Objective To provide reference for better landing of the negotiated drugs in the future.Methods Relevant data on the negotiated drugs in designated medical institutions and retail pharmacies from the website of the Me...Objective To provide reference for better landing of the negotiated drugs in the future.Methods Relevant data on the negotiated drugs in designated medical institutions and retail pharmacies from the website of the Medical Security Bureau was obtained,and then the allocation and problems of negotiated drugs were summarized and analyzed.Results and Conclusion The main problem for the landing of negotiated drugs is the difficulty of using them in medical institutions.First,there is a small number of designated medical institutions that can use some negotiated drugs.Second,the negotiated drugs vary greatly in the designated medical institutions.Lastly,some designated retail pharmacies do not supply the negotiated drugs.The difficulties in using the negotiated drugs can include subjective reasons and objective reasons.Retail pharmacies are not the official places where patients can use the negotiated drugs.Besides,if medical institutions do not supply and use negotiated drugs,it will pose a great risk to drug safety.Negotiated drugs should be used in designated medical institutions ultimately,which is conducive to safeguarding the rational drug use for patients.展开更多
The complexity we take into account when dealing with complex issues and the way we deal with that complexity is not given or self-evident, it is framed and negotiated. Based on two environmental health decision suppo...The complexity we take into account when dealing with complex issues and the way we deal with that complexity is not given or self-evident, it is framed and negotiated. Based on two environmental health decision support case studies we address a set of key methodological choices, crucial in shaping the multi-criteria decision support and illuminate how they followed from transdisciplinary collaboration and negotiation: diversity tolerance, dealing with uncertainty and difference of opinion, weight of information and the epistemological divide between traditional closed and alternative open paradigms. The case studies exemplify the growing conviction amongst methodologists that, especially regarding complex issues, best methods do not exist as such: methods are chosen and tailored in practice and the quality to a large extent is dependent on the process in which methodological development is embedded. We hope to contribute to making explicit the importance of methodological decision making regarding environmental health complexity.展开更多
The current study is to examine the interactional effects of writing conferences focusing on negotiated patterns of revision in a college English writing class. Fifteen participants were required to write six persuasi...The current study is to examine the interactional effects of writing conferences focusing on negotiated patterns of revision in a college English writing class. Fifteen participants were required to write six persuasive essays to attend three separated one-on-one conference session with the teacher. The conference transcripts were analyzed to determine the level of students negotiated input in the conferences. Findings from the study indicated that the amount of negotiations and the analytic scores appeared to be correlated significantly in the subsequent drafts. The researcher also discovered that students needed explicit guidance and extensive training before participating in actual conference sessions, which would help cultivate independent thinking and writing instructions for the students.展开更多
This paper deals with the hypothesized problems or difficulties in the practice of negotiated teaching and learning in classroom decision-making, and with the solutions to them. Negotiation in teaching and learning ha...This paper deals with the hypothesized problems or difficulties in the practice of negotiated teaching and learning in classroom decision-making, and with the solutions to them. Negotiation in teaching and learning has great elicitation of the reform of college English teaching, which involves the joint participation in classroom-decision-making, new teaching perspectives, and new designs of teaching modes.展开更多
Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles.After spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging.Stepping over an obstacle requires senso...Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles.After spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging.Stepping over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain,including the parietal cortex,premotor cortex,and motor cortex.Sensory information and planning are transformed into motor commands,which are sent from the motor cortex to spinal neuronal circuits to alter limb trajectory,coordinate the limbs,and maintain balance.After spinal cord injury,bidirectional communication between the brain and spinal cord is disrupted and animals,including humans,fail to voluntarily modify limb trajectory to step over an obstacle.Therefore,in this review,we discuss the neuromechanical control of stepping over an obstacle,why it fails after spinal cord injury,and how it recovers to a certain extent.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of AI-mediated communication (AMC) on trust-building and negotiation outcomes in professional remote collaboration settings. Through a mixed-methods approach combining experimental ...This study investigates the effects of AI-mediated communication (AMC) on trust-building and negotiation outcomes in professional remote collaboration settings. Through a mixed-methods approach combining experimental design and qualitative analysis (N = 120), we examine how AI intermediaries influence communication dynamics, relationship building, and decision-making processes. Results indicate that while AMC initially creates barriers to trust formation, it ultimately leads to enhanced communication outcomes and stronger professional relationships when implemented with appropriate transparency and support. The study revealed a 31% improvement in cross-cultural understanding and a 24% increase in negotiation satisfaction rates when using AI-mediated channels with proper transparency measures. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of technology-mediated communication and practical applications for organizations implementing AI communication tools.展开更多
This study introduces a novel bargaining solution termed the"'min-distance bargaining solution"and applies it to a differential games model.A comprehensive algorithm for implementing this new solution is...This study introduces a novel bargaining solution termed the"'min-distance bargaining solution"and applies it to a differential games model.A comprehensive algorithm for implementing this new solution is presented,considering its time consistency within the differential games framework.Realistic scenarios are carefully analyzed to derive insightful findings regarding the mindistance solution,which are further validated through simulations using the resource extraction differential games model.Specifically,we examine scenarios such as managing a finite resource stock in the resource extraction game.Furthermore,a comparative analysis is conducted,pitting the mindistance bargaining solution against well-established alternatives such as Nash bargaining,Kalai-Smorodinsky,and Egalitarian solutions.By subjecting these solutions to numerical evaluations,the study offers valuable insights into decision-making processes.The findings not only contribute to negotiation theory by providing theoretical support but also have practical implications for decision-makers seeking effective strategies.This research significantly advances the field of negotiation theory,particularly in the context of differential games.The proposed min-distance bargaining solution demonstrates its applicability to real-world scenarios and enhances our understanding of strategic decision-making.展开更多
Between 2016 and 2024,the Chinese government incorporated several innovative drugs into the National Reimbursement Drug List(NRDL)through price negotiations.These negotiations led to significant price reductions,which...Between 2016 and 2024,the Chinese government incorporated several innovative drugs into the National Reimbursement Drug List(NRDL)through price negotiations.These negotiations led to significant price reductions,which in turn stimulated an increase in sales.This study aimed to assess the impact of this policy on the pricing,utilization,and overall expenditure of targeted lung cancer therapies included in the NRDL.Using an interrupted time series analysis of procurement data from 698 healthcare institutions,the study evaluated both immediate and long-term effects.In terms of immediate effects,price negotiations resulted in a significant decline in the defined daily dose cost(DDDc)for all targeted therapies(P<0.05).Regarding long-term trends,a significant shift was observed only in the pricing trajectory of Gefitinib,Icotinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).In terms of immediate effects on drug utilization,all targeted medicines experienced a substantial increase in volume(P<0.05),except for Gefitinib and Icotinib.Over the long term,the usage of all targeted therapies exhibited a significant upward trend(P<0.05).With respect to expenditure,the immediate impact of NRDL inclusion resulted in a significant increase in spending on Afatinib,Crizotinib,Osimertinib,Alectinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).Over time,total spending on targeted medicines showed a significant increase(P<0.05),except for Erlotinib.Overall,NRDL price negotiations successfully reduced the economic burden on lung cancer patients,improving both accessibility and affordability of targeted therapies in China.展开更多
Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological p...Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.展开更多
Against the backdrop of profound reshaping of the current international landscape and the unprecedentedly rapid iteration of digital technologies,the global digital economy landscape and international trade rule syste...Against the backdrop of profound reshaping of the current international landscape and the unprecedentedly rapid iteration of digital technologies,the global digital economy landscape and international trade rule system are entering a new era full of changes.Digital trade rules have emerged as a prominent focus in this field.Firstly,through a comprehensive review of sample data such as the WTO e-commerce proposals under the current multilateral framework,we can gain a profound insight into the negotiation practices of major economies regarding digital trade rules.In this context,China has demonstrated strong defensive interests in the“emerging”issues of digital trade,aiming to safeguard national data security and promote the healthy development of the digital economy.Therefore,when participating in the formulation of global digital trade rules,China needs to accurately strike a balance between offense and defense,contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions,and promote the construction of a fairer,more reasonable,and inclusive international digital trade governance system.展开更多
A task allocation problem for the heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm in unknown environments is studied in this paper.Considering that the actual mission environment information may be unknown,the UAV s...A task allocation problem for the heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm in unknown environments is studied in this paper.Considering that the actual mission environment information may be unknown,the UAV swarm needs to detect the environment first and then attack the detected targets.The heterogeneity of UAVs,multiple types of tasks,and the dynamic nature of task environment lead to uneven load and time sequence problems.This paper proposes an improved contract net protocol (CNP) based task allocation scheme,which effectively balances the load of UAVs and improves the task efficiency.Firstly,two types of task models are established,including regional reconnaissance tasks and target attack tasks.Secondly,for regional reconnaissance tasks,an improved CNP algorithm using the uncertain contract is developed.Through uncertain contracts,the area size of the regional reconnaissance task is determined adaptively after this task assignment,which can improve reconnaissance efficiency and resource utilization.Thirdly,for target attack tasks,an improved CNP algorithm using the fuzzy integrated evaluation and the double-layer negotiation is presented to enhance collaborative attack efficiency through adjusting the assignment sequence adaptively and multi-layer allocation.Finally,the effectiveness and advantages of the improved method are verified through comparison simulations.展开更多
On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General...On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.展开更多
Based on thorough researches on the Chinese wireless local area network （WLAN） security standard, i. e., WLAN authentication and privacy infrastructure （WAPI）, the security of the authentication access process is ...Based on thorough researches on the Chinese wireless local area network （WLAN） security standard, i. e., WLAN authentication and privacy infrastructure （WAPI）, the security of the authentication access process is analyzed with the CK （Canetti-Krawczyk） model and the BAN （Burrows-Abadi- Needham） logic. Results show that it can achieve the alleged authentication and key negotiation goals. Besides those alleged, further analyses indicate that the authentication access process can satisfy other security requirements, such as mutual identity authentication, mutual key control, key confirmation, message integrity check, etc. If the used elliptic curve encryption algorithm and the hash algorithm are secure enough, the protocol can efficiently realize mutual authentication between STAs （station） and APs （access point）. Therefore, WAPI can be applied to replace the security mechanism used in the original WLAN international standard to enhance its security.展开更多
To enhance the practicability of the trust negotiation system, an agent based automated trust negotiation model （ABAM） is proposed. The ABAM introduces an agent to keep the negotiation process with no human interven...To enhance the practicability of the trust negotiation system, an agent based automated trust negotiation model （ABAM） is proposed. The ABAM introduces an agent to keep the negotiation process with no human intervention. Meanwhile, the ABAM specifies the format of a meta access control policy, and adopts credentials with flexible format to meet the requirements of access control policies instead of disclosing the whole contents of a certificate. Furthermore, the ABAM uses asymmetric functions with a high security intensity to encrypt the transmitting message, which can prevent information from being attacked. Finally, the ABAM presents a new negotiation protocol to guide the negotiation process. A use case is studied to illuminate that the ABAM is sound and reasonable. Compared with the existing work, the intelligence, privacy and negotiation efficiency are improved in the ABAM.展开更多
In order to construct cooperation platform for the treatment of water pollution in Changjiang River,thoughts and revolution were performed from both central government and regional area two aspects.From the national l...In order to construct cooperation platform for the treatment of water pollution in Changjiang River,thoughts and revolution were performed from both central government and regional area two aspects.From the national level,Changjiang region water resources management cooperation counsel committee was constructed as the national cooperation platform;from the regional level,Changjiang region water resources management cooperation counsel committee was constructed as the platform of Changjiang cooperation platform.The two platforms built fine interaction mechanism to deal with the national water management and Changjiang regional water management.展开更多
U SB( U niversal Serial Bus)经过了 9年发展 ,已经得到了市场的认可 ,其传输速度达到了最大 480 Mb/s的惊人地步 ,而 USB OTG ( On The Go)的推出更是鼓舞人心 ,其双重角色的强大功能可以使 U SB设备摆脱对 PC的完全依赖。 USB OTG是 ...U SB( U niversal Serial Bus)经过了 9年发展 ,已经得到了市场的认可 ,其传输速度达到了最大 480 Mb/s的惊人地步 ,而 USB OTG ( On The Go)的推出更是鼓舞人心 ,其双重角色的强大功能可以使 U SB设备摆脱对 PC的完全依赖。 USB OTG是 U SB 2 .0规范的补充 ,他使外设可以在无主机参与的情况下直接互连进行通信工程。本文简单介绍了 U SB OTG的工作原理 ,并分析了现在 U SB OTG的应用情况 ,重点针对数码相机伴侣存在的问题 。展开更多
In the environment of e-commerce, agents in automated negotiation should share common concept of what they are bargaining and a rule of how to bargain. State of the art overviews of automated negotiation is given. The...In the environment of e-commerce, agents in automated negotiation should share common concept of what they are bargaining and a rule of how to bargain. State of the art overviews of automated negotiation is given. The main barriers to automated negotiation such as protocol and ontology are discussed. Then, a model of automated negotiation is presented with the ontologies of roles and goods described by web ontology language （OWL）, the proposal strategies based on the information sets, and a set of rules for agent interaction. In this model, agents coming from different organizations can negotiate automatically based on common ontologies defined by OWL and formal protocol. This makes it possible for the automated negotiation to be performed in an open environment such as Internet, not merely in a closed system.展开更多
文摘Objective To provide reference for better landing of the negotiated drugs in the future.Methods Relevant data on the negotiated drugs in designated medical institutions and retail pharmacies from the website of the Medical Security Bureau was obtained,and then the allocation and problems of negotiated drugs were summarized and analyzed.Results and Conclusion The main problem for the landing of negotiated drugs is the difficulty of using them in medical institutions.First,there is a small number of designated medical institutions that can use some negotiated drugs.Second,the negotiated drugs vary greatly in the designated medical institutions.Lastly,some designated retail pharmacies do not supply the negotiated drugs.The difficulties in using the negotiated drugs can include subjective reasons and objective reasons.Retail pharmacies are not the official places where patients can use the negotiated drugs.Besides,if medical institutions do not supply and use negotiated drugs,it will pose a great risk to drug safety.Negotiated drugs should be used in designated medical institutions ultimately,which is conducive to safeguarding the rational drug use for patients.
文摘The complexity we take into account when dealing with complex issues and the way we deal with that complexity is not given or self-evident, it is framed and negotiated. Based on two environmental health decision support case studies we address a set of key methodological choices, crucial in shaping the multi-criteria decision support and illuminate how they followed from transdisciplinary collaboration and negotiation: diversity tolerance, dealing with uncertainty and difference of opinion, weight of information and the epistemological divide between traditional closed and alternative open paradigms. The case studies exemplify the growing conviction amongst methodologists that, especially regarding complex issues, best methods do not exist as such: methods are chosen and tailored in practice and the quality to a large extent is dependent on the process in which methodological development is embedded. We hope to contribute to making explicit the importance of methodological decision making regarding environmental health complexity.
文摘The current study is to examine the interactional effects of writing conferences focusing on negotiated patterns of revision in a college English writing class. Fifteen participants were required to write six persuasive essays to attend three separated one-on-one conference session with the teacher. The conference transcripts were analyzed to determine the level of students negotiated input in the conferences. Findings from the study indicated that the amount of negotiations and the analytic scores appeared to be correlated significantly in the subsequent drafts. The researcher also discovered that students needed explicit guidance and extensive training before participating in actual conference sessions, which would help cultivate independent thinking and writing instructions for the students.
文摘This paper deals with the hypothesized problems or difficulties in the practice of negotiated teaching and learning in classroom decision-making, and with the solutions to them. Negotiation in teaching and learning has great elicitation of the reform of college English teaching, which involves the joint participation in classroom-decision-making, new teaching perspectives, and new designs of teaching modes.
文摘Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles.After spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging.Stepping over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain,including the parietal cortex,premotor cortex,and motor cortex.Sensory information and planning are transformed into motor commands,which are sent from the motor cortex to spinal neuronal circuits to alter limb trajectory,coordinate the limbs,and maintain balance.After spinal cord injury,bidirectional communication between the brain and spinal cord is disrupted and animals,including humans,fail to voluntarily modify limb trajectory to step over an obstacle.Therefore,in this review,we discuss the neuromechanical control of stepping over an obstacle,why it fails after spinal cord injury,and how it recovers to a certain extent.
文摘This study investigates the effects of AI-mediated communication (AMC) on trust-building and negotiation outcomes in professional remote collaboration settings. Through a mixed-methods approach combining experimental design and qualitative analysis (N = 120), we examine how AI intermediaries influence communication dynamics, relationship building, and decision-making processes. Results indicate that while AMC initially creates barriers to trust formation, it ultimately leads to enhanced communication outcomes and stronger professional relationships when implemented with appropriate transparency and support. The study revealed a 31% improvement in cross-cultural understanding and a 24% increase in negotiation satisfaction rates when using AI-mediated channels with proper transparency measures. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of technology-mediated communication and practical applications for organizations implementing AI communication tools.
文摘This study introduces a novel bargaining solution termed the"'min-distance bargaining solution"and applies it to a differential games model.A comprehensive algorithm for implementing this new solution is presented,considering its time consistency within the differential games framework.Realistic scenarios are carefully analyzed to derive insightful findings regarding the mindistance solution,which are further validated through simulations using the resource extraction differential games model.Specifically,we examine scenarios such as managing a finite resource stock in the resource extraction game.Furthermore,a comparative analysis is conducted,pitting the mindistance bargaining solution against well-established alternatives such as Nash bargaining,Kalai-Smorodinsky,and Egalitarian solutions.By subjecting these solutions to numerical evaluations,the study offers valuable insights into decision-making processes.The findings not only contribute to negotiation theory by providing theoretical support but also have practical implications for decision-makers seeking effective strategies.This research significantly advances the field of negotiation theory,particularly in the context of differential games.The proposed min-distance bargaining solution demonstrates its applicability to real-world scenarios and enhances our understanding of strategic decision-making.
基金Research on Innovative Method of Drug Rational Use Supervision Decision Based on Big Data of Medical Insurance(Grant No.82273899)。
文摘Between 2016 and 2024,the Chinese government incorporated several innovative drugs into the National Reimbursement Drug List(NRDL)through price negotiations.These negotiations led to significant price reductions,which in turn stimulated an increase in sales.This study aimed to assess the impact of this policy on the pricing,utilization,and overall expenditure of targeted lung cancer therapies included in the NRDL.Using an interrupted time series analysis of procurement data from 698 healthcare institutions,the study evaluated both immediate and long-term effects.In terms of immediate effects,price negotiations resulted in a significant decline in the defined daily dose cost(DDDc)for all targeted therapies(P<0.05).Regarding long-term trends,a significant shift was observed only in the pricing trajectory of Gefitinib,Icotinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).In terms of immediate effects on drug utilization,all targeted medicines experienced a substantial increase in volume(P<0.05),except for Gefitinib and Icotinib.Over the long term,the usage of all targeted therapies exhibited a significant upward trend(P<0.05).With respect to expenditure,the immediate impact of NRDL inclusion resulted in a significant increase in spending on Afatinib,Crizotinib,Osimertinib,Alectinib,and Ensartinib(P<0.05).Over time,total spending on targeted medicines showed a significant increase(P<0.05),except for Erlotinib.Overall,NRDL price negotiations successfully reduced the economic burden on lung cancer patients,improving both accessibility and affordability of targeted therapies in China.
基金funded by the 2023Laibin City Philosophy and Social Science Research Project(No.2023LBZS035)2024Guangxi Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(No.S202411546046X)2025 Research Project of Guangxi Science&Technology Normal University(No.GXKS2025YB020).
文摘Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.
基金the achievements of the 2025 Guangxi Degree and Graduate Education Reform Project on Artificial Intelligence Empowering International Business Master’s Teaching Innovation Research(JGY2025036).
文摘Against the backdrop of profound reshaping of the current international landscape and the unprecedentedly rapid iteration of digital technologies,the global digital economy landscape and international trade rule system are entering a new era full of changes.Digital trade rules have emerged as a prominent focus in this field.Firstly,through a comprehensive review of sample data such as the WTO e-commerce proposals under the current multilateral framework,we can gain a profound insight into the negotiation practices of major economies regarding digital trade rules.In this context,China has demonstrated strong defensive interests in the“emerging”issues of digital trade,aiming to safeguard national data security and promote the healthy development of the digital economy.Therefore,when participating in the formulation of global digital trade rules,China needs to accurately strike a balance between offense and defense,contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions,and promote the construction of a fairer,more reasonable,and inclusive international digital trade governance system.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (12202293)Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2023NSFSC0393,2022NSFSC1952)。
文摘A task allocation problem for the heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm in unknown environments is studied in this paper.Considering that the actual mission environment information may be unknown,the UAV swarm needs to detect the environment first and then attack the detected targets.The heterogeneity of UAVs,multiple types of tasks,and the dynamic nature of task environment lead to uneven load and time sequence problems.This paper proposes an improved contract net protocol (CNP) based task allocation scheme,which effectively balances the load of UAVs and improves the task efficiency.Firstly,two types of task models are established,including regional reconnaissance tasks and target attack tasks.Secondly,for regional reconnaissance tasks,an improved CNP algorithm using the uncertain contract is developed.Through uncertain contracts,the area size of the regional reconnaissance task is determined adaptively after this task assignment,which can improve reconnaissance efficiency and resource utilization.Thirdly,for target attack tasks,an improved CNP algorithm using the fuzzy integrated evaluation and the double-layer negotiation is presented to enhance collaborative attack efficiency through adjusting the assignment sequence adaptively and multi-layer allocation.Finally,the effectiveness and advantages of the improved method are verified through comparison simulations.
文摘On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China(973Program) (No.G1999035805)the Natural Science Foundation of ShannxiProvince (No.2007F37)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.20060401008,20070410376).
文摘Based on thorough researches on the Chinese wireless local area network （WLAN） security standard, i. e., WLAN authentication and privacy infrastructure （WAPI）, the security of the authentication access process is analyzed with the CK （Canetti-Krawczyk） model and the BAN （Burrows-Abadi- Needham） logic. Results show that it can achieve the alleged authentication and key negotiation goals. Besides those alleged, further analyses indicate that the authentication access process can satisfy other security requirements, such as mutual identity authentication, mutual key control, key confirmation, message integrity check, etc. If the used elliptic curve encryption algorithm and the hash algorithm are secure enough, the protocol can efficiently realize mutual authentication between STAs （station） and APs （access point）. Therefore, WAPI can be applied to replace the security mechanism used in the original WLAN international standard to enhance its security.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No60403027)
文摘To enhance the practicability of the trust negotiation system, an agent based automated trust negotiation model （ABAM） is proposed. The ABAM introduces an agent to keep the negotiation process with no human intervention. Meanwhile, the ABAM specifies the format of a meta access control policy, and adopts credentials with flexible format to meet the requirements of access control policies instead of disclosing the whole contents of a certificate. Furthermore, the ABAM uses asymmetric functions with a high security intensity to encrypt the transmitting message, which can prevent information from being attacked. Finally, the ABAM presents a new negotiation protocol to guide the negotiation process. A use case is studied to illuminate that the ABAM is sound and reasonable. Compared with the existing work, the intelligence, privacy and negotiation efficiency are improved in the ABAM.
基金Supported by National Social Science Fund Program " Study on Negotiation Mode,Mechanism and Policy of Cross-border Water Pollution Treatment in Changjiang River Delta Area"(09BFX042)Key Subject Industry Economics Subject of East China University of Political Science and Law(CJ10-008)~~
文摘In order to construct cooperation platform for the treatment of water pollution in Changjiang River,thoughts and revolution were performed from both central government and regional area two aspects.From the national level,Changjiang region water resources management cooperation counsel committee was constructed as the national cooperation platform;from the regional level,Changjiang region water resources management cooperation counsel committee was constructed as the platform of Changjiang cooperation platform.The two platforms built fine interaction mechanism to deal with the national water management and Changjiang regional water management.
文摘U SB( U niversal Serial Bus)经过了 9年发展 ,已经得到了市场的认可 ,其传输速度达到了最大 480 Mb/s的惊人地步 ,而 USB OTG ( On The Go)的推出更是鼓舞人心 ,其双重角色的强大功能可以使 U SB设备摆脱对 PC的完全依赖。 USB OTG是 U SB 2 .0规范的补充 ,他使外设可以在无主机参与的情况下直接互连进行通信工程。本文简单介绍了 U SB OTG的工作原理 ,并分析了现在 U SB OTG的应用情况 ,重点针对数码相机伴侣存在的问题 。
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.70171011).
文摘In the environment of e-commerce, agents in automated negotiation should share common concept of what they are bargaining and a rule of how to bargain. State of the art overviews of automated negotiation is given. The main barriers to automated negotiation such as protocol and ontology are discussed. Then, a model of automated negotiation is presented with the ontologies of roles and goods described by web ontology language （OWL）, the proposal strategies based on the information sets, and a set of rules for agent interaction. In this model, agents coming from different organizations can negotiate automatically based on common ontologies defined by OWL and formal protocol. This makes it possible for the automated negotiation to be performed in an open environment such as Internet, not merely in a closed system.
