The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously,owing to the emergence of geographic data.The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation,rather than implementation,of urban vitality.Henc...The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously,owing to the emergence of geographic data.The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation,rather than implementation,of urban vitality.Hence,a scoping review and research agenda are needed for urban vitality research to be more practical.This study aims to fill the research gap by exploring the content and methods of vitality assessment that can make urban vitality research more compatible with policy,planning,and design practice.We chose the neighborhood scale,which is the most practical initiative unit for vitality enhancement.We discovered that the gaps between the current research and practice primarily lie in the diversity of research subjects,the authenticity and comprehensiveness of vitality measurement,and the multi-domain of impact factor analysis.On this basis,we classified the following expandable aspects:(1) multi-type,multi-dimensional,multi-temporal,and implementation-adaptive vitality evaluation;(2) methods reflecting high-quality social interactions and the perceptions of vulnerable groups;(3) how design and urban management impacts vitality;and(4) the synergistic effects of multiple indicators on vitality.Overall,the research content and methodology presented in this paper can help neighborhood-scale vitality assessment to provide more meaningful insights for policy makers and practitioners.展开更多
Airborne particulates play a central role in both the earth’s radiation balance and as a trigger for a wide range of health impacts. Air quality monitors are placed in networks across many cities glob-ally. Typically...Airborne particulates play a central role in both the earth’s radiation balance and as a trigger for a wide range of health impacts. Air quality monitors are placed in networks across many cities glob-ally. Typically these provide at best a few recording locations per city. However, large spatial var-iability occurs on the neighborhood scale. This study sets out to comprehensively characterize a full size distribution from 0.25 - 32 μm of airborne particulates on a fine spatial scale (meters). The data are gathered on a near daily basis over the month of May, 2014 in a 100 km2 area encompassing parts of Richardson, and Garland, TX. Wind direction was determined to be the dominant factor in classifying the data. The highest mean PM2.5 concentration was 14.1 ± 5.7 μg·m-3 corresponding to periods when the wind was out of the south. The lowest PM2.5 concentrations were observed after several consecutive days of rainfall. The rainfall was found to not only “cleanse” the air, leaving a mean PM2.5 concentration as low as 3.0 ± 0.5 μg·m-3, but also leave the region with a more uniform PM2.5 concentration. Variograms were used to determine an appropriate spatial scale for future sensor placement to provide measurements on a neighborhood scale and found that the spatial scales varied, depending on the synoptic weather pattern, from 0.8 km to 5.2 km, with a typical length scale of 1.6 km.展开更多
针对道路交通环境中车辆和行人目标较小或被遮挡导致的检测精度低以及误检、漏检问题,提出道路目标检测算法RO-YOLOv9。增加小目标检测层,增强算法对小目标的特征学习能力。设计双向与自适应尺度融合特征金字塔网络(bidirectional and a...针对道路交通环境中车辆和行人目标较小或被遮挡导致的检测精度低以及误检、漏检问题,提出道路目标检测算法RO-YOLOv9。增加小目标检测层,增强算法对小目标的特征学习能力。设计双向与自适应尺度融合特征金字塔网络(bidirectional and adaptive scale fusion feature pyramid network,BiASF-FPN)结构,优化多尺度特征融合,保证算法有效捕捉从小尺度到大尺度目标的详细信息。提出OR-RepN4模块,通过重参数化策略,复杂算法结构简单化,提高推理速度。引用Shape-NWD(shape neighborhood weighted decomposition)损失函数,专注边界框形状与尺寸,采用归一化高斯Wasserstein距离平滑回归,实现跨尺度不变性,降低小尺度与遮挡目标的检测误差。实验结果表明,在优化后的SODA10M和BDD100K数据集下,RO-YOLOv9算法的mAP@0.5(mean average precision)分别达到68.1%和56.8%,比YLOLOv9算法提高5.6个百分点和4.4个百分点,并且检测帧率分别达到了55.3帧/s和54.2帧/s,达到检测精度和检测速度的平衡。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.51908495。
文摘The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously,owing to the emergence of geographic data.The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation,rather than implementation,of urban vitality.Hence,a scoping review and research agenda are needed for urban vitality research to be more practical.This study aims to fill the research gap by exploring the content and methods of vitality assessment that can make urban vitality research more compatible with policy,planning,and design practice.We chose the neighborhood scale,which is the most practical initiative unit for vitality enhancement.We discovered that the gaps between the current research and practice primarily lie in the diversity of research subjects,the authenticity and comprehensiveness of vitality measurement,and the multi-domain of impact factor analysis.On this basis,we classified the following expandable aspects:(1) multi-type,multi-dimensional,multi-temporal,and implementation-adaptive vitality evaluation;(2) methods reflecting high-quality social interactions and the perceptions of vulnerable groups;(3) how design and urban management impacts vitality;and(4) the synergistic effects of multiple indicators on vitality.Overall,the research content and methodology presented in this paper can help neighborhood-scale vitality assessment to provide more meaningful insights for policy makers and practitioners.
文摘Airborne particulates play a central role in both the earth’s radiation balance and as a trigger for a wide range of health impacts. Air quality monitors are placed in networks across many cities glob-ally. Typically these provide at best a few recording locations per city. However, large spatial var-iability occurs on the neighborhood scale. This study sets out to comprehensively characterize a full size distribution from 0.25 - 32 μm of airborne particulates on a fine spatial scale (meters). The data are gathered on a near daily basis over the month of May, 2014 in a 100 km2 area encompassing parts of Richardson, and Garland, TX. Wind direction was determined to be the dominant factor in classifying the data. The highest mean PM2.5 concentration was 14.1 ± 5.7 μg·m-3 corresponding to periods when the wind was out of the south. The lowest PM2.5 concentrations were observed after several consecutive days of rainfall. The rainfall was found to not only “cleanse” the air, leaving a mean PM2.5 concentration as low as 3.0 ± 0.5 μg·m-3, but also leave the region with a more uniform PM2.5 concentration. Variograms were used to determine an appropriate spatial scale for future sensor placement to provide measurements on a neighborhood scale and found that the spatial scales varied, depending on the synoptic weather pattern, from 0.8 km to 5.2 km, with a typical length scale of 1.6 km.
文摘对一种降水预报跨量级通用综合评价方法(precipitation accuracy score,PAS)进行了邻域法改进。改进方案通过预报与观测资料匹配技术,采用距离权重评分统计方法,旨在减轻双重惩罚问题,同时确保评分系统能合理表征位置预报的准确性。研究应用邻域PAS方法,基于2021年汛期中国气象局智能网格实况产品,对江苏本地精细化天气分析预报系统进行整体和典型个例检验,同时引入均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)、结构相似性(structural similarity,SSIM)、峰值信噪比(peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR)、概率空间中的稳定公平误差(stable equitable error in probability space,SEEPS)等跨量级检验指标进行了对比。结果表明,邻域PAS方法显著回避了原方法在位置预报上的双重惩罚问题,更符合预报人员的主观预期和预报应用服务的要求,具有明显优势。邻域PAS评分、PAS评分与现有多个跨量级指标均表现出良好的相关性,多方验证了方法的有效性。同时,相较于RMSE,该方法更有效地平衡了对不同量级降水的敏感性;而与SSIM和PSNR相比,则展现了更强的可解释性,多个个例显示评分结果更符合预报员的认知。邻域PAS方法相比于SEEPS技巧评分保留了对大量级降水的检验分辨能力,同时减轻了PAS方法检验大量级降水产生的严重双重惩罚,一定程度平衡了大量级降水检验的两难问题。
