Against the backdrop of profound reshaping of the current international landscape and the unprecedentedly rapid iteration of digital technologies,the global digital economy landscape and international trade rule syste...Against the backdrop of profound reshaping of the current international landscape and the unprecedentedly rapid iteration of digital technologies,the global digital economy landscape and international trade rule system are entering a new era full of changes.Digital trade rules have emerged as a prominent focus in this field.Firstly,through a comprehensive review of sample data such as the WTO e-commerce proposals under the current multilateral framework,we can gain a profound insight into the negotiation practices of major economies regarding digital trade rules.In this context,China has demonstrated strong defensive interests in the“emerging”issues of digital trade,aiming to safeguard national data security and promote the healthy development of the digital economy.Therefore,when participating in the formulation of global digital trade rules,China needs to accurately strike a balance between offense and defense,contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions,and promote the construction of a fairer,more reasonable,and inclusive international digital trade governance system.展开更多
Between 2016 and 2024,the Chinese government incorporated several innovative drugs into the National Reimbursement Drug List(NRDL)through price negotiations.These negotiations led to significant price reductions,which...Between 2016 and 2024,the Chinese government incorporated several innovative drugs into the National Reimbursement Drug List(NRDL)through price negotiations.These negotiations led to significant price reductions,which in turn stimulated an increase in sales.This study aimed to assess the impact of this policy on the pricing,utilization,and overall expenditure of targeted lung cancer therapies included in the NRDL.Using an interrupted time series analysis of procurement data from 698 healthcare institutions,the study evaluated both immediate and long-term effects.In terms of immediate effects,price negotiations resulted in a significant decline in the defined daily dose cost(DDDc)for all targeted therapies(P<0.05).Regarding long-term trends,a significant shift was observed only in the pricing trajectory of Gefitinib,Icotinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).In terms of immediate effects on drug utilization,all targeted medicines experienced a substantial increase in volume(P<0.05),except for Gefitinib and Icotinib.Over the long term,the usage of all targeted therapies exhibited a significant upward trend(P<0.05).With respect to expenditure,the immediate impact of NRDL inclusion resulted in a significant increase in spending on Afatinib,Crizotinib,Osimertinib,Alectinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).Over time,total spending on targeted medicines showed a significant increase(P<0.05),except for Erlotinib.Overall,NRDL price negotiations successfully reduced the economic burden on lung cancer patients,improving both accessibility and affordability of targeted therapies in China.展开更多
On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General...On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.展开更多
As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application...As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application of appropriate strategies is necessary for negotiators to reach an agreement smoothly. However, the non-verbal communication plays an important role to some extent in real international business negotiations. This article tends to explore the application of non-verbal strategies in the international business negotiations.展开更多
In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change ...In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.展开更多
With the development of the society, it is indispensable to negotiate with other countries. With the implementation of the Belt and the Road initiative, the negotiations among different nations are getting increased. ...With the development of the society, it is indispensable to negotiate with other countries. With the implementation of the Belt and the Road initiative, the negotiations among different nations are getting increased. Due to the cultural differences,there are so many contradictions and conflicts in the international negotiations. The article focuses on the differences between Chinese and western cultures in the international negotiations. The primary problem we are facing is to settle the matters and facilitate the success of the business negotiations.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to generate insights into the role of states in the international climate change negotiations and implementation of climatic agreements by considering their internal factors based on rec...The objective of this paper is to generate insights into the role of states in the international climate change negotiations and implementation of climatic agreements by considering their internal factors based on recent climate change conferences. In this paper, the notion of swing states and recognition are used to determine influential drivers in Poland as it played out a different role over climate change agreements recently. The case study of Poland demonstrates how international obligations, domestic factors, and formation of policy can change the function of a state at international negotiations such as Katowice Conference of Parties—COP24—in December 2018. This research through reference to qualitative indices elaborates how the position of Poland in the recent international climate change negotiations—Cop24—has been shaped? In the conference of parties 24, Poland approached other developed countries that shared its tendency for cutting emission, delivered signals of political attention and solidarity in finding a common landing ground. In sum, the framework of analysis and our results revealed the importance of economic interest, domestic political interests, and passive public awareness to set up to the task in the international agreements such as Katowice negotiation by Poland. To be clearer, the most influential factor of Poland in affecting its role in international climatic negotiations is internal political and economic interests.展开更多
Studies in international business negotiation acquire unprecedented significance,as globalization closely connects various business fields into a dynamic whole.Cultural factors play a vital role in international busin...Studies in international business negotiation acquire unprecedented significance,as globalization closely connects various business fields into a dynamic whole.Cultural factors play a vital role in international business negotiation.This paper begins with a brief introduction to business negotiation,international business negotiation and significance of cultural barriers to international business negotiation.It then explores two fundamental cultural differences of China and western countries:value differences and thinking-pattern differences,which pose cultural barriers.The author then puts forward three strategies to help remove the cultural barriers and achieve successful negotiations.展开更多
With the development of global economy, more and more business negotiations are proceeding in which conflicts and disputes are inevitable. Business negotiations involve interpersonal relationships, which is usually ex...With the development of global economy, more and more business negotiations are proceeding in which conflicts and disputes are inevitable. Business negotiations involve interpersonal relationships, which is usually expressed by mood and modality. Modal verbs, as an essential approach for expressing politeness with rich meanings of modality, are widely employed in business negotiations.This paper focuses on analyzing the polite usages of modal verbs in business negotiations by Politeness Principle. Based on this theory, three interpersonal functions expressed by modal verbs are to be studied: Cost-and-Benefit, Humor and Choice.展开更多
With the growing popularity of intercultural communication, business English Negotiation between China and the United States has also increased. Negotiators will meet many communication barriers of language and cultur...With the growing popularity of intercultural communication, business English Negotiation between China and the United States has also increased. Negotiators will meet many communication barriers of language and culture during the process.If handled improperly, it will affect the outcome of the negotiations and the following cooperation. Thus, a profound understanding of the characteristics of business English negotiations and cultural barriers is indispensible.For different obstacles, summing up the appropriate negotiation strategies can be twice the result with half the effort, which will actively promote business English communication and negotiation.展开更多
Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mit...Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mitigation actions by developing countries, the submission frequency of national communications cored on national inventory and the relevant international consultation and analysis have become the key issues in climate negotiations. Relevant responsibilities of developing countries showed an increasing trend. Through the analysis of these different requirements, particularly on technical review system of national inventories on developed countries and of the current situation of China's inventory development, the challenges faced by China are identified and the corresponding countermeasures are also put forward, including improving institutional arrangements and statistic system, building country-specific and comprehensive database and preparing for time-series inventory development.展开更多
In international economic and trade negotiations, business English communication skills are extremely important and an important factor affecting the success of negotiations. Based on this, the meaning and characteris...In international economic and trade negotiations, business English communication skills are extremely important and an important factor affecting the success of negotiations. Based on this, the meaning and characteristics of business English and its role in international trade were elaborated in this study, and the obstacles of business English communication skills in international trade negotiations were deeply studied, then optimization strategies for the current problems were put forward, aiming at providing some theoretical reference for the development of foreign economic and trade in China.展开更多
The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiations. Negotiators need to be well prepared. Understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the fa...The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiations. Negotiators need to be well prepared. Understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the factors relevant to the process will allow negotiators to be more successful.展开更多
With the development of economic globalization,the economic cooperation between different countries is keeping intight touch.As the second largest economy in the world,China is strengthening economic cooperation with ...With the development of economic globalization,the economic cooperation between different countries is keeping intight touch.As the second largest economy in the world,China is strengthening economic cooperation with America.It is inevitablethat intercultural communication is becoming high frequent.So it is important to overcome cultural conflicts and enhance the mutu-al understand.展开更多
Globalization has become a hot topic in the world economy realm.As international trade booms worldwide,especially in China,it requires negotiators despite their genders,regions,ethics or ages to sit together around th...Globalization has become a hot topic in the world economy realm.As international trade booms worldwide,especially in China,it requires negotiators despite their genders,regions,ethics or ages to sit together around the table and achieve their goals.Various problems do occur in this process.This paper is going to study the potential problems in cross-culture business ne gotiations and put forward some workable suggestions and recommendations for Chinese negotiators with the view to clearing the situation up.展开更多
The Paris Agreement’s differentiation architecture is a key feature of the international climate regime,enabling countries to submit climate action plans based on their unique national circumstances.The study is desi...The Paris Agreement’s differentiation architecture is a key feature of the international climate regime,enabling countries to submit climate action plans based on their unique national circumstances.The study is designed to investigate the impact of the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture on LDCs from Africa engagement in the UNFCCC process.The study adopted an exploratory research design and adopted a census approach to get a sample size of 66 negotiators from 33 LDCs in the Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)for questionnaire administration.This paper presents part of the results of the research focused on how the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture inad vertently prevails over the unity of the developing countries and consequently drives collective ambition.The study notes the divide and rule elements of the Paris Agreement through strategic coordination challenges between AGN and LDCs from Africa;the LDCs from Africa’s divergent interests from AGN and G77 and China;and the LDCs’appropriation of new friends and partnerships.Consequently,LDCs from Africa are covertly and unassumingly redefining the concept of climate justice by transcending the traditional divide between developed and developing countries that characterized the preParis climate regime in calling for accountability for climate action.The study reveals that the Paris Agreement differentiation system contributes to the weakening of the unity of developing nations in their negotiations in the UNFCCC process,as revealed by how LDCs from Africa participate in the climate negotiations un der the current climate regime.The study further found that LDCs from Africa’s positions and tactics differ from those of other developing countries by opting to use nonstate actors and sometimes collaborating with developed countries.LDCs from Africa have tactfully been indifferent to Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)interests such as the African Special Circumstances Agenda.While most developing countries have opposed the agenda,the position taken by LDCs from Africa is interesting because these parties come from AGN,which originated and owns this position.The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States(CELAC)growing role in climate discussions,with aspirations to become a formal negotiating group,adds to the diplomatic complexity of the developing countries,which is mainly attributable to the Paris Agreement differentiation framework.The Paris Agreement has resulted in fractured solidarity among developing nations,with developing country groups split into subtle selfinterested entities that only use formal coalitions when it suits them.However,the unintended impact of the fissure is that LDCs from Africa and the rest of the LDCs are constantly pushing both developed and emerging economies for enhanced ambition,which is the primary purpose of the Paris Agreement.The deepened association with developed countries and nonstate actors,especially civil society organizations,is helping LDCs from Africa to push for ambition through lobbying advocacy and enhancing their capacity in negotiations through the inclusion of nonstate actors.Further,this development has enabled LDCs from Africa and others to reshape and redefine the concept of climate justice by advocating for a combined consideration of both historical responsibility and the current actions which ultimately brings emerging developing countries into the fold of accountability The study draws recommendations for LDCs from Africa to ensure unity of developing countries to keep negotiating as one for climate ambition while maintaining flexibility for individual parties to pursue their interests in alignment with the new climate regime.展开更多
基金the achievements of the 2025 Guangxi Degree and Graduate Education Reform Project on Artificial Intelligence Empowering International Business Master’s Teaching Innovation Research(JGY2025036).
文摘Against the backdrop of profound reshaping of the current international landscape and the unprecedentedly rapid iteration of digital technologies,the global digital economy landscape and international trade rule system are entering a new era full of changes.Digital trade rules have emerged as a prominent focus in this field.Firstly,through a comprehensive review of sample data such as the WTO e-commerce proposals under the current multilateral framework,we can gain a profound insight into the negotiation practices of major economies regarding digital trade rules.In this context,China has demonstrated strong defensive interests in the“emerging”issues of digital trade,aiming to safeguard national data security and promote the healthy development of the digital economy.Therefore,when participating in the formulation of global digital trade rules,China needs to accurately strike a balance between offense and defense,contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions,and promote the construction of a fairer,more reasonable,and inclusive international digital trade governance system.
基金Research on Innovative Method of Drug Rational Use Supervision Decision Based on Big Data of Medical Insurance(Grant No.82273899)。
文摘Between 2016 and 2024,the Chinese government incorporated several innovative drugs into the National Reimbursement Drug List(NRDL)through price negotiations.These negotiations led to significant price reductions,which in turn stimulated an increase in sales.This study aimed to assess the impact of this policy on the pricing,utilization,and overall expenditure of targeted lung cancer therapies included in the NRDL.Using an interrupted time series analysis of procurement data from 698 healthcare institutions,the study evaluated both immediate and long-term effects.In terms of immediate effects,price negotiations resulted in a significant decline in the defined daily dose cost(DDDc)for all targeted therapies(P<0.05).Regarding long-term trends,a significant shift was observed only in the pricing trajectory of Gefitinib,Icotinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).In terms of immediate effects on drug utilization,all targeted medicines experienced a substantial increase in volume(P<0.05),except for Gefitinib and Icotinib.Over the long term,the usage of all targeted therapies exhibited a significant upward trend(P<0.05).With respect to expenditure,the immediate impact of NRDL inclusion resulted in a significant increase in spending on Afatinib,Crizotinib,Osimertinib,Alectinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).Over time,total spending on targeted medicines showed a significant increase(P<0.05),except for Erlotinib.Overall,NRDL price negotiations successfully reduced the economic burden on lung cancer patients,improving both accessibility and affordability of targeted therapies in China.
文摘On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.
文摘As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application of appropriate strategies is necessary for negotiators to reach an agreement smoothly. However, the non-verbal communication plays an important role to some extent in real international business negotiations. This article tends to explore the application of non-verbal strategies in the international business negotiations.
文摘In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.
文摘With the development of the society, it is indispensable to negotiate with other countries. With the implementation of the Belt and the Road initiative, the negotiations among different nations are getting increased. Due to the cultural differences,there are so many contradictions and conflicts in the international negotiations. The article focuses on the differences between Chinese and western cultures in the international negotiations. The primary problem we are facing is to settle the matters and facilitate the success of the business negotiations.
文摘The objective of this paper is to generate insights into the role of states in the international climate change negotiations and implementation of climatic agreements by considering their internal factors based on recent climate change conferences. In this paper, the notion of swing states and recognition are used to determine influential drivers in Poland as it played out a different role over climate change agreements recently. The case study of Poland demonstrates how international obligations, domestic factors, and formation of policy can change the function of a state at international negotiations such as Katowice Conference of Parties—COP24—in December 2018. This research through reference to qualitative indices elaborates how the position of Poland in the recent international climate change negotiations—Cop24—has been shaped? In the conference of parties 24, Poland approached other developed countries that shared its tendency for cutting emission, delivered signals of political attention and solidarity in finding a common landing ground. In sum, the framework of analysis and our results revealed the importance of economic interest, domestic political interests, and passive public awareness to set up to the task in the international agreements such as Katowice negotiation by Poland. To be clearer, the most influential factor of Poland in affecting its role in international climatic negotiations is internal political and economic interests.
文摘Studies in international business negotiation acquire unprecedented significance,as globalization closely connects various business fields into a dynamic whole.Cultural factors play a vital role in international business negotiation.This paper begins with a brief introduction to business negotiation,international business negotiation and significance of cultural barriers to international business negotiation.It then explores two fundamental cultural differences of China and western countries:value differences and thinking-pattern differences,which pose cultural barriers.The author then puts forward three strategies to help remove the cultural barriers and achieve successful negotiations.
文摘With the development of global economy, more and more business negotiations are proceeding in which conflicts and disputes are inevitable. Business negotiations involve interpersonal relationships, which is usually expressed by mood and modality. Modal verbs, as an essential approach for expressing politeness with rich meanings of modality, are widely employed in business negotiations.This paper focuses on analyzing the polite usages of modal verbs in business negotiations by Politeness Principle. Based on this theory, three interpersonal functions expressed by modal verbs are to be studied: Cost-and-Benefit, Humor and Choice.
文摘With the growing popularity of intercultural communication, business English Negotiation between China and the United States has also increased. Negotiators will meet many communication barriers of language and culture during the process.If handled improperly, it will affect the outcome of the negotiations and the following cooperation. Thus, a profound understanding of the characteristics of business English negotiations and cultural barriers is indispensible.For different obstacles, summing up the appropriate negotiation strategies can be twice the result with half the effort, which will actively promote business English communication and negotiation.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program (No.2012BAC20B02)
文摘Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mitigation actions by developing countries, the submission frequency of national communications cored on national inventory and the relevant international consultation and analysis have become the key issues in climate negotiations. Relevant responsibilities of developing countries showed an increasing trend. Through the analysis of these different requirements, particularly on technical review system of national inventories on developed countries and of the current situation of China's inventory development, the challenges faced by China are identified and the corresponding countermeasures are also put forward, including improving institutional arrangements and statistic system, building country-specific and comprehensive database and preparing for time-series inventory development.
文摘In international economic and trade negotiations, business English communication skills are extremely important and an important factor affecting the success of negotiations. Based on this, the meaning and characteristics of business English and its role in international trade were elaborated in this study, and the obstacles of business English communication skills in international trade negotiations were deeply studied, then optimization strategies for the current problems were put forward, aiming at providing some theoretical reference for the development of foreign economic and trade in China.
文摘The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiations. Negotiators need to be well prepared. Understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the factors relevant to the process will allow negotiators to be more successful.
文摘With the development of economic globalization,the economic cooperation between different countries is keeping intight touch.As the second largest economy in the world,China is strengthening economic cooperation with America.It is inevitablethat intercultural communication is becoming high frequent.So it is important to overcome cultural conflicts and enhance the mutu-al understand.
文摘Globalization has become a hot topic in the world economy realm.As international trade booms worldwide,especially in China,it requires negotiators despite their genders,regions,ethics or ages to sit together around the table and achieve their goals.Various problems do occur in this process.This paper is going to study the potential problems in cross-culture business ne gotiations and put forward some workable suggestions and recommendations for Chinese negotiators with the view to clearing the situation up.
文摘The Paris Agreement’s differentiation architecture is a key feature of the international climate regime,enabling countries to submit climate action plans based on their unique national circumstances.The study is designed to investigate the impact of the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture on LDCs from Africa engagement in the UNFCCC process.The study adopted an exploratory research design and adopted a census approach to get a sample size of 66 negotiators from 33 LDCs in the Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)for questionnaire administration.This paper presents part of the results of the research focused on how the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture inad vertently prevails over the unity of the developing countries and consequently drives collective ambition.The study notes the divide and rule elements of the Paris Agreement through strategic coordination challenges between AGN and LDCs from Africa;the LDCs from Africa’s divergent interests from AGN and G77 and China;and the LDCs’appropriation of new friends and partnerships.Consequently,LDCs from Africa are covertly and unassumingly redefining the concept of climate justice by transcending the traditional divide between developed and developing countries that characterized the preParis climate regime in calling for accountability for climate action.The study reveals that the Paris Agreement differentiation system contributes to the weakening of the unity of developing nations in their negotiations in the UNFCCC process,as revealed by how LDCs from Africa participate in the climate negotiations un der the current climate regime.The study further found that LDCs from Africa’s positions and tactics differ from those of other developing countries by opting to use nonstate actors and sometimes collaborating with developed countries.LDCs from Africa have tactfully been indifferent to Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)interests such as the African Special Circumstances Agenda.While most developing countries have opposed the agenda,the position taken by LDCs from Africa is interesting because these parties come from AGN,which originated and owns this position.The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States(CELAC)growing role in climate discussions,with aspirations to become a formal negotiating group,adds to the diplomatic complexity of the developing countries,which is mainly attributable to the Paris Agreement differentiation framework.The Paris Agreement has resulted in fractured solidarity among developing nations,with developing country groups split into subtle selfinterested entities that only use formal coalitions when it suits them.However,the unintended impact of the fissure is that LDCs from Africa and the rest of the LDCs are constantly pushing both developed and emerging economies for enhanced ambition,which is the primary purpose of the Paris Agreement.The deepened association with developed countries and nonstate actors,especially civil society organizations,is helping LDCs from Africa to push for ambition through lobbying advocacy and enhancing their capacity in negotiations through the inclusion of nonstate actors.Further,this development has enabled LDCs from Africa and others to reshape and redefine the concept of climate justice by advocating for a combined consideration of both historical responsibility and the current actions which ultimately brings emerging developing countries into the fold of accountability The study draws recommendations for LDCs from Africa to ensure unity of developing countries to keep negotiating as one for climate ambition while maintaining flexibility for individual parties to pursue their interests in alignment with the new climate regime.
