregarding management strategies for complications associated with PCNL for staghorn calculi.展开更多
Complex renal calculi remain to be a challenge for the treating urologist due to sheer bulk and the technicalities involved.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)remains the treatment modality of choice in dealing with th...Complex renal calculi remain to be a challenge for the treating urologist due to sheer bulk and the technicalities involved.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)remains the treatment modality of choice in dealing with these large and complex stones.The limiting factor in their treatment continues to be the need for using additional tracts or the use of flexible nephroscopy for complete stone clearance.This systematic review focuses on the need for multi-tract PCNL for complex renal calculi.The literature review was performed using PubMed database using the keywords“multiple tract PCNL”or“multiperc”.We identified original articles published on the usage of multiple tracts for stone clearance in renal calculi between January 2000 to October 2018,and the search was restricted to available literature in English language only.Ten studies with n>20 were included for the final analysis.We analyzed the technical efficacy with respect to the number of tracts and stages that were required for stone clearance,outcomes and complications,especially,procedural bleeding and post-procedure infective complications of multiple-tract PCNL for large burden renal stones.Multiperc is found to be safe,feasible and effective for the management of large burden complex renal calculi with respect to stone clearance and morbidity associated with the procedure.It is cost effective and complete stone clearance as a single procedure is higher in comparison to flexible ureteroscopy and shockwave lithotripsy.展开更多
Objective:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is the standard procedure for the management of large and complex renal stones.Blood loss during PCNL may occur during puncture,tract dilatation,and stone fragmentation.Ther...Objective:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is the standard procedure for the management of large and complex renal stones.Blood loss during PCNL may occur during puncture,tract dilatation,and stone fragmentation.Therefore,despite recent advances in PCNL,haemorrhagic complication still occurs.This study aims to enlighten on various aspects of haemorrhagic complication in PCNL,mainly focusing on risk factors and management of this dreadful complication.Methods:Literature search for the study was carried out using advanced search engines like PubMed,Cochrane,and Google Scholar,combining keyword“percutaneous lithotomy”with other keywords like“bleeding”,“haemorrhage”,“complications”,“stone scoring systems”,“mini-PCNL vs.standard”,“dilatation techniques”,“supine vs.prone”,“USG-guided”,“endoscopic combined intra-renal surgery”,“papillary vs.non-papillary puncture”,“bilateral”,and“angioembolization”.The articles published between January 1995 and September 2020 were included for the review.Results:A total of 3670 articles published from January 1995 to September 2020 were screened for the review.Although not consistent,multiple studies have described various preoperative and intraoperative risk factors related to significant bleeding in PCNL.Identification of these risk factors help urologists to anticipate and promptly manage haemorrhagic complications associated with the procedure.A conservative approach suffices to control bleeding in most cases;nevertheless,bleeding can be life-threatening and few still need surgical intervention in the form of angiographic embolisation or open surgical exploration.Conclusion:As hemorrhagic complication in PCNL is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality,prudent intraoperative decision and postoperative care are necessary for its timely prevention,detection,and management.展开更多
The safety and effectiveness of a novel Chinese one-shot dilation technique based on stimulated diuresis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy（PCNL） were investigated.After the feasibility of the Chinese one-shot dilatio...The safety and effectiveness of a novel Chinese one-shot dilation technique based on stimulated diuresis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy（PCNL） were investigated.After the feasibility of the Chinese one-shot dilation based on stimulated diuresis was verified by an animal study,this technique was applied in the clinical practice.A total of 67 patients in our department underwent the modified PCNL from July 2014 to June 2015.After the renal infundibulum was distended by stimulated diuresis,the kidney was punctured under the ultrasonographic guidance via the fornix of the target calyx.The working channel was dilated using a special designed pencil-shaped fascial dilator.The successful access rate,nephrostomy tract creation time,pre-and postoperative hemoglobin values and serum creatinine concentrations,stone-free rate and complications were recorded and analyzed.The renal infundibulum was successfully distended in all of the patients by the diuresis treatment.Under the ultrasonographic guidance,the successful access rate was 100% and the mean tract creation time was 2.0 min（range：1.5–5.0 min）.The stone-free rate right after surgery was 91.0%.Although the postoperative hemoglobin was significantly reduced（P〈0.01）,transfusion was not clinically necessary.There was no significant difference in serum creatinine concentrations before and after operation（P〉0.05）.No severe complication occurred during or after the PCNL.It was suggested that this Chinese one-shot dilation technique based on stimulated diuresis is an efficient and safe innovation for PCNL,and is even helpful for those patients with non-dilated pelvicaliceal systems.展开更多
AIM To compare the outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS) and miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL) in treating lower pole(LP) renal stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm.METHODS A total of 216 ...AIM To compare the outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS) and miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL) in treating lower pole(LP) renal stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm.METHODS A total of 216 patients who underwent mini-PCNL(n = 103) or RIRS n = 113) for LP stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm were enrolled between December 2015 and April 2017 at the Urology Department of Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital.RESULTS Significant differences were found in the hospital stay(9.39 ± 4.01 vs 14.08 ± 5.26, P < 0.0001) and hospitalization costs(2624.5 ± 513.36 vs 3255.2 ± 976.5, P < 0.0001) between the RIRS and mini-PCNL groups. The mean operation time was not significantly different between the RIRS group(56.48 ± 24.77) and the mini-PCNL group(60.04 ± 30.38, P = 0.345). The stone-free rates at the first postoperative day(RIRS vs mini-PCNL: 90.2% vs 93.2%, P = 0.822) and the second month postoperatively(RIRS vs mini-PCNL: 93.8% vs 95.1%, P = 0.986) were not significantly different.CONCLUSION RIRS and mini-PCNL are both safe and effective methods for treating LP stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm. RIRS can be considered as an alternative to PCNL for the treatment for LP stones of 1.5-2.5 cm.展开更多
The purpose of the review was to present the latest updates on percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)procedure in terms of indications and evolving techniques,and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each modal...The purpose of the review was to present the latest updates on percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)procedure in terms of indications and evolving techniques,and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each modality.The data for this review were collected after a thorough PubMed search in core clinical journals in English language.The key words included“PCNL”and“PNL”in combination with“indications”,“techniques”,“review”and“miniaturized PCNL”.Publications relevant to the subject were retrieved and critically reviewed.Current European and American Urology Association Nephrolithiasis Guidelines were included as well.The indications for standard PCNL have been changed through the past decade.Despite evolution of the procedure,innovations and the development of new technical approaches,the indications for miniaturized PCNL have not been standardized yet.There is a need for well-constructed randomized trials to explore the indications,complications and results for each evolving approach.A continuous reduction of tract size is not the only revolution of the last years.There is constant ongoing interest in developing new efficient miniature instruments,intracorporeal lithotripters and sophisticated tract creation methods.We can summarize that,PCNL represents a valuable well-known tool in the field of endourology.We should be open minded to future changes in surgical approaches and technological improvements.展开更多
Staghorn calculi are branched stones which occupy a majority portion of the pelvicaliceal system.An untreated staghorn calculus over time can damage the kidney and deteriorate its function and/or cause life threatenin...Staghorn calculi are branched stones which occupy a majority portion of the pelvicaliceal system.An untreated staghorn calculus over time can damage the kidney and deteriorate its function and/or cause life threatening sepsis.Total stone clearance is an important goal in order to eradicate any infective focus,relieve obstruction,prevent recurrence and preserve the kidney function.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is currently the accepted first-line treatment option for staghorn calculi.The options available are single-tract PCNL with an auxiliary procedure like shockwave lithotripsy,single-tract PCNL with flexible nephroscopy,or multitract PCNL.Each has its own pros and cons.But the ultimate goal of treatment for any patient with staghorn calculi should be safety,cost-effectiveness,and to achieve total stone clearance.With this article,we review the management of staghorn calculi with multiple percutaneous(“multitract”)access,its advantages and disadvantages and its current position by studying the various published materials across the globe.展开更多
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is an effective and well accepted procedure for the treatment of large and complex renal calculi.We encountered a patient with a mis-placed percutaneous nephrostomy drainage tube(PNDT...Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is an effective and well accepted procedure for the treatment of large and complex renal calculi.We encountered a patient with a mis-placed percutaneous nephrostomy drainage tube(PNDT)into the contralateral renal vein re-sulting thrombus formation after undergoing right side PCNL.We placed a temporary filter to prevent embolism and started anti-coagulation therapy immediately and finally the PNDT was removed without bleeding.展开更多
Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate quality of nephrolithometric nomograms to predict stone-free rates(SFRs)and complication rates(CRs)in case of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL).In the last dec...Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate quality of nephrolithometric nomograms to predict stone-free rates(SFRs)and complication rates(CRs)in case of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL).In the last decade,nomograms have been introduced to estimate the SFRs and CRs of PNL.However,no data are available regarding their reliability in case of utilization of miniaturized devices.Herein we present a prospective multicentric study to evaluate reliability of Guy’s stone score(GSS),the stone size,tract length,obstruction,number of involved calyces,and essence of stone(S.T.O.N.E.)nephrolithometry score and Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society(CROES)score in patients treated with minimally invasive PNL.Methods:We evaluated SFRs and CRs of 222 adult patients treated with miniaturized PNL.Patients were considered stone-free if no residual fragments of any size at post-operative unenhanced computed tomography scan.Patients demographics,SFRs,and CRs were reported and analyzed.Performances of nomograms were evaluated with the area under the curve(AUC).Results:We included 222 patients,the AUCs of GSS,CROES score,and S.T.O.N.E.nephrolithometry score were 0.69(95%confidence interval[CI]0.61-0.78),0.64(95%CI 0.56-0.73),and 0.62(95%CI 0.52-0.71),respectively.Regarding SFRs,at multivariate binomial logistic regression,only the GSS had significance with an odds ratio of 0.53(95%CI 0.31e0.95,p=0.04).We did not find significant correlation with complications,with only a trend for GSS.Conclusion:This is the first study evaluating nomograms in miniaturized PNL.They still show good reliability;however,our data showed lower performances compared to standard PNL.We emphasize the need of further studies to confirm this trend.A dedicated nomogram for minimally invasive PNL may be necessary.展开更多
Objective:Selective angioembolization(SAE)effectively diagnoses and treats iatrogenic vascular complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 1329 consecutive PCNLs and ...Objective:Selective angioembolization(SAE)effectively diagnoses and treats iatrogenic vascular complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 1329 consecutive PCNLs and identified patients who underwent SAE following PCNL with at least 12-month follow-up.Estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)was calculated for all patients preoperatively,postoperatively and at last followup.A 1:2 matched cohort analysis was performed.Results:Twenty-three patients underwent SAE and matched to 46 controls.There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative,postoperative,and follow-up eGFR when comparing patients who underwent SAE and those with an uneventful course.Conclusion:Long-term eGFR is comparable in patients who undergo uncomplicated PCNL and those requiring SAE.展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate whether there would be a difference in outcome when the smaller ultra-mini 12 Fr sheath was used instead of the mini 16 Fr sheath for percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)in paediatric patients for stones less than 25 mm.Methods:This was a prospective cohort study of patients who underwent PCNL in our hospital in a 2-year period from July 2016 to June 2018 by a single surgeon.PCNL was performed in a prone position and tract was dilated to the respective size using single step dilatation.Laser was used to fragment the stone.Stone-free outcome was defined as absence of stone fragment at 3 months on kidney,ureter,and bladder X-ray.Results:There were 40 patients in each group.Mean stone size was comparable between the two groups(14.5 mm vs.15.0 mm).The procedure was completed faster in the 16 Fr group compared to 12 Fr group(24.5 min vs.34.6 min).Stone clearance was highly successful in both groups(97.5%vs.95.0%).There was no difference in complications between the two groups.The decrease in hemoglobin was minimal in both groups(0.2 g/dL vs.0.3 g/dL).Conclusion:We found that the success rates were similar in both mini PCNL and the smaller ultra-mini PCNL groups.No significant difference in bleeding was noted in our pilot study,however,operative time was longer in the ultra-mini group as compared to the mini sheath group.
文摘BACKGROUND Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL)is the standard treatment for medium-sized and large kidney stones.Many potential complications of PNL may warrant hospital readmission(HR)after discharge,threatening patient safety and increasing the costs.AIM To estimate the rate of unplanned HR after PNL and identify its urological and nursing-related predictors.METHODS One hundred sixty-one patients were prospectively studied for HR after PNL from April 2022 to December 2022.The relevant urological and nursing-related characteristics of patients with and without unplanned HR after PNL were studied for association with HR,using univariate and multivariate analyses.Variables such as the demographic characteristics,comorbidities,laboratory and imaging characteristics,dietary status,operative time,number of kidney punctures,blood loss,urinary tract infections,and the receipt of instructions for catheter care and activities of daily living were included.A risk score was created.RESULTS The mean age of patients with HR(44.4±12.7 years)and without HR(43.9±12.6 years)was similar(P=0.847).The overall stone-free rate was 88.8%.The total complication rate was 32.3%(52 patients),and the highest grade was IIIa,according to the modified Clavein grading system,resulting in an HR rate of 22.4%.History of preoperative pyuria(P=0.001),hydronephrosis(P=0.001)and mean stone size(P=0.012),multiple renal punctures(P<0.001),double J stent(P=0.033),total operative time(P=0.001),intraoperative injury(P=0.011),postoperative urinary tract infection(P<0.001),and inadequate instructions for urethral catheter(P=0.001)and activity daily living(P=0.048)were significantly associated with HR after PNL.On multivariate analysis,only preoperative pyuria(P=0.004),intraoperative injury(P=0.001),and inadequate instructions on urethral catheter care(P=0.035)were associated with HR.The risk score of the independent predictors was 0-17;0-4(low risk),5-9(moderate risk),and 10-17(high risk).CONCLUSION The rate of unplanned HR after PNL was relatively high(22.4%).The presence of pus cells in the preoperative urine analysis,intraoperative injury,and receiving inadequate instructions on urethral catheter care were independent predictors of HR after PNL.Combined studying of the urological and nursing-related predictors may promote the implementation of enhanced recovery protocols after PNL.
文摘Over the past three decades,there has been increasing interest in miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)techniques featuring smaller tracts as they offer potential solutions to mitigate complications associated with standard PCNL(sPCNL).However,despite this growing acceptance and recognition of its benefits,unresolved controversies and acknowledged limitations continue to impede widespread adoption due to a lack of consensus on optimal perioperative management strategies and procedural tips and tricks.In response to these challenges,an international panel comprising experts from the International Alliance of Urolithiasis(IAU)took on the task of compiling an expert consensus document on mPCNL procedures aimed at providing urologists with a comprehensive clinical framework for practice.This endeavor involved conducting a systematic literature review to identify research gaps(RGs),which formed the foundation for developing a structured questionnaire survey.Subsequently,a two-round modified Delphi survey was implemented,culminating in a group meeting to generate final evidence-based comments.All 64 experts completed the second-round survey,resulting in a response rate of 100.0%.Fifty-eight key questions were raised focusing on mPCNLs within 4 main domains,including general information(13 questions),preoperative work-up(13 questions),procedural tips and tricks(19 questions),and postoperative evaluation and follow-up(13 questions).Additionally,9 questions evaluated the experts’experience with PCNLs.Consensus was reached on 30 questions after the second-round survey,while professional statements for the remaining 28 key questions were provided after discussion in an online panel meeting.mPCNL,characterized by a tract smaller than 18 Fr and an innovative lithotripsy technique,has firmly established itself as a viable and effective approach for managing upper urinary tract stones in both adults and pediatrics.It offers several advantages over sPCNL including reduced bleeding,fewer requirements for nephrostomy tubes,decreased pain,and shorter hospital stays.The series of detailed techniques presented here serve as a comprehensive guide for urologists,aiming to improve their procedural understanding and optimize patient outcomes.
文摘Objective This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge among urologists of usage of fluoroscopy during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.MethodsWe conducted an anonymous internet-based survey addressed to the EAU Section of Uro-Technology and the International Alliance of Urolithiasis members with particular interest in the stone treatment at all levels of expertise.The final version of the questionnaire included 31 questions,evaluated the level of knowledge on X-ray utilization and exposure,and identified correlations between geographic areas,levels of seniority,surgical volumes,and awareness on radiation protection.ResultsIn total,586 respondents were included.Knowledge of fluoroscopy settings appeared low,particularly among trainees(up to 87.5%were uninformed,p=0.008).Precautions to reduce exposure appeared poorly followed as up to 25.4%of respondents used regularly continuous fluoroscopy,and up to 20.5%used regularly high-frequency setting and this trend was more obvious among senior specialists(6.2%of trainees used high-frequency settings vs.21.3%of consultants,p<0.05).Additionally,only 24.9%of respondents would provide X-ray protection to patients too.ConclusionAlthough high and routinary utilization of X-rays,the level of awareness and adhesion to“as low as reasonably achievable”principles among endourologists seems suboptimal in 65.0%of all respondents.Highest volume surgeons,inevitably at higher risk,do not seem to adopt more precautions.More efforts should be addressed to improve these results,reducing the risk related to excessive radiation exposure for both surgical staff and patients in order to minimize health related issues.
文摘Th e International Alliance of Urolithiasis(IAU)consensus on miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)[1]is produced by an experienced international panel of experts in kidney stone surgery and is based on a systematic review of literature and a Delphi process,ensuring that recommendations are grounded in evidence.
基金financed by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81670643 and 81370804)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(No.201604020001).
文摘Miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)procedures have gained increased popularity in recent years.They aim to reduce percutaneous tract size in order to lower complication rates,while maintaining high stone-free rates.Recently,miniaturized PCNL techniques have further expanded,and can currently be classified into mini-PCNL,minimally invasive PCNL(MIP),Chinese mini-PCNL(MPCNL),ultra-mini-PCNL(UMP),micro-PCNL,mini-micro-PCNL,and super-mini-PCNL(SMP).However,despite its minimally-invasive nature,its potential superiority in terms of safety and efficacy when compared to conventional PCNL is still under debate.The aim of this review is to summarise different available modalities of miniaturized PCNL,details of instruments involved,and their corresponding safety and efficacy.In particular,this article highlights the role of the SMP and our experience with this novel technique in management of urolithiasis.Overall,miniaturized PCNL techniques appear to be safe and effective alternatives to conventional PCNL for both adult and pediatric patients.Well-designed,randomized studies are required to further investigate and identify specific roles of miniaturized PCNL techniques before considering them as standard rather than alternative procedures to conventional PCNL.
文摘Objective:To summarize recent advancements in mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL)in surgical technique,stone removal strategy,lithotripsy,and surgical model from the current literature.Methods:We conducted a narrative review of relevant English-language articles up to October 2022 using the PubMed and Web of Science databases.The following keywords were used in the search:“percutaneous nephrolithotomy”,“minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy”,“mini-PCNL”,“mini-perc”,“mPCNL”,and“miniaturization”.Results:A series of new progress has been made in many aspects of mini-PCNL,such as further reduction of tract sizedneedle perc and further improvement of robotic-assisted PCNLdartificial intelligence-powered robotic devices.Conclusion:Many studies and trials have been conducted to reduce morbidity and increase the safety and effectiveness of mini-PCNL.It is crucial to realize that miniaturization of PCNL requires not only a smaller percutaneous tract size,but also an adjustment strategically in renal access,stone removal,lithotripsy,and surgical model in general.More large-scale prospective research needs to be carried out to further validate and optimize the safety and effectiveness of mini-PCNL.
文摘BACKGROUND Upper urinary tract stones are very common in my country,with an incidence of 1%to 5%in the North and an even higher incidence of 5%to 10%in the south.The incidence rate in the south is higher than that in the north,mainly due to the water quality,climate and eating habits of the region.From the perspective of sex,incidence is more likely in males than females.In the high-incidence population,young adults are most prone to stones.Men in the age range of 25 to 40 years are more likely to have stones.AIM To observe the therapeutic effect of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mPCNL)on upper urinary tract stones and its influence on the renal function of patients.METHODS Patients with upper urinary tract stones who were treated in our hospital from February 2017 to March 2018 were selected as research subjects and were divided into the PCNL group and the mPCNL group according to the random number table method.The general conditions of the two groups of patients were observed during the perioperative period,and the differences in stone clearance,pain,renal function indicators and complication rates were compared between the two groups to determine which were statistically significant(P<0.05).RESULTS The operation time of the mPCNL group was longer than that of the PCNL group(t=-34.392,P<0.001),and the intraoperative blood loss of the mPCNL group was more than that of the PCNL group(t=34.090,P<0.001).There was no difference in renal function indices between the two groups of patients before treatment,and there was no difference in the levels of serum creatinine,β2 microglobulin or retinol binding protein in the mPCNL group after treatment.The visual analog scale score of patients in the mPCNL group was lower than that of the PCNL group(t=12.191,P<0.001),and there was no significant difference in the stone clearance rate between the two groups(χ2 value=1.013,P=0.314).There was no significant difference in the incidence of urine extravasation,dyspnea and peripheral organ damage between the two groups(χ2 value=1.053,P=0.305).At 1 mo after treatment and 3 mo after treatment,the quality of life of the mPCNL group was lower than that of the PCNL group,and the Qmax level of the mPCNL group was higher than that of the PCNL group.CONCLUSION mPCNL has a good therapeutic effect on upper urinary tract stones,with a high stone clearance rate without causing kidney damage or increasing the incidence of complications,and thus has good application value.
文摘BACKGROUND It is possible that this condition will lead to urosepsis and progressive deterioration of renal function in the absence of surgical intervention.Several recent clinical studies have shown that multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy(MPCNL)has a similar stone free rate(SFR)as standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy(S-PCNL).As a result,M-PCNL was also recommended as a treatment option for staghorn calculi.AIM To examine the perioperative and long-term results of ultrasonography-guided single-and M-PCNL.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study.Between March 2021 and January 2022,the urology department of our hospital selected patients for the treatment of staghorn calculi using percutaneous nephrolithotomy.The primary outcomes were com plication rate and SFR,and the characteristics of patients,operative parameters,laboratory measurements were also collected.RESULTS In total,345 patients were enrolled in the study(186 in the S-PCNL group and 159 in the M-PCNL group).The SFR in the M-PCNL group was significantly higher than that in the S-PCNL group(P=0.033).Moreover,the incidence rates of hydrothorax(P=0.03)and postoperative infection(P=0.012)were higher in the M-PCNL group than in the S-PCNL group.Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that post-operative white blood cell count(OR=2.57,95%CI:1.90-3.47,P<0.001)and stone size(OR=1.59,95%CI:1.27-2.00,P<0.001)were associated with a higher overall complication rate in the S-PCNL group.Body mass index(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.06-1.40,P=0.004)and stone size(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.35-2.15,P<0.001)were associated with increased overall complications in the M-PCNL group.CONCLUSION Multiple access tracts can facilitate higher SFR while slightly increasing the incidence of acceptable complications.
文摘Objective:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is commonly used in the management of large renal stones.Postoperative infections are one of the most common complications of this procedure.The present study is to determine and assess the factors that may increase the risk to develop fever and urinary sepsis after PCNL.Methods:A total of 60 patients(38 males and 22 females)with a mean age of 40.25 years enrolled in this study in Sulaimania Teaching Hospital.Patients had renal stone disease need operation with different socioeconomic status,body mass index and different type and size of stones were included in this study.Patients with preoperative positive urine culture and sensitivity were excluded.Preoperative investigations done for all patients.All Patients received prophylactic antibiotic gentamicin intravenously at the induction of anaesthesia.Renal pelvis urine sample were taken from all patients after puncturing the pelvicalyceal system and send for culture and sensitivity.Patients were monitored closely in the postoperative period for the development of fever and sepsis.Results:Mean duration of the operations was 77.08 min ranged 40e120 min.All patients had postoperative nephrostomy tube.Seventeen(28.33%)patients developed post PCNL fever and the statistically significant factors for post PCNL fever were diabetes mellitus(DM)(p Z 0.001),stone burden(p Z 0.001),number of the stones(p<0.001),degree of hydronephrosis(p Z 0.001),duration of the operation(p<0.001),residual stones(p Z 0.001)and number of tracts(p Z 0.038).Three(5.00%)patients developed post PCNL sepsis,and the statistically significant risk factors for post PCNL sepsis were duration of the operation(p Z 0.013)and intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drop in haemoglobin(HB)level(p Z 0.046).Conclusion:DM,staghorn stones,degree of hydronephrosis,duration of the operation and number of tracts are risk factors for post PCNL fever,while number of stones,intraoperative blood loss,duration of the operation and residual stones are risk factors for post PCNL sepsis.
文摘Staghorn calculi comprise a unique subset of complex kidney stone disease. Percutaneousnephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard treatment for staghorn stones. Despitecontinuous refinements to the technique and instrumentation of PCNL, these stones remaina troublesome challenge for endourologists and are associated with a higher rate of perioperativecomplications than that for non-staghorn stones. Common and notable intraoperativecomplications include bleeding, renal collecting system injury, injury of visceral organs, pulmonarycomplications, thromboembolic complications, extrarenal stone migration, andmisplacement of the nephrostomy tube. Postoperative complications include infection and urosepsis,bleeding, persistent nephrocutaneous urine leakage, infundibular stenosis, and death.In this review, we report recommendations regarding troubleshooting measures that can beused to identify and characterize these complications. Additionally, we include informationregarding management strategies for complications associated with PCNL for staghorn calculi.
文摘Complex renal calculi remain to be a challenge for the treating urologist due to sheer bulk and the technicalities involved.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)remains the treatment modality of choice in dealing with these large and complex stones.The limiting factor in their treatment continues to be the need for using additional tracts or the use of flexible nephroscopy for complete stone clearance.This systematic review focuses on the need for multi-tract PCNL for complex renal calculi.The literature review was performed using PubMed database using the keywords“multiple tract PCNL”or“multiperc”.We identified original articles published on the usage of multiple tracts for stone clearance in renal calculi between January 2000 to October 2018,and the search was restricted to available literature in English language only.Ten studies with n>20 were included for the final analysis.We analyzed the technical efficacy with respect to the number of tracts and stages that were required for stone clearance,outcomes and complications,especially,procedural bleeding and post-procedure infective complications of multiple-tract PCNL for large burden renal stones.Multiperc is found to be safe,feasible and effective for the management of large burden complex renal calculi with respect to stone clearance and morbidity associated with the procedure.It is cost effective and complete stone clearance as a single procedure is higher in comparison to flexible ureteroscopy and shockwave lithotripsy.
文摘Objective:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is the standard procedure for the management of large and complex renal stones.Blood loss during PCNL may occur during puncture,tract dilatation,and stone fragmentation.Therefore,despite recent advances in PCNL,haemorrhagic complication still occurs.This study aims to enlighten on various aspects of haemorrhagic complication in PCNL,mainly focusing on risk factors and management of this dreadful complication.Methods:Literature search for the study was carried out using advanced search engines like PubMed,Cochrane,and Google Scholar,combining keyword“percutaneous lithotomy”with other keywords like“bleeding”,“haemorrhage”,“complications”,“stone scoring systems”,“mini-PCNL vs.standard”,“dilatation techniques”,“supine vs.prone”,“USG-guided”,“endoscopic combined intra-renal surgery”,“papillary vs.non-papillary puncture”,“bilateral”,and“angioembolization”.The articles published between January 1995 and September 2020 were included for the review.Results:A total of 3670 articles published from January 1995 to September 2020 were screened for the review.Although not consistent,multiple studies have described various preoperative and intraoperative risk factors related to significant bleeding in PCNL.Identification of these risk factors help urologists to anticipate and promptly manage haemorrhagic complications associated with the procedure.A conservative approach suffices to control bleeding in most cases;nevertheless,bleeding can be life-threatening and few still need surgical intervention in the form of angiographic embolisation or open surgical exploration.Conclusion:As hemorrhagic complication in PCNL is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality,prudent intraoperative decision and postoperative care are necessary for its timely prevention,detection,and management.
文摘The safety and effectiveness of a novel Chinese one-shot dilation technique based on stimulated diuresis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy（PCNL） were investigated.After the feasibility of the Chinese one-shot dilation based on stimulated diuresis was verified by an animal study,this technique was applied in the clinical practice.A total of 67 patients in our department underwent the modified PCNL from July 2014 to June 2015.After the renal infundibulum was distended by stimulated diuresis,the kidney was punctured under the ultrasonographic guidance via the fornix of the target calyx.The working channel was dilated using a special designed pencil-shaped fascial dilator.The successful access rate,nephrostomy tract creation time,pre-and postoperative hemoglobin values and serum creatinine concentrations,stone-free rate and complications were recorded and analyzed.The renal infundibulum was successfully distended in all of the patients by the diuresis treatment.Under the ultrasonographic guidance,the successful access rate was 100% and the mean tract creation time was 2.0 min（range：1.5–5.0 min）.The stone-free rate right after surgery was 91.0%.Although the postoperative hemoglobin was significantly reduced（P〈0.01）,transfusion was not clinically necessary.There was no significant difference in serum creatinine concentrations before and after operation（P〉0.05）.No severe complication occurred during or after the PCNL.It was suggested that this Chinese one-shot dilation technique based on stimulated diuresis is an efficient and safe innovation for PCNL,and is even helpful for those patients with non-dilated pelvicaliceal systems.
基金Supported by the Ningbo Medical Science and Technology Project,No.2014A33
文摘AIM To compare the outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS) and miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL) in treating lower pole(LP) renal stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm.METHODS A total of 216 patients who underwent mini-PCNL(n = 103) or RIRS n = 113) for LP stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm were enrolled between December 2015 and April 2017 at the Urology Department of Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital.RESULTS Significant differences were found in the hospital stay(9.39 ± 4.01 vs 14.08 ± 5.26, P < 0.0001) and hospitalization costs(2624.5 ± 513.36 vs 3255.2 ± 976.5, P < 0.0001) between the RIRS and mini-PCNL groups. The mean operation time was not significantly different between the RIRS group(56.48 ± 24.77) and the mini-PCNL group(60.04 ± 30.38, P = 0.345). The stone-free rates at the first postoperative day(RIRS vs mini-PCNL: 90.2% vs 93.2%, P = 0.822) and the second month postoperatively(RIRS vs mini-PCNL: 93.8% vs 95.1%, P = 0.986) were not significantly different.CONCLUSION RIRS and mini-PCNL are both safe and effective methods for treating LP stones with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm. RIRS can be considered as an alternative to PCNL for the treatment for LP stones of 1.5-2.5 cm.
文摘The purpose of the review was to present the latest updates on percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)procedure in terms of indications and evolving techniques,and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each modality.The data for this review were collected after a thorough PubMed search in core clinical journals in English language.The key words included“PCNL”and“PNL”in combination with“indications”,“techniques”,“review”and“miniaturized PCNL”.Publications relevant to the subject were retrieved and critically reviewed.Current European and American Urology Association Nephrolithiasis Guidelines were included as well.The indications for standard PCNL have been changed through the past decade.Despite evolution of the procedure,innovations and the development of new technical approaches,the indications for miniaturized PCNL have not been standardized yet.There is a need for well-constructed randomized trials to explore the indications,complications and results for each evolving approach.A continuous reduction of tract size is not the only revolution of the last years.There is constant ongoing interest in developing new efficient miniature instruments,intracorporeal lithotripters and sophisticated tract creation methods.We can summarize that,PCNL represents a valuable well-known tool in the field of endourology.We should be open minded to future changes in surgical approaches and technological improvements.
文摘Staghorn calculi are branched stones which occupy a majority portion of the pelvicaliceal system.An untreated staghorn calculus over time can damage the kidney and deteriorate its function and/or cause life threatening sepsis.Total stone clearance is an important goal in order to eradicate any infective focus,relieve obstruction,prevent recurrence and preserve the kidney function.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is currently the accepted first-line treatment option for staghorn calculi.The options available are single-tract PCNL with an auxiliary procedure like shockwave lithotripsy,single-tract PCNL with flexible nephroscopy,or multitract PCNL.Each has its own pros and cons.But the ultimate goal of treatment for any patient with staghorn calculi should be safety,cost-effectiveness,and to achieve total stone clearance.With this article,we review the management of staghorn calculi with multiple percutaneous(“multitract”)access,its advantages and disadvantages and its current position by studying the various published materials across the globe.
文摘Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)is an effective and well accepted procedure for the treatment of large and complex renal calculi.We encountered a patient with a mis-placed percutaneous nephrostomy drainage tube(PNDT)into the contralateral renal vein re-sulting thrombus formation after undergoing right side PCNL.We placed a temporary filter to prevent embolism and started anti-coagulation therapy immediately and finally the PNDT was removed without bleeding.
文摘Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate quality of nephrolithometric nomograms to predict stone-free rates(SFRs)and complication rates(CRs)in case of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL).In the last decade,nomograms have been introduced to estimate the SFRs and CRs of PNL.However,no data are available regarding their reliability in case of utilization of miniaturized devices.Herein we present a prospective multicentric study to evaluate reliability of Guy’s stone score(GSS),the stone size,tract length,obstruction,number of involved calyces,and essence of stone(S.T.O.N.E.)nephrolithometry score and Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society(CROES)score in patients treated with minimally invasive PNL.Methods:We evaluated SFRs and CRs of 222 adult patients treated with miniaturized PNL.Patients were considered stone-free if no residual fragments of any size at post-operative unenhanced computed tomography scan.Patients demographics,SFRs,and CRs were reported and analyzed.Performances of nomograms were evaluated with the area under the curve(AUC).Results:We included 222 patients,the AUCs of GSS,CROES score,and S.T.O.N.E.nephrolithometry score were 0.69(95%confidence interval[CI]0.61-0.78),0.64(95%CI 0.56-0.73),and 0.62(95%CI 0.52-0.71),respectively.Regarding SFRs,at multivariate binomial logistic regression,only the GSS had significance with an odds ratio of 0.53(95%CI 0.31e0.95,p=0.04).We did not find significant correlation with complications,with only a trend for GSS.Conclusion:This is the first study evaluating nomograms in miniaturized PNL.They still show good reliability;however,our data showed lower performances compared to standard PNL.We emphasize the need of further studies to confirm this trend.A dedicated nomogram for minimally invasive PNL may be necessary.
文摘Objective:Selective angioembolization(SAE)effectively diagnoses and treats iatrogenic vascular complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 1329 consecutive PCNLs and identified patients who underwent SAE following PCNL with at least 12-month follow-up.Estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)was calculated for all patients preoperatively,postoperatively and at last followup.A 1:2 matched cohort analysis was performed.Results:Twenty-three patients underwent SAE and matched to 46 controls.There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative,postoperative,and follow-up eGFR when comparing patients who underwent SAE and those with an uneventful course.Conclusion:Long-term eGFR is comparable in patients who undergo uncomplicated PCNL and those requiring SAE.
