Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)can cause intestinal barrier dysfunction in broilers,leading to secondary liver injury(SLI).In this process,the gut-liver axis plays a crucial role.Lonicerae flos and turmeric extracts...Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)can cause intestinal barrier dysfunction in broilers,leading to secondary liver injury(SLI).In this process,the gut-liver axis plays a crucial role.Lonicerae flos and turmeric extracts(LTE),containing chlorogenic acid and curcumin,have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant properties.Based on these potential biological benefits,this study aims to investigate the reparative effects of LTE on the intestinal barrier dysfunction in NE-infected broilers and assess its therapeutic efficacy in alleviating SLI.By elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of LTE on gut-liver axis health,this research provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of NE in broilers.Results LTE improved body weight and average daily gain while reducing intestinal lesion scores,coccidia oocysts,and Clostridium perfringens counts in NE broilers(P<0.05).LTE enhanced intestinal morphology and up-regulated the expression of tight junction protein genes(CLDN1,TJP1)and MUC2,suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and myeloperoxidase(MPO)levels,and minimized endotoxin(ET)accumulation in NE broilers(P<0.05).Furthermore,LTE alleviated oxidative stress in ileal cells and protected mitochondrial structure and function in NE broilers.NE infection induced intestinal permeability in broilers,leading to increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal-derived endotoxin levels,which caused liver damage.LTE significantly reduced liver pathologic damage,pro-inflammatory cytokine levels,aspartate transaminase,alanine aminotransferase,and ROS levels in NE broilers(P<0.05).Additionally,16S rRNA sequencing revealed that NE significantly increased the relative abundance of Barnesiella and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota,Desulfobacterota and Bacteroides in the cecum of broilers.LTE enhanced intestinal microbiota diversity and reduced the segregation of intestinal microbiota induced by NE infection.Conclusions In summary,LTE can alleviate NE and SLI by modulating the microbiota,inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress,and ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction,thereby enhancing gut-liver axis health and growth performance.展开更多
Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)in broiler chickens leads to significant economic losses in poultry production.This study examined the inhibitory effects of usnic acid and tannic acid on coccidia,sporozoite,and Clost...Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)in broiler chickens leads to significant economic losses in poultry production.This study examined the inhibitory effects of usnic acid and tannic acid on coccidia,sporozoite,and Clostridium perfringens and assessed their influence on growth performance and intestinal health in NE-challenged broilers through in vitro and in vivo experiments.Methods The in vitro experiment included 5 treatment groups:the negative control(NC),2μmol/L diclazuril(DZ),30μmol/L usnic acid(UA),90μmol/L tannic acid(TA),and 15μmol/L usnic acid^(+)45μmol/L tannic acid(UTA)groups.The in vivo experiment involved 320 broilers divided into four groups:PC(NE-challenged),SA(500 mg/kg salinomycin premix^(+)NE-challenged),UA(300 mg/kg usnic acid^(+)NE-challenged),and UTA(300 mg/kg usnic acid^(+)500 mg/kg tannic acid^(+)NE-challenged)groups.Results In the in vitro study,the UA,TA,and UTA treatments significantly increased apoptosis in coccidian oocysts and sporozoites,lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential(P<0.05),and disrupted the oocyst structure compared with those in the NC group.UA and TA had inhibitory effects on C.perfringens,with the strongest inhibition observed in the UTA group.The in vivo results demonstrated that the SA group presented significantly improved growth performance on d 13,21,and 28(P<0.05),whereas the UA and UTA groups presented improvements on d 13 and 21(P<0.05).The SA,UA,and UTA treatments reduced the intestinal lesion scores by d 28 and the fecal coccidian oocyst counts from d 19 to 21(P<0.05).Compared with the PC group,the UA and UTA groups presented lower intestinal sIgA levels and CD8^(+)cell percentages(P<0.05),with a trend toward a reduced CD3^(+)cell percentage(P=0.069).The SA,UA,and UTA treatments significantly reduced the serum diamine oxidase activity,crypt depth,and plateletderived growth factor levels in the intestinal mucosa while increasing the villus height to crypt depth ratio and number of goblet cells(P<0.05).The UTA treatment also significantly increased the acetate and butyrate concentrations in the cecum(P<0.05).With respect to the gut microbiota,significant changes inβdiversity in the ileum and cecum were observed in the SA,UA,and UTA groups,indicating that the microbial community compositions differed among the groups.Romboutsia dominated the SA group,Bacillales dominated the UA group,and Lactobacillales and Lachnospirales dominated the UTA group in the ileal microbiota.In the cecal microbiota,Lactobacillus,Butyricicoccus,and Blautia abundances were significantly elevated in the UTA group(P<0.05).Conclusion Usnic acid and tannic acid induce apoptosis in coccidia and sporozoites by lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential.Both usnic acid alone and in combination with tannic acid alleviate NE-induced adverse effects in broilers by modulating intestinal immunity,altering the microbial composition,and improving intestinal barrier function.Compared with usnic acid alone,the combination of usnic acid and tannic acid had superior effects,providing a promising basis for the development of effective feed additive combinations.展开更多
Background Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that secretes multiple toxins,impacting humans and animals.It can cause intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis.Although tannins inhibit C.perfringens proliferat...Background Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that secretes multiple toxins,impacting humans and animals.It can cause intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis.Although tannins inhibit C.perfringens proliferation,the precise underlying mechanisms are unclear.Objective This study integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the mechanism by which tannins,specifically pentagalloylglucose(PGG)and tannic acid(TA),inhibit C.perfringens and potential pathways to alleviate infection in vivo.Results Ion concentration measurements,flow cytometric analysis,and transmission electron microscopy revealed that PGG and TA damaged the cell membrane structure of C.perfringens,triggering cytoplasmic content leakage.Additionally,PGG and TA significantly affected C.perfringens at the transcriptional and metabolic levels.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PGG and TA induced amino acid restriction,disrupted energy metabolism,and impeded the ability of C.perfringens to sense and respond to the external environment.In an in vitro C.perfringens-infected intestinal cell model,PGG and TA boundαtoxin,significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors,and improved intestinal barrier function and cell viability.Compared to PGG,TA exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against C.perfringens and binding toαtoxin.In vivo,PGG and TA alleviated C.perfringens-induced weight loss in mice,improved intestinal villi morphology,and reduced intestinal inflammation and tight junction gene dysregulation.Conclusion These findings indicate that tannins inhibit C.perfringens,improve gut tissue integrity and reduce inflammation,demonstrating their multi-target effects of resisting intestinal diseases caused by harmful bacteria.This offers new insights for plant polyphenol-based strategies against necrotic enteritis.展开更多
Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)is an economically important disease of broiler chickens caused by Clostridium perfringens(CP).The pathogenesis,or disease process,of NE is still not clear.This study aimed to identify...Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)is an economically important disease of broiler chickens caused by Clostridium perfringens(CP).The pathogenesis,or disease process,of NE is still not clear.This study aimed to identify the alterations of metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with subclinical or clinical NE in CP infected birds and to investi-gate the possible variations in the metabolic profile of birds infected with different isolates of CP.Methodology Using a well-established NE model,the protein content of feed was changed abruptly before expos-ing birds to CP isolates with different toxin genes combinations(cpa,cpb2,netB,tpeL;cpa,cpb2,netB;or cpa,cpb2).Metabolomics analysis of jejunal contents was performed by a targeted,fully quantitative LC-MS/MS based assay.Results This study detected statistically significant differential expression of 34 metabolites including organic acids,amino acids,fatty acids,and biogenic amines,including elevation of butyric acid at onset of NE in broiler chickens.Subsequent analysis of broilers infected with CP isolates with different toxin gene combinations confirmed an eleva-tion of butyric acid consistently among 21 differentially expressed metabolites including organic acids,amino acids,and biogenic amines,underscoring its potential role during the development of NE.Furthermore,protein-metabolite network analysis revealed significant alterations in butyric acid and arginine-proline metabolisms.Conclusion This study indicates a significant metabolic difference between CP-infected and non-infected broiler chickens.Among all the metabolites,butyric acid increased significantly in CP-infected birds compared to non-infected healthy broilers.Logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between butyric acid(coefficient:1.23,P<0.01)and CP infection,while showing a negative association with amino acid metabolism.These findings suggest that butyric acid could be a crucial metabolite linked to the occurrence of NE in broiler chickens and may serve as an early indicator of the disease at the farm level.Further metabolomic experiments using different NE animal models and field studies are needed to determine the specificity and to validate metabolites associated with NE,regardless of predisposing factors.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications after orthoto- pic liver transplantation (OLT) include high morbidity and mortality. Experimental data have suggested hepatic ische- mia and reperfusion are induced by pro-inflammat...BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications after orthoto- pic liver transplantation (OLT) include high morbidity and mortality. Experimental data have suggested hepatic ische- mia and reperfusion are induced by pro-inflammatory cyto- kines. The high level of inflammatory cytokines might ad- ditionally influence pulmonary cappillary fluid filtration. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentra- tions of tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) during OLT and to in- vestigate the relationship between these cytokines and post- operative pulmonary complications. METHODS: Twenty-two patients undergoing OLT were divided into two groups according to whether they had postoperative pulmonary complications: group A consis- ting of 8 patients with postoperative pulmonary complica- tions , and group B consisting of 14 patients without post- operative pulmonary complications. Enzyme-linked im- munoassay (ELISA) was used to determine serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of operation (T0 ), clamping and cross-clamping of the in- ferior cava and portal vein (T1, T2 ), 90 minutes and 3 hours after reperfusion (T3 , T4 ) and 24 hours after opera- tion (T5). RESULTS: The level of PaO2/FiO2 in group A was lower than that in group B ( P <0. 05 ). The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the two groups increased rapidly at T2 , peaked at T3 , decreased rapidly after T3 until 24 hours after operation. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in group A were higher than those in group B at T2, T3, and T4(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: After un-clamping of the inferior cava and portal vein, the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 increased may be related to pulmonary injury after he- patic ischemic reperfusion.展开更多
Apple necrotic mosaic virus(ApNMV) was identified in crabapple trees with mosaic symptoms from Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis. The complete nuc...Apple necrotic mosaic virus(ApNMV) was identified in crabapple trees with mosaic symptoms from Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis. The complete nucleotide sequences of one isolate from crabapple(ApNMV-Hai) and two isolates from apple(ApNMV-Hua and-Qu) were determined. The sizes of genomic RNA1, 2 and 3 of the three isolates differed from those of the previously reported isolate ApNMV-P126 from Japanese apple, especially RNA3. Compared with the nucleotide(nt) sequence of RNA3 in isolate P126, those in the Hai and Qu isolates were 7 and 33 nt shorter, respectively, and that of isolate Hua was 7 nt longer. Alignment analyses showed that these differences in size were mainly due to differences in the lengths of the 5′ untranslated region(UTR) and the UTR region between the ORFs encoding the movement protein and the coat protein. In the phylogenetic trees constructed using the full genomic sequences of RNA1, 2 and 3, the isolate Hai clustered into a group with the isolate Qu in the RNA1 tree, but formed an individual branch in the RNA2 and 3 trees. Three recombination events were identified in the nucleotide sequences of RNA1 and 2 among the isolates ApNMV-Hai,-Hua, and-Qu. This is the first report of the full genome sequence of ApNMV in crabapple.展开更多
Background: Subclinical necrotic enteritis(SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorpti...Background: Subclinical necrotic enteritis(SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorption of nutrients. Ellagic acid(EA) has been reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on human and animals in many aspects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of EA in relieving SNE in broilers induced by C. perfringens.Results: C. perfringens challenge decreased body weight(BW), average daily gain(ADG), jejunal villi height/crypt depth(V/C) ratio, the activity of catalase(CAT) and the mRNA expression of zonula occludens 1(ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa of broilers. While feed conversion ratios(FCR), jejunal crypt depth(CD), the activities of myeloperoxidase(MPO) and diamine oxidase(DAO), as well as the concentrations of interleukin 6(IL-6), C-reactive protein(CRP) and procalcitonin(PCT) in serum, the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and lysozyme(LZM), the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA), and the mRNA expressions of claudin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB,JAK3, STAT6 and iNOS in jejunal mucosa of broilers were increased by C. perfringens challenge. Dietary EA supplement relieved these adverse effects, and heightened jejunal villi height(VH), the concentration of D-xylose in plasma, activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), and the mRNA expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa of broilers.The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota indicated that dietary EA supplement increased observed species and Shannon index. C. perfringens challenge increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microbiota. EA increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecal microbiota. LEfSe analysis showed that C. perfringens challenge triggered the imbalance of cecal microbiota in broilers, dietary EA supplementation led to a small beneficial effect on microbiota, while the simultaneous effect of them seemed to stimulate the immune function of broilers by improving the microbiota balance.Conclusions: Dietary EA ameliorated C. perfringens-induced SNE in broilers via regulating jejunal inflammation signaling pathways TLR/NF-κB and JAK3/STAT6, relieving jejunal oxidative stress and balancing cecal microbiota to inhibit intestinal barrier damage, prevent systemic inflammatory response and improve nutrient absorption capacity,finally protect and enhance growth performance of broilers.展开更多
Background In broiler chickens,necrotic enteritis(NE)infection can reduce production performance.Tannic acid has shown great potential as a treatment of NE in broilers.However,the appropriate dosage of tannic acid in ...Background In broiler chickens,necrotic enteritis(NE)infection can reduce production performance.Tannic acid has shown great potential as a treatment of NE in broilers.However,the appropriate dosage of tannic acid in NE of broilers and the improvement effect on intestinal health are not very clear.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of tannic acid on the production performance,immunity,and intestinal health of broilers by constructing an NE model with C.perfringens infection and determining the appropriate dosage of tannic acid with regard to NE.Results Challenged birds showed significant reduction in body weight,villus height,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P<0.05)and increase in the feed consumption gain ratio,intestinal lesion score,and crypt depth(P<0.05).The infection significantly reduced the relative Bacteroidota and Ligilactobacillus abundance(P<0.05)and increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota and cecal content of C.perfringens(P<0.05).Challenged birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid showed significantly increased mRNA expression of nutrient transport carriers and intestinal barrier genes and growth performance and reduced serum zonulin and endotoxin levels(P<0.05).Addi-tion of tannic acid to the diet inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the number of coccidia oocysts in feces and the content of C.perfringens in the cecum.Specifically,tannic acid reduced the serum levels of C reactive protein,myeloperoxidase,and specific IgY and ileal mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A levels in the ileal mucosa compared with those in the NE-infected birds.NE-infected birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid also showed significantly increased relative Anaerocolumna,Thermoanaerobacterium,and Thermosinus abundance(P<0.05);their microbial composition and functional predictions were similar to those of the NC group.Conclusions Tannic acid in the diet alleviated NE by enhancing the intestinal barrier and absorption function.The recommended dietary tannic acid additive level is 500–750 mg/kg.Our study findings would be useful in reducing related economic losses in the broiler industry.展开更多
Background:Clostridium perfringens-induced chicken necrotic enteritis(NE)is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide annually.Recently,as a result of antibiotic growth promoter prohibition,the prevalence ...Background:Clostridium perfringens-induced chicken necrotic enteritis(NE)is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide annually.Recently,as a result of antibiotic growth promoter prohibition,the prevalence of NE in chickens has reemerged.This study was aimed to reduce NE through titrating dietary deoxycholic acid(DCA)as an effective antimicrobial alternative.Materials and methods:Day-old broiler chicks were assigned to six groups and fed diets supplemented with 0(basal diet),0.8,1.0 and 1.5 g/kg(on top of basal diet)DCA.The birds were challenged with Eimeria maxima(20,000 oocysts/bird)at d 18 and C.perfringens(109 CFU/bird per day)at d 23,24,and 25 to induce NE.The birds were sacrificed at d 26 when ileal tissue and digesta were collected for analyzing histopathology,mRNA accumulation and C.perfringens colonization by real-time PCR,targeted metabolomics of bile acids,fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)assay.Results:At the cellular level,birds infected with E.maxima and C.perfringens developed subclinical NE and showed shortening villi,crypt hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration in ileum.Dietary DCA alleviated the NE-induced ileal inflammation in a dose-dependent manner compared to NE control birds.Consistent with the increased histopathological scores,subclinical NE birds suffered body weight gain reduction compared to the uninfected birds,an effect attenuated with increased doses of dietary DCA.At the molecular level,the highest dose of DCA at 1.5 g/kg reduced C.perfringens luminal colonization compared to NE birds using PCR and FISH.Furthermore,the dietary DCA reduced subclinical NE-induced intestinal inflammatory gene expression and cell apoptosis using PCR and TUNEL assays.Upon further examining ileal bile acid pool through targeted metabolomics,subclinical NE reduced the total bile acid level in ileal digesta compared to uninfected birds.Notably,dietary DCA increased total bile acid and DCA levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to NE birds.Conclusion:These results indicate that DCA attenuates NE-induced intestinal inflammation and bile acid reduction and could be an effective antimicrobial alternative against the intestinal disease.展开更多
Background:The ban of in-feed antimicrobial additives has negatively affected the poultry industry by causing necrotic enteritis(NE)to emerge in the flocks.Alternatives such as Bacillus probiotics have shown to be eff...Background:The ban of in-feed antimicrobial additives has negatively affected the poultry industry by causing necrotic enteritis(NE)to emerge in the flocks.Alternatives such as Bacillus probiotics have shown to be effective on eliminating the negative effects of this disease.Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940(BA)in broiler chickens under NE challenge and/or fed diets with different protein levels.Methods:In both experiments,480 day-old mix-sexed Ross-308 broilers were arranged in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments.In experiment 1,the factors were NE challenge(yes or no)and probiotic(yes or no).In experiment 2,the factors were dietary crude protein levels(standard or reduced)and probiotic(yes or no)and were used under NE challenge condition.Oral administration of Eimeria oocysts(day 9)followed by inoculation with Clostridium perfringens(day 14 and 15)was used to induce NE challenge.On day 16,two birds from each treatment were gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran(FITC-d)and blood samples were collected for gut integrity evaluation,and jejunal samples were collected for gene expression assay.Results:In experiment 1,BA supplementation decreased caspase-3(CASP3)(P<0.001)and caspase-8(CASP8)(P<0.05)and increased occludin(OCLD)(P<0.05)expression regardless of the challenge.Additionally,BA supplementation downregulated interfron-γ(IFN-γ)expression(P<0.01)and upregulated immunoglobulin-G(IgG)(P<0.01)and immunoglobulin-M(IgM)(P<0.05)only in challenged birds.In experiment 2,the expression of genes encoding mucin-2(MUC2)(P<0.001),tight junction protein-1(TJP1)(P<0.05)and OCLD(P<0.05)were upregulated by the addition of BA in the diet,regardless of the crude protein level.Further,BA supplementation downregulated INF-γ(P<0.01)and upregulated immunoglobulin-A(IgA)(P<0.05),IgM(P<0.05)and IgG(P<0.01)regardless of the crude protein level.Conclusion:These findings suggest that supplementation of BA in broiler diets can improve gut health by modulation of genes related to the mucosal barrier,tight junction,and immunity in broilers challenged by unfavourable conditions such as NE challenge.展开更多
AIM: To study the clinical observation of removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery under the guidance of the AS-OCT in treatment of fungal keratitis. METHODS:A retrospect...AIM: To study the clinical observation of removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery under the guidance of the AS-OCT in treatment of fungal keratitis. METHODS:A retrospective study was done to 10 patients (10 eyes) who had accepted removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery for fungal keratitis,the diagnosis by corneal scraping and smear examination or confocal microscopy check hyphae. Local and systemic antifungal therapy more than one week for all patients, corneal ulcer enlarge or no shrink. Slit lamp microscope examination the diameter of corneal ulcer about 2mm-4mm. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)examine the depth of corneal ulcer between 1/3-1/2, infiltrate corneal stroma about 20um-80um,the diameter of corneal ulcer about 3mm-6mm.Type-B ultrasonic exclusion endophthalmitis. Complete removal lesions until transparent of stoma, make conjunctival flap equal or greater than ulcer 1mm nearby conjunctiva. Continued antifungal therapy. The vision, fungal recurrence, conjunctival flap rollback or desquamate were analysed. ' RESULTS:Ten patients had success done this surgery, the corneal ulcer was not enlarge and healing afteroperation. 7 cases were bridging conjunctival flap and 3cases were single conjunctival flap. Preoperation vision above 0.1 had 8 cases,7 cases had vision above 0.1 one week after surgery, while 1 cases vision droped from 0.3 to 0.05.There was not recurrent for fungal,2 cases conjunctival flap rollback:1 case was bridging and 1case was single flap, no conjunctival flap desquamate. CONCLUSION: It is safe and effective to perform removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery under the guidance of the AS-OCT in treatment of fungal keratitis which werenot sensitive or aggravate for antifungal drugs.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare nonmalignant lesion. The present study aimed to clarify the clinical features of the disease. METHOD: The medical records of 51 patients with histologically ...BACKGROUND: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare nonmalignant lesion. The present study aimed to clarify the clinical features of the disease. METHOD: The medical records of 51 patients with histologically confirmed solitary necrotic nodule of the liver who received surgical resection at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver was found mainly in males (68.6%, 35/51), and patients ranged in age from 5 to 69 years with a mean of 45.3. Most of the patients (72.5%) had no significant symptoms, with negative results for the serum tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen. The mean diameter of the nodule was 23 mm (range 10-55 mm). Compared with ultrasonographic and computed tomography findings, the specific features of magnetic resonance imaging were more helpful for differential diagnosis of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare nonmalignant lesion, showing no notable symptoms and potential complications. The pathological change of the disease is not significant over a lifetime. Conservative treatment and clinical follow-up are recommended.展开更多
In this article, the author studies the mechanism of formation of necrotic cores in the growth of tumors by using rigorous analysis of a mathematical model. The model modifies a corresponding tumor growth model propos...In this article, the author studies the mechanism of formation of necrotic cores in the growth of tumors by using rigorous analysis of a mathematical model. The model modifies a corresponding tumor growth model proposed by Byrne and Chaplain in 1996, in the case where no inhibitors exist. The modification is made such that both necrotic tumors and nonnecrotic tumors can be considered in a joint way. It is proved that if the nutrient supply is below a threshold value, then there is not dormant tumor, and all evolutionary tumors will finally vanish. If instead the nutrient supply is above this threshold value then there is a unique dormant tumor which can either be necrotic or nonnecrotic, depending on the level of the nutrient supply and the level of dead-cell dissolution rate, and all evolutionary tumors will converge to this dormant tumor. It is also proved that, in the se.cond case, if the dormant tumor is necrotic then an evolutionary tumor will form a necrotic core at a finite time, and if the dormant tumor is nonnecrotic then an evolutionary tumor will also be nonnecrotic from a finite time.展开更多
Background:The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics for livestock and poultry production.This study investigated a possible synergy between bu...Background:The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics for livestock and poultry production.This study investigated a possible synergy between butyrate and forskolin(a natural labdane diterpene)in enhancing innate host defense,barrier function,disease resistance,growth performance,and meat quality of broilers.Methods:The expressions of representative genes involved in host defense(AvBD9 and AvBD10),barrier function(MUC2,CLDN1,and TJP1),and inflammation(IL-1β)were measured in chicken HD11 macrophages in response to butyrate and forskolin in the presence or absence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides(LPS).Intestinal lesions and the Clostridium perfringens titers were also assessed in C.perfringens-challenged chickens fed butyrate and forskolincontaining Coleus forskohlii(CF)extract individually or in combination.Furthermore,growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated in broilers supplemented with butyrate and the CF extract for 42 d.Results:Butyrate and forskolin synergistically induced the expressions of AvBD9,AvBD10,and MUC2 in chicken HD11 cells(P<0.05)and the synergy was maintained in the presence of LPS.Butyrate and forskolin also suppressed LPS-induced IL-1βgene expression in HD11 cells in a synergistic manner(P<0.05).The two compounds significantly reduced the intestinal lesions of C.perfringens-challenged chickens when combined(P<0.05),but not individually.Furthermore,butyrate in combination with forskolin-containing CF extract had no influence on weight gain,but significantly reduced feed intake(P<0.05)with a strong tendency to improve feed efficiency(P=0.07)in a 42-d feeding trial.Desirably,the butyrate/forskolin combination significantly decreased abdominal fat deposition(P=0.01)with no impact on the carcass yield,breast meat color,drip loss,or pH of d-42 broilers.Conclusions:Butyrate and forskolin has potential to be developed as novel antibiotic alternatives to improve disease resistance,feed efficiency,and carcass composition of broilers.展开更多
This study was to molecular identify Prunus necrotic ringspot virus （PNRSV） occurring on lily. Lily corms were randomly selected and grown in the greenhouse. The total RNAs were extracted from younger leaves, and pa...This study was to molecular identify Prunus necrotic ringspot virus （PNRSV） occurring on lily. Lily corms were randomly selected and grown in the greenhouse. The total RNAs were extracted from younger leaves, and partial amplification of the CP gene was performed by RT-PCR with primer pairs specific for PNRSV. An expected cDNA fragment of about 450 bp was amplified from lily, cloned into pGEM-T-easy vector, sequenced, and shared 84.5-99.1% homology with the 27 PNRSV isolates reported previously at the nucleotide level, indicating that lily is a new natural host of PNRSV.展开更多
Necrotic Enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP) in poultry is probably the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic implications. The disease is multi-factorial and is invariably associated...Necrotic Enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP) in poultry is probably the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic implications. The disease is multi-factorial and is invariably associated with predisposing factors. The present study investigated the effect of a commercially available Lactobacillus-based probiotic (FM-B11) for the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, one-day-of-hatch broiler chicks were randomly allocated to the following treatment groups: 1) Non-challenged (NC);2) Challenged (C);3) Challenged + probiotic (C+ FM-B11). Prior to placement, chicks in groups 2 and 3 received 0.25 mL of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) containing 105 cfu of viable cells by oral gavage. At 14, 15 and 16 days of age, all chicks in group 3 were treated with FM-B11 in the drinking water at a concentration of 106 cfu/ml. At 21d of age, all chicks in groups 2 and 3, were individually challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. maxima by oral gavage. At 26d of age, all chicks in groups 2 and 3, were individually challenged with 108 cfu CP;body weight (BW) was recorded prior to challenge. The experiment was terminated at 29 days of age and the following parameters were evaluated: NE-associated mortality, CP lesion scores, CP concentrations in ileum, BW, and body weight gain (BWG). Chicks treated with FM-B11 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain after challenge when compared to control challenge chickens. Total mortality was higher in the C group (48.8%) when compared to the C + FM-B11 (12.7%). Even though there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in lesion score between C and C + FM-B11, group C + FM-B11 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower total number of cfu of CP recovered from the ileal mucosa and content samples when compared to group C. Experiment 2 was a unique and remarkable case report of a field outbreak of NE in a commercial broiler farm in Argentina. A reduction and control of the mortality associated with NE following 3 days of administration of FM-B11 was observed as compared with the control non treated house. These results imply that the commercially available Lactobacillus-based probiotic FM-B11 was able to reduce the severities of NE, as a secondary bacterial infection, in an experimental NE challenge model;as well as, in a commercial field outbreak of NE.展开更多
Background:Intestinal microbiota is critical for maintaining animal health and homeostasis.However,involvement of the fungal community,also known as the mycobiota,in animal health and disease is poorly understood.This...Background:Intestinal microbiota is critical for maintaining animal health and homeostasis.However,involvement of the fungal community,also known as the mycobiota,in animal health and disease is poorly understood.This study was aimed to examine the association between the intestinal mycobiota and the severity of necrotic enteritis(NE),an economically significant poultry disease.Methods:A total of 90 day-of-hatch Cobb broilers were infected with Eimeria maxima on d 10,followed by an oral challenge with C.perfringens on d 14 to induce NE,while another 10 broilers were served as mock-infected controls.On d 17,the lesions in the jejunum were scored,and the ileal digesta were subjected to DNA isolation and real-time PCR quantification of total bacterial and fungi populations.Internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)amplicon sequencing was also performed to profile the ileal mycobiota composition.Changes in the ileal mycobiota in response to NE were investigated.Spearman correlation analysis was further conducted to identify the correlations between relative abundances of individual ileal fungi and the severity of NE.Results:While the total bacterial population in the ileum was increased by 2-to 3-fold in NE chickens,the total fungal population was progressively declined in more exacerbated NE,with the most severely infected chickens showing a nearly 50-fold reduction relative to mock-infected controls.Richness of the ileal mycobiota also tended to reduce in chickens with NE(P=0.06).Compositionally,among 30 most abundant fungal amplicon sequence variants(ASVs),11 were diminished and 7 were enriched(P<0.05),while 12 remained largely unchanged in NEafflicted chickens(P>0.05).Multiple Wallemia and Aspergillus species were markedly diminished in NE(P<0.05)and also showed a significant negative correlation with NE severity(P<0.05).Conclusions:Dysbiosis of the ileal mycobiota is induced evidently by NE and the extent of the dysbiosis is positively correlated with disease severity.These findings suggest a possible role of the intestinal mycobiota in NE pathogenesis and highlight the mycobiota as a new potential target for NE mitigation in poultry.展开更多
How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually come...How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield.Currently,many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified,and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways.This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics,classification,and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation.Additionally,we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance.Concurrently,we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods.We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.展开更多
Background The poultry industry needs effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis(NE)caused by Clostridium perfringens.Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of d...Background The poultry industry needs effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis(NE)caused by Clostridium perfringens.Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Macleaya cordata extract(MCE)on the immune function and gut microbiota of broilers with NE.A total of 2881-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two concentrations of dietary MCE supplementation(0 or 350 mg/kg of diet)and two disease challenge statuses(control or NE).Results The results revealed that NE significantly increased the feed conversion rate(FCR),mortality,intestinal lesion score,the levels of IL-1β,IL-17 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in serum and IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa,m RNA levels of TLR2,IFN-γand p Ig R in the jejunum,and Clostridium perfringens concentrations in the cecum.NE significantly decreased the body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG),jejunal villus height,V/C,m RNA level of AMPK-α1 in jejunum,IL-4 level in the jejunal mucosa and lactic acid bacteria abundance in the cecum.MCE significantly increased BW,BWG,jejunal villus height,V/C,m RNA levels of occludin,ZO-1 and AMPK-α1 in the jejunum,the levels of Ig A and Ig G in serum and IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa and m RNA levels of NF-κB,IL-10 and MHC-II in the jejunum.Additionally,MCE significantly decreased the FCR,mortality,intestinal lesion score,jejunal crypt depth,the levels of IFN-γand IL-17 in serum and IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa,Clostridium perfringens concentrations in the cecum,and m RNA levels of IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunum.Moreover,NE significantly increased the abundance of bacteria that are associated with inflammation,obesity and depression(Alistipes,Barnesiella,Intestinimonas,RF39 and UCG-005)and significantly decreased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)-producing bacteria(Anaerotruncus,Butyricicoccus and Bacteroides)in the cecum.MCE significantly increased the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria(Streptococcus,Ruminococcus_torques_group and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)and significantly reduced the abundance of bacteria that are associated with inflammation and obesity(Alistipes,Barnesiella and UCG-010)in the cecum.In the cecum of broilers with NE,the relative abundance of Barnesiella and Alistipes was higher and that of Lachnoclostridium and Shuttleworthia was lower.Interestingly,these trends were reversed by the addition of MCE to the diet.Spearman correlation analysis showed that Barnesiella and Alistipes were associated with enhanced intestinal inflammation and inhibited growth performance,whereas Lachnoclostridium and Shuttleworthia were associated with anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusions MCE ameliorated the loss of growth performance in broiler chickens with NE,probably by regulating the intestinal barrier,immune function,and gut microbiota.展开更多
Primary colonic lymphomas represent a rare minority among the colonic neoplasms. Their correct pre-operative identification is crucial for the design of treatment. We herein describe a case of a colonic lymphoma prese...Primary colonic lymphomas represent a rare minority among the colonic neoplasms. Their correct pre-operative identification is crucial for the design of treatment. We herein describe a case of a colonic lymphoma presenting as a necrotic colonic mass and we discuss the current evidence about the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas isolated to the colon.展开更多
基金provided by the precise assessment of the combined toxic effects of major mycotoxins on monogastric animals(2023YFD1301002).
文摘Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)can cause intestinal barrier dysfunction in broilers,leading to secondary liver injury(SLI).In this process,the gut-liver axis plays a crucial role.Lonicerae flos and turmeric extracts(LTE),containing chlorogenic acid and curcumin,have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant properties.Based on these potential biological benefits,this study aims to investigate the reparative effects of LTE on the intestinal barrier dysfunction in NE-infected broilers and assess its therapeutic efficacy in alleviating SLI.By elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of LTE on gut-liver axis health,this research provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of NE in broilers.Results LTE improved body weight and average daily gain while reducing intestinal lesion scores,coccidia oocysts,and Clostridium perfringens counts in NE broilers(P<0.05).LTE enhanced intestinal morphology and up-regulated the expression of tight junction protein genes(CLDN1,TJP1)and MUC2,suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and myeloperoxidase(MPO)levels,and minimized endotoxin(ET)accumulation in NE broilers(P<0.05).Furthermore,LTE alleviated oxidative stress in ileal cells and protected mitochondrial structure and function in NE broilers.NE infection induced intestinal permeability in broilers,leading to increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal-derived endotoxin levels,which caused liver damage.LTE significantly reduced liver pathologic damage,pro-inflammatory cytokine levels,aspartate transaminase,alanine aminotransferase,and ROS levels in NE broilers(P<0.05).Additionally,16S rRNA sequencing revealed that NE significantly increased the relative abundance of Barnesiella and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota,Desulfobacterota and Bacteroides in the cecum of broilers.LTE enhanced intestinal microbiota diversity and reduced the segregation of intestinal microbiota induced by NE infection.Conclusions In summary,LTE can alleviate NE and SLI by modulating the microbiota,inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress,and ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction,thereby enhancing gut-liver axis health and growth performance.
基金supported by China Agriculture Research System Program(Project No.CARS-41-G04)。
文摘Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)in broiler chickens leads to significant economic losses in poultry production.This study examined the inhibitory effects of usnic acid and tannic acid on coccidia,sporozoite,and Clostridium perfringens and assessed their influence on growth performance and intestinal health in NE-challenged broilers through in vitro and in vivo experiments.Methods The in vitro experiment included 5 treatment groups:the negative control(NC),2μmol/L diclazuril(DZ),30μmol/L usnic acid(UA),90μmol/L tannic acid(TA),and 15μmol/L usnic acid^(+)45μmol/L tannic acid(UTA)groups.The in vivo experiment involved 320 broilers divided into four groups:PC(NE-challenged),SA(500 mg/kg salinomycin premix^(+)NE-challenged),UA(300 mg/kg usnic acid^(+)NE-challenged),and UTA(300 mg/kg usnic acid^(+)500 mg/kg tannic acid^(+)NE-challenged)groups.Results In the in vitro study,the UA,TA,and UTA treatments significantly increased apoptosis in coccidian oocysts and sporozoites,lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential(P<0.05),and disrupted the oocyst structure compared with those in the NC group.UA and TA had inhibitory effects on C.perfringens,with the strongest inhibition observed in the UTA group.The in vivo results demonstrated that the SA group presented significantly improved growth performance on d 13,21,and 28(P<0.05),whereas the UA and UTA groups presented improvements on d 13 and 21(P<0.05).The SA,UA,and UTA treatments reduced the intestinal lesion scores by d 28 and the fecal coccidian oocyst counts from d 19 to 21(P<0.05).Compared with the PC group,the UA and UTA groups presented lower intestinal sIgA levels and CD8^(+)cell percentages(P<0.05),with a trend toward a reduced CD3^(+)cell percentage(P=0.069).The SA,UA,and UTA treatments significantly reduced the serum diamine oxidase activity,crypt depth,and plateletderived growth factor levels in the intestinal mucosa while increasing the villus height to crypt depth ratio and number of goblet cells(P<0.05).The UTA treatment also significantly increased the acetate and butyrate concentrations in the cecum(P<0.05).With respect to the gut microbiota,significant changes inβdiversity in the ileum and cecum were observed in the SA,UA,and UTA groups,indicating that the microbial community compositions differed among the groups.Romboutsia dominated the SA group,Bacillales dominated the UA group,and Lactobacillales and Lachnospirales dominated the UTA group in the ileal microbiota.In the cecal microbiota,Lactobacillus,Butyricicoccus,and Blautia abundances were significantly elevated in the UTA group(P<0.05).Conclusion Usnic acid and tannic acid induce apoptosis in coccidia and sporozoites by lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential.Both usnic acid alone and in combination with tannic acid alleviate NE-induced adverse effects in broilers by modulating intestinal immunity,altering the microbial composition,and improving intestinal barrier function.Compared with usnic acid alone,the combination of usnic acid and tannic acid had superior effects,providing a promising basis for the development of effective feed additive combinations.
基金The China Agriculture Research System Program(Project No.CARS-41-G04)Shenyang Governmental Science and Technology Program(Project No.22316-2-02)supported this work.
文摘Background Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that secretes multiple toxins,impacting humans and animals.It can cause intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis.Although tannins inhibit C.perfringens proliferation,the precise underlying mechanisms are unclear.Objective This study integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the mechanism by which tannins,specifically pentagalloylglucose(PGG)and tannic acid(TA),inhibit C.perfringens and potential pathways to alleviate infection in vivo.Results Ion concentration measurements,flow cytometric analysis,and transmission electron microscopy revealed that PGG and TA damaged the cell membrane structure of C.perfringens,triggering cytoplasmic content leakage.Additionally,PGG and TA significantly affected C.perfringens at the transcriptional and metabolic levels.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PGG and TA induced amino acid restriction,disrupted energy metabolism,and impeded the ability of C.perfringens to sense and respond to the external environment.In an in vitro C.perfringens-infected intestinal cell model,PGG and TA boundαtoxin,significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors,and improved intestinal barrier function and cell viability.Compared to PGG,TA exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against C.perfringens and binding toαtoxin.In vivo,PGG and TA alleviated C.perfringens-induced weight loss in mice,improved intestinal villi morphology,and reduced intestinal inflammation and tight junction gene dysregulation.Conclusion These findings indicate that tannins inhibit C.perfringens,improve gut tissue integrity and reduce inflammation,demonstrating their multi-target effects of resisting intestinal diseases caused by harmful bacteria.This offers new insights for plant polyphenol-based strategies against necrotic enteritis.
基金support for the project was provided by Chicken Farmers of Saskatchewan(424357)Canadian Poultry Research Council(424854)+1 种基金Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(424679)Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund(426954).
文摘Background Necrotic enteritis(NE)is an economically important disease of broiler chickens caused by Clostridium perfringens(CP).The pathogenesis,or disease process,of NE is still not clear.This study aimed to identify the alterations of metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with subclinical or clinical NE in CP infected birds and to investi-gate the possible variations in the metabolic profile of birds infected with different isolates of CP.Methodology Using a well-established NE model,the protein content of feed was changed abruptly before expos-ing birds to CP isolates with different toxin genes combinations(cpa,cpb2,netB,tpeL;cpa,cpb2,netB;or cpa,cpb2).Metabolomics analysis of jejunal contents was performed by a targeted,fully quantitative LC-MS/MS based assay.Results This study detected statistically significant differential expression of 34 metabolites including organic acids,amino acids,fatty acids,and biogenic amines,including elevation of butyric acid at onset of NE in broiler chickens.Subsequent analysis of broilers infected with CP isolates with different toxin gene combinations confirmed an eleva-tion of butyric acid consistently among 21 differentially expressed metabolites including organic acids,amino acids,and biogenic amines,underscoring its potential role during the development of NE.Furthermore,protein-metabolite network analysis revealed significant alterations in butyric acid and arginine-proline metabolisms.Conclusion This study indicates a significant metabolic difference between CP-infected and non-infected broiler chickens.Among all the metabolites,butyric acid increased significantly in CP-infected birds compared to non-infected healthy broilers.Logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between butyric acid(coefficient:1.23,P<0.01)and CP infection,while showing a negative association with amino acid metabolism.These findings suggest that butyric acid could be a crucial metabolite linked to the occurrence of NE in broiler chickens and may serve as an early indicator of the disease at the farm level.Further metabolomic experiments using different NE animal models and field studies are needed to determine the specificity and to validate metabolites associated with NE,regardless of predisposing factors.
文摘BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications after orthoto- pic liver transplantation (OLT) include high morbidity and mortality. Experimental data have suggested hepatic ische- mia and reperfusion are induced by pro-inflammatory cyto- kines. The high level of inflammatory cytokines might ad- ditionally influence pulmonary cappillary fluid filtration. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentra- tions of tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) during OLT and to in- vestigate the relationship between these cytokines and post- operative pulmonary complications. METHODS: Twenty-two patients undergoing OLT were divided into two groups according to whether they had postoperative pulmonary complications: group A consis- ting of 8 patients with postoperative pulmonary complica- tions , and group B consisting of 14 patients without post- operative pulmonary complications. Enzyme-linked im- munoassay (ELISA) was used to determine serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of operation (T0 ), clamping and cross-clamping of the in- ferior cava and portal vein (T1, T2 ), 90 minutes and 3 hours after reperfusion (T3 , T4 ) and 24 hours after opera- tion (T5). RESULTS: The level of PaO2/FiO2 in group A was lower than that in group B ( P <0. 05 ). The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the two groups increased rapidly at T2 , peaked at T3 , decreased rapidly after T3 until 24 hours after operation. The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in group A were higher than those in group B at T2, T3, and T4(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: After un-clamping of the inferior cava and portal vein, the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 increased may be related to pulmonary injury after he- patic ischemic reperfusion.
基金funded by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP)
文摘Apple necrotic mosaic virus(ApNMV) was identified in crabapple trees with mosaic symptoms from Zaozhuang, Shandong Province, China, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis. The complete nucleotide sequences of one isolate from crabapple(ApNMV-Hai) and two isolates from apple(ApNMV-Hua and-Qu) were determined. The sizes of genomic RNA1, 2 and 3 of the three isolates differed from those of the previously reported isolate ApNMV-P126 from Japanese apple, especially RNA3. Compared with the nucleotide(nt) sequence of RNA3 in isolate P126, those in the Hai and Qu isolates were 7 and 33 nt shorter, respectively, and that of isolate Hua was 7 nt longer. Alignment analyses showed that these differences in size were mainly due to differences in the lengths of the 5′ untranslated region(UTR) and the UTR region between the ORFs encoding the movement protein and the coat protein. In the phylogenetic trees constructed using the full genomic sequences of RNA1, 2 and 3, the isolate Hai clustered into a group with the isolate Qu in the RNA1 tree, but formed an individual branch in the RNA2 and 3 trees. Three recombination events were identified in the nucleotide sequences of RNA1 and 2 among the isolates ApNMV-Hai,-Hua, and-Qu. This is the first report of the full genome sequence of ApNMV in crabapple.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0129900)Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team Program of China Agricultural Universitythe Youth Elite Development Program(Grade A)of College of Animal Science and Technology,China Agricultural University.
文摘Background: Subclinical necrotic enteritis(SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorption of nutrients. Ellagic acid(EA) has been reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on human and animals in many aspects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of EA in relieving SNE in broilers induced by C. perfringens.Results: C. perfringens challenge decreased body weight(BW), average daily gain(ADG), jejunal villi height/crypt depth(V/C) ratio, the activity of catalase(CAT) and the mRNA expression of zonula occludens 1(ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa of broilers. While feed conversion ratios(FCR), jejunal crypt depth(CD), the activities of myeloperoxidase(MPO) and diamine oxidase(DAO), as well as the concentrations of interleukin 6(IL-6), C-reactive protein(CRP) and procalcitonin(PCT) in serum, the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and lysozyme(LZM), the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA), and the mRNA expressions of claudin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB,JAK3, STAT6 and iNOS in jejunal mucosa of broilers were increased by C. perfringens challenge. Dietary EA supplement relieved these adverse effects, and heightened jejunal villi height(VH), the concentration of D-xylose in plasma, activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), and the mRNA expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa of broilers.The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota indicated that dietary EA supplement increased observed species and Shannon index. C. perfringens challenge increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microbiota. EA increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecal microbiota. LEfSe analysis showed that C. perfringens challenge triggered the imbalance of cecal microbiota in broilers, dietary EA supplementation led to a small beneficial effect on microbiota, while the simultaneous effect of them seemed to stimulate the immune function of broilers by improving the microbiota balance.Conclusions: Dietary EA ameliorated C. perfringens-induced SNE in broilers via regulating jejunal inflammation signaling pathways TLR/NF-κB and JAK3/STAT6, relieving jejunal oxidative stress and balancing cecal microbiota to inhibit intestinal barrier damage, prevent systemic inflammatory response and improve nutrient absorption capacity,finally protect and enhance growth performance of broilers.
基金the China Agriculture Research System program(CARS-41-G11).
文摘Background In broiler chickens,necrotic enteritis(NE)infection can reduce production performance.Tannic acid has shown great potential as a treatment of NE in broilers.However,the appropriate dosage of tannic acid in NE of broilers and the improvement effect on intestinal health are not very clear.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of tannic acid on the production performance,immunity,and intestinal health of broilers by constructing an NE model with C.perfringens infection and determining the appropriate dosage of tannic acid with regard to NE.Results Challenged birds showed significant reduction in body weight,villus height,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P<0.05)and increase in the feed consumption gain ratio,intestinal lesion score,and crypt depth(P<0.05).The infection significantly reduced the relative Bacteroidota and Ligilactobacillus abundance(P<0.05)and increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota and cecal content of C.perfringens(P<0.05).Challenged birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid showed significantly increased mRNA expression of nutrient transport carriers and intestinal barrier genes and growth performance and reduced serum zonulin and endotoxin levels(P<0.05).Addi-tion of tannic acid to the diet inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the number of coccidia oocysts in feces and the content of C.perfringens in the cecum.Specifically,tannic acid reduced the serum levels of C reactive protein,myeloperoxidase,and specific IgY and ileal mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A levels in the ileal mucosa compared with those in the NE-infected birds.NE-infected birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid also showed significantly increased relative Anaerocolumna,Thermoanaerobacterium,and Thermosinus abundance(P<0.05);their microbial composition and functional predictions were similar to those of the NC group.Conclusions Tannic acid in the diet alleviated NE by enhancing the intestinal barrier and absorption function.The recommended dietary tannic acid additive level is 500–750 mg/kg.Our study findings would be useful in reducing related economic losses in the broiler industry.
基金This research was supported grants of Arkansas Biosciences Institute,USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA)Hatch project 1012366USDA NIFA Hatch/Multi State project 1018699,USDA NIFA project 2018–06686 to X.
文摘Background:Clostridium perfringens-induced chicken necrotic enteritis(NE)is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide annually.Recently,as a result of antibiotic growth promoter prohibition,the prevalence of NE in chickens has reemerged.This study was aimed to reduce NE through titrating dietary deoxycholic acid(DCA)as an effective antimicrobial alternative.Materials and methods:Day-old broiler chicks were assigned to six groups and fed diets supplemented with 0(basal diet),0.8,1.0 and 1.5 g/kg(on top of basal diet)DCA.The birds were challenged with Eimeria maxima(20,000 oocysts/bird)at d 18 and C.perfringens(109 CFU/bird per day)at d 23,24,and 25 to induce NE.The birds were sacrificed at d 26 when ileal tissue and digesta were collected for analyzing histopathology,mRNA accumulation and C.perfringens colonization by real-time PCR,targeted metabolomics of bile acids,fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)assay.Results:At the cellular level,birds infected with E.maxima and C.perfringens developed subclinical NE and showed shortening villi,crypt hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration in ileum.Dietary DCA alleviated the NE-induced ileal inflammation in a dose-dependent manner compared to NE control birds.Consistent with the increased histopathological scores,subclinical NE birds suffered body weight gain reduction compared to the uninfected birds,an effect attenuated with increased doses of dietary DCA.At the molecular level,the highest dose of DCA at 1.5 g/kg reduced C.perfringens luminal colonization compared to NE birds using PCR and FISH.Furthermore,the dietary DCA reduced subclinical NE-induced intestinal inflammatory gene expression and cell apoptosis using PCR and TUNEL assays.Upon further examining ileal bile acid pool through targeted metabolomics,subclinical NE reduced the total bile acid level in ileal digesta compared to uninfected birds.Notably,dietary DCA increased total bile acid and DCA levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to NE birds.Conclusion:These results indicate that DCA attenuates NE-induced intestinal inflammation and bile acid reduction and could be an effective antimicrobial alternative against the intestinal disease.
基金supported by grants of Evonik Nutrition&Care GmbH,Germany.
文摘Background:The ban of in-feed antimicrobial additives has negatively affected the poultry industry by causing necrotic enteritis(NE)to emerge in the flocks.Alternatives such as Bacillus probiotics have shown to be effective on eliminating the negative effects of this disease.Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940(BA)in broiler chickens under NE challenge and/or fed diets with different protein levels.Methods:In both experiments,480 day-old mix-sexed Ross-308 broilers were arranged in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments.In experiment 1,the factors were NE challenge(yes or no)and probiotic(yes or no).In experiment 2,the factors were dietary crude protein levels(standard or reduced)and probiotic(yes or no)and were used under NE challenge condition.Oral administration of Eimeria oocysts(day 9)followed by inoculation with Clostridium perfringens(day 14 and 15)was used to induce NE challenge.On day 16,two birds from each treatment were gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran(FITC-d)and blood samples were collected for gut integrity evaluation,and jejunal samples were collected for gene expression assay.Results:In experiment 1,BA supplementation decreased caspase-3(CASP3)(P<0.001)and caspase-8(CASP8)(P<0.05)and increased occludin(OCLD)(P<0.05)expression regardless of the challenge.Additionally,BA supplementation downregulated interfron-γ(IFN-γ)expression(P<0.01)and upregulated immunoglobulin-G(IgG)(P<0.01)and immunoglobulin-M(IgM)(P<0.05)only in challenged birds.In experiment 2,the expression of genes encoding mucin-2(MUC2)(P<0.001),tight junction protein-1(TJP1)(P<0.05)and OCLD(P<0.05)were upregulated by the addition of BA in the diet,regardless of the crude protein level.Further,BA supplementation downregulated INF-γ(P<0.01)and upregulated immunoglobulin-A(IgA)(P<0.05),IgM(P<0.05)and IgG(P<0.01)regardless of the crude protein level.Conclusion:These findings suggest that supplementation of BA in broiler diets can improve gut health by modulation of genes related to the mucosal barrier,tight junction,and immunity in broilers challenged by unfavourable conditions such as NE challenge.
文摘AIM: To study the clinical observation of removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery under the guidance of the AS-OCT in treatment of fungal keratitis. METHODS:A retrospective study was done to 10 patients (10 eyes) who had accepted removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery for fungal keratitis,the diagnosis by corneal scraping and smear examination or confocal microscopy check hyphae. Local and systemic antifungal therapy more than one week for all patients, corneal ulcer enlarge or no shrink. Slit lamp microscope examination the diameter of corneal ulcer about 2mm-4mm. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)examine the depth of corneal ulcer between 1/3-1/2, infiltrate corneal stroma about 20um-80um,the diameter of corneal ulcer about 3mm-6mm.Type-B ultrasonic exclusion endophthalmitis. Complete removal lesions until transparent of stoma, make conjunctival flap equal or greater than ulcer 1mm nearby conjunctiva. Continued antifungal therapy. The vision, fungal recurrence, conjunctival flap rollback or desquamate were analysed. ' RESULTS:Ten patients had success done this surgery, the corneal ulcer was not enlarge and healing afteroperation. 7 cases were bridging conjunctival flap and 3cases were single conjunctival flap. Preoperation vision above 0.1 had 8 cases,7 cases had vision above 0.1 one week after surgery, while 1 cases vision droped from 0.3 to 0.05.There was not recurrent for fungal,2 cases conjunctival flap rollback:1 case was bridging and 1case was single flap, no conjunctival flap desquamate. CONCLUSION: It is safe and effective to perform removal of the necrotic corneal tissue combined with conjunctival flap covering surgery under the guidance of the AS-OCT in treatment of fungal keratitis which werenot sensitive or aggravate for antifungal drugs.
文摘BACKGROUND: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare nonmalignant lesion. The present study aimed to clarify the clinical features of the disease. METHOD: The medical records of 51 patients with histologically confirmed solitary necrotic nodule of the liver who received surgical resection at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver was found mainly in males (68.6%, 35/51), and patients ranged in age from 5 to 69 years with a mean of 45.3. Most of the patients (72.5%) had no significant symptoms, with negative results for the serum tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen. The mean diameter of the nodule was 23 mm (range 10-55 mm). Compared with ultrasonographic and computed tomography findings, the specific features of magnetic resonance imaging were more helpful for differential diagnosis of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare nonmalignant lesion, showing no notable symptoms and potential complications. The pathological change of the disease is not significant over a lifetime. Conservative treatment and clinical follow-up are recommended.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10171112)
文摘In this article, the author studies the mechanism of formation of necrotic cores in the growth of tumors by using rigorous analysis of a mathematical model. The model modifies a corresponding tumor growth model proposed by Byrne and Chaplain in 1996, in the case where no inhibitors exist. The modification is made such that both necrotic tumors and nonnecrotic tumors can be considered in a joint way. It is proved that if the nutrient supply is below a threshold value, then there is not dormant tumor, and all evolutionary tumors will finally vanish. If instead the nutrient supply is above this threshold value then there is a unique dormant tumor which can either be necrotic or nonnecrotic, depending on the level of the nutrient supply and the level of dead-cell dissolution rate, and all evolutionary tumors will converge to this dormant tumor. It is also proved that, in the se.cond case, if the dormant tumor is necrotic then an evolutionary tumor will form a necrotic core at a finite time, and if the dormant tumor is nonnecrotic then an evolutionary tumor will also be nonnecrotic from a finite time.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (grant no. 2018–68003-27462 and 2020–67016-31619)Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology (grant no. AR19–027)+2 种基金Boulware Endowment FundOklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Project H-3112supported by the USDA-NIFA Predoctoral Fellowship grant 2018–67011-28041
文摘Background:The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics for livestock and poultry production.This study investigated a possible synergy between butyrate and forskolin(a natural labdane diterpene)in enhancing innate host defense,barrier function,disease resistance,growth performance,and meat quality of broilers.Methods:The expressions of representative genes involved in host defense(AvBD9 and AvBD10),barrier function(MUC2,CLDN1,and TJP1),and inflammation(IL-1β)were measured in chicken HD11 macrophages in response to butyrate and forskolin in the presence or absence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides(LPS).Intestinal lesions and the Clostridium perfringens titers were also assessed in C.perfringens-challenged chickens fed butyrate and forskolincontaining Coleus forskohlii(CF)extract individually or in combination.Furthermore,growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated in broilers supplemented with butyrate and the CF extract for 42 d.Results:Butyrate and forskolin synergistically induced the expressions of AvBD9,AvBD10,and MUC2 in chicken HD11 cells(P<0.05)and the synergy was maintained in the presence of LPS.Butyrate and forskolin also suppressed LPS-induced IL-1βgene expression in HD11 cells in a synergistic manner(P<0.05).The two compounds significantly reduced the intestinal lesions of C.perfringens-challenged chickens when combined(P<0.05),but not individually.Furthermore,butyrate in combination with forskolin-containing CF extract had no influence on weight gain,but significantly reduced feed intake(P<0.05)with a strong tendency to improve feed efficiency(P=0.07)in a 42-d feeding trial.Desirably,the butyrate/forskolin combination significantly decreased abdominal fat deposition(P=0.01)with no impact on the carcass yield,breast meat color,drip loss,or pH of d-42 broilers.Conclusions:Butyrate and forskolin has potential to be developed as novel antibiotic alternatives to improve disease resistance,feed efficiency,and carcass composition of broilers.
文摘This study was to molecular identify Prunus necrotic ringspot virus （PNRSV） occurring on lily. Lily corms were randomly selected and grown in the greenhouse. The total RNAs were extracted from younger leaves, and partial amplification of the CP gene was performed by RT-PCR with primer pairs specific for PNRSV. An expected cDNA fragment of about 450 bp was amplified from lily, cloned into pGEM-T-easy vector, sequenced, and shared 84.5-99.1% homology with the 27 PNRSV isolates reported previously at the nucleotide level, indicating that lily is a new natural host of PNRSV.
文摘Necrotic Enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP) in poultry is probably the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic implications. The disease is multi-factorial and is invariably associated with predisposing factors. The present study investigated the effect of a commercially available Lactobacillus-based probiotic (FM-B11) for the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, one-day-of-hatch broiler chicks were randomly allocated to the following treatment groups: 1) Non-challenged (NC);2) Challenged (C);3) Challenged + probiotic (C+ FM-B11). Prior to placement, chicks in groups 2 and 3 received 0.25 mL of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) containing 105 cfu of viable cells by oral gavage. At 14, 15 and 16 days of age, all chicks in group 3 were treated with FM-B11 in the drinking water at a concentration of 106 cfu/ml. At 21d of age, all chicks in groups 2 and 3, were individually challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. maxima by oral gavage. At 26d of age, all chicks in groups 2 and 3, were individually challenged with 108 cfu CP;body weight (BW) was recorded prior to challenge. The experiment was terminated at 29 days of age and the following parameters were evaluated: NE-associated mortality, CP lesion scores, CP concentrations in ileum, BW, and body weight gain (BWG). Chicks treated with FM-B11 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain after challenge when compared to control challenge chickens. Total mortality was higher in the C group (48.8%) when compared to the C + FM-B11 (12.7%). Even though there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in lesion score between C and C + FM-B11, group C + FM-B11 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower total number of cfu of CP recovered from the ileal mucosa and content samples when compared to group C. Experiment 2 was a unique and remarkable case report of a field outbreak of NE in a commercial broiler farm in Argentina. A reduction and control of the mortality associated with NE following 3 days of administration of FM-B11 was observed as compared with the control non treated house. These results imply that the commercially available Lactobacillus-based probiotic FM-B11 was able to reduce the severities of NE, as a secondary bacterial infection, in an experimental NE challenge model;as well as, in a commercial field outbreak of NE.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (grant no. 2018–68003-27462 and 2018–67011-28041)the Ralph F. and Leila W. Boulware Endowment FundOklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Project H-3112。
文摘Background:Intestinal microbiota is critical for maintaining animal health and homeostasis.However,involvement of the fungal community,also known as the mycobiota,in animal health and disease is poorly understood.This study was aimed to examine the association between the intestinal mycobiota and the severity of necrotic enteritis(NE),an economically significant poultry disease.Methods:A total of 90 day-of-hatch Cobb broilers were infected with Eimeria maxima on d 10,followed by an oral challenge with C.perfringens on d 14 to induce NE,while another 10 broilers were served as mock-infected controls.On d 17,the lesions in the jejunum were scored,and the ileal digesta were subjected to DNA isolation and real-time PCR quantification of total bacterial and fungi populations.Internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)amplicon sequencing was also performed to profile the ileal mycobiota composition.Changes in the ileal mycobiota in response to NE were investigated.Spearman correlation analysis was further conducted to identify the correlations between relative abundances of individual ileal fungi and the severity of NE.Results:While the total bacterial population in the ileum was increased by 2-to 3-fold in NE chickens,the total fungal population was progressively declined in more exacerbated NE,with the most severely infected chickens showing a nearly 50-fold reduction relative to mock-infected controls.Richness of the ileal mycobiota also tended to reduce in chickens with NE(P=0.06).Compositionally,among 30 most abundant fungal amplicon sequence variants(ASVs),11 were diminished and 7 were enriched(P<0.05),while 12 remained largely unchanged in NEafflicted chickens(P>0.05).Multiple Wallemia and Aspergillus species were markedly diminished in NE(P<0.05)and also showed a significant negative correlation with NE severity(P<0.05).Conclusions:Dysbiosis of the ileal mycobiota is induced evidently by NE and the extent of the dysbiosis is positively correlated with disease severity.These findings suggest a possible role of the intestinal mycobiota in NE pathogenesis and highlight the mycobiota as a new potential target for NE mitigation in poultry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31971872,32372118,32071993)the QIAN Qian Academician Workstation,the Specific Research fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.YSPTZX202303)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02056)。
文摘How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield.Currently,many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified,and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways.This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics,classification,and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation.Additionally,we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance.Concurrently,we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods.We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272910)the Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talent(SDBX2021013)the Shandong Province Agricultural Industry Technology(SDAIT-11-08)。
文摘Background The poultry industry needs effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis(NE)caused by Clostridium perfringens.Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Macleaya cordata extract(MCE)on the immune function and gut microbiota of broilers with NE.A total of 2881-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two concentrations of dietary MCE supplementation(0 or 350 mg/kg of diet)and two disease challenge statuses(control or NE).Results The results revealed that NE significantly increased the feed conversion rate(FCR),mortality,intestinal lesion score,the levels of IL-1β,IL-17 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in serum and IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa,m RNA levels of TLR2,IFN-γand p Ig R in the jejunum,and Clostridium perfringens concentrations in the cecum.NE significantly decreased the body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG),jejunal villus height,V/C,m RNA level of AMPK-α1 in jejunum,IL-4 level in the jejunal mucosa and lactic acid bacteria abundance in the cecum.MCE significantly increased BW,BWG,jejunal villus height,V/C,m RNA levels of occludin,ZO-1 and AMPK-α1 in the jejunum,the levels of Ig A and Ig G in serum and IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa and m RNA levels of NF-κB,IL-10 and MHC-II in the jejunum.Additionally,MCE significantly decreased the FCR,mortality,intestinal lesion score,jejunal crypt depth,the levels of IFN-γand IL-17 in serum and IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa,Clostridium perfringens concentrations in the cecum,and m RNA levels of IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunum.Moreover,NE significantly increased the abundance of bacteria that are associated with inflammation,obesity and depression(Alistipes,Barnesiella,Intestinimonas,RF39 and UCG-005)and significantly decreased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)-producing bacteria(Anaerotruncus,Butyricicoccus and Bacteroides)in the cecum.MCE significantly increased the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria(Streptococcus,Ruminococcus_torques_group and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)and significantly reduced the abundance of bacteria that are associated with inflammation and obesity(Alistipes,Barnesiella and UCG-010)in the cecum.In the cecum of broilers with NE,the relative abundance of Barnesiella and Alistipes was higher and that of Lachnoclostridium and Shuttleworthia was lower.Interestingly,these trends were reversed by the addition of MCE to the diet.Spearman correlation analysis showed that Barnesiella and Alistipes were associated with enhanced intestinal inflammation and inhibited growth performance,whereas Lachnoclostridium and Shuttleworthia were associated with anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusions MCE ameliorated the loss of growth performance in broiler chickens with NE,probably by regulating the intestinal barrier,immune function,and gut microbiota.
文摘Primary colonic lymphomas represent a rare minority among the colonic neoplasms. Their correct pre-operative identification is crucial for the design of treatment. We herein describe a case of a colonic lymphoma presenting as a necrotic colonic mass and we discuss the current evidence about the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas isolated to the colon.
