Objective To investigate the bone-protective potential of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.seed hydroalcoholic extract(NNHE)in an ovariectomized(OVX)rat model by modulating the estrogen receptor/osteoprotegerin/receptor activa...Objective To investigate the bone-protective potential of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.seed hydroalcoholic extract(NNHE)in an ovariectomized(OVX)rat model by modulating the estrogen receptor/osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor(NF)-κB(ER/OPG/RANKL)signaling pathway.Methods Network pharmacology was employed with the databases of PubChem,BindingDB,DisGeNET,Gene Ontology(GO),and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG),along with Cytoscape 3.10.2 for identifying the targets and pathways of NNHE relevant to OP.A total of 48 specific pathogen-free(SPF)grade female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=8 per group):sham control,OVX control,OVX+NNHE[100,200,400 mg/(kg·d)],and OVX+alendronate[3 mg/(kg·week)].The treatment lasted for 16 weeks.Post-treatment assessment included bone parameters(weight,thickness,density,volume,and length),serum biochemical markers[parathyroid hormone(PTH),estrogen,OPG,RANKL,tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP),osteocalcin(OC),calcitonin(CT),calcium(Ca),phosphorus(P),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)],pro-inflammatory cytokines[tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α,NF-κB,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6],lipid profiles[total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low density lipoprotein(LDL),and high density lipoprotein(HDL)],oxidative stress markers[superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GSH),and malondialdehyde(MDA)],and histopathological analyses of femur,uterus,and vaginal tissues.Results Network pharmacology analysis revealed 61 overlapping targets between NNHE and osteoporosis-related genes,including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),NF-κB subunit 1(NFKB1),dopamine receptor D2(DRD2),matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9),and caspase-3.GO and KEGG enrichment suggested involvement in the ER/OPG/RANKL signaling pathway.In vivo studies demonstrated that NNHE treatment(400 mg/kg)significantly reduced OVX-induced body weight gain and exhibited estrogenic activity in the vaginal cornification assay.NNHE at 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased serum estrogen levels compared with OVX control group,while uterine weight remained unaffected.NNHE significantly improved the lipid profile compared with OVX group,with TC,TG,and LDL decreased,while HDL levels were increased at 200 and 400 mg/kg.Bone metabolism markers were significantly improved compared with OVX group,with serum Ca and P levels restored at all NNHE doses and ALP activity reduced.NNHE effectively modulated bone turnover markers compared with OVX group by reducing levels of OC,TRAP,and PTH,and increasing level of CT.In addition,NNHE decreased RANKL level while increasing OPG level at 200 and 400 mg/kg.Bone mineral density(BMD)was significantly enhanced compared with OVX group.Serum oxidative stress was significantly mitigated compared with OVX group through increased levels of antioxidant enzymes(SOD,CAT,and GSH)and reduced MDA,with the most pronounced effects observed at 400 mg/kg.Pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,and NF-κB)were significantly reduced in all NNHE treatment groups compared with OVX group.Histopathological analysis confirmed restoration of trabecular bone structure and normalization of reproductive tissue morphology in OVX rats after NNHE treatment.Conclusion NNHE demonstrated significant protective effects against OVX-induced osteoporosis through ER/OPG/RANKL signaling pathway modulation,oxidative stress,and inflammation suppression,resulting in improved BMD and structural integrity.These findings indicate that NNHE may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for postmenopausal osteoporosis management and merits further clinical investigation.展开更多
This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifarious aspects of Nelumbo nucifera,elucidating its eco-logical,nutritional,medicinal,and biomimetic significance.Renowned both culturally and scientifically,...This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifarious aspects of Nelumbo nucifera,elucidating its eco-logical,nutritional,medicinal,and biomimetic significance.Renowned both culturally and scientifically,Nelumbo nucif-era manifests remarkable adaptability,characterized by its extensive distribution across varied climatic regions,underpinned by its robust rhizome system and prolific reproductive strategies.Ecologically,this species plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems,primarily through biofiltration,thereby enhancing habitat biodiversity.The rhizomes and seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are nutritionally significant,being rich sources of dietary fiber,essential vitamins,and minerals,and have found extensive culinary applications.From a medicinal perspective,diverse constituents of Nelumbo nucifera exhibit therapeutic potential,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and anti-cancer properties.Recent advancements in preservation technology and culinary innovation have further underscored its role in the food industry,highlighting its nutritional versatility.In biomimetics,the unique"lotus effect"is leveraged for the development of self-cleaning materials.Additionally,the transformation of Nelumbo nucifera into biochar is being explored for its potential in sustainable environmental practices.This review emphasizes the critical need for targeted conservation strategies to protect Nelumbo nucifera against the threats posed by climate change and habitat loss,advocating for its sustainable utilization as a species of significant value.展开更多
Nelumbo Adans. （Nelumbonaceae） is an important member of the early-diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species： N. nucifera Gaertn. （the Sacred lotus）, distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd....Nelumbo Adans. （Nelumbonaceae） is an important member of the early-diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species： N. nucifera Gaertn. （the Sacred lotus）, distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd. （the American lotus）, occurring in North America. This paper reviews the taxonomic, evolutionary and phytogeographic studies of the genus Nelumbo, and also raises scientific questions about it in further paleobotanic research. There are about 30 fossil species of Nelumbo established since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil studies, the ancestors of the extant N. nucifera and N. lutea are respectively considered to be N. protospeciosa from the Eocene to Miocene of Eurasia, and N. protolutea from the Eocene of North American. However, molecular systematic studies indicate that N. nucifera and N. lutea are probably split from a common ancestor during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, or even the Pleistocene, rather than separate relicts from extinct species on different continents. The characters of lotus stomatal development, seedling morphology as well as its flowering, pollination and fertilization in air reveal that it evolves from the land plants. Fossil data of Nelumbo indicates that the genus first occurs in mid-latitude area of Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous, then becomes widespread in North America and Eurasia and expands into Africa and South America during the Late Cretaceous; the genus probably colonizes the Indian Subcontinent from Asia during the Early Eocene after the collision of India and the Asian plates; the genus becomes extinct in Europe, but survives in Asia and North America during the Quaternary Ice Age, and later forms the present East Asia and North Australia-North America disjunctive distribution.展开更多
A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, named nelumstemine （1）, 1-（4＇-hydroxybenzoyl）-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, was isolated from the stems of Nelumbo nucifera Geartn. Its structure was established on the...A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, named nelumstemine （1）, 1-（4＇-hydroxybenzoyl）-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, was isolated from the stems of Nelumbo nucifera Geartn. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral analysis.展开更多
Hormones play important roles in vegetative and reproductive processes;however,the regulatory roles of hormones in Nelumbo nucifera(Lotus)growth and development are unclear.In this study,nine types of endogenous hormo...Hormones play important roles in vegetative and reproductive processes;however,the regulatory roles of hormones in Nelumbo nucifera(Lotus)growth and development are unclear.In this study,nine types of endogenous hormones,including gibberellins(GA_1,GA_3,and GA_4),indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),brassinolide(BR),ethylene(ETH),jasmonic acid(JA),abscisic acid(ABA),and zeatin(ZT)were detected in dormant shoot tips,vegetative shoot tips,developing leaf buds,and developing flower buds of lotus.The results indicated that GA,ETH,and BR signaling can promote vegetative and reproductive development of lotus.GA signaling regulates plant height and stimulates flower bud differentiation.GA levels were the highest in the flower buds;exogenous GA3+4 increased plant height by approximately 90%,increased flower quantity by nearly 40%,and advanced flowering by 4 d.Suppressing GA biosynthesis using paclobutrazol decreased plant height and flower quantity by 38%and 87.1%,respectively,and delayed flowering by 15.6 d.ETH signaling has positive regulatory effects on vegetative growth and flower development.The ETH concentration in the developing leaf buds was at least 50%higher than that in other samples.Ethephon spraying led to remarkable increases in plant height and leaf thickness and extended the flowering duration.BR signaling acts as a growth promoter during vegetative and reproductive development in lotus.The highest BR levels were detected in the vegetative shoot tips.External application of28-epihomobrassinolide resulted in growth-promoting phenotypes including longer scapes,thicker leaves,and prolonged flowering.展开更多
The physical location of 45S and 5S rDNA sites by double-target fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） and 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer （NTS） sequences was studied in five accessions of Nelumbo nucifera Gaert...The physical location of 45S and 5S rDNA sites by double-target fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） and 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer （NTS） sequences was studied in five accessions of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.and one accession of N.nucifera subsp.lutea （Willd.）.The chromosome number of all tested materials was 2n=16.The loci of 5S rDNA were close to the centromere regions of chromosome 3,and the loci of 45S rDNA were found on chromosomes 7 and 8 in all the six tested accessions,respectively.Similarly,45S rDNAs were also located on chromosome 4 in four tested accessions.The 5S rRNA gene sequences were conserved and the NTS sequences were variable among the samples.N.nucifera subsp.lutea was the longest branch in the phylogenetic tree and clustered with N.nucifera cv.Liangzihu.N.nucifera cv.Heilongjiang and N.nucifera cv.Weishanhu showed a close relationship with each other.N.nucifera cv.Dahe Lian was closer to N.nucifera cv.Nihelu Lian than to other tested accessions.Analysis of the molecular karyotype and the 5S rRNA gene spacer sequence suggested the genetic diversity was limited within Nelumbo species and it seems suitable that American lotus was considered as the subspecies of N.nucifera.展开更多
Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have ...Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect of Nelumbo Nucifera leaf water extract （NNLE） on insulinoma （RIN） cells induced by interleukin-1β （1L-1β） and interferon-g （IFN-γ）, and injured pancreatic β-cells induced...OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect of Nelumbo Nucifera leaf water extract （NNLE） on insulinoma （RIN） cells induced by interleukin-1β （1L-1β） and interferon-g （IFN-γ）, and injured pancreatic β-cells induced by Streptozotocin （STZ） in rats. METHODS： The anti-oxidative effects of NNLE were assessed using 1,1 -diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl （DPPH） and nitric oxide （NO） scavenging assays. The inhibitory effect of NNLE on a-glucosidase and DPP （dipeptidyl peptidase）-IV was measured in vitro. Pancreatic 1β-cell protective and insulin secretory effects were assessed, using 1L-1β and IFN-γ-inducedrat RIN cells. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with 50, 100, and 400 mg/kg NNLE for 4 weeks. The effects of NNLE on blood glucose （BG）, body weight （BW）, and lipid profiles were measured. RESULTS： NNLE inhibited DPPH, NO, aglucosidase, and DPP-Ⅳ which were directly linked to the function of β-cells. Furthermore, NNLE protected RIN cells from toxicity induced by 11-11β and IFN-γ, decreased NO production, and increased insulin secretion. NNLE caused a significant reduction in blood glucose, triglyceride （TG）, total cholesterol （TC）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, and creatinine in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, it significantly decreased BW loss in STZ-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSION： Our results suggest that NNLE reduced the toxicity in insulinoma cells and increased insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells in STZ-induced diabetic rats.展开更多
Heavy metals have seriously contaminated soil and water, and done harm to public health. Academician WANG Naiyan proposed that ion-implantation technique should be exploited for environmental bioremediation by mutatin...Heavy metals have seriously contaminated soil and water, and done harm to public health. Academician WANG Naiyan proposed that ion-implantation technique should be exploited for environmental bioremediation by mutating and breeding plants or microbes. By implanting N^＋ into Taikonglian No.l, we have selected and bred two lotus cultivars, Jingguang No.1 and Jingguang No.2. The present study aims at analyzing the feasibility that irradiation can be used for remediation of soil and water from heavy metals. Compared with parent Taikonglian No.l, the uptaking and accumulating ability of heavy metals in two mutated cultivars was obviously improved. So ion implantation technique can indeed be used in bioremediation of heavy metals in soil and water, but it is hard to select and breed a cultivar which can remedy the soil and water from all the heavy metals.展开更多
American lotus(Nelumbo lutea)is one of the two species in Nelumbo and has only yellow flower.Identification of total flavonoids showed wild American lotus contained almost only flavonols with quercetin 3-O-glucuronide...American lotus(Nelumbo lutea)is one of the two species in Nelumbo and has only yellow flower.Identification of total flavonoids showed wild American lotus contained almost only flavonols with quercetin 3-O-glucuronide to be the dominant pigment.The variation tendency of the total flavonol content was coincident with yellow color variation of petals during flower development.To understand the mechanism of accumulation and constituent of pigments in petals,three pivotal genes,NlFLS1,NlFLS2 and NlFLS3,which were predicted to encode flavonol synthases were isolated and characterized by analyses of basic bioinformatics,temporal and spatial expression patterns and enzymatic activity.Their temporal expression levels showed the same variation tendency,which was also consistent with the development-dependent variation of total flavonol content.Spatial expression patterns indicated the three genes should function in petals.All the three proteins were demonstrated to be bifunctional dioxygenase,possessing both flavonol synthase activity and flavanone 3-hydroxylase activity.Besides,other flavonol biosynthesis related genes were also investigated on their expression levels to give more clues on the mechanism.Substrate preferences of the three FLSs,substrate competitions between the FLSs and other flavonol biosynthesis related enzymes,and the greatly differential expression levels between F3’H(flavonoid 3-hydroxylase)and F3’5’H(flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase)contributed to the flavonol constituent in the petals of America lotus,namely abundant quercetin-derivatives while very few kaempferol-derivatives and myricetin-derivatives.展开更多
Tropical lotus(Nelumbo) is an important and unique ecological type of lotus germplasm.Understanding the genetic relationship and diversity of the tropical lotus is necessary for its sustainable conservation and utiliz...Tropical lotus(Nelumbo) is an important and unique ecological type of lotus germplasm.Understanding the genetic relationship and diversity of the tropical lotus is necessary for its sustainable conservation and utilization.Using 42 EST-SSR(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats) and 30 SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism) markers,we assessed the genetic diversity and inferred the ancestry of representative tropical lotus from Thailand and Vietnam.In total,164 and 41 polymorphic bands were detected in 69 accessions by 36 EST-SSR and seven SRAP makers,respectively.Higher genetic diversity was revealed in Thai lotus than in Vietnamese lotus.A Neighbor-Joining tree of five main clusters was constructed using combined EST-SSR and SRAP markers.Cluster Ⅰ included 17 accessions of Thai lotus;cluster Ⅱ contained three Thai accessions and 11 accessions from southern Vietnam;and cluster Ⅲ was constituted by 13 accessions of seed lotus.Consistent with the results from the NeighborJoining tree,the genetic structure analysis showed that the genetic background of most Thai and Vietnamese lotus was pure,as artificial breeding has been rare in both countries.Furthermore,these analyses indicate that Thai and Vietnamese lotus germplasms belong to two different gene pools or populations.Most lotus accessions are genetically related to geographical distribution patterns in Thailand or Vietnam.Our findings showed that the origin or genetic relationships of some unidentified lotus sources can be evaluated by comparing morphological characteristics and the data of molecular markers.In addition,these findings provide reliable information for the targeted conservation of tropical lotus and parent selection in breeding novel cultivars of lotus.展开更多
[ Objectives ] This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 20 lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） samples. [ Methods ] On this optimal ISSR amplification system, 16 primers were screened with good p...[ Objectives ] This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 20 lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） samples. [ Methods ] On this optimal ISSR amplification system, 16 primers were screened with good polymorphism, and the DNA was used to amplify the 20 plant samples. [ R^ults] The 16 primers produced 225 loci, of which 170 were polymorphic, and the polymorphic loci percentage was up to 75.56%. The genetic similarity coefficients between the 20 vari- eties ranged from 0. 577 8 to 0.951 1, which were calculated by POPGENE32. The 20 varieties by UPMGA analysis could be clustered into 2 groups, the first of which included Baiyangdian red lotus and Donggua lotus, and other varieties was included in the second group. [ Conchmions] ISSR molecular markers could be effectively used in genetic diversity and fingerprint analysis for different lotus varieties.展开更多
Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an economically important perennial aquatic herb plant in China.Presently,viral diseases caused by Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)and Dasheen mosaic virus(DsMV)are detected in lotus.In thi...Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an economically important perennial aquatic herb plant in China.Presently,viral diseases caused by Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)and Dasheen mosaic virus(DsMV)are detected in lotus.In this study,the putatively novel badnaviruses from lotus plants(LBVs)were identified using next-generation sequencing of siRNAs and conventional Sanger sequencing based on the RT/RNase H coding region sequences.Lotus plants infected by LBVs harbored virus quasispecies.A unique recombination event of LBVs was found in a single lotus plant.Sap inoculation showed that LBVs could actively replicate in the lotus plants,but without a wide host range.The field survey of 43 lotus plants in Jiangsu Province showed a prevalence of 62.8%for LBVs,confirming that it is widely distributed in Jiangsu Province of China.展开更多
Recently use of herbal therapies and diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins has augmented significantly to manage minor to modest illnesses. Several anti-hyperlipidemic agents are currently available;however most of the...Recently use of herbal therapies and diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins has augmented significantly to manage minor to modest illnesses. Several anti-hyperlipidemic agents are currently available;however most of them have various unwanted effects. That’s why more people are switching towards safer alternatives, specially derived from plants with fewer side effects. Hence current study was focused to determine the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of Nelumbo nucifera fruit in rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet. This study would surely help in the exploration of a novel agent from the plant source and therefore may recommend the application of traditional medicines in humans. 28 white healthy rabbits of either sex weighing 1000 - 1500 gm were divided into four groups. Control group was given gum tragacanth and 3 groups served as test groups and were given N. nucifera fruit extract 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 45 days. Initially animals of all four groups received high cholesterol diet (HCD) 0.125 gm/kg cholesterol in 0.5% corn oil for 30 days. All drugs were given orally. Blood samples were taken thrice from the ear vein of animals, 1st after 24 hours of thirty days of HCD then again after 24 hours of thirty and forty five days dosing of N. nucifera fruit extract. The results showed remarkable cholesterol lowering effects of N. nucifera fruit extract at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg but were particularly dominant at 200 mg/kg at which fruit extract highly significantly reduced TC, TG and LDL-C after 30 and 45 days and increased HDL-C significantly after 30 days and highly significantly after 45 days. Flavonoids, saponins, tannins and procyanidin are significant constituents of N. nucifera fruit which may have contributed in lipid lowering effects of N. nucifera fruit which can contribute in lowering the risk of CVDs and stroke but more preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.展开更多
文摘Objective To investigate the bone-protective potential of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.seed hydroalcoholic extract(NNHE)in an ovariectomized(OVX)rat model by modulating the estrogen receptor/osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor(NF)-κB(ER/OPG/RANKL)signaling pathway.Methods Network pharmacology was employed with the databases of PubChem,BindingDB,DisGeNET,Gene Ontology(GO),and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG),along with Cytoscape 3.10.2 for identifying the targets and pathways of NNHE relevant to OP.A total of 48 specific pathogen-free(SPF)grade female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=8 per group):sham control,OVX control,OVX+NNHE[100,200,400 mg/(kg·d)],and OVX+alendronate[3 mg/(kg·week)].The treatment lasted for 16 weeks.Post-treatment assessment included bone parameters(weight,thickness,density,volume,and length),serum biochemical markers[parathyroid hormone(PTH),estrogen,OPG,RANKL,tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP),osteocalcin(OC),calcitonin(CT),calcium(Ca),phosphorus(P),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)],pro-inflammatory cytokines[tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α,NF-κB,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6],lipid profiles[total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low density lipoprotein(LDL),and high density lipoprotein(HDL)],oxidative stress markers[superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GSH),and malondialdehyde(MDA)],and histopathological analyses of femur,uterus,and vaginal tissues.Results Network pharmacology analysis revealed 61 overlapping targets between NNHE and osteoporosis-related genes,including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),NF-κB subunit 1(NFKB1),dopamine receptor D2(DRD2),matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9),and caspase-3.GO and KEGG enrichment suggested involvement in the ER/OPG/RANKL signaling pathway.In vivo studies demonstrated that NNHE treatment(400 mg/kg)significantly reduced OVX-induced body weight gain and exhibited estrogenic activity in the vaginal cornification assay.NNHE at 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased serum estrogen levels compared with OVX control group,while uterine weight remained unaffected.NNHE significantly improved the lipid profile compared with OVX group,with TC,TG,and LDL decreased,while HDL levels were increased at 200 and 400 mg/kg.Bone metabolism markers were significantly improved compared with OVX group,with serum Ca and P levels restored at all NNHE doses and ALP activity reduced.NNHE effectively modulated bone turnover markers compared with OVX group by reducing levels of OC,TRAP,and PTH,and increasing level of CT.In addition,NNHE decreased RANKL level while increasing OPG level at 200 and 400 mg/kg.Bone mineral density(BMD)was significantly enhanced compared with OVX group.Serum oxidative stress was significantly mitigated compared with OVX group through increased levels of antioxidant enzymes(SOD,CAT,and GSH)and reduced MDA,with the most pronounced effects observed at 400 mg/kg.Pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,and NF-κB)were significantly reduced in all NNHE treatment groups compared with OVX group.Histopathological analysis confirmed restoration of trabecular bone structure and normalization of reproductive tissue morphology in OVX rats after NNHE treatment.Conclusion NNHE demonstrated significant protective effects against OVX-induced osteoporosis through ER/OPG/RANKL signaling pathway modulation,oxidative stress,and inflammation suppression,resulting in improved BMD and structural integrity.These findings indicate that NNHE may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for postmenopausal osteoporosis management and merits further clinical investigation.
基金support provided by various funding sources,including the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51709254,No.32201384)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020335)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,China(2020BCA073)National Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2019FY100600).
文摘This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifarious aspects of Nelumbo nucifera,elucidating its eco-logical,nutritional,medicinal,and biomimetic significance.Renowned both culturally and scientifically,Nelumbo nucif-era manifests remarkable adaptability,characterized by its extensive distribution across varied climatic regions,underpinned by its robust rhizome system and prolific reproductive strategies.Ecologically,this species plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems,primarily through biofiltration,thereby enhancing habitat biodiversity.The rhizomes and seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are nutritionally significant,being rich sources of dietary fiber,essential vitamins,and minerals,and have found extensive culinary applications.From a medicinal perspective,diverse constituents of Nelumbo nucifera exhibit therapeutic potential,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and anti-cancer properties.Recent advancements in preservation technology and culinary innovation have further underscored its role in the food industry,highlighting its nutritional versatility.In biomimetics,the unique"lotus effect"is leveraged for the development of self-cleaning materials.Additionally,the transformation of Nelumbo nucifera into biochar is being explored for its potential in sustainable environmental practices.This review emphasizes the critical need for targeted conservation strategies to protect Nelumbo nucifera against the threats posed by climate change and habitat loss,advocating for its sustainable utilization as a species of significant value.
基金supported by the International S&T Cooperation Project of China No.2009DFA32210the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41210001)
文摘Nelumbo Adans. （Nelumbonaceae） is an important member of the early-diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species： N. nucifera Gaertn. （the Sacred lotus）, distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd. （the American lotus）, occurring in North America. This paper reviews the taxonomic, evolutionary and phytogeographic studies of the genus Nelumbo, and also raises scientific questions about it in further paleobotanic research. There are about 30 fossil species of Nelumbo established since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil studies, the ancestors of the extant N. nucifera and N. lutea are respectively considered to be N. protospeciosa from the Eocene to Miocene of Eurasia, and N. protolutea from the Eocene of North American. However, molecular systematic studies indicate that N. nucifera and N. lutea are probably split from a common ancestor during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, or even the Pleistocene, rather than separate relicts from extinct species on different continents. The characters of lotus stomatal development, seedling morphology as well as its flowering, pollination and fertilization in air reveal that it evolves from the land plants. Fossil data of Nelumbo indicates that the genus first occurs in mid-latitude area of Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous, then becomes widespread in North America and Eurasia and expands into Africa and South America during the Late Cretaceous; the genus probably colonizes the Indian Subcontinent from Asia during the Early Eocene after the collision of India and the Asian plates; the genus becomes extinct in Europe, but survives in Asia and North America during the Quaternary Ice Age, and later forms the present East Asia and North Australia-North America disjunctive distribution.
文摘A new benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, named nelumstemine （1）, 1-（4＇-hydroxybenzoyl）-6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, was isolated from the stems of Nelumbo nucifera Geartn. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971705)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.21ZR1434200)。
文摘Hormones play important roles in vegetative and reproductive processes;however,the regulatory roles of hormones in Nelumbo nucifera(Lotus)growth and development are unclear.In this study,nine types of endogenous hormones,including gibberellins(GA_1,GA_3,and GA_4),indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),brassinolide(BR),ethylene(ETH),jasmonic acid(JA),abscisic acid(ABA),and zeatin(ZT)were detected in dormant shoot tips,vegetative shoot tips,developing leaf buds,and developing flower buds of lotus.The results indicated that GA,ETH,and BR signaling can promote vegetative and reproductive development of lotus.GA signaling regulates plant height and stimulates flower bud differentiation.GA levels were the highest in the flower buds;exogenous GA3+4 increased plant height by approximately 90%,increased flower quantity by nearly 40%,and advanced flowering by 4 d.Suppressing GA biosynthesis using paclobutrazol decreased plant height and flower quantity by 38%and 87.1%,respectively,and delayed flowering by 15.6 d.ETH signaling has positive regulatory effects on vegetative growth and flower development.The ETH concentration in the developing leaf buds was at least 50%higher than that in other samples.Ethephon spraying led to remarkable increases in plant height and leaf thickness and extended the flowering duration.BR signaling acts as a growth promoter during vegetative and reproductive development in lotus.The highest BR levels were detected in the vegetative shoot tips.External application of28-epihomobrassinolide resulted in growth-promoting phenotypes including longer scapes,thicker leaves,and prolonged flowering.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of Hubei Province,China (2006AA201B17)
文摘The physical location of 45S and 5S rDNA sites by double-target fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） and 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer （NTS） sequences was studied in five accessions of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.and one accession of N.nucifera subsp.lutea （Willd.）.The chromosome number of all tested materials was 2n=16.The loci of 5S rDNA were close to the centromere regions of chromosome 3,and the loci of 45S rDNA were found on chromosomes 7 and 8 in all the six tested accessions,respectively.Similarly,45S rDNAs were also located on chromosome 4 in four tested accessions.The 5S rRNA gene sequences were conserved and the NTS sequences were variable among the samples.N.nucifera subsp.lutea was the longest branch in the phylogenetic tree and clustered with N.nucifera cv.Liangzihu.N.nucifera cv.Heilongjiang and N.nucifera cv.Weishanhu showed a close relationship with each other.N.nucifera cv.Dahe Lian was closer to N.nucifera cv.Nihelu Lian than to other tested accessions.Analysis of the molecular karyotype and the 5S rRNA gene spacer sequence suggested the genetic diversity was limited within Nelumbo species and it seems suitable that American lotus was considered as the subspecies of N.nucifera.
基金funded by Shanghai Administration Bureau of Landscape and City Appearance(Grant No.G182412).
文摘Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.
文摘OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect of Nelumbo Nucifera leaf water extract （NNLE） on insulinoma （RIN） cells induced by interleukin-1β （1L-1β） and interferon-g （IFN-γ）, and injured pancreatic β-cells induced by Streptozotocin （STZ） in rats. METHODS： The anti-oxidative effects of NNLE were assessed using 1,1 -diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl （DPPH） and nitric oxide （NO） scavenging assays. The inhibitory effect of NNLE on a-glucosidase and DPP （dipeptidyl peptidase）-IV was measured in vitro. Pancreatic 1β-cell protective and insulin secretory effects were assessed, using 1L-1β and IFN-γ-inducedrat RIN cells. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with 50, 100, and 400 mg/kg NNLE for 4 weeks. The effects of NNLE on blood glucose （BG）, body weight （BW）, and lipid profiles were measured. RESULTS： NNLE inhibited DPPH, NO, aglucosidase, and DPP-Ⅳ which were directly linked to the function of β-cells. Furthermore, NNLE protected RIN cells from toxicity induced by 11-11β and IFN-γ, decreased NO production, and increased insulin secretion. NNLE caused a significant reduction in blood glucose, triglyceride （TG）, total cholesterol （TC）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）, and creatinine in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, it significantly decreased BW loss in STZ-induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSION： Our results suggest that NNLE reduced the toxicity in insulinoma cells and increased insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.11075019)Beijing Ion-Irradiating-Breeding Research Platform Project of China
文摘Heavy metals have seriously contaminated soil and water, and done harm to public health. Academician WANG Naiyan proposed that ion-implantation technique should be exploited for environmental bioremediation by mutating and breeding plants or microbes. By implanting N^＋ into Taikonglian No.l, we have selected and bred two lotus cultivars, Jingguang No.1 and Jingguang No.2. The present study aims at analyzing the feasibility that irradiation can be used for remediation of soil and water from heavy metals. Compared with parent Taikonglian No.l, the uptaking and accumulating ability of heavy metals in two mutated cultivars was obviously improved. So ion implantation technique can indeed be used in bioremediation of heavy metals in soil and water, but it is hard to select and breed a cultivar which can remedy the soil and water from all the heavy metals.
基金supported by the Biological Resources Programme,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KFJ-BRP-007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32072620)the Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau(Grant No.G202405,G192415,G192407,G182412)。
文摘American lotus(Nelumbo lutea)is one of the two species in Nelumbo and has only yellow flower.Identification of total flavonoids showed wild American lotus contained almost only flavonols with quercetin 3-O-glucuronide to be the dominant pigment.The variation tendency of the total flavonol content was coincident with yellow color variation of petals during flower development.To understand the mechanism of accumulation and constituent of pigments in petals,three pivotal genes,NlFLS1,NlFLS2 and NlFLS3,which were predicted to encode flavonol synthases were isolated and characterized by analyses of basic bioinformatics,temporal and spatial expression patterns and enzymatic activity.Their temporal expression levels showed the same variation tendency,which was also consistent with the development-dependent variation of total flavonol content.Spatial expression patterns indicated the three genes should function in petals.All the three proteins were demonstrated to be bifunctional dioxygenase,possessing both flavonol synthase activity and flavanone 3-hydroxylase activity.Besides,other flavonol biosynthesis related genes were also investigated on their expression levels to give more clues on the mechanism.Substrate preferences of the three FLSs,substrate competitions between the FLSs and other flavonol biosynthesis related enzymes,and the greatly differential expression levels between F3’H(flavonoid 3-hydroxylase)and F3’5’H(flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase)contributed to the flavonol constituent in the petals of America lotus,namely abundant quercetin-derivatives while very few kaempferol-derivatives and myricetin-derivatives.
基金supported by Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau (Grant number G182412)the grant from Zhejiang Humanity Landscape Co.,Ltd.,Hangzhou,China。
文摘Tropical lotus(Nelumbo) is an important and unique ecological type of lotus germplasm.Understanding the genetic relationship and diversity of the tropical lotus is necessary for its sustainable conservation and utilization.Using 42 EST-SSR(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats) and 30 SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism) markers,we assessed the genetic diversity and inferred the ancestry of representative tropical lotus from Thailand and Vietnam.In total,164 and 41 polymorphic bands were detected in 69 accessions by 36 EST-SSR and seven SRAP makers,respectively.Higher genetic diversity was revealed in Thai lotus than in Vietnamese lotus.A Neighbor-Joining tree of five main clusters was constructed using combined EST-SSR and SRAP markers.Cluster Ⅰ included 17 accessions of Thai lotus;cluster Ⅱ contained three Thai accessions and 11 accessions from southern Vietnam;and cluster Ⅲ was constituted by 13 accessions of seed lotus.Consistent with the results from the NeighborJoining tree,the genetic structure analysis showed that the genetic background of most Thai and Vietnamese lotus was pure,as artificial breeding has been rare in both countries.Furthermore,these analyses indicate that Thai and Vietnamese lotus germplasms belong to two different gene pools or populations.Most lotus accessions are genetically related to geographical distribution patterns in Thailand or Vietnam.Our findings showed that the origin or genetic relationships of some unidentified lotus sources can be evaluated by comparing morphological characteristics and the data of molecular markers.In addition,these findings provide reliable information for the targeted conservation of tropical lotus and parent selection in breeding novel cultivars of lotus.
基金Supported by the Education Department Project of Fujian Province(JB11039)
文摘[ Objectives ] This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 20 lotus （Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） samples. [ Methods ] On this optimal ISSR amplification system, 16 primers were screened with good polymorphism, and the DNA was used to amplify the 20 plant samples. [ R^ults] The 16 primers produced 225 loci, of which 170 were polymorphic, and the polymorphic loci percentage was up to 75.56%. The genetic similarity coefficients between the 20 vari- eties ranged from 0. 577 8 to 0.951 1, which were calculated by POPGENE32. The 20 varieties by UPMGA analysis could be clustered into 2 groups, the first of which included Baiyangdian red lotus and Donggua lotus, and other varieties was included in the second group. [ Conchmions] ISSR molecular markers could be effectively used in genetic diversity and fingerprint analysis for different lotus varieties.
基金Key project at central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant No.2060302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31601604)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-24).
文摘Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an economically important perennial aquatic herb plant in China.Presently,viral diseases caused by Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)and Dasheen mosaic virus(DsMV)are detected in lotus.In this study,the putatively novel badnaviruses from lotus plants(LBVs)were identified using next-generation sequencing of siRNAs and conventional Sanger sequencing based on the RT/RNase H coding region sequences.Lotus plants infected by LBVs harbored virus quasispecies.A unique recombination event of LBVs was found in a single lotus plant.Sap inoculation showed that LBVs could actively replicate in the lotus plants,but without a wide host range.The field survey of 43 lotus plants in Jiangsu Province showed a prevalence of 62.8%for LBVs,confirming that it is widely distributed in Jiangsu Province of China.
文摘Recently use of herbal therapies and diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins has augmented significantly to manage minor to modest illnesses. Several anti-hyperlipidemic agents are currently available;however most of them have various unwanted effects. That’s why more people are switching towards safer alternatives, specially derived from plants with fewer side effects. Hence current study was focused to determine the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of Nelumbo nucifera fruit in rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet. This study would surely help in the exploration of a novel agent from the plant source and therefore may recommend the application of traditional medicines in humans. 28 white healthy rabbits of either sex weighing 1000 - 1500 gm were divided into four groups. Control group was given gum tragacanth and 3 groups served as test groups and were given N. nucifera fruit extract 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 45 days. Initially animals of all four groups received high cholesterol diet (HCD) 0.125 gm/kg cholesterol in 0.5% corn oil for 30 days. All drugs were given orally. Blood samples were taken thrice from the ear vein of animals, 1st after 24 hours of thirty days of HCD then again after 24 hours of thirty and forty five days dosing of N. nucifera fruit extract. The results showed remarkable cholesterol lowering effects of N. nucifera fruit extract at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg but were particularly dominant at 200 mg/kg at which fruit extract highly significantly reduced TC, TG and LDL-C after 30 and 45 days and increased HDL-C significantly after 30 days and highly significantly after 45 days. Flavonoids, saponins, tannins and procyanidin are significant constituents of N. nucifera fruit which may have contributed in lipid lowering effects of N. nucifera fruit which can contribute in lowering the risk of CVDs and stroke but more preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.
