Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly...Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.展开更多
Shanghai Relay Plant (SRP) was founded in 1959. With continuous development in nearly 40 years, SRP has become one of the biggest specialized manufacturers of protective relaying and distribution automation equipment ...Shanghai Relay Plant (SRP) was founded in 1959. With continuous development in nearly 40 years, SRP has become one of the biggest specialized manufacturers of protective relaying and distribution automation equipment for power system in China and a key enterprise of the Ministry of Machinery Industry. SRP was evaluated a State Second-Grade Enterprise in 1988 and awarded展开更多
Power market construction is an important part of the marketization reform in China's electric power industry and an essential part of the economic system reform in China. With the social and economic development,...Power market construction is an important part of the marketization reform in China's electric power industry and an essential part of the economic system reform in China. With the social and economic development, the contradiction between distribution of energy resources and development of regional economies gets increasingly noticeable, and a united national power market is consequentially required to optimize the allocation of energy resources over the whole country. Analyses indicate that the development of UHV grid will provide a strong material support for the united national power market by expanding market coverage, lowering load fluctuation and promoting diversif ication of power resources.展开更多
Currently, the application work on 2008 Product Development Contribution Award of China National Textile &Apparel Council, has been initiated, and this award is established
The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） set ＂respecting and ensuring human rights＂ as an important goal of development and reform in China, thus siniciz ing the latest Marxis...The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） set ＂respecting and ensuring human rights＂ as an important goal of development and reform in China, thus siniciz ing the latest Marxist human rights theories and reflecting major in novations and developments made by the CPC in the field of human rights theory. I. Human Rights as a Core Idea and Important Goal of Social Development Human rights are integral to the pursuit of the core value of socialism and to the core idea of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The report of the 18th CPC National Congress summarized the new progress and experience of human rights advance ment in recent years in China by setting ＂respecting and ensuring hu man rights＂ as an important goal of China as it completes the building of a moderately prosperous society.展开更多
IN his video speech to the United Nations Climate Summit held in New York on September 24,Chinese President Xi Jinping announced China’s new Nationally Determined Contributions(NDC)—the efforts taken by each country...IN his video speech to the United Nations Climate Summit held in New York on September 24,Chinese President Xi Jinping announced China’s new Nationally Determined Contributions(NDC)—the efforts taken by each country to reduce their emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.展开更多
Ten years after nearly 200 nations reached the Paris Agreement to address the impact of climate change,the international community is now at a critical juncture.The landmark agreement aims to keep the rise in global a...Ten years after nearly 200 nations reached the Paris Agreement to address the impact of climate change,the international community is now at a critical juncture.The landmark agreement aims to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels and,if possible,below 15 degrees Celsius.It requires each party to prepare national action plans known as Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)every five years.By September 30,only about a third had submitted their new NDCs.展开更多
The 30th UN Climate Change Conference takes place in Belem,Brazil,from November 10 to 21.This year is the 10th anniversary of the milestone Paris Agreement,as well as the deadline for all countries to submit their upd...The 30th UN Climate Change Conference takes place in Belem,Brazil,from November 10 to 21.This year is the 10th anniversary of the milestone Paris Agreement,as well as the deadline for all countries to submit their updated Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),making the conference a crucial juncture in addressing global climate change.展开更多
In order to understand better on medium-and long-term climate change issues in international cooperation of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),this paper is meant to assess the implementation of National Determined Con...In order to understand better on medium-and long-term climate change issues in international cooperation of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),this paper is meant to assess the implementation of National Determined Contributions(NDCs)of the BRI countries and the emission constraints under the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2℃ above pre-industrial levels,based on the Belt and Road Integrated Assessment Model(BRIAM)and the best available data.The results show that the BRI countries are expected to collectively reduce about 3.2 billion tons of CO_(2)emissions with the implementation of their NDCs by 2030.In order to achieve the global goal of 2℃,without appropriate mitigation burden sharing and enhanced climate finance support,the BRI countries will face big challenges to bridge the emission gaps.The investment in clean energy and related new infrastructures in BRI will rise sharply to above US$100 trillion by the end of this century accordingly with the increase in carbon price,which will also eventually have a significant impact on the price of electricity and oversea freight transport in a connecting world.展开更多
This paper compares the global flows of Chinese overseas investment in power plants with renewable energy investment potential embodied in ＂Nationally Determined Contributions.＂ With over US$1tn （671 GW） in Nation...This paper compares the global flows of Chinese overseas investment in power plants with renewable energy investment potential embodied in ＂Nationally Determined Contributions.＂ With over US$1tn （671 GW） in Nationally Determined Contributions renewable energy investment potential in developing countries, we estimate the total level of power plant investments from China＇s policy banks and commercial entities since the early 2000s at US$216bn （158 GW）. Although past investment has mainly been directed at fossil fuels and hydroelectric power, we argue that China is uniquely poised to lead renewable energy global investments for three reasons： （i） China＇s solar and wind industries are globally competitive; （ii） Chinese policy banks can give domestic firms advantages in financing global expansion; and （iii） renewable energy investment opportunities still exist in developing countries with less sovereign risk than for traditional energy investments. The Chinese government should provide special incentives for the policy banks to capitalize on these investment opportunities by deploying Chinese solar and wind technologies to Belt and Road countries and beyond.展开更多
Global response to climate change has entered the phase of full implementation of the Paris Agreement. To control the global temperature rise below 2℃, all countries must make more efforts to reduce emission. China h...Global response to climate change has entered the phase of full implementation of the Paris Agreement. To control the global temperature rise below 2℃, all countries must make more efforts to reduce emission. China has combined its goal of emission reduction for combating climate change with its domestic sustainable development strategy to promote energy revolution and the transition of economic development to low-carbon pat- terns. Through reinforcing the commitment and action before 2020, the CO2 intensity of GDP can decrease by more than 50% by 2020 compared with that of 2005, and the external commitment target of a 40%-45% decrease can be over fulfilled. Currently, under the new economic normal, China further strengthens the policy measure, vigorously saves energy, enhances energy use efficiency and the economic output benefit, and simultaneously develops new and renewable energy and accelerates energy structural decarbonization, so that the annual decrease rate of the CO2 intensity of GDP keeps a high level of more than 4% and remains increasing. Thus, the decrease rate of the CO2 intensity of GDP will exceed the GDP growth rate, and then CO2 emission will peak around 2030. This will promote the fundamental turning of economic development mode, and lay a foundation for the establishment of a sustainable energy system with near- zero emissions and with new and renewable energy as the main body in the second half of this century. China implements the concept of green low-carbon development and accelerates the low carbon transition of energy and economy to achieve win-win results in economic growth and CO2 emission mitigation, and these policies and actions will also provide experiences for many other developing countries. On the other hand, China will continue to play a positive and constructive leading role in the implementation of the Paris Agreement internationally, and promote the construction of new mechanisms of win- win cooperation, fairness and justice and common development for global climate governance. Moreover, China will make an effort to build a community of common destiny for mankind, promote pragmatic coopera- tion among countries, especially among developing countries, and take combating climate change as a new development opportunity for jointly moving toward climate-friendly low-carbon economic development path.展开更多
The Climate Change Conference of Parties(COP)21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.In the years since COP21,it has become increasingly evident...The Climate Change Conference of Parties(COP)21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.In the years since COP21,it has become increasingly evident that carbon dioxide removal(CDR)technologies must be deployed immediately to stabilize concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases and avoid major climate change impacts.Biochar is a carbon-rich material formed by high-temperature conversion of biomass under reduced oxygen conditions,and its production is one of few established CDR methods that can be deployed at a scale large enough to counteract effects of climate change within the next decade.Here we provide a generalized framework for quantifying the potential contribution biochar can make toward achieving national carbon emissions reduction goals,assuming use of only sustainably supplied biomass,i.e.,residues from existing agricultural,livestock,forestry and wastewater treatment operations.Our results illustrate the significant role biochar can play in world-wide CDR strategies,with carbon dioxide removal potential of 6.23±0.24%of total GHG emissions in the 155 countries covered based on 2020 data over a 100-year timeframe,and more than 10%of national emissions in 28 countries.Concentrated regions of high biochar carbon dioxide removal potential relative to national emissions were identified in South America,northwestern Africa and eastern Europe.展开更多
The Agriculture,Forestry,and Other Land Use(AFOLU)sector is critical in achieving the goal of limiting global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.However,a knowledge gap remains rega...The Agriculture,Forestry,and Other Land Use(AFOLU)sector is critical in achieving the goal of limiting global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.However,a knowledge gap remains regarding whether current ambitions can achieve the temperature targets.This study established a 4-step analytical framework to evaluate the mitigation targets,pledged ambitions,and implementation within the AFOLU sector based on the Nationally Determined Contributions and Long-term Low Emissions Development Strategies of the typical 80 countries.The results indicated that 58 countries set quantitative mitigation targets,including emission and activity targets.Twenty-six countries established emission targets for 2030,representing a median emission reduction ambition of 25.5%.AFOLU's emissions are expected to be reduced by 1,305.26 Mt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1),approximately 16%of total emissions,if unconditional emission targets are met,and 2,230.20 Mt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1),approximately 27%of total emissions,if conditional emission targets are met.Compared to emission targets,activity targets lead to higher ambitions,with a 2.52 Gt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1)economic potential,approximately 30%of total emissions,and a 4.41 Gt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1)technical potential,approximately 53%of total emissions.The identified finance needs are at least 842.98 billion USD by 2030,far exceeding current investment levels,yet still falls short of achieving the temperature targets.Currently,51 of the 58 countries have proposed policy instruments to help realize their targets,with regulatory and cognitive instruments playing fundamental roles.However,ambiguous,incoherent,and inadequate policy information leads to uncertainties regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of mitigation ambitions and their implementation.展开更多
This study uses TIMES model to assess Indonesia’s power sector’s carbon price impact from 2020 to 2050 and the price needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement NDC target.Four scenarios are used to model the impact ...This study uses TIMES model to assess Indonesia’s power sector’s carbon price impact from 2020 to 2050 and the price needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement NDC target.Four scenarios are used to model the impact of carbon price up to 2050:no carbon price,Indonesia’s current price of USD 2.02/tCO_(2)e,ICPF middle-and high-income countries,USD 50/tCO_(2)e and USD 75/tCO_(2)e.Four price scenarios-10,25,35,and 150 USD/tCO_(2)e-are added to better understand the carbon price’s effects.As carbon prices rise,installed capacity and power generation will shift to lower-carbon technology.Ultracritical coal,gas-fired,solar,geothermal,and hydropower plants will replace subcritical coal.Investment,fixed,and variable costs would exceed BaU with a higher carbon price.2.02 to 25 USD/tCO_(2)e can start the coal-to-gas switch but not significantly change the generation profile.The generation will change significantly above 35 USD/tCO_(2)e.Carbon emissions peak lower with rising carbon prices.USD 25 carbon price reduces emissions significantly;a carbon price below that is costly and ineffective.Indonesian Law No.16 of 2016 ratified the Paris Agreement NDC,committing Indonesia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29%by 2030 or 41%with international assistance.Energy sector emissions need to decrease by 11%for a 29 percent reduction and 14%for a 41 percent reduction.A 29%reduction requires USD 39.65/tCO_(2)e carbon price,while a 41%reduction requires USD 43.78/tCO_(2)e.These prices are still within the reasonable ICPF price limit for Indonesia to approach the middle-income country price floor.展开更多
基金funded by the undergraduate student research training program of the Ministry of Education, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 41771495, 41830641, and 41988101)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program Grant 2019QZKK0208+1 种基金funded by the European Research Council Synergy project “Imbalance-P ” (Grant No. ERC-2013-Sy G-610028)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation project “CONSTRAIN” (Grant No. 820829)
文摘Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.
文摘Shanghai Relay Plant (SRP) was founded in 1959. With continuous development in nearly 40 years, SRP has become one of the biggest specialized manufacturers of protective relaying and distribution automation equipment for power system in China and a key enterprise of the Ministry of Machinery Industry. SRP was evaluated a State Second-Grade Enterprise in 1988 and awarded
文摘Power market construction is an important part of the marketization reform in China's electric power industry and an essential part of the economic system reform in China. With the social and economic development, the contradiction between distribution of energy resources and development of regional economies gets increasingly noticeable, and a united national power market is consequentially required to optimize the allocation of energy resources over the whole country. Analyses indicate that the development of UHV grid will provide a strong material support for the united national power market by expanding market coverage, lowering load fluctuation and promoting diversif ication of power resources.
文摘Currently, the application work on 2008 Product Development Contribution Award of China National Textile &Apparel Council, has been initiated, and this award is established
文摘The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） set ＂respecting and ensuring human rights＂ as an important goal of development and reform in China, thus siniciz ing the latest Marxist human rights theories and reflecting major in novations and developments made by the CPC in the field of human rights theory. I. Human Rights as a Core Idea and Important Goal of Social Development Human rights are integral to the pursuit of the core value of socialism and to the core idea of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The report of the 18th CPC National Congress summarized the new progress and experience of human rights advance ment in recent years in China by setting ＂respecting and ensuring hu man rights＂ as an important goal of China as it completes the building of a moderately prosperous society.
文摘IN his video speech to the United Nations Climate Summit held in New York on September 24,Chinese President Xi Jinping announced China’s new Nationally Determined Contributions(NDC)—the efforts taken by each country to reduce their emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
文摘Ten years after nearly 200 nations reached the Paris Agreement to address the impact of climate change,the international community is now at a critical juncture.The landmark agreement aims to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels and,if possible,below 15 degrees Celsius.It requires each party to prepare national action plans known as Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)every five years.By September 30,only about a third had submitted their new NDCs.
文摘The 30th UN Climate Change Conference takes place in Belem,Brazil,from November 10 to 21.This year is the 10th anniversary of the milestone Paris Agreement,as well as the deadline for all countries to submit their updated Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),making the conference a crucial juncture in addressing global climate change.
基金This work was supported by the The National Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology,the Special Project of Global Change and Response[2017YFA0605301].
文摘In order to understand better on medium-and long-term climate change issues in international cooperation of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),this paper is meant to assess the implementation of National Determined Contributions(NDCs)of the BRI countries and the emission constraints under the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2℃ above pre-industrial levels,based on the Belt and Road Integrated Assessment Model(BRIAM)and the best available data.The results show that the BRI countries are expected to collectively reduce about 3.2 billion tons of CO_(2)emissions with the implementation of their NDCs by 2030.In order to achieve the global goal of 2℃,without appropriate mitigation burden sharing and enhanced climate finance support,the BRI countries will face big challenges to bridge the emission gaps.The investment in clean energy and related new infrastructures in BRI will rise sharply to above US$100 trillion by the end of this century accordingly with the increase in carbon price,which will also eventually have a significant impact on the price of electricity and oversea freight transport in a connecting world.
文摘This paper compares the global flows of Chinese overseas investment in power plants with renewable energy investment potential embodied in ＂Nationally Determined Contributions.＂ With over US$1tn （671 GW） in Nationally Determined Contributions renewable energy investment potential in developing countries, we estimate the total level of power plant investments from China＇s policy banks and commercial entities since the early 2000s at US$216bn （158 GW）. Although past investment has mainly been directed at fossil fuels and hydroelectric power, we argue that China is uniquely poised to lead renewable energy global investments for three reasons： （i） China＇s solar and wind industries are globally competitive; （ii） Chinese policy banks can give domestic firms advantages in financing global expansion; and （iii） renewable energy investment opportunities still exist in developing countries with less sovereign risk than for traditional energy investments. The Chinese government should provide special incentives for the policy banks to capitalize on these investment opportunities by deploying Chinese solar and wind technologies to Belt and Road countries and beyond.
文摘Global response to climate change has entered the phase of full implementation of the Paris Agreement. To control the global temperature rise below 2℃, all countries must make more efforts to reduce emission. China has combined its goal of emission reduction for combating climate change with its domestic sustainable development strategy to promote energy revolution and the transition of economic development to low-carbon pat- terns. Through reinforcing the commitment and action before 2020, the CO2 intensity of GDP can decrease by more than 50% by 2020 compared with that of 2005, and the external commitment target of a 40%-45% decrease can be over fulfilled. Currently, under the new economic normal, China further strengthens the policy measure, vigorously saves energy, enhances energy use efficiency and the economic output benefit, and simultaneously develops new and renewable energy and accelerates energy structural decarbonization, so that the annual decrease rate of the CO2 intensity of GDP keeps a high level of more than 4% and remains increasing. Thus, the decrease rate of the CO2 intensity of GDP will exceed the GDP growth rate, and then CO2 emission will peak around 2030. This will promote the fundamental turning of economic development mode, and lay a foundation for the establishment of a sustainable energy system with near- zero emissions and with new and renewable energy as the main body in the second half of this century. China implements the concept of green low-carbon development and accelerates the low carbon transition of energy and economy to achieve win-win results in economic growth and CO2 emission mitigation, and these policies and actions will also provide experiences for many other developing countries. On the other hand, China will continue to play a positive and constructive leading role in the implementation of the Paris Agreement internationally, and promote the construction of new mechanisms of win- win cooperation, fairness and justice and common development for global climate governance. Moreover, China will make an effort to build a community of common destiny for mankind, promote pragmatic coopera- tion among countries, especially among developing countries, and take combating climate change as a new development opportunity for jointly moving toward climate-friendly low-carbon economic development path.
文摘The Climate Change Conference of Parties(COP)21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.In the years since COP21,it has become increasingly evident that carbon dioxide removal(CDR)technologies must be deployed immediately to stabilize concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases and avoid major climate change impacts.Biochar is a carbon-rich material formed by high-temperature conversion of biomass under reduced oxygen conditions,and its production is one of few established CDR methods that can be deployed at a scale large enough to counteract effects of climate change within the next decade.Here we provide a generalized framework for quantifying the potential contribution biochar can make toward achieving national carbon emissions reduction goals,assuming use of only sustainably supplied biomass,i.e.,residues from existing agricultural,livestock,forestry and wastewater treatment operations.Our results illustrate the significant role biochar can play in world-wide CDR strategies,with carbon dioxide removal potential of 6.23±0.24%of total GHG emissions in the 155 countries covered based on 2020 data over a 100-year timeframe,and more than 10%of national emissions in 28 countries.Concentrated regions of high biochar carbon dioxide removal potential relative to national emissions were identified in South America,northwestern Africa and eastern Europe.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFE0113000)key projects of the National Social Science Fund of China(22AZD098)
文摘The Agriculture,Forestry,and Other Land Use(AFOLU)sector is critical in achieving the goal of limiting global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.However,a knowledge gap remains regarding whether current ambitions can achieve the temperature targets.This study established a 4-step analytical framework to evaluate the mitigation targets,pledged ambitions,and implementation within the AFOLU sector based on the Nationally Determined Contributions and Long-term Low Emissions Development Strategies of the typical 80 countries.The results indicated that 58 countries set quantitative mitigation targets,including emission and activity targets.Twenty-six countries established emission targets for 2030,representing a median emission reduction ambition of 25.5%.AFOLU's emissions are expected to be reduced by 1,305.26 Mt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1),approximately 16%of total emissions,if unconditional emission targets are met,and 2,230.20 Mt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1),approximately 27%of total emissions,if conditional emission targets are met.Compared to emission targets,activity targets lead to higher ambitions,with a 2.52 Gt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1)economic potential,approximately 30%of total emissions,and a 4.41 Gt CO_(2)-eq year^(-1)technical potential,approximately 53%of total emissions.The identified finance needs are at least 842.98 billion USD by 2030,far exceeding current investment levels,yet still falls short of achieving the temperature targets.Currently,51 of the 58 countries have proposed policy instruments to help realize their targets,with regulatory and cognitive instruments playing fundamental roles.However,ambiguous,incoherent,and inadequate policy information leads to uncertainties regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of mitigation ambitions and their implementation.
文摘This study uses TIMES model to assess Indonesia’s power sector’s carbon price impact from 2020 to 2050 and the price needed by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement NDC target.Four scenarios are used to model the impact of carbon price up to 2050:no carbon price,Indonesia’s current price of USD 2.02/tCO_(2)e,ICPF middle-and high-income countries,USD 50/tCO_(2)e and USD 75/tCO_(2)e.Four price scenarios-10,25,35,and 150 USD/tCO_(2)e-are added to better understand the carbon price’s effects.As carbon prices rise,installed capacity and power generation will shift to lower-carbon technology.Ultracritical coal,gas-fired,solar,geothermal,and hydropower plants will replace subcritical coal.Investment,fixed,and variable costs would exceed BaU with a higher carbon price.2.02 to 25 USD/tCO_(2)e can start the coal-to-gas switch but not significantly change the generation profile.The generation will change significantly above 35 USD/tCO_(2)e.Carbon emissions peak lower with rising carbon prices.USD 25 carbon price reduces emissions significantly;a carbon price below that is costly and ineffective.Indonesian Law No.16 of 2016 ratified the Paris Agreement NDC,committing Indonesia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29%by 2030 or 41%with international assistance.Energy sector emissions need to decrease by 11%for a 29 percent reduction and 14%for a 41 percent reduction.A 29%reduction requires USD 39.65/tCO_(2)e carbon price,while a 41%reduction requires USD 43.78/tCO_(2)e.These prices are still within the reasonable ICPF price limit for Indonesia to approach the middle-income country price floor.
