The chemical transformation of natural oils provides alternatives to limited fossil fuels and produces compounds with added value for the chemical industries.The selective deoxygenation of natural oils to diesel-range...The chemical transformation of natural oils provides alternatives to limited fossil fuels and produces compounds with added value for the chemical industries.The selective deoxygenation of natural oils to diesel-ranged hydrocarbons,bio-jet fuels,or fatty alcohols with controllable selectivity is especially attractive in natural oil feedstock biorefineries.This review presents recent progress in catalytic deoxygenation of natural oils or related model compounds(e.g.,fatty acids)to renewable liquid fuels(green diesel and bio-jet fuels)and valuable fatty alcohols(unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols).Besides,it discusses and compares the existing and potential strategies to control the product selectivity over heterogeneous catalysts.Most research conducted and reviewed has only addressed the production of one category;therefore,a new integrative vision exploring how to direct the process toward fuel and/or chemicals is urgently needed.Thus,work conducted to date addressing the development of new catalysts and studying the influence of the reaction parameters(e.g.,temperature,time and hydrogen pressure)is summarized and critically discussed from a green and sustainable perspective using efficiency indicators(e.g.,yields,selectivity,turnover frequencies and catalysts lifetime).Special attention has been given to the chemical transformations occurring to identify key descriptors to tune the selectivity toward target products by manipulating the reaction conditions and the structures of the catalysts.Finally,the challenges and future research goals to develop novel and holistic natural oil biorefineries are proposed.As a result,this critical review provides the readership with appropriate information to selectively control the transformation of natural oils into either biofuels and/or value-added chemicals.This new flexible vision can help pave the wave to suit the present and future market needs.展开更多
In this study, castor oil, rapeseed oil and medium chain triglycerides of coconut oil, were transesterified bymeans of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (trimethylolpropane) and consequently used to convertpolyc...In this study, castor oil, rapeseed oil and medium chain triglycerides of coconut oil, were transesterified bymeans of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (trimethylolpropane) and consequently used to convertpolycarbonate waste from end-of-life vehicles into liquid polyols. The prepared recycled polyols, composeduniquely of renewable and recycled components, had a hydroxyl number of ca. 250 mg KOH·g−1. They weresuccessfully applied as 100% replacement of a virgin polyol for preparation of solid crosslinked polyurethanes(PU) by solvent-free casting. The produced rigid cast PU exhibited the main transition temperature rangingfrom 44°C to 53°C, the hardness value from 46 to 61 Shore D and the beneficial low water absorption (0.4-0.5wt.%). The PU network structure was highly influenced by the presence of aromatic structures ofpolycarbonate-units and fatty acid compositions. A suitable selection of natural oil thus enabled to adjustthermo-mechanical properties and promote excellent optical transparency of the produced PU.展开更多
Six types of termites＇ baits （cartoon, rough tissues, soft toilet tissues, acacia wood, saw dust of building wood and sackcloth） were elicited variable degree of attraction toward Anacanthotermes ochaceus, where th...Six types of termites＇ baits （cartoon, rough tissues, soft toilet tissues, acacia wood, saw dust of building wood and sackcloth） were elicited variable degree of attraction toward Anacanthotermes ochaceus, where the best one was cardboard, followed by soft and rough toilet tissue at mono-choice and multiple-choice tests. Chemical analysis showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents （lignin, cellulose, N, H and C） of the six baits studied. On the other hand, olfactory reactions of harvester termites toward eight volatile oils （four natural medical plants and four commercial terpines） were repellent, but the most repellent one was cineol and the least one was clove oil. The most tested oils were caused inhibition in feeding, except cedar wood. The most toxic oils were cineol followed by thymol.展开更多
For many years,oil and natural gas geochemistry has been key to hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation in offshore China.Onshore oil fields have been thoroughly explored and exploited and have now entered the later ...For many years,oil and natural gas geochemistry has been key to hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation in offshore China.Onshore oil fields have been thoroughly explored and exploited and have now entered the later stages of development.However,the oil and gas resources in the offshore basin of China are still abundant,and they have been relatively little explored,so they will be the main growth target for oil and gas production in the future.China has made many breakthroughs in offshore oil exploration in recent years.A large condensate fielddBozhong 19-6dhas been discovered in the Bozhong Depression.Its main source rock is associated with algal blooming in the third member of the Shahejie Formation.The Baodao 21-1 gas field in the Qiongdongnan Basin shows clear signs of receiving terrestrial organic matter from the Yacheng and Lingshui formations.The first ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow gas,found in the Lingshui 36-1 gas field in the Qiongdongnan Basin,has thermogenetic and biogenetic origins.Well WY-1 in the Weixinan Depression marked the initiation of offshore shale oil exploration.Its sweet interval consists of two stable oil shale beds developed at the base and the top of the second member of the Liushagang Formation.However,samples from offshore exploration are often severely contaminated,and the corresponding data can be seriously distorted,which yields fewer core and more cutting samples.Therefore,it is necessary to thoroughly screen test data and to apply decontamination treatment and data correction to contaminated samples.The success rate of offshore exploration usually relies on the accurate prediction of source kitchens.Reservoir geochemistry thus has great significance for the future,as source input geochemical information can be used to trace materials backwards,and source kitchens can be predicted,when geochemistry is combined with enrichment and development models of source rocks and geophysical data.展开更多
China＇s Ministry of Land and Resources announced on 27th February 2014 that proven reserves of oil, natural gas and coal continued to increase significantly, and that their production shows a steady increase. This gr...China＇s Ministry of Land and Resources announced on 27th February 2014 that proven reserves of oil, natural gas and coal continued to increase significantly, and that their production shows a steady increase. This greatly improves China＇s support capacity of fossil fuel resources.展开更多
The commissioning of Nanbao-Tangshan gas pipeline started to transported natural gas from East Hebei Oil Field to Tangshan City, Hebei Province since June 16th. More than 20 000 households in Tangshan have completed
主题语境:动物特性,篇幅:335词,建议用时:7分钟,Polar bears possess a remarkable ability to prevent ice from forming on their fur,a characteristic that has long been recognized by Indigenous Arctic peoples but only recent...主题语境:动物特性,篇幅:335词,建议用时:7分钟,Polar bears possess a remarkable ability to prevent ice from forming on their fur,a characteristic that has long been recognized by Indigenous Arctic peoples but only recently studied by scientists.Bodil Holst,a physicist from the University of Bergen in Norway,discovered that the ice resistance of polar bear fur is due to natural oils secreted(分泌)onto the hairs,rather than the fur itself.This finding came from Holsts observation that polar bears,despite having freezing fur temperatures,never appeared with ice buildup in wildlife documentaries.展开更多
Since the proposal of achieving dual carbon goals,countries worldwide have been actively seeking next-generation energy technologies.Ammonia energy,particularly green ammonia,has recently become a focal point of globa...Since the proposal of achieving dual carbon goals,countries worldwide have been actively seeking next-generation energy technologies.Ammonia energy,particularly green ammonia,has recently become a focal point of global attention.The global green ammonia market is expected to grow from USD 17 million in 2021 to USD 5.415 billion by 2030,with a growth rate of 90.2%during this period.As a fossil energy company primarily focused on oil and natural gas,CNPC faces significant pressure to transition to low-carbon operations and achieve dual carbon goals.Keeping track of the current status and technological advancements in ammonia energy development can support CNPC in more effectively implementing its new energy strategy.展开更多
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge(X.sorbifolia),a regionally significant oilseed crop indigenous to northern China,has long been recognized for its medicinal value.A distinguishing feature of X.sorbifolium oil is its high...Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge(X.sorbifolia),a regionally significant oilseed crop indigenous to northern China,has long been recognized for its medicinal value.A distinguishing feature of X.sorbifolium oil is its high concentration of nervonic acid,a bioactive lipid essential for the development and optimal functioning of the nervous system.In the present study,the potential sleep-enhancing properties of X.sorbifolium oil were investigated.The research began with a human feeding trial,which demonstrated notable improvements in sleep quality.To further validate the findings,animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the standardized protocols outlined in the Methods for Functional Testing and Evaluation of Health Food.Using male ICR mice,hydrated chloral-induced sleep tests were performed to assess the effects of X.sorbifolium oil on sleep latency and duration.Results revealed that oral administration of the oil significantly reduced sleep latency by up to 33%and extended sleep duration by as much as 46%compared to the control group.Beyond the anesthetic-induced tests,a noninvasive video-based analysis was employed to evaluate sleep patterns under natural conditions,free from anesthetic interference.This approach further confirmed a marked increase in total sleep duration.In summary,our findings demonstrated that oral administration of X.sorbifolium oil conferred substantial sleep-promoting benefits,highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for enhancing sleep quality.展开更多
To alleviate the pressure on the petrochemical industry and address environmental concerns,the utilization of polyurethane(PU)derived from castor oil(CO)(as an ester polyol replacement of petrochemicalbased materials)...To alleviate the pressure on the petrochemical industry and address environmental concerns,the utilization of polyurethane(PU)derived from castor oil(CO)(as an ester polyol replacement of petrochemicalbased materials)has garnered significant attention in recent decades.Extending the service life of materials requires imparting self-healing properties to vegetable oil-based polymers,an aspect that has received limited attention in current studies.However,low self-healing efficiency still poses a significant challenge,and non-conductivity also remains an obstacle in current research,crucial for their application in electronic devices.In this work,we present the first series of electrically self-healing biopolymer composites constructed by incorporating carbon nanotube(CNT)networks into crosslinked castor oil-based polyurethane(BPU)through a simple curing process.These materials address the challenges mentioned above and exhibit improved mechanical,electrical,and self-healing capabilities compared to other biobased self-healing materials.The resulting BPU/CNT composite demonstrated exceptional repeated selfhealing capacity,restoring both mechanical properties and electrical performance even after experiencing severe mechanical damage.Notably,this composite served as a conductive substrate in flexible solid-state supercapacitor(FSSC)devices.Consequently,the FSSC derived from the composite conductive substrate achieved an impressive 92.4%self-healing efficiency even after undergoing 7 cutting/healing cycles.The device remained virtually unchanged even after being bent at a 180°angle with a bending radius of 1.6 mm,indicating excellent repeatability and durability.The exceptional self-healing ability,with∼98%electrical recovery at 100℃for 70 s and 93%at 80℃after 6 min,of these composites was attributed to the synergistic interactions of the dynamic exchange reactions of disulfide bonds and dense hydrogen bonds within the BPU matrix,which provide a reversible dynamic polymer network.The healing efficiency of these dynamic bonds was evaluated by adjusting the composition ratio of the long linear chain of pTHF in hybrid polyols of the crosslinked polymer network.Overall,this work highlights a series of green,simple,and highly efficient self-healing polymer composites derived from renewable castor oil,and it establishes an essential framework for future sustainable polymer composite design.展开更多
Experiments were carried out against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW in a private palm orchard containing varieties of Samani (domestic) and Ikhlas (imported) infested with the red palm wee...Experiments were carried out against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW in a private palm orchard containing varieties of Samani (domestic) and Ikhlas (imported) infested with the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW) in El-Marg area, Cairo Governorate, Egypt, using Petroleum oil, Jojoba oil, and Inorganic salts, singly and mixed with each of insecticides (Acetamiprid, Profenofos, Dimethoate) by injection and spraying of infested palm trunks, as well as pouring these substances into pits around the roots of the affected palm trees. The data showed that Acetamiprid was the most effective against RPW. The effective mixtures against R. ferrugineus were Jujuba oil with Acetamiprid, also used car oil with inorganic salts, which resulted in 100% recovery of treated palm. Continuing treatment of infested palms for 6 consecutive months by injecting used car oil mixed with inorganic saline solution resulted in 100% recovery for both date palm cultivars. Spraying these substances on the affected trunks had no effect on RPW. Pouring the tested solutions around the roots of the affected palm had the least effect against RPW. Injection of the tested pesticides into the infested trunks increased the concentrations of carbohydrates and total micronutrients (Fe<sup>+</sup>, Mn<sup>+</sup>, Zn<sup>+</sup>, and Cu<sup>+</sup>) in the produced fruits more than those obtained by palms treated with mineral oils and inorganic salt, compared to the control group. There is a significant difference between the treatments.展开更多
Oil and gas are the major energy resources all over the world but are not renewable. According to their present reserves, the resource volumes yet to be found and the large amount of non-conventional oil and gas resou...Oil and gas are the major energy resources all over the world but are not renewable. According to their present reserves, the resource volumes yet to be found and the large amount of non-conventional oil and gas resources, there is still great potential in oil and gas production. The proportion ofoil and gas in energy structure will be influenced by four major factors： 1） Potential of the world oil and gas resources; 2） Technological progress of oil and gas exploration and development; 3） Speed of the development of substitute energy resources; and 4） Variation ofoil price. It is estimated that, oil and gas will still retain an important proportion in energy structure by the first half of the 21st century.展开更多
Large amounts of data regarding the influence of temperature and pressure on the thermal stability of crude oil have been pub-lished;however,the role of reservoir mediums has received little attention.Experiments invo...Large amounts of data regarding the influence of temperature and pressure on the thermal stability of crude oil have been pub-lished;however,the role of reservoir mediums has received little attention.Experiments involving oil cracking in the presence of montmorillonite,illite,calcite,quartz and water were conducted in closed gold tubes to investigate the effects of these reservoir mediums on oil destruction.This was done by screening variations in the chemical and stable carbon isotopic components of nC10+and gasoline-range hydrocarbons(nC8-)present in various systems.Results indicated that reservoir mediums have an active role in oil cracking under experimental conditions.The concentrations of nC10+in the cracked residues progressively decreased in systems containing oil+water+illite,oil+water+montmorillonite,oil+water,oil+water+quartz and oil+water+calcite.In comparison with the system containing oil+water,our results indicated a retardation effect for oil cracking in systems in the presence of illite and montmorillonite,and an acceleration effect on oil destruction in systems in the presence of calcite and quartz.nC10+became increasingly depleted in 13C in systems with oil+water+illite,oil+water+calcite,oil+water+montmorillonite,oil+water+quartz and oil+water.No obvious correlation was observed between concentrations and stable carbon isotopic components of nC6-nC8 and nC10+in the individual systems.The discrepancies in chemical and stable carbon isotopic components of nC6-nC8 and nC10+in the pyrolyzed residues highlighted the important role of reservoir mediums to control carbon-carbon cleavage of nC10+and then the isomerization,cyclolization and aromatization reactions;as well as governing the occurrence and thermal destruction of nC6-nC8 under experimental conditions.This research may have critical implications in reconstructing chemical kinetic models for natural oil cracking.展开更多
Zeolites have been regarded as one of the most important catalysts in petrochemical industry due to their excellent catalytic performance. However, the sole micro- pores in zeolites severely limit their applications i...Zeolites have been regarded as one of the most important catalysts in petrochemical industry due to their excellent catalytic performance. However, the sole micro- pores in zeolites severely limit their applications in oil refining and natural gas conversion. To solve the problem, mesoporous zeolites have been prepared by introducing mesopores into the zeolite crystals in recent years, and thus have the advantages of both mesostructured materials （fast diffusion and accessible for bulky molecules） and micro- porous zeolite crystals （strong acidity and high hydro- thermal stability）. In this review, after giving a brief introduction to preparation, structure, and characterization of mesoporous zeolites, we systematically summarize catalytic applications of these mesoporous zeolites as efficient catalysts in oil refining and natural gas conversion including catalytic cracking of heavy oil, alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, methane dehydroaromatization, methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether, methanol to olefins, and methanol to hydrocarbons.展开更多
China’s fossil energy is characterized by an abundance of coal and a relative lack of oil and natural gas.Developing a strategy in which coal can replace oil and natural gas is,therefore,a necessary and practical app...China’s fossil energy is characterized by an abundance of coal and a relative lack of oil and natural gas.Developing a strategy in which coal can replace oil and natural gas is,therefore,a necessary and practical approach to easing the excessive external dependence on oil and natural gas.Based on the perspective of energy security,this paper proposes a technical framework for defining the substitution of oil and natural gas with coal in China.In this framework,three substitution classifications and 11 industrialized technical routes are reviewed.Then,three scenarios(namely,the cautious scenario,baseline scenario,and positive scenario)are developed to estimate the potential of this strategy for 2020 and 2030.The results indicate that oil and natural gas replaced by coal will reach 67 to 81 Mt and 8.7 to 14.3 Gm^3 in 2020 and reach 93 to 138 Mt and 32.3 to 47.3 Gm^3 in 2030,respectively.By implementing this strategy,China’s external dependence on oil,natural gas,and primary energy is expected to be curbed at approximately 70%,40%,and 20%by 2030,respectively.This paper also demonstrates how coal,as a substitute for oil and natural gas,can contribute to carbon and pollution reduction and economic cost savings.It suggests a new direction for the development of the global coal industry and provides a crucial reference for energy transformation in China and other countries with similar energy situations.展开更多
This study discusses the relationship of Iran’s oil and gas resources with its foreign policy.Because these resources play a major role in government power,they serve as a major focus of Iran’s governmental policy a...This study discusses the relationship of Iran’s oil and gas resources with its foreign policy.Because these resources play a major role in government power,they serve as a major focus of Iran’s governmental policy and relations with other countries.Our review led us to conclude that despite Iran’s abundant reservesthe world’s fourth-largest crude oil and largest natural gas reserves-international powers influenced the country’s foreign policy sufficiently for Iran to decrease its oil production.The authors will demonstrate how fluctuations in oil and natural gas production were the outcome of a globalized structure that affected instability in Iran’s foreign policy in specific ways.Our conceptual investigation of energy politics after the 1979 revolution revealed different policies that caused numerous concerns for the new government.While Iran’s politicians strove to retain the Islamic Republic above all,both doctrine and foreign policy revolved circuitously from a radical 1979 Revolution position to renewed radical position in 2005 with two intermediate shifts in position.One was pragmatic shift in the late 1980s,and the second took a more moderate tone in late 1990s by focusing almost entirely on the production of oil and natural gas.展开更多
Fatliquor oxidation may give leather unpleasant odor,and excessive amounts of Cr(VI)and volatile organic com-pounds.The accurate evaluation and improvement of the oxidative stability of fatliquors are of great signifi...Fatliquor oxidation may give leather unpleasant odor,and excessive amounts of Cr(VI)and volatile organic com-pounds.The accurate evaluation and improvement of the oxidative stability of fatliquors are of great significance to high-quality leather manufacturing.We proposed a set of practical methods for evaluating the oxidative stability of fatliquors on the basis of oxidation induction time,change in iodine value(∆IV),and change in acid value(∆AV)under accelerated oxidation conditions(at 100°C with 10 L/h of air).Oxidation induction time is a highly sensitive marker for quantifying the oxidative stability of fatliquors,and∆IV and∆AV that are low cost and easy to operate are useful in evaluating the oxidative stability of fatliquors when the oxidation induction time is less than 22 h.The number of double bonds in fatliquors is an important factor affecting oxidative stability.The sulfation modification of fatliquors that greatly reduces double bonds and the addition of antioxidants,especially butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene,markedly improve oxidative stability of fatliquors.展开更多
The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint.Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surfa...The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint.Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surface roughness and refractive index of the oil slicks.Although it’s difficult to determine a certain critical angle,the potential critical angle range help to improve the estimation accuracy.In this study,the angle between the viewing direction and the direction of mirror reflection is used as an indicator for quantifying the critical angle and could be calculated from the solar/viewing geometry from observations of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS).The natural seep oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico were first delineated using a customized segmentation approach to remove noise and apply a morphological filter.On the basis of the histograms of the brightness values of the delineated oil slicks,the potential range of the critical angle was determined,and then an optimal critical angle between oil slicks and seawater was then determined from statistical and regression analyses in this range.This critical angle corresponds to the best fitting between the modeled and observed surface roughness of seep oil slicks and seawater.展开更多
Molecular docking is a simulation method based on bioinformatics, that evaluates the interaction between molecules (such as essential oil and target proteins), and predicts their binding modes and affinity via a compu...Molecular docking is a simulation method based on bioinformatics, that evaluates the interaction between molecules (such as essential oil and target proteins), and predicts their binding modes and affinity via a computer platform. In this study, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Citrus bergamia essential oil (BEO) were investigated, and molecular docking was used to examine the mechanism of interaction between the main constituents of BEO and target proteins correlated with antibacterial activity and intracellular antioxidant mechanisms. Results showed the major ingredient of BEO was linalool, which accounted for 31.58% of the total components, followed by limonene (21.47%), octadecadienoic acid (12%), octadecenal (11%), ocimene (6.72%), pinene (2.73%), and hexadecanoic acid (1.71%). The antioxidant activity of BEO was 212 ± 2.65 μg/mL using the DPPH test, and 176.43 ± 1.59 μg/mL and 89.13 ± 1.37 μg/mL using the ABTS and β-carotene discoloration methods, respectively. BEO had a stronger antibacterial impact on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) than on Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048). Finally, after analyzing the results related to the docking the three compounds, Octadecadienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, and 13-Octadecenal, have been reported to be effective compounds with high potency against a large number of selected receptors. Based on the results, BEO can be used as a new antibacterial agent in the pharmaceutical and food industries.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21536007)the 111 Project (B17030)+1 种基金support from China Scholarship Council (CSC No.202006240156)the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities for the Juan de la Cierva (JdC)fellowships (Grant Numbers FJCI-2016-30847 and IJC2018-037110-I)awarded.
文摘The chemical transformation of natural oils provides alternatives to limited fossil fuels and produces compounds with added value for the chemical industries.The selective deoxygenation of natural oils to diesel-ranged hydrocarbons,bio-jet fuels,or fatty alcohols with controllable selectivity is especially attractive in natural oil feedstock biorefineries.This review presents recent progress in catalytic deoxygenation of natural oils or related model compounds(e.g.,fatty acids)to renewable liquid fuels(green diesel and bio-jet fuels)and valuable fatty alcohols(unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols).Besides,it discusses and compares the existing and potential strategies to control the product selectivity over heterogeneous catalysts.Most research conducted and reviewed has only addressed the production of one category;therefore,a new integrative vision exploring how to direct the process toward fuel and/or chemicals is urgently needed.Thus,work conducted to date addressing the development of new catalysts and studying the influence of the reaction parameters(e.g.,temperature,time and hydrogen pressure)is summarized and critically discussed from a green and sustainable perspective using efficiency indicators(e.g.,yields,selectivity,turnover frequencies and catalysts lifetime).Special attention has been given to the chemical transformations occurring to identify key descriptors to tune the selectivity toward target products by manipulating the reaction conditions and the structures of the catalysts.Finally,the challenges and future research goals to develop novel and holistic natural oil biorefineries are proposed.As a result,this critical review provides the readership with appropriate information to selectively control the transformation of natural oils into either biofuels and/or value-added chemicals.This new flexible vision can help pave the wave to suit the present and future market needs.
文摘In this study, castor oil, rapeseed oil and medium chain triglycerides of coconut oil, were transesterified bymeans of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (trimethylolpropane) and consequently used to convertpolycarbonate waste from end-of-life vehicles into liquid polyols. The prepared recycled polyols, composeduniquely of renewable and recycled components, had a hydroxyl number of ca. 250 mg KOH·g−1. They weresuccessfully applied as 100% replacement of a virgin polyol for preparation of solid crosslinked polyurethanes(PU) by solvent-free casting. The produced rigid cast PU exhibited the main transition temperature rangingfrom 44°C to 53°C, the hardness value from 46 to 61 Shore D and the beneficial low water absorption (0.4-0.5wt.%). The PU network structure was highly influenced by the presence of aromatic structures ofpolycarbonate-units and fatty acid compositions. A suitable selection of natural oil thus enabled to adjustthermo-mechanical properties and promote excellent optical transparency of the produced PU.
文摘Six types of termites＇ baits （cartoon, rough tissues, soft toilet tissues, acacia wood, saw dust of building wood and sackcloth） were elicited variable degree of attraction toward Anacanthotermes ochaceus, where the best one was cardboard, followed by soft and rough toilet tissue at mono-choice and multiple-choice tests. Chemical analysis showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents （lignin, cellulose, N, H and C） of the six baits studied. On the other hand, olfactory reactions of harvester termites toward eight volatile oils （four natural medical plants and four commercial terpines） were repellent, but the most repellent one was cineol and the least one was clove oil. The most tested oils were caused inhibition in feeding, except cedar wood. The most toxic oils were cineol followed by thymol.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:41472108,41872131,42302189).
文摘For many years,oil and natural gas geochemistry has been key to hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation in offshore China.Onshore oil fields have been thoroughly explored and exploited and have now entered the later stages of development.However,the oil and gas resources in the offshore basin of China are still abundant,and they have been relatively little explored,so they will be the main growth target for oil and gas production in the future.China has made many breakthroughs in offshore oil exploration in recent years.A large condensate fielddBozhong 19-6dhas been discovered in the Bozhong Depression.Its main source rock is associated with algal blooming in the third member of the Shahejie Formation.The Baodao 21-1 gas field in the Qiongdongnan Basin shows clear signs of receiving terrestrial organic matter from the Yacheng and Lingshui formations.The first ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow gas,found in the Lingshui 36-1 gas field in the Qiongdongnan Basin,has thermogenetic and biogenetic origins.Well WY-1 in the Weixinan Depression marked the initiation of offshore shale oil exploration.Its sweet interval consists of two stable oil shale beds developed at the base and the top of the second member of the Liushagang Formation.However,samples from offshore exploration are often severely contaminated,and the corresponding data can be seriously distorted,which yields fewer core and more cutting samples.Therefore,it is necessary to thoroughly screen test data and to apply decontamination treatment and data correction to contaminated samples.The success rate of offshore exploration usually relies on the accurate prediction of source kitchens.Reservoir geochemistry thus has great significance for the future,as source input geochemical information can be used to trace materials backwards,and source kitchens can be predicted,when geochemistry is combined with enrichment and development models of source rocks and geophysical data.
文摘China＇s Ministry of Land and Resources announced on 27th February 2014 that proven reserves of oil, natural gas and coal continued to increase significantly, and that their production shows a steady increase. This greatly improves China＇s support capacity of fossil fuel resources.
文摘The commissioning of Nanbao-Tangshan gas pipeline started to transported natural gas from East Hebei Oil Field to Tangshan City, Hebei Province since June 16th. More than 20 000 households in Tangshan have completed
文摘主题语境:动物特性,篇幅:335词,建议用时:7分钟,Polar bears possess a remarkable ability to prevent ice from forming on their fur,a characteristic that has long been recognized by Indigenous Arctic peoples but only recently studied by scientists.Bodil Holst,a physicist from the University of Bergen in Norway,discovered that the ice resistance of polar bear fur is due to natural oils secreted(分泌)onto the hairs,rather than the fur itself.This finding came from Holsts observation that polar bears,despite having freezing fur temperatures,never appeared with ice buildup in wildlife documentaries.
基金Integrating method of absorption and reaeration for CO_(2) capture(2023ZZ0101).
文摘Since the proposal of achieving dual carbon goals,countries worldwide have been actively seeking next-generation energy technologies.Ammonia energy,particularly green ammonia,has recently become a focal point of global attention.The global green ammonia market is expected to grow from USD 17 million in 2021 to USD 5.415 billion by 2030,with a growth rate of 90.2%during this period.As a fossil energy company primarily focused on oil and natural gas,CNPC faces significant pressure to transition to low-carbon operations and achieve dual carbon goals.Keeping track of the current status and technological advancements in ammonia energy development can support CNPC in more effectively implementing its new energy strategy.
文摘Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge(X.sorbifolia),a regionally significant oilseed crop indigenous to northern China,has long been recognized for its medicinal value.A distinguishing feature of X.sorbifolium oil is its high concentration of nervonic acid,a bioactive lipid essential for the development and optimal functioning of the nervous system.In the present study,the potential sleep-enhancing properties of X.sorbifolium oil were investigated.The research began with a human feeding trial,which demonstrated notable improvements in sleep quality.To further validate the findings,animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the standardized protocols outlined in the Methods for Functional Testing and Evaluation of Health Food.Using male ICR mice,hydrated chloral-induced sleep tests were performed to assess the effects of X.sorbifolium oil on sleep latency and duration.Results revealed that oral administration of the oil significantly reduced sleep latency by up to 33%and extended sleep duration by as much as 46%compared to the control group.Beyond the anesthetic-induced tests,a noninvasive video-based analysis was employed to evaluate sleep patterns under natural conditions,free from anesthetic interference.This approach further confirmed a marked increase in total sleep duration.In summary,our findings demonstrated that oral administration of X.sorbifolium oil conferred substantial sleep-promoting benefits,highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for enhancing sleep quality.
基金supported by the Commercialization Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes(COMPA)grant funded by the Korean Government(Ministery of Science and ICT),(No.RS-2023–00304743).
文摘To alleviate the pressure on the petrochemical industry and address environmental concerns,the utilization of polyurethane(PU)derived from castor oil(CO)(as an ester polyol replacement of petrochemicalbased materials)has garnered significant attention in recent decades.Extending the service life of materials requires imparting self-healing properties to vegetable oil-based polymers,an aspect that has received limited attention in current studies.However,low self-healing efficiency still poses a significant challenge,and non-conductivity also remains an obstacle in current research,crucial for their application in electronic devices.In this work,we present the first series of electrically self-healing biopolymer composites constructed by incorporating carbon nanotube(CNT)networks into crosslinked castor oil-based polyurethane(BPU)through a simple curing process.These materials address the challenges mentioned above and exhibit improved mechanical,electrical,and self-healing capabilities compared to other biobased self-healing materials.The resulting BPU/CNT composite demonstrated exceptional repeated selfhealing capacity,restoring both mechanical properties and electrical performance even after experiencing severe mechanical damage.Notably,this composite served as a conductive substrate in flexible solid-state supercapacitor(FSSC)devices.Consequently,the FSSC derived from the composite conductive substrate achieved an impressive 92.4%self-healing efficiency even after undergoing 7 cutting/healing cycles.The device remained virtually unchanged even after being bent at a 180°angle with a bending radius of 1.6 mm,indicating excellent repeatability and durability.The exceptional self-healing ability,with∼98%electrical recovery at 100℃for 70 s and 93%at 80℃after 6 min,of these composites was attributed to the synergistic interactions of the dynamic exchange reactions of disulfide bonds and dense hydrogen bonds within the BPU matrix,which provide a reversible dynamic polymer network.The healing efficiency of these dynamic bonds was evaluated by adjusting the composition ratio of the long linear chain of pTHF in hybrid polyols of the crosslinked polymer network.Overall,this work highlights a series of green,simple,and highly efficient self-healing polymer composites derived from renewable castor oil,and it establishes an essential framework for future sustainable polymer composite design.
文摘Experiments were carried out against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW in a private palm orchard containing varieties of Samani (domestic) and Ikhlas (imported) infested with the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW) in El-Marg area, Cairo Governorate, Egypt, using Petroleum oil, Jojoba oil, and Inorganic salts, singly and mixed with each of insecticides (Acetamiprid, Profenofos, Dimethoate) by injection and spraying of infested palm trunks, as well as pouring these substances into pits around the roots of the affected palm trees. The data showed that Acetamiprid was the most effective against RPW. The effective mixtures against R. ferrugineus were Jujuba oil with Acetamiprid, also used car oil with inorganic salts, which resulted in 100% recovery of treated palm. Continuing treatment of infested palms for 6 consecutive months by injecting used car oil mixed with inorganic saline solution resulted in 100% recovery for both date palm cultivars. Spraying these substances on the affected trunks had no effect on RPW. Pouring the tested solutions around the roots of the affected palm had the least effect against RPW. Injection of the tested pesticides into the infested trunks increased the concentrations of carbohydrates and total micronutrients (Fe<sup>+</sup>, Mn<sup>+</sup>, Zn<sup>+</sup>, and Cu<sup>+</sup>) in the produced fruits more than those obtained by palms treated with mineral oils and inorganic salt, compared to the control group. There is a significant difference between the treatments.
文摘Oil and gas are the major energy resources all over the world but are not renewable. According to their present reserves, the resource volumes yet to be found and the large amount of non-conventional oil and gas resources, there is still great potential in oil and gas production. The proportion ofoil and gas in energy structure will be influenced by four major factors： 1） Potential of the world oil and gas resources; 2） Technological progress of oil and gas exploration and development; 3） Speed of the development of substitute energy resources; and 4） Variation ofoil price. It is estimated that, oil and gas will still retain an important proportion in energy structure by the first half of the 21st century.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40672084)the National Basic Research Program of China(2006CB202303)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry(OGL-200916)the Science Funding of State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery(Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development)
文摘Large amounts of data regarding the influence of temperature and pressure on the thermal stability of crude oil have been pub-lished;however,the role of reservoir mediums has received little attention.Experiments involving oil cracking in the presence of montmorillonite,illite,calcite,quartz and water were conducted in closed gold tubes to investigate the effects of these reservoir mediums on oil destruction.This was done by screening variations in the chemical and stable carbon isotopic components of nC10+and gasoline-range hydrocarbons(nC8-)present in various systems.Results indicated that reservoir mediums have an active role in oil cracking under experimental conditions.The concentrations of nC10+in the cracked residues progressively decreased in systems containing oil+water+illite,oil+water+montmorillonite,oil+water,oil+water+quartz and oil+water+calcite.In comparison with the system containing oil+water,our results indicated a retardation effect for oil cracking in systems in the presence of illite and montmorillonite,and an acceleration effect on oil destruction in systems in the presence of calcite and quartz.nC10+became increasingly depleted in 13C in systems with oil+water+illite,oil+water+calcite,oil+water+montmorillonite,oil+water+quartz and oil+water.No obvious correlation was observed between concentrations and stable carbon isotopic components of nC6-nC8 and nC10+in the individual systems.The discrepancies in chemical and stable carbon isotopic components of nC6-nC8 and nC10+in the pyrolyzed residues highlighted the important role of reservoir mediums to control carbon-carbon cleavage of nC10+and then the isomerization,cyclolization and aromatization reactions;as well as governing the occurrence and thermal destruction of nC6-nC8 under experimental conditions.This research may have critical implications in reconstructing chemical kinetic models for natural oil cracking.
文摘Zeolites have been regarded as one of the most important catalysts in petrochemical industry due to their excellent catalytic performance. However, the sole micro- pores in zeolites severely limit their applications in oil refining and natural gas conversion. To solve the problem, mesoporous zeolites have been prepared by introducing mesopores into the zeolite crystals in recent years, and thus have the advantages of both mesostructured materials （fast diffusion and accessible for bulky molecules） and micro- porous zeolite crystals （strong acidity and high hydro- thermal stability）. In this review, after giving a brief introduction to preparation, structure, and characterization of mesoporous zeolites, we systematically summarize catalytic applications of these mesoporous zeolites as efficient catalysts in oil refining and natural gas conversion including catalytic cracking of heavy oil, alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, methane dehydroaromatization, methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether, methanol to olefins, and methanol to hydrocarbons.
基金supported by the Major Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering,Optimization Study on China’s Energy Structure with Carbon Constraint(Grant No:2016-ZD-07)the Project of the China Knowledge Centre for Engineering Sciences and Technology in Chinese Academy of Engineering,Professional Knowledge Service System for Energy(Grant No.CKCEST-2019-2-6).
文摘China’s fossil energy is characterized by an abundance of coal and a relative lack of oil and natural gas.Developing a strategy in which coal can replace oil and natural gas is,therefore,a necessary and practical approach to easing the excessive external dependence on oil and natural gas.Based on the perspective of energy security,this paper proposes a technical framework for defining the substitution of oil and natural gas with coal in China.In this framework,three substitution classifications and 11 industrialized technical routes are reviewed.Then,three scenarios(namely,the cautious scenario,baseline scenario,and positive scenario)are developed to estimate the potential of this strategy for 2020 and 2030.The results indicate that oil and natural gas replaced by coal will reach 67 to 81 Mt and 8.7 to 14.3 Gm^3 in 2020 and reach 93 to 138 Mt and 32.3 to 47.3 Gm^3 in 2030,respectively.By implementing this strategy,China’s external dependence on oil,natural gas,and primary energy is expected to be curbed at approximately 70%,40%,and 20%by 2030,respectively.This paper also demonstrates how coal,as a substitute for oil and natural gas,can contribute to carbon and pollution reduction and economic cost savings.It suggests a new direction for the development of the global coal industry and provides a crucial reference for energy transformation in China and other countries with similar energy situations.
基金The authors would like to thank the MOE and University Technology of Malaysia(UTM),Research Management Centre(RMC),for 12H19 grant that have supported this research.
文摘This study discusses the relationship of Iran’s oil and gas resources with its foreign policy.Because these resources play a major role in government power,they serve as a major focus of Iran’s governmental policy and relations with other countries.Our review led us to conclude that despite Iran’s abundant reservesthe world’s fourth-largest crude oil and largest natural gas reserves-international powers influenced the country’s foreign policy sufficiently for Iran to decrease its oil production.The authors will demonstrate how fluctuations in oil and natural gas production were the outcome of a globalized structure that affected instability in Iran’s foreign policy in specific ways.Our conceptual investigation of energy politics after the 1979 revolution revealed different policies that caused numerous concerns for the new government.While Iran’s politicians strove to retain the Islamic Republic above all,both doctrine and foreign policy revolved circuitously from a radical 1979 Revolution position to renewed radical position in 2005 with two intermediate shifts in position.One was pragmatic shift in the late 1980s,and the second took a more moderate tone in late 1990s by focusing almost entirely on the production of oil and natural gas.
基金This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021SCU12094)the College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(C2021117946).
文摘Fatliquor oxidation may give leather unpleasant odor,and excessive amounts of Cr(VI)and volatile organic com-pounds.The accurate evaluation and improvement of the oxidative stability of fatliquors are of great significance to high-quality leather manufacturing.We proposed a set of practical methods for evaluating the oxidative stability of fatliquors on the basis of oxidation induction time,change in iodine value(∆IV),and change in acid value(∆AV)under accelerated oxidation conditions(at 100°C with 10 L/h of air).Oxidation induction time is a highly sensitive marker for quantifying the oxidative stability of fatliquors,and∆IV and∆AV that are low cost and easy to operate are useful in evaluating the oxidative stability of fatliquors when the oxidation induction time is less than 22 h.The number of double bonds in fatliquors is an important factor affecting oxidative stability.The sulfation modification of fatliquors that greatly reduces double bonds and the addition of antioxidants,especially butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene,markedly improve oxidative stability of fatliquors.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province[Grant no.BK20160023] National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant Nos.41771376,41371014,61675099]the National Key Research and Development Program of China[Grant no.2016YFC1400901].
文摘The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint.Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surface roughness and refractive index of the oil slicks.Although it’s difficult to determine a certain critical angle,the potential critical angle range help to improve the estimation accuracy.In this study,the angle between the viewing direction and the direction of mirror reflection is used as an indicator for quantifying the critical angle and could be calculated from the solar/viewing geometry from observations of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS).The natural seep oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico were first delineated using a customized segmentation approach to remove noise and apply a morphological filter.On the basis of the histograms of the brightness values of the delineated oil slicks,the potential range of the critical angle was determined,and then an optimal critical angle between oil slicks and seawater was then determined from statistical and regression analyses in this range.This critical angle corresponds to the best fitting between the modeled and observed surface roughness of seep oil slicks and seawater.
基金The authors wish to express their profound gratitude sincerely to the Research Deputy of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan for Financially supported this project.
文摘Molecular docking is a simulation method based on bioinformatics, that evaluates the interaction between molecules (such as essential oil and target proteins), and predicts their binding modes and affinity via a computer platform. In this study, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Citrus bergamia essential oil (BEO) were investigated, and molecular docking was used to examine the mechanism of interaction between the main constituents of BEO and target proteins correlated with antibacterial activity and intracellular antioxidant mechanisms. Results showed the major ingredient of BEO was linalool, which accounted for 31.58% of the total components, followed by limonene (21.47%), octadecadienoic acid (12%), octadecenal (11%), ocimene (6.72%), pinene (2.73%), and hexadecanoic acid (1.71%). The antioxidant activity of BEO was 212 ± 2.65 μg/mL using the DPPH test, and 176.43 ± 1.59 μg/mL and 89.13 ± 1.37 μg/mL using the ABTS and β-carotene discoloration methods, respectively. BEO had a stronger antibacterial impact on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) than on Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048). Finally, after analyzing the results related to the docking the three compounds, Octadecadienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, and 13-Octadecenal, have been reported to be effective compounds with high potency against a large number of selected receptors. Based on the results, BEO can be used as a new antibacterial agent in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
