Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesti...Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.展开更多
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)play crucial roles in neuronal plasticity and brain function by sensing key neurotransmitters,such as glutamate and glycine.In a tour-de-force,Zhang et al.[1]provide the first ima...N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)play crucial roles in neuronal plasticity and brain function by sensing key neurotransmitters,such as glutamate and glycine.In a tour-de-force,Zhang et al.[1]provide the first images of native NMDARs directly extracted from rat brains,revealing key aspects of NMDAR assembly and diversity.展开更多
Exotic tree species,though widely used in forestry and restoration projects,pose great threats to local ecosystems.They need to be replaced with native species from natural forests.We hypothesized that natural forests...Exotic tree species,though widely used in forestry and restoration projects,pose great threats to local ecosystems.They need to be replaced with native species from natural forests.We hypothesized that natural forests contain large,fast-growing,dominant native tree species that are suitable for specific topographic conditions in forestry.We tested this hypothesis using data from a 50-ha forest dynamics plot in subtropical China.We classified the plot into the ridge,slope,and valley habitats and found that 34/87 species had significant associations with at least one topographic habitat.There were 90 tree species with a maximum diameter≥30 cm,and their abundances varied widely in all habitat types.In all habitat types,for most species,rate of biomass gain due to recruitment was<1%of its original biomass,and rate of biomass gain due to tree growth was between 1 and 5%of its original biomass.For most species,biomass loss due to tree mortality was not significantly different than biomass gain due to recruitment,but the resulting net biomass increment rates did not significantly differ from zero.The time required to reach a diameter of 30 cm from 1 cm diameter for Altingia chinensis in the slope habitat,for Quercus chungii and Morella rubra in the ridge habitat and for Castanopsis carlesii in all habitats could be as short as 30 years in our simulations based on actual distributions of tree growth observed in the forest.Principal component analyses of maximum diameter,abundance and net biomass increment rates suggested several species were worthy of further tests for use in forestry.Our study provides an example for screening native tree species from natural forests for forestry.Because native tree species are better for local ecosystems,our study will also contribute to biodiversity conservation in plantations.展开更多
Although mollusks represent Earth’s second most diverse invertebrate group,their natural history and ecology are still scarcely known.The compilation of non-traditional data,such as those from citizen science,represe...Although mollusks represent Earth’s second most diverse invertebrate group,their natural history and ecology are still scarcely known.The compilation of non-traditional data,such as those from citizen science,represents an alternative to fill these gaps,particularly on striking land snail species such as Macrocyclis peruvianus.Based on long-term citizen science,we aimed to update and describe some basic ecological aspects,such as the distribution and protected area types used by M.peruvianus.We performed pairwise comparisons to test potential changes in occurrence and occupancy among administrative regions,forest types,and protected area types using chi-squared tests.The citizen scientists were also asked to provide the number of M.peruvianus individuals observed and the tree species that dominated their habitat.Thus,we tested if the number of land snails found by citizen scientists could be related to forest and protected area types using a generalized linear mixed model.We expanded the northern distributional limit,with Nothofagus,evergreen,and mixed forests far the most frequented by M.peruvianus.Parallelly,the occurrence of M.peruvianus in official protected areas(65.73%)was significantly higher than in privately owned areas.Moreover,we did not find associations between forest and protected area types with the number of M.peruvianus recorded.Although citizen science is a helpful method for obtaining novel information regarding the ecology of neglected species such as M.peruvianus,it also introduces spatial and occurrence biases explained by the access and attractiveness of the officially protected areas compared to privately owned patches of native forest.展开更多
Non-typhoid Salmonella is a common foodborne infection.[1]In the setting of immunosuppression,the classical symptom of diarrhea,that is an immune defense mechanism,may be absent,[2,3]allowing the bacteria to hematogen...Non-typhoid Salmonella is a common foodborne infection.[1]In the setting of immunosuppression,the classical symptom of diarrhea,that is an immune defense mechanism,may be absent,[2,3]allowing the bacteria to hematogenous spread and settle in other organs.[4,5]As a result,in the setting of acute pericarditis in immunosuppressed patients,a bacterial etiology must always be considered,which requires pericardiocentesis to complete drainage and pathogen identification.展开更多
Group B Streptococcus(GBS;Streptococcus agalactiae)is a gram-positive coccus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genital tracts in adults,as well as the upper respiratory tract in infants.While it has been thought...Group B Streptococcus(GBS;Streptococcus agalactiae)is a gram-positive coccus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genital tracts in adults,as well as the upper respiratory tract in infants.While it has been thought that GBS only results in invasive disease in pregnant females and neonates,recent literature has suggested an increasing incidence of invasive GBS among non-pregnant individuals within the United States.展开更多
This paper attempts to argue that in the age of‘World Englishes', it is not necessary to differentiate native speaker teachers from non-native speaker teachers. It is concluded that non-native speaker teachers ca...This paper attempts to argue that in the age of‘World Englishes', it is not necessary to differentiate native speaker teachers from non-native speaker teachers. It is concluded that non-native speaker teachers can be as effective as their native colleagues and they have equal chance to achieve professional success, even though native speaker teachers have great advantages over non-native teachers in some aspects. It is time for employers, as well as ELT professionals to shut their eyes to the glaring differences between native speaker teachers and non-native speaker teachers and optimize such unique resources.展开更多
The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one str...The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair_group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty_two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower_type clones in one species.展开更多
With the development of globalization,the use of English is no longer restricted to native speaker(NS)but also widely spread to non-native speaker(NNS).The importance of English learning is also acknowledged by Expand...With the development of globalization,the use of English is no longer restricted to native speaker(NS)but also widely spread to non-native speaker(NNS).The importance of English learning is also acknowledged by Expanding and Outer Circle,and English as a foreign language(EFL)education plays a significant role in China’s education.Admitting the fact that non-native English teachers(NNESTs)take up a large proportion of English teachers,English language teaching(ELT)is still greatly influenced by native-speakerism.This research aims to investigate language ideologies reflected in Chinese foreign language education policy(FLEP)at higher education level,and Chinese English learners’attitudes towards native-speakerism and English teachers.A mixed method of policy analysis and survey is adopted in this research.After conducting analysing two FLEPs in higher education level,it is found that linguistic instrumentalism is the prominent language ideology,although native-speakerism and standard English ideology is implicitly demonstrated.Questionnaire is used to investigate 58 Chinese English learners’attitudes,revealing that most participants do not demonstrate bias towards either NESTs or NNESTs.Instead,the strengths and weaknesses of both NEST and NNEST are identified,though participants adhere to native-speakerism in terms of English variety.Overall,English learner’s attitudes are consistent with language ideologies in FLEPs.This research may provide implications for future studies on addressing native-speakerism in Chinese FLEPs,as well as relationship of students’attitudes and language policies.展开更多
Native language has been rejected for a long time in the foreign language class, which results from a misunderstanding to native language transfer by most teachers. Actually, it is an effective learning strategy to co...Native language has been rejected for a long time in the foreign language class, which results from a misunderstanding to native language transfer by most teachers. Actually, it is an effective learning strategy to complete the communication task under the help of native language, which should be acknowledged. Using native language to explain specific words or grammar rules can take advantage of the limited class-time efficiently and increase the class efficiency; using native language to discuss teaching method and solve the problems for the students can promote their enthusiasm. In these specific teaching processes, native language is an important teaching resource. Instances identify that native language has positive effects in the foreign language learning and teaching and it should have its own standpoint.展开更多
基金supported by LIFE project MYCORESTORE“Innovative use of mycological resources for resilient and productive Mediterranean forests threatened by climate change,LIFE18 CCA/ES/001110”projects VA178P23 and VA208P20 funded by JCYL(Spain),both co-financed by FEDER(UE)budget.
文摘Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.
文摘N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)play crucial roles in neuronal plasticity and brain function by sensing key neurotransmitters,such as glutamate and glycine.In a tour-de-force,Zhang et al.[1]provide the first images of native NMDARs directly extracted from rat brains,revealing key aspects of NMDAR assembly and diversity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925027,31300455).
文摘Exotic tree species,though widely used in forestry and restoration projects,pose great threats to local ecosystems.They need to be replaced with native species from natural forests.We hypothesized that natural forests contain large,fast-growing,dominant native tree species that are suitable for specific topographic conditions in forestry.We tested this hypothesis using data from a 50-ha forest dynamics plot in subtropical China.We classified the plot into the ridge,slope,and valley habitats and found that 34/87 species had significant associations with at least one topographic habitat.There were 90 tree species with a maximum diameter≥30 cm,and their abundances varied widely in all habitat types.In all habitat types,for most species,rate of biomass gain due to recruitment was<1%of its original biomass,and rate of biomass gain due to tree growth was between 1 and 5%of its original biomass.For most species,biomass loss due to tree mortality was not significantly different than biomass gain due to recruitment,but the resulting net biomass increment rates did not significantly differ from zero.The time required to reach a diameter of 30 cm from 1 cm diameter for Altingia chinensis in the slope habitat,for Quercus chungii and Morella rubra in the ridge habitat and for Castanopsis carlesii in all habitats could be as short as 30 years in our simulations based on actual distributions of tree growth observed in the forest.Principal component analyses of maximum diameter,abundance and net biomass increment rates suggested several species were worthy of further tests for use in forestry.Our study provides an example for screening native tree species from natural forests for forestry.Because native tree species are better for local ecosystems,our study will also contribute to biodiversity conservation in plantations.
基金supported by the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo(ANID)with the ANID grant[SIA 85220045].
文摘Although mollusks represent Earth’s second most diverse invertebrate group,their natural history and ecology are still scarcely known.The compilation of non-traditional data,such as those from citizen science,represents an alternative to fill these gaps,particularly on striking land snail species such as Macrocyclis peruvianus.Based on long-term citizen science,we aimed to update and describe some basic ecological aspects,such as the distribution and protected area types used by M.peruvianus.We performed pairwise comparisons to test potential changes in occurrence and occupancy among administrative regions,forest types,and protected area types using chi-squared tests.The citizen scientists were also asked to provide the number of M.peruvianus individuals observed and the tree species that dominated their habitat.Thus,we tested if the number of land snails found by citizen scientists could be related to forest and protected area types using a generalized linear mixed model.We expanded the northern distributional limit,with Nothofagus,evergreen,and mixed forests far the most frequented by M.peruvianus.Parallelly,the occurrence of M.peruvianus in official protected areas(65.73%)was significantly higher than in privately owned areas.Moreover,we did not find associations between forest and protected area types with the number of M.peruvianus recorded.Although citizen science is a helpful method for obtaining novel information regarding the ecology of neglected species such as M.peruvianus,it also introduces spatial and occurrence biases explained by the access and attractiveness of the officially protected areas compared to privately owned patches of native forest.
文摘Non-typhoid Salmonella is a common foodborne infection.[1]In the setting of immunosuppression,the classical symptom of diarrhea,that is an immune defense mechanism,may be absent,[2,3]allowing the bacteria to hematogenous spread and settle in other organs.[4,5]As a result,in the setting of acute pericarditis in immunosuppressed patients,a bacterial etiology must always be considered,which requires pericardiocentesis to complete drainage and pathogen identification.
文摘Group B Streptococcus(GBS;Streptococcus agalactiae)is a gram-positive coccus that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genital tracts in adults,as well as the upper respiratory tract in infants.While it has been thought that GBS only results in invasive disease in pregnant females and neonates,recent literature has suggested an increasing incidence of invasive GBS among non-pregnant individuals within the United States.
文摘This paper attempts to argue that in the age of‘World Englishes', it is not necessary to differentiate native speaker teachers from non-native speaker teachers. It is concluded that non-native speaker teachers can be as effective as their native colleagues and they have equal chance to achieve professional success, even though native speaker teachers have great advantages over non-native teachers in some aspects. It is time for employers, as well as ELT professionals to shut their eyes to the glaring differences between native speaker teachers and non-native speaker teachers and optimize such unique resources.
基金openfoundationofNationalKeyBiotechnologyLaboratoryforTropicalCropsHaikou China
文摘The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair_group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty_two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower_type clones in one species.
文摘With the development of globalization,the use of English is no longer restricted to native speaker(NS)but also widely spread to non-native speaker(NNS).The importance of English learning is also acknowledged by Expanding and Outer Circle,and English as a foreign language(EFL)education plays a significant role in China’s education.Admitting the fact that non-native English teachers(NNESTs)take up a large proportion of English teachers,English language teaching(ELT)is still greatly influenced by native-speakerism.This research aims to investigate language ideologies reflected in Chinese foreign language education policy(FLEP)at higher education level,and Chinese English learners’attitudes towards native-speakerism and English teachers.A mixed method of policy analysis and survey is adopted in this research.After conducting analysing two FLEPs in higher education level,it is found that linguistic instrumentalism is the prominent language ideology,although native-speakerism and standard English ideology is implicitly demonstrated.Questionnaire is used to investigate 58 Chinese English learners’attitudes,revealing that most participants do not demonstrate bias towards either NESTs or NNESTs.Instead,the strengths and weaknesses of both NEST and NNEST are identified,though participants adhere to native-speakerism in terms of English variety.Overall,English learner’s attitudes are consistent with language ideologies in FLEPs.This research may provide implications for future studies on addressing native-speakerism in Chinese FLEPs,as well as relationship of students’attitudes and language policies.
文摘Native language has been rejected for a long time in the foreign language class, which results from a misunderstanding to native language transfer by most teachers. Actually, it is an effective learning strategy to complete the communication task under the help of native language, which should be acknowledged. Using native language to explain specific words or grammar rules can take advantage of the limited class-time efficiently and increase the class efficiency; using native language to discuss teaching method and solve the problems for the students can promote their enthusiasm. In these specific teaching processes, native language is an important teaching resource. Instances identify that native language has positive effects in the foreign language learning and teaching and it should have its own standpoint.
