Nature-based learning is essential for holistic child development,as it integrates direct experiences with the natural environment into educational practices.It cultivates environmental awareness and stewardship,prepa...Nature-based learning is essential for holistic child development,as it integrates direct experiences with the natural environment into educational practices.It cultivates environmental awareness and stewardship,preparing students to be more conscious and responsible toward ecological sustainability.This paper explored the experiences of science high school teachers in implementing nature-based learning in science education and identify the changes in students’discovery-oriented skills.This qualitative exploration provides insights into the role of nature-based learning in shaping students’inquiry skills and their overall engagement in science education.High school science teachers(n=30)from Central Visayas,Philippines were purposively sampled to be interviewed.The findings indicated that exposure to nature-based learning environments cultivated key discovery-oriented skills,including problem-solving,curiosity,and observation.Students were engaged in real-world environmental challenges,developing adaptive problem-solving abilities through experiences such as field research and ecosystem assessments.Curiosity can be developed as students encountered dynamic natural settings that encouraged inquiry and independent exploration,leading to engagement with scientific phenomena.Observation skills were also relevant,as students learned to track patterns,recognize trends,and make scientific predictions.Furthermore,nature-based educational activities contributed to behavioral shifts,encouraged a growth mindset,resilience,and increased inquisitiveness.Learners embraced uncertainty as a natural aspect of scientific exploration,demonstrating a willingness to adapt their approaches and seek deeper understanding through analytical questioning.There is a promise of integrating nature-based learning into educational policies and pedagogical development by promoting inquiry-based instruction,encouraging adaptive problem-solving skills,and strengthening growth mindset among students.展开更多
Nature-based solutions(NBS)involve the sustainable maintenance,management,and restoration of natural or modified ecosystems.Flooding is a major problem in Phnom Penh,Cambodia,and has significant social and economic ra...Nature-based solutions(NBS)involve the sustainable maintenance,management,and restoration of natural or modified ecosystems.Flooding is a major problem in Phnom Penh,Cambodia,and has significant social and economic ramifications.This study tries to suggest creative solutions that support human welfare and biodiversity while simultaneously resolving social problems by adopting NBS.An online survey using convenience and snowball sampling was conducted to assess the openness of Phnom Penh residents to adopting NBS for flood mitigation in their homes or buildings.The survey investigated perceptions of NBS effectiveness based on previous knowledge and flood risk perception.Results revealed a strong correlation between perceived efficacy and willingness to adopt NBS.Specifically,flood risk perception and prior knowledge significantly influenced the perceived effectiveness of NBS.Key findings indicate that high installation and maintenance costs,lack of awareness,limited space,cultural factors,and perceived ineffectiveness are primary barriers to NBS adoption.Additionally,specific regional factors contribute to reluctance in certain areas of Phnom Penh.To overcome these barriers,the study recommends that the Cambodian government and other stakeholders invest in public education campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of NBS.Financial incentives and subsidies should be provided to reduce the economic burden on residents.Furthermore,integrating NBS into urban planning and infrastructure development is crucial to enhance community resilience against floods.展开更多
Despite prevailing interests,no rigorous research has been conducted to examine the role of nature in natural-hazard preparedness.This systematic review aimed to describe how nature can reduce the impacts of natural h...Despite prevailing interests,no rigorous research has been conducted to examine the role of nature in natural-hazard preparedness.This systematic review aimed to describe how nature can reduce the impacts of natural hazards during the preparedness stage.The study focuses on the land,water,and air systems and on three types of stakeholders:international organizations,developed countries,and developing countries.Further,it provides supplementary strategies,such as immediate actions,local engagement,and research and development,that the stakeholders should apply to enhance their nature-based natural-hazard preparedness.We suggest integrating costs and benefits analysis,local culture,societal challenges,and environmental justice into the implementation of nature-based solutions.Finally,this review outlines the framework of nature-based natural-hazard preparedness by discussing the relationship between nature and society.展开更多
The rapid pace of urbanization has led to the exacerbation of issues such as urban flooding,air pollution,and ecological degradation.In this context,the natural regulatory functions of urban open green spaces have eme...The rapid pace of urbanization has led to the exacerbation of issues such as urban flooding,air pollution,and ecological degradation.In this context,the natural regulatory functions of urban open green spaces have emerged as crucial elements in mitigating these challenges.From the perspective of nature-based solutions(NBS),Chulalongkorn Centennial Park serves as a case study for in-depth analysis.The objective is to investigate the role of urban open green spaces in environmental regulation.Furthermore,the research proposes scientific strategies for planning,design,and construction to enhance the ecological service functions and natural regulatory capacities of such spaces.展开更多
Rotational grazing is considered as one of the nature-based solutions(NbS)to grassland protection by natural scientists.However,its effects on improving grassland quality are still unclear when it is adopted by herder...Rotational grazing is considered as one of the nature-based solutions(NbS)to grassland protection by natural scientists.However,its effects on improving grassland quality are still unclear when it is adopted by herders.Using a householdlevel panel data from field survey in two main pastoral provinces of China,empirical results from fixed-effect model and instrumental approach show that rotational grazing practices have insignificant short-term effects on grassland quality,but have positive long-term effects.In addition,rotational grazing practices can improve grassland quality when villages invest public infrastructure or herders have private supporting measures for more efficiency livestock production.Further analysis shows that herders adopting rotational grazing have higher grazing intensity,higher supplementary intensity and more livestock-house-feeding days,which indicate herders can utilize more efficient livestock management without increasing pressure on natural grassland.We also find that herders with pastoral income are more likely to adopt rotational grazing practice.These insightful findings offer policy implications on promoting grassroot NbS for ecosystem protection and resource utilization in developing pastoral countries.展开更多
This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were asse...This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were assessed as scenarios from experience of urban storm drainage and sewerage systems based on practices that improve urban water management through modelling using urban stormwater management model (SWMM). The model has been applied in a typical urban environment in the second city in Botswana, the City of Francistown, which has a population of more than one hundred thousand. By considering the 2-yr and 10-year storm events in a calibrated SWMM, NBS scenarios from a mix of low impact and drainage measures were considered. The considered NBS scenarios were used to determine their effectiveness in terms of reducing and controlling peak runoff, flood volumes, infiltration and evapotranspiration in the study area, which are vital in assessing the opportunity and challenge for sustainable management of water resources and associated tradeoff of investments in the urban contexts. The study demonstrates the usefulness of implementing effective measures for achieving NBS in urban context and possibility of outscaling at basin and regional levels.展开更多
Background: Approximately 10% - 15% of people diagnosed with a concussion develop post-concussion syndrome (PCS), in which mental fatigue is a dominating symptom. PCS has major consequences for the individuals diagnos...Background: Approximately 10% - 15% of people diagnosed with a concussion develop post-concussion syndrome (PCS), in which mental fatigue is a dominating symptom. PCS has major consequences for the individuals diagnosed, and society as a whole. Objective: The objective of the pilot study was to investigate whether a nature-based therapeutic (NBT) intervention would be suitable for ameliorating the symptoms experienced by people with PCS, especially mental fatigue. Method: Eight participants diagnosed with PCS took part in a NBT programme, which consisted of weekly two-hour sessions over the course of eight weeks. The participants’ level of mental fatigue was measured on the Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) before and after the intervention. An analogue scale inspired by the EuroQol-visual analogue scales (EQ-VAS) was used to measure immediate self-perceived feeling of health/ well-being before and after individual sessions. A semi-structured interview was held with each participant after the intervention. The interviews and logbooks were analysed through content analysis, which entails several steps in a spiral-like process, from reading and re-reading the transcripts to forming units of meaning, which were then grouped into sub-categories and categories for further analysis. Result: The MFS showed a significant decrease in mental fatigue and large effect size. The participants’ self-assessed health/ well-being on the analogue scale showed an increase from the beginning to the end of each session. The analysis of the interviews revealed that the participants experienced the sensory stimuli and exercises in the natural environment as motivating and meaningful, even when they were challenging. Further, they found the psycho-educational aspects transferable to everyday life. Conclusion: The results support that NBT can have potential in the rehabilitation of PCS, by lowering mental fatigue and improving health and well-being. The NBT was further found to be experienced as enjoyable and motivating with good transferability to everyday life.展开更多
After an international contest announced by the City of Abu Dhabi “Cool Abu Dhabi Challenge”<sup>1</sup> and the article published as a digest of a paper titled A Nature-based Solution [1], the decision ...After an international contest announced by the City of Abu Dhabi “Cool Abu Dhabi Challenge”<sup>1</sup> and the article published as a digest of a paper titled A Nature-based Solution [1], the decision has been made to take part in improving thermal comfort in public spaces by mitigating the impact of the effect of Urban Heat Islands (UHI)<sup>2</sup> in the city of the Belgrade. The basic research aims at achieving the balance between the conflicting impacts when the buildings with their infrastructure and water-green surrounding area are in such correlation that it fulfils acceptable living and heating standards and reduces the use of fossil fuels for cooling the urban areas (buildings). By implementing the remote detection it is possible to analyze and quantify the impact of over-building on the temperature rise in urban areas as well as the disturbance of the heating comfort and the increased demand for additional cooling. Now it is possible to create virtual models that will incorporate this newly-added urban vegetation into urban plans, depending on the evaporation potential that will affect the microclimate of the urban area. Such natural cooling can be measured and adapted and hence aimed at a potential decrease in areas with UHI emissions [2]. Suitable greenery in the summer season can be a useful improvement which concurrently enables and complements several cooling mechanisms—evaporative cooling and evapotranspiration, i.e. natural cooling systems. The remote detection shall establish and map the “healthy” and “unhealthy” greenery zones—that is the vegetation zones with the highest evaporative potential with the “cooling by evaporation” effect and also, by implementing the urban prediction model, it shall propose green infrastructure corridors aimed at a potential decrease in the Urban Heat Island Emission.展开更多
Awe,as a positive emotional experience,is recognized for its role in facilitating tourists’pro-environmental behavior(TPEB).However,despite its significance,awe has received minimal attention in tourism-related resea...Awe,as a positive emotional experience,is recognized for its role in facilitating tourists’pro-environmental behavior(TPEB).However,despite its significance,awe has received minimal attention in tourism-related research.This research introduces an expanded model of the theory of planned behavior(TPB)that integrates awe into the rational-oriented TPB framework to examine its impact on TPEB.We collected data at the Mount Huangshan scenic spot in China and employed structural equation modeling for data analysis.Findings suggest that the extended TPB model,which incorporates the emotion of awe,outperforms the original TPB model in predicting TPEB.Awe experienced in nature-based destinations is mainly influenced by the perception of the natural environment(PNE)and significantly predicts TPEB.Study findings offer an integrated framework combining emotional and rational perspectives to understand the factors driving TPEB in nature-based tourism.Furthermore,the study aims to establish connections between the psychological experience of awe and the philosophical perspective of the sublime.Importantly,our findings provide compelling evidence supporting the role of nature-based tourism as an effective model to facilitate tourists’environmental attitudes,emotions,and behaviors.Finally,the implications for practice are discussed.展开更多
As the impacts of climate change intensify and ecological degradation accelerates,the inadequacies of carbon-centric and concrete-dependent infrastructure have become increasingly evident.This article introduces the“...As the impacts of climate change intensify and ecological degradation accelerates,the inadequacies of carbon-centric and concrete-dependent infrastructure have become increasingly evident.This article introduces the“Sponge Planet”paradigm-a transformative,landscape-based framework for climate adaptation and ecological restoration grounded in hydrological logic and nature-based urbanism.Synthesizing insights from decades of research and implementation across more than 600 projects worldwide,the work critiques the systemic failures of gray infrastructure,highlighting its historical,cultural,and material dissonance with ecological principles.In contrast,the Sponge Planet model is structured around three foundational strategies-retaining,slowing,and embracing water-thereby reimagining urban and rural environments as porous,adaptive systems capable of mitigating floods,droughts,sea-level rise,and urban heat.Through case studies from China,Thailand,and other countries and regions,the article illustrates how modular design,local materiality,and GIS-based precision can be employed to construct deep forms of ecological infrastructure.It ultimately advances a planetary design framework that integrates scientific knowledge,cultural heritage,and landscape architecture to restore Earth’s regenerative capacity and promote scalable resilience in the face of climate crises.展开更多
Coastal erosion poses a major threat to low-elevation coastal zones such as Saint-Louis in Senegal,where rapid shoreline retreat has led to community displacement and infrastructure degradation.To address this challen...Coastal erosion poses a major threat to low-elevation coastal zones such as Saint-Louis in Senegal,where rapid shoreline retreat has led to community displacement and infrastructure degradation.To address this challenge,naturebased solutions(NbS)have been deployed within the Saint-Louis Marine Protected Area(MPA),notably the installation of“Typhavelles”structures made from Typha australis designed to promote dune formation and reduce erosion.This study assesses the effectiveness of“Typhavelles”using field data collected from 2019 to 2022,complemented by diachronic satellite imagery analysis.Results indicate a notable increase in beach width and dune development across the majority of monitored profiles.Shoreline change analysis reveals a dramatic shift from severe erosion(up to−94.5 m/year between 2017 and 2019)to significant accretion,reaching up to+136 m/year during the 2019-2021 period following the installation of the“Typhavelles”.These findings demonstrate that“Typhavelles”are effective in trapping sediment and stabilizing the coastline.However,their long-term viability may be compromised by sea level rise,sediment supply limitations,maintenance needs,and material biodegradation.The study highlights the promise of bio-inspired NbS for coastal protection and recommends enhancing“Typhavelles”durability through protective treatments to support broader replication in similar vulnerable coastal zones.展开更多
Background In the climate change context,nature-based solution(NBS)is considered one of the effective tools to increase the resilience of socio-ecological system.The concept coincides with the government’s attempts o...Background In the climate change context,nature-based solution(NBS)is considered one of the effective tools to increase the resilience of socio-ecological system.The concept coincides with the government’s attempts of afforestation and reforestation programs that have been going on for 60 years in Bangladesh.This study,therefore,envisaged understanding how NBS(mangrove afforestation and reforestation)works to promote climate change resilience through the synthetization of remote sensing-based big earth data,statistical tools,and models.The study took the entire coast of Bangladesh except for Sundarbans Reserve Forest and rolled back to 1962 to work on 60 years’time series data.Declassified CORONA satellite imagery along with Landsat satellite imagery was used,which is the first-ever attempt in the remote sensing-based ecosystem work in Bangladesh.Results The study’s main innovation is to spatially establish the effectiveness of the NBS.The study critically assessed and estimated stable lands and their socio-economic benefits as part of the effectiveness of the NBS.As part of the NBS-derived benefits in the context of climate change,it estimated the sequestrated carbon in mangrove forests.A significant positive relationship was observed between the increase of mangroves and stable lands.Near about 448,011 ha of agricultural land was stabilized due to the NBS intervention whose economic value is 18,837 million USD.In addition,29,755.71 kt of carbon have been sequestrated due to NBS program.Conclusions The concept of NBS is still in the development stage and very little or no work has been done so far in measuring and labeling the effectiveness of the NBS.Therefore,our study can innovatively contribute to the scientific community to show the effectiveness of the NBS in three domains(social,economic and ecological)in the changing climatic scenario.展开更多
Background:With elderly people comprising a growing share of the population,landscape planners need to consider their specific requirements to enhance the opportunities for them to engage in nature-based recreation(NB...Background:With elderly people comprising a growing share of the population,landscape planners need to consider their specific requirements to enhance the opportunities for them to engage in nature-based recreation(NBR).However,few studies have spatially assessed the recreation potential,demand,and opportunities for elderly people in cities.Thus,this paper aimed to spatially model and investigate the NBR opportunities for and demand of elderly people in urban areas.A spatial framework based on the ESTIMAP recreation model was developed,considering special factors to better reflect elderly people’s preferences regarding NBR at the city scale.In particular,NBR opportunities were assessed considering landscape aesthetics,various types of facilities,and proximity.The street network was used to understand elderly people’s walking behaviours regarding green spaces and related facilities.Results:A case study in Hannover,Germany,demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method.The results illustrate the spatial heterogeneity of recreation options for the elderly.Only parts of Hannover’s green spaces offer high recreation opportunities for elderly people.Many of the existing green spaces lack diverse landscape compo-nents and sufficient supply of facilities,resulting in a compromise to aesthetics and recreational opportunities.Conclusions:The proposed method contributes to research on spatial planning and environmental justice by incorporating vulnerable groups’preferences and needs in spatially assessing NBR.The planning implications highlight pocket gardens and greenways connecting communities and parks as development opportunities in the city.展开更多
Nature-based solutions(NBS)are seen as a promising adaptation measure that sustainably deals with diverse societal challenges,while simultaneously delivering multiple benefits.Nature-based solutions have been highligh...Nature-based solutions(NBS)are seen as a promising adaptation measure that sustainably deals with diverse societal challenges,while simultaneously delivering multiple benefits.Nature-based solutions have been highlighted as a resilient and sustainable means of mitigating floods and other hazards globally.This study examined diverging conceptualizations of NBS,as well as the attitudinal(for example,emotions and beliefs)and contextual(for example,legal and political aspects)barriers and drivers of NBS for flood risks in South Korea.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 experts and focused on the topic of flood risk measures and NBS case studies.The analysis found 11 barriers and five drivers in the attitudinal domain,and 13 barriers and two drivers in the contextual domain.Most experts see direct monetary benefits as an important attitudinal factor for the public.Meanwhile,the cost-effectiveness of NBS and their capacity to cope with flood risks were deemed influential factors that could lead decision makers to opt for NBS.Among the contextual factors,insufficient systems to integrate NBS in practice and the ideologicalization of NBS policy were found to be peculiar barriers,which hinder consistent realization of initiatives and a long-term national plan for NBS.Understanding the barriers and drivers related to the mainstreaming of NBS is critical if we are to make the most of such solutions for society and nature.It is also essential that we have a shared definition,expectation,and vision of NBS.展开更多
China has executed large-scale ecological restoration projects(ERPs)to meet the goals of environmental pro-tection and economic development.Yet,the integrated outcomes of these projects on the biodiversity-eco-environ...China has executed large-scale ecological restoration projects(ERPs)to meet the goals of environmental pro-tection and economic development.Yet,the integrated outcomes of these projects on the biodiversity-eco-environment-society dimensions remain unclear,but when available could be insightful for adaptation and ad-justments,particularly in this United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(2021-2030).Based on multi-source data,we identified the categories and quantities of large-scale ERP implementation in the county-level.By comparing the time-series multiple factors of implemented vs unimplemented counties,we quantify the con-tributions and compare the relative effects of up to six different ERPs.Combining random forest,spatial autocor-relation,and network analysis,we explore the key factors that affect the contributions of ERPs.Here,we show that the triple dimensions in the low ERP group(regions implementing 0-2 projects)produced better outcomes than the high ERP group(regions implementing 3-5 projects)in relatively developed regions,while the high ERP group has more gains than the low ERP group in relatively less-developed regions.Notably,regional character-istics and different social assets mediate the ERP contributions,while human capital and financial capital have important roles.Overall,the ERPs generated positive contributions and could increase the network stability of multi-dimensions in relatively less-developed regions,but it may lead to imbalances in some factors(i.e.,mam-mal species conservation,and human capital).To continue to minimize the negative effects from past,and to improve the returns of ERP policy and investments,more timely and adaptive management of ERPs are needed,especially in relatively less-developed regions.展开更多
The availability of nitrogen(N)is crucial for both the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems globally.However,the overuse of artificial fertilizers and the energy required to fix nitrogen have pushed the ...The availability of nitrogen(N)is crucial for both the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems globally.However,the overuse of artificial fertilizers and the energy required to fix nitrogen have pushed the global nitrogen cycle(N-cycle)past its safe operating limits,leading to severe nitrogen pollution and the production of significant amounts of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide(N2O).The anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)mechanism can counteract the release of ammonium and N2O in many oxygenlimited situations,assisting in the restoration of the homeostasis of the Earth’s N biogeochemistry.In this work,we looked into the characteristics of the anammox hotspots’distribution across various types of ecosystems worldwide.Anammox hotspots are present at diverse oxic-anoxic interfaces in terrestrial systems,and they are most prevalent at the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic ecosystems.Based on the discovery of an anammox hotspot capable of oxidizing ammonium anoxically into N2 without N2O by-product,we then designed an innovative concept and technical routes of nature-based anammox hotspot geoengineering for climate change,biodiversity loss,and efficient utilization of water resources.After 15 years of actual use,anammox hotspot geoengineering has proven to be effective in ensuring clean drinking water,regulating the climate,fostering plant and animal diversity,and enhancing longterm environmental quality.The sustainable biogeoengineering of anammox could be a workable natural remedy to resolve the conflicts between environmental pollution and food security connected to N management.展开更多
Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years. Despite this key relevance, many of its ideas and p...Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years. Despite this key relevance, many of its ideas and practices have proven difficult to understand and implement fully into clinical practice. Cultural and language differences can be compounded with these challenges but may also present new opportunities for advancement and insight when studied by researchers outside of the originating culture. This article introduces the method of Classical-Text Archaeology and delves into the author’s two-decade journey of researching this text, with a discussion on cultural differences and issues of medical scholarship.展开更多
Neglected and underutilized species of plants(NUS)have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as valuable resources for fighting poverty,hunger and malnutrition as they can help make agricultural pro...Neglected and underutilized species of plants(NUS)have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as valuable resources for fighting poverty,hunger and malnutrition as they can help make agricultural production systems more sustainable and resilient.Adaptation of NUS to changing environments over several millennia has rendered most of these plants resistant to pests and climate change.In this paper,we explore the potential values of some of the Mayan fruit trees justifying conservation efforts in their native habitats.Our research was primarily based on a scoping review using Google Scholar.We considered articles published in English,Spanish and Portuguese.Our review rendered two sets of articles including those focusing on the nutritional and medicinal properties of NUS and their products,and those focusing on their uses in traditional medicine.Both sets of papers strongly support arguments for conservation of NUS.Additionally,our scoping review expands and includes a case study on the conservation of NUS,highlighting the critical role of civil society on how it can spearhead rescue efforts of botanical resources through the creation of what is possibly the first arboretum of its kind in the Americas.Among the project's key selling points was not only the rescue of an important component of Yucatan's cultural heritage but its nutritional value as well as its potential medicinal properties.Our paper is not prescriptive on how to preserve or even commercially exploit NUS.It is intended as a thought-provoking piece on the potential of a One Health approach as a multi-sectoral platform to support conservation efforts,while stimulating greater interest in the subject and encouraging more action from the academic and pharmaceutical sectors as well as civil society.展开更多
Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource that can provide multiple benefits to human beings and the environment,such as wave attenuation in coastal zones.Traditionally,there are two main calibrati...Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource that can provide multiple benefits to human beings and the environment,such as wave attenuation in coastal zones.Traditionally,there are two main calibration approaches to calculate the attenuation of wave driven by vegetation.The first method is a straightforward one based on the exponential attenuation of wave height in the direction of wave transmission,which,however,overlooks the crucial drag coefficient(CD).The other method is in accordance with more complicate equations for predicting the damping factor,which is regarded as a function of CD.In this study,a new relation,combining these above two conventional approaches,is proposed to predict the CD in an operative approach.Results show that values yielded by the new assessment method perform a strong linear relationship with a collection of historical observations,with a promising R2 value of 0.90.Besides,the linear regression derives a new predictive equation for the bulk drag coefficient.Additionally,a calibrated value of 4 for the empirical plant drag coefficient(CP)is revealed.Overall,this new equation,with the superiority of the convenient exponential regression,is expected to be a rapid assessment method for calculating wave attenuation by vegetation and predicting the drag coefficient.展开更多
Gaurishankar Conservation Area(GCA)is a recently established natural-based protected area in Nepal,which has witnessed an increase in international visitors.To optimize visitor experience,it is essential to examine mo...Gaurishankar Conservation Area(GCA)is a recently established natural-based protected area in Nepal,which has witnessed an increase in international visitors.To optimize visitor experience,it is essential to examine motivations to visit along with visitors’characteristics and behavioral dispositions.The purpose of this study was to examine international tourists via a motive-based segmentation approach for GCA.In addition,the study also intended to identify visitor segments’profile characteristics such as socio-demographic,travel behaviors,satisfaction,loyalty intention,and their willingness to pay for higher entrance fees.Data(N=121)were collected among international tourists visiting GCA either as a primary destination or as a transit point.Results identified three distinct segments of visitors–‘local art and culture enthusiast’,‘escapist’,and‘nature adventurer.’Each cluster was different with regards to their sociodemographics,travelbehavior,satisfaction,willingness to revisit and recommend,and willingness to pay to support the environment and cultural resources,and local economy.The insights gained from motive-based segmentation can be beneficial to GCA to develop specific products and promotions and incorporate visitor monitoring&management programs.展开更多
文摘Nature-based learning is essential for holistic child development,as it integrates direct experiences with the natural environment into educational practices.It cultivates environmental awareness and stewardship,preparing students to be more conscious and responsible toward ecological sustainability.This paper explored the experiences of science high school teachers in implementing nature-based learning in science education and identify the changes in students’discovery-oriented skills.This qualitative exploration provides insights into the role of nature-based learning in shaping students’inquiry skills and their overall engagement in science education.High school science teachers(n=30)from Central Visayas,Philippines were purposively sampled to be interviewed.The findings indicated that exposure to nature-based learning environments cultivated key discovery-oriented skills,including problem-solving,curiosity,and observation.Students were engaged in real-world environmental challenges,developing adaptive problem-solving abilities through experiences such as field research and ecosystem assessments.Curiosity can be developed as students encountered dynamic natural settings that encouraged inquiry and independent exploration,leading to engagement with scientific phenomena.Observation skills were also relevant,as students learned to track patterns,recognize trends,and make scientific predictions.Furthermore,nature-based educational activities contributed to behavioral shifts,encouraged a growth mindset,resilience,and increased inquisitiveness.Learners embraced uncertainty as a natural aspect of scientific exploration,demonstrating a willingness to adapt their approaches and seek deeper understanding through analytical questioning.There is a promise of integrating nature-based learning into educational policies and pedagogical development by promoting inquiry-based instruction,encouraging adaptive problem-solving skills,and strengthening growth mindset among students.
文摘Nature-based solutions(NBS)involve the sustainable maintenance,management,and restoration of natural or modified ecosystems.Flooding is a major problem in Phnom Penh,Cambodia,and has significant social and economic ramifications.This study tries to suggest creative solutions that support human welfare and biodiversity while simultaneously resolving social problems by adopting NBS.An online survey using convenience and snowball sampling was conducted to assess the openness of Phnom Penh residents to adopting NBS for flood mitigation in their homes or buildings.The survey investigated perceptions of NBS effectiveness based on previous knowledge and flood risk perception.Results revealed a strong correlation between perceived efficacy and willingness to adopt NBS.Specifically,flood risk perception and prior knowledge significantly influenced the perceived effectiveness of NBS.Key findings indicate that high installation and maintenance costs,lack of awareness,limited space,cultural factors,and perceived ineffectiveness are primary barriers to NBS adoption.Additionally,specific regional factors contribute to reluctance in certain areas of Phnom Penh.To overcome these barriers,the study recommends that the Cambodian government and other stakeholders invest in public education campaigns to raise awareness about the benefits of NBS.Financial incentives and subsidies should be provided to reduce the economic burden on residents.Furthermore,integrating NBS into urban planning and infrastructure development is crucial to enhance community resilience against floods.
文摘Despite prevailing interests,no rigorous research has been conducted to examine the role of nature in natural-hazard preparedness.This systematic review aimed to describe how nature can reduce the impacts of natural hazards during the preparedness stage.The study focuses on the land,water,and air systems and on three types of stakeholders:international organizations,developed countries,and developing countries.Further,it provides supplementary strategies,such as immediate actions,local engagement,and research and development,that the stakeholders should apply to enhance their nature-based natural-hazard preparedness.We suggest integrating costs and benefits analysis,local culture,societal challenges,and environmental justice into the implementation of nature-based solutions.Finally,this review outlines the framework of nature-based natural-hazard preparedness by discussing the relationship between nature and society.
基金Sponsored by Beijing Urban Governance Research Base of North China University of Technology(2024CSZL07)。
文摘The rapid pace of urbanization has led to the exacerbation of issues such as urban flooding,air pollution,and ecological degradation.In this context,the natural regulatory functions of urban open green spaces have emerged as crucial elements in mitigating these challenges.From the perspective of nature-based solutions(NBS),Chulalongkorn Centennial Park serves as a case study for in-depth analysis.The objective is to investigate the role of urban open green spaces in environmental regulation.Furthermore,the research proposes scientific strategies for planning,design,and construction to enhance the ecological service functions and natural regulatory capacities of such spaces.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72173004 and 71773003)the Major Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(2022-HZ-09)。
文摘Rotational grazing is considered as one of the nature-based solutions(NbS)to grassland protection by natural scientists.However,its effects on improving grassland quality are still unclear when it is adopted by herders.Using a householdlevel panel data from field survey in two main pastoral provinces of China,empirical results from fixed-effect model and instrumental approach show that rotational grazing practices have insignificant short-term effects on grassland quality,but have positive long-term effects.In addition,rotational grazing practices can improve grassland quality when villages invest public infrastructure or herders have private supporting measures for more efficiency livestock production.Further analysis shows that herders adopting rotational grazing have higher grazing intensity,higher supplementary intensity and more livestock-house-feeding days,which indicate herders can utilize more efficient livestock management without increasing pressure on natural grassland.We also find that herders with pastoral income are more likely to adopt rotational grazing practice.These insightful findings offer policy implications on promoting grassroot NbS for ecosystem protection and resource utilization in developing pastoral countries.
文摘This manuscript is an attempt to demonstrate effectiveness of nature-based solutions (NBS) and measures to reduce risk of flooding and environmental impact in urban settings. The nature-based solutions (NBS) were assessed as scenarios from experience of urban storm drainage and sewerage systems based on practices that improve urban water management through modelling using urban stormwater management model (SWMM). The model has been applied in a typical urban environment in the second city in Botswana, the City of Francistown, which has a population of more than one hundred thousand. By considering the 2-yr and 10-year storm events in a calibrated SWMM, NBS scenarios from a mix of low impact and drainage measures were considered. The considered NBS scenarios were used to determine their effectiveness in terms of reducing and controlling peak runoff, flood volumes, infiltration and evapotranspiration in the study area, which are vital in assessing the opportunity and challenge for sustainable management of water resources and associated tradeoff of investments in the urban contexts. The study demonstrates the usefulness of implementing effective measures for achieving NBS in urban context and possibility of outscaling at basin and regional levels.
文摘Background: Approximately 10% - 15% of people diagnosed with a concussion develop post-concussion syndrome (PCS), in which mental fatigue is a dominating symptom. PCS has major consequences for the individuals diagnosed, and society as a whole. Objective: The objective of the pilot study was to investigate whether a nature-based therapeutic (NBT) intervention would be suitable for ameliorating the symptoms experienced by people with PCS, especially mental fatigue. Method: Eight participants diagnosed with PCS took part in a NBT programme, which consisted of weekly two-hour sessions over the course of eight weeks. The participants’ level of mental fatigue was measured on the Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) before and after the intervention. An analogue scale inspired by the EuroQol-visual analogue scales (EQ-VAS) was used to measure immediate self-perceived feeling of health/ well-being before and after individual sessions. A semi-structured interview was held with each participant after the intervention. The interviews and logbooks were analysed through content analysis, which entails several steps in a spiral-like process, from reading and re-reading the transcripts to forming units of meaning, which were then grouped into sub-categories and categories for further analysis. Result: The MFS showed a significant decrease in mental fatigue and large effect size. The participants’ self-assessed health/ well-being on the analogue scale showed an increase from the beginning to the end of each session. The analysis of the interviews revealed that the participants experienced the sensory stimuli and exercises in the natural environment as motivating and meaningful, even when they were challenging. Further, they found the psycho-educational aspects transferable to everyday life. Conclusion: The results support that NBT can have potential in the rehabilitation of PCS, by lowering mental fatigue and improving health and well-being. The NBT was further found to be experienced as enjoyable and motivating with good transferability to everyday life.
文摘After an international contest announced by the City of Abu Dhabi “Cool Abu Dhabi Challenge”<sup>1</sup> and the article published as a digest of a paper titled A Nature-based Solution [1], the decision has been made to take part in improving thermal comfort in public spaces by mitigating the impact of the effect of Urban Heat Islands (UHI)<sup>2</sup> in the city of the Belgrade. The basic research aims at achieving the balance between the conflicting impacts when the buildings with their infrastructure and water-green surrounding area are in such correlation that it fulfils acceptable living and heating standards and reduces the use of fossil fuels for cooling the urban areas (buildings). By implementing the remote detection it is possible to analyze and quantify the impact of over-building on the temperature rise in urban areas as well as the disturbance of the heating comfort and the increased demand for additional cooling. Now it is possible to create virtual models that will incorporate this newly-added urban vegetation into urban plans, depending on the evaporation potential that will affect the microclimate of the urban area. Such natural cooling can be measured and adapted and hence aimed at a potential decrease in areas with UHI emissions [2]. Suitable greenery in the summer season can be a useful improvement which concurrently enables and complements several cooling mechanisms—evaporative cooling and evapotranspiration, i.e. natural cooling systems. The remote detection shall establish and map the “healthy” and “unhealthy” greenery zones—that is the vegetation zones with the highest evaporative potential with the “cooling by evaporation” effect and also, by implementing the urban prediction model, it shall propose green infrastructure corridors aimed at a potential decrease in the Urban Heat Island Emission.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41801129)。
文摘Awe,as a positive emotional experience,is recognized for its role in facilitating tourists’pro-environmental behavior(TPEB).However,despite its significance,awe has received minimal attention in tourism-related research.This research introduces an expanded model of the theory of planned behavior(TPB)that integrates awe into the rational-oriented TPB framework to examine its impact on TPEB.We collected data at the Mount Huangshan scenic spot in China and employed structural equation modeling for data analysis.Findings suggest that the extended TPB model,which incorporates the emotion of awe,outperforms the original TPB model in predicting TPEB.Awe experienced in nature-based destinations is mainly influenced by the perception of the natural environment(PNE)and significantly predicts TPEB.Study findings offer an integrated framework combining emotional and rational perspectives to understand the factors driving TPEB in nature-based tourism.Furthermore,the study aims to establish connections between the psychological experience of awe and the philosophical perspective of the sublime.Importantly,our findings provide compelling evidence supporting the role of nature-based tourism as an effective model to facilitate tourists’environmental attitudes,emotions,and behaviors.Finally,the implications for practice are discussed.
文摘As the impacts of climate change intensify and ecological degradation accelerates,the inadequacies of carbon-centric and concrete-dependent infrastructure have become increasingly evident.This article introduces the“Sponge Planet”paradigm-a transformative,landscape-based framework for climate adaptation and ecological restoration grounded in hydrological logic and nature-based urbanism.Synthesizing insights from decades of research and implementation across more than 600 projects worldwide,the work critiques the systemic failures of gray infrastructure,highlighting its historical,cultural,and material dissonance with ecological principles.In contrast,the Sponge Planet model is structured around three foundational strategies-retaining,slowing,and embracing water-thereby reimagining urban and rural environments as porous,adaptive systems capable of mitigating floods,droughts,sea-level rise,and urban heat.Through case studies from China,Thailand,and other countries and regions,the article illustrates how modular design,local materiality,and GIS-based precision can be employed to construct deep forms of ecological infrastructure.It ultimately advances a planetary design framework that integrates scientific knowledge,cultural heritage,and landscape architecture to restore Earth’s regenerative capacity and promote scalable resilience in the face of climate crises.
文摘Coastal erosion poses a major threat to low-elevation coastal zones such as Saint-Louis in Senegal,where rapid shoreline retreat has led to community displacement and infrastructure degradation.To address this challenge,naturebased solutions(NbS)have been deployed within the Saint-Louis Marine Protected Area(MPA),notably the installation of“Typhavelles”structures made from Typha australis designed to promote dune formation and reduce erosion.This study assesses the effectiveness of“Typhavelles”using field data collected from 2019 to 2022,complemented by diachronic satellite imagery analysis.Results indicate a notable increase in beach width and dune development across the majority of monitored profiles.Shoreline change analysis reveals a dramatic shift from severe erosion(up to−94.5 m/year between 2017 and 2019)to significant accretion,reaching up to+136 m/year during the 2019-2021 period following the installation of the“Typhavelles”.These findings demonstrate that“Typhavelles”are effective in trapping sediment and stabilizing the coastline.However,their long-term viability may be compromised by sea level rise,sediment supply limitations,maintenance needs,and material biodegradation.The study highlights the promise of bio-inspired NbS for coastal protection and recommends enhancing“Typhavelles”durability through protective treatments to support broader replication in similar vulnerable coastal zones.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDA19030105.
文摘Background In the climate change context,nature-based solution(NBS)is considered one of the effective tools to increase the resilience of socio-ecological system.The concept coincides with the government’s attempts of afforestation and reforestation programs that have been going on for 60 years in Bangladesh.This study,therefore,envisaged understanding how NBS(mangrove afforestation and reforestation)works to promote climate change resilience through the synthetization of remote sensing-based big earth data,statistical tools,and models.The study took the entire coast of Bangladesh except for Sundarbans Reserve Forest and rolled back to 1962 to work on 60 years’time series data.Declassified CORONA satellite imagery along with Landsat satellite imagery was used,which is the first-ever attempt in the remote sensing-based ecosystem work in Bangladesh.Results The study’s main innovation is to spatially establish the effectiveness of the NBS.The study critically assessed and estimated stable lands and their socio-economic benefits as part of the effectiveness of the NBS.As part of the NBS-derived benefits in the context of climate change,it estimated the sequestrated carbon in mangrove forests.A significant positive relationship was observed between the increase of mangroves and stable lands.Near about 448,011 ha of agricultural land was stabilized due to the NBS intervention whose economic value is 18,837 million USD.In addition,29,755.71 kt of carbon have been sequestrated due to NBS program.Conclusions The concept of NBS is still in the development stage and very little or no work has been done so far in measuring and labeling the effectiveness of the NBS.Therefore,our study can innovatively contribute to the scientific community to show the effectiveness of the NBS in three domains(social,economic and ecological)in the changing climatic scenario.
基金supported by China Scholarship Council(grant number:201406010335)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020kfyXJJS105).
文摘Background:With elderly people comprising a growing share of the population,landscape planners need to consider their specific requirements to enhance the opportunities for them to engage in nature-based recreation(NBR).However,few studies have spatially assessed the recreation potential,demand,and opportunities for elderly people in cities.Thus,this paper aimed to spatially model and investigate the NBR opportunities for and demand of elderly people in urban areas.A spatial framework based on the ESTIMAP recreation model was developed,considering special factors to better reflect elderly people’s preferences regarding NBR at the city scale.In particular,NBR opportunities were assessed considering landscape aesthetics,various types of facilities,and proximity.The street network was used to understand elderly people’s walking behaviours regarding green spaces and related facilities.Results:A case study in Hannover,Germany,demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method.The results illustrate the spatial heterogeneity of recreation options for the elderly.Only parts of Hannover’s green spaces offer high recreation opportunities for elderly people.Many of the existing green spaces lack diverse landscape compo-nents and sufficient supply of facilities,resulting in a compromise to aesthetics and recreational opportunities.Conclusions:The proposed method contributes to research on spatial planning and environmental justice by incorporating vulnerable groups’preferences and needs in spatially assessing NBR.The planning implications highlight pocket gardens and greenways connecting communities and parks as development opportunities in the city.
基金the support from the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)the support received from the Horizon 2020 RECONECT(Regenerating ECOsystems with Nature-based solutions for hydro-meteorological risk r EduCTion)project,under the Grant Agreement No.776866。
文摘Nature-based solutions(NBS)are seen as a promising adaptation measure that sustainably deals with diverse societal challenges,while simultaneously delivering multiple benefits.Nature-based solutions have been highlighted as a resilient and sustainable means of mitigating floods and other hazards globally.This study examined diverging conceptualizations of NBS,as well as the attitudinal(for example,emotions and beliefs)and contextual(for example,legal and political aspects)barriers and drivers of NBS for flood risks in South Korea.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 experts and focused on the topic of flood risk measures and NBS case studies.The analysis found 11 barriers and five drivers in the attitudinal domain,and 13 barriers and two drivers in the contextual domain.Most experts see direct monetary benefits as an important attitudinal factor for the public.Meanwhile,the cost-effectiveness of NBS and their capacity to cope with flood risks were deemed influential factors that could lead decision makers to opt for NBS.Among the contextual factors,insufficient systems to integrate NBS in practice and the ideologicalization of NBS policy were found to be peculiar barriers,which hinder consistent realization of initiatives and a long-term national plan for NBS.Understanding the barriers and drivers related to the mainstreaming of NBS is critical if we are to make the most of such solutions for society and nature.It is also essential that we have a shared definition,expectation,and vision of NBS.
基金funded by the National Overseas High-level Talent Program China(Grants No.41180953 and 41180944)Guangdong Provincial Special Research Grant for the Creation of National Parks(Grant No.2021GJGY034).
文摘China has executed large-scale ecological restoration projects(ERPs)to meet the goals of environmental pro-tection and economic development.Yet,the integrated outcomes of these projects on the biodiversity-eco-environment-society dimensions remain unclear,but when available could be insightful for adaptation and ad-justments,particularly in this United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(2021-2030).Based on multi-source data,we identified the categories and quantities of large-scale ERP implementation in the county-level.By comparing the time-series multiple factors of implemented vs unimplemented counties,we quantify the con-tributions and compare the relative effects of up to six different ERPs.Combining random forest,spatial autocor-relation,and network analysis,we explore the key factors that affect the contributions of ERPs.Here,we show that the triple dimensions in the low ERP group(regions implementing 0-2 projects)produced better outcomes than the high ERP group(regions implementing 3-5 projects)in relatively developed regions,while the high ERP group has more gains than the low ERP group in relatively less-developed regions.Notably,regional character-istics and different social assets mediate the ERP contributions,while human capital and financial capital have important roles.Overall,the ERPs generated positive contributions and could increase the network stability of multi-dimensions in relatively less-developed regions,but it may lead to imbalances in some factors(i.e.,mam-mal species conservation,and human capital).To continue to minimize the negative effects from past,and to improve the returns of ERP policy and investments,more timely and adaptive management of ERPs are needed,especially in relatively less-developed regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91851204 and 42021005)the Special project of eco-environmental technology for peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(RCEES-TDZ-2021-20).
文摘The availability of nitrogen(N)is crucial for both the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems globally.However,the overuse of artificial fertilizers and the energy required to fix nitrogen have pushed the global nitrogen cycle(N-cycle)past its safe operating limits,leading to severe nitrogen pollution and the production of significant amounts of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide(N2O).The anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)mechanism can counteract the release of ammonium and N2O in many oxygenlimited situations,assisting in the restoration of the homeostasis of the Earth’s N biogeochemistry.In this work,we looked into the characteristics of the anammox hotspots’distribution across various types of ecosystems worldwide.Anammox hotspots are present at diverse oxic-anoxic interfaces in terrestrial systems,and they are most prevalent at the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic ecosystems.Based on the discovery of an anammox hotspot capable of oxidizing ammonium anoxically into N2 without N2O by-product,we then designed an innovative concept and technical routes of nature-based anammox hotspot geoengineering for climate change,biodiversity loss,and efficient utilization of water resources.After 15 years of actual use,anammox hotspot geoengineering has proven to be effective in ensuring clean drinking water,regulating the climate,fostering plant and animal diversity,and enhancing longterm environmental quality.The sustainable biogeoengineering of anammox could be a workable natural remedy to resolve the conflicts between environmental pollution and food security connected to N management.
文摘Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) has been the source text of Chinese medicine knowledge and innovation for over two thousand years. Despite this key relevance, many of its ideas and practices have proven difficult to understand and implement fully into clinical practice. Cultural and language differences can be compounded with these challenges but may also present new opportunities for advancement and insight when studied by researchers outside of the originating culture. This article introduces the method of Classical-Text Archaeology and delves into the author’s two-decade journey of researching this text, with a discussion on cultural differences and issues of medical scholarship.
文摘Neglected and underutilized species of plants(NUS)have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as valuable resources for fighting poverty,hunger and malnutrition as they can help make agricultural production systems more sustainable and resilient.Adaptation of NUS to changing environments over several millennia has rendered most of these plants resistant to pests and climate change.In this paper,we explore the potential values of some of the Mayan fruit trees justifying conservation efforts in their native habitats.Our research was primarily based on a scoping review using Google Scholar.We considered articles published in English,Spanish and Portuguese.Our review rendered two sets of articles including those focusing on the nutritional and medicinal properties of NUS and their products,and those focusing on their uses in traditional medicine.Both sets of papers strongly support arguments for conservation of NUS.Additionally,our scoping review expands and includes a case study on the conservation of NUS,highlighting the critical role of civil society on how it can spearhead rescue efforts of botanical resources through the creation of what is possibly the first arboretum of its kind in the Americas.Among the project's key selling points was not only the rescue of an important component of Yucatan's cultural heritage but its nutritional value as well as its potential medicinal properties.Our paper is not prescriptive on how to preserve or even commercially exploit NUS.It is intended as a thought-provoking piece on the potential of a One Health approach as a multi-sectoral platform to support conservation efforts,while stimulating greater interest in the subject and encouraging more action from the academic and pharmaceutical sectors as well as civil society.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC0402607the Key Research and Development Projects in Guangdong Province under contract No.2019B111101002+1 种基金the 2018 Guangzhou Science and Technology Project under contract No.201806010143the Water Resource Science and Technology Innovation Program of Guangdong Province under contract No.2017-17。
文摘Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource that can provide multiple benefits to human beings and the environment,such as wave attenuation in coastal zones.Traditionally,there are two main calibration approaches to calculate the attenuation of wave driven by vegetation.The first method is a straightforward one based on the exponential attenuation of wave height in the direction of wave transmission,which,however,overlooks the crucial drag coefficient(CD).The other method is in accordance with more complicate equations for predicting the damping factor,which is regarded as a function of CD.In this study,a new relation,combining these above two conventional approaches,is proposed to predict the CD in an operative approach.Results show that values yielded by the new assessment method perform a strong linear relationship with a collection of historical observations,with a promising R2 value of 0.90.Besides,the linear regression derives a new predictive equation for the bulk drag coefficient.Additionally,a calibrated value of 4 for the empirical plant drag coefficient(CP)is revealed.Overall,this new equation,with the superiority of the convenient exponential regression,is expected to be a rapid assessment method for calculating wave attenuation by vegetation and predicting the drag coefficient.
基金National Trust for Nature Conservation,Nepal for support with partial funding to accomplish this research。
文摘Gaurishankar Conservation Area(GCA)is a recently established natural-based protected area in Nepal,which has witnessed an increase in international visitors.To optimize visitor experience,it is essential to examine motivations to visit along with visitors’characteristics and behavioral dispositions.The purpose of this study was to examine international tourists via a motive-based segmentation approach for GCA.In addition,the study also intended to identify visitor segments’profile characteristics such as socio-demographic,travel behaviors,satisfaction,loyalty intention,and their willingness to pay for higher entrance fees.Data(N=121)were collected among international tourists visiting GCA either as a primary destination or as a transit point.Results identified three distinct segments of visitors–‘local art and culture enthusiast’,‘escapist’,and‘nature adventurer.’Each cluster was different with regards to their sociodemographics,travelbehavior,satisfaction,willingness to revisit and recommend,and willingness to pay to support the environment and cultural resources,and local economy.The insights gained from motive-based segmentation can be beneficial to GCA to develop specific products and promotions and incorporate visitor monitoring&management programs.
