Denmark has now established itself as a standout in the global field of sustainable transportation,and behind this achievement lies a comprehensive national green mobility strategy-one that not only drives shifts towa...Denmark has now established itself as a standout in the global field of sustainable transportation,and behind this achievement lies a comprehensive national green mobility strategy-one that not only drives shifts toward low-carbon travel but also makes cities more livable.This article explores the core components of this strategy,including long-term policies,infrastructure development,incentive measures,and governance collaboration,while also analyzing its impacts on the environment,public health,and the economy.Drawing on practices in Copenhagen and insights from bicycle urban planning,the research finds that Denmark’s integrated approach serves as a replicable model.Notably,it highlights the importance of aligned national-local implementation,equitable infrastructure development,and cultural acceptance of green mobility.展开更多
Study on public sign translation and linguistic landscape has become the most practical way of serving the national strategy of language service by the Chinese linguistic scholars.Contrasts of their definitions,functi...Study on public sign translation and linguistic landscape has become the most practical way of serving the national strategy of language service by the Chinese linguistic scholars.Contrasts of their definitions,functions,research scope and perspectives,and research content are made and approaches to coordinating the two research fields are proposed.It is pointed out that the two concepts are neither the same nor contradictive.Linguistic landscape study can only be enriched and better serve the national strategy if the research fruits of public sign translation are absorbed.展开更多
In the context of globalization, Western values keep expanding across the globe, maintaining their dominance. Domestically, the development of Chinese culture lags behind its economic growth. Globally, China has yet t...In the context of globalization, Western values keep expanding across the globe, maintaining their dominance. Domestically, the development of Chinese culture lags behind its economic growth. Globally, China has yet to develop a significant power of speech. Also, China's overseas image is not in line with its real strength. The introduction of cultural confidence, therefore, is a must move to tackle China's dilemma of international cultural communications and also an emergency measure to address a crisis of domestic cultural anxiety and identity. Cultural cognition, cultural communications, and cultural development are prerequisites for building and boosting cultural confidence. For the construction of cultural confidence, key actions include confronting the crisis of faith, conducting a self-examination of our culture, enhancing mainstream values, improving the compatible mechanisms, integrating traditional culture, and properly approaching Western culture.展开更多
As the hegemonic country in the world system, U. S. national strategy is global and multi-directional. Since September 11, 2001, America has made series of adjustments in its global strategy, including adjustment in s...As the hegemonic country in the world system, U. S. national strategy is global and multi-directional. Since September 11, 2001, America has made series of adjustments in its global strategy, including adjustment in security focus and change of security means. Come what may, since America has become the superpower in the world system, its national strategy has always been between offensive and integration. In a sense, current American strategy is the combination of the two. Although different government would tilt toward one direction, none展开更多
Ms. Chen Zhili, a State Councilor,expressed on the Glooal Forum on Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Innovation that a plan on the preparation of China's strategy on intellectual property rights woul... Ms. Chen Zhili, a State Councilor,expressed on the Glooal Forum on Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Innovation that a plan on the preparation of China's strategy on intellectual property rights would be issued and put into implcmentation this year, in an effort to jointly create a harmonious environment in which dialogue instead of confrontation will prevail.. At the forum, Mr.……展开更多
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have put forward "the strategy for revitalizing China through science and education" and decided to implement it with the turn of t...The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have put forward "the strategy for revitalizing China through science and education" and decided to implement it with the turn of the century. All circles of the society and the broad masses of people i n China are unprecedentedly raising their scientific and technical awareness and so gradually reaching more and more common understanding of the role that fundamental research in natural science has been playing as a cornerstone in the implementation of "the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education".展开更多
The United States has adopted a retrenchment strategy on national security issues since the Obama administration,attempting to reduce its power projection in Europe and the Middle East and shift its strategic priority...The United States has adopted a retrenchment strategy on national security issues since the Obama administration,attempting to reduce its power projection in Europe and the Middle East and shift its strategic priority to Asia-Pacific.However,this subjective strategic design has brought an imbalance to the United States'global strategy,leading to the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis and the Gaza conflict.The United States had to withdraw some strategic and diplomatic resources to Europe and the Middle East.As a result,US national security strategy has objectively achieved a global rebalance,which not only reflects the balance mechanism of power flow and strategic resource allocation among major countries but also demonstrates the strategic consequences of America's relative gains thought.Due to the limited strategic and diplomatic resources,the United States will find it difficult to balance the three regions of Europe,the Middle East,and the“Indo-Pacific.”Currently,the Ukraine crisis and the Gaza conflict are facing the risk of escalation,and the US national security strategy is at a crossroads,with the historical peak of its pivot to Asia-Pacific possibly already over.展开更多
With rapid progress in the global green transition over recent years,the sustained and stable supply of critical minerals essential for the green transition has garnered increased attention.As the largest country by l...With rapid progress in the global green transition over recent years,the sustained and stable supply of critical minerals essential for the green transition has garnered increased attention.As the largest country by landmass,Russia has a wealth of natural resources,particularly fossil fuels and critical minerals.In the current context of major-country rivalries,geopolitical conf licts,Western sanctions,and the green transition,Russia hopes to reduce excessive dependency on the oil and gas industry and diversify its sources of revenue.More importantly,it intends to use critical minerals as a new strategic tool for a long-term confrontation with the West and effectively ensure its national security and development interests.Towards this end,Russia has formulated strategic plans,encouraged import substitution,increased policy support,promoted geological study and exploration,and accelerated Arctic development.However,Russia faces many constraints in critical mineral development.Whether Russia can consolidate its status as a resource power in the future depends not only on the intensity,depth,and breadth of Western sanctions but also on its ability to break through the Western blockade,sustain the import of necessary equipment and technologies,develop alternative technologies,and gradually transform itself to adapt to the new circumstances.展开更多
In July 2021,Russia unveiled its new National Security Strategy,which is a considerably updated version compared with the previous one and hence presents several new features.For instance,it further stresses that secu...In July 2021,Russia unveiled its new National Security Strategy,which is a considerably updated version compared with the previous one and hence presents several new features.For instance,it further stresses that security should be prioritized over other aspects;it gives more attention to the chaotic aspects of order change in its assessment of the international situation;it highlights the threats from the West;and it places increased emphasis on domestic capacity building as a means for safeguarding national security.From the content of the new Strategy as well as Russia’s policies in recent years,the strategy of Russia for the foreseeable future can be generally characterized as inward-looking.Domestically,its policies will become more conservative;diplomatically,it will take up a defensive position;and economically,it will increasingly emphasize security and selfreliance.In other words,several issues that were previously overlooked will be given attention.However,strategic introversion does not mean that Russia will invest all its energy in defense.Instead,Russia will build up strength for changes that lie ahead.With the expected strategic introversion,Russia will fnd difculty in making breakthroughs in terms of its relations with the West;the China-Russia relations will continue on the path of steady development;and Russia will place greater importance to the balance of power among major countries.展开更多
India has upheld extremely rich practices of national security since its founding as a republic because of its unique geo-environmental features, historical legacies, and traditional cultures, which reflect a type of ...India has upheld extremely rich practices of national security since its founding as a republic because of its unique geo-environmental features, historical legacies, and traditional cultures, which reflect a type of national security strategy that has distinct Indian characteristics. Generally, successive governments in India have followed the basic principles articulated in Kautilya’s Arthasastra and various security practices adopted during the British Raj. India’s national security strategies are based on an internal logic of geopolitical rivalry and changes in international scenarios, and they are strongly influenced by Hindu traditions and the “Sad-Dharma” purported by King Ashoka. The objective is to create an India-dominated security order in the South Asian subcontinent, which persistently builds its capacity and system as a “net security provider” in the Indian Ocean Rim. Moreover, India is vigorously expanding its network of influence in the Pacific region in an effort to become a world leading power that enjoys a high level of strategic autonomy.展开更多
How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hos...How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-展开更多
The reader might rightly ask for a word on the origin of this special issue of Cultures of Science. The topic of ‘common sense’(CS) arose from an international workshop organized in September 2017 in Beijing by the ...The reader might rightly ask for a word on the origin of this special issue of Cultures of Science. The topic of ‘common sense’(CS) arose from an international workshop organized in September 2017 in Beijing by the then newly founded NAIS(National Academy of Innovation Strategy). As part of the developments, this very journal, Cultures of Science, was about to be launched, and the aim of the workshop was to explore future topics and issues that the journal seeks to address.展开更多
Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was in- troduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis o...Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was in- troduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies （NNS）, defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and re- search scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evo- lution of China＇s regional development policies can be divided into three stages： the explora- tion stage led by Special Economic Zones （SEZs）, the expansion stage dominated by Eco- nomic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China＇s regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional de- velopment as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional de- velopment have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the govern- ment to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse eco- nomic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.展开更多
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee Xi Jinping has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security and the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,whi...General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee Xi Jinping has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security and the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,which are synergistic and inseparable.Compared with other major global powers,China is embarking on a path of national security that incorporates distinctive Chinese characteristics.Unlike the United States,which seeks international expansion and hegemony while pursuing national security,China is dedicated to maintaining global security and building a community with a shared future for humanity.Unlike Russia,which prioritizes national security over everything else,China places greater emphasis on balancing development and security.Unlike Europe and Japan,which entrust their national security to other countries,China has always adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance.An essential feature of the path of national security with Chinese characteristics is that it upholds the unity of the people’s security,political security,and the supremacy of national interests.Moreover,China will remain committed to peaceful development while defending its interests.China will continue to balance development and security imperatives,maintaining an independent foreign policy while building a community with a shared future for humanity.To make solid strides on the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental task will be pursuing a holistic approach to national security and implementing the Ten Upholds.展开更多
Over the past century since the Republic of Türkiye was founded,its national security mechanisms have undergone a process of transformation from military-dominated to civilian government-dominated,and the ideolog...Over the past century since the Republic of Türkiye was founded,its national security mechanisms have undergone a process of transformation from military-dominated to civilian government-dominated,and the ideology guiding its national security strategy has gradually transitioned from Kemalism to Erdo?anism.At the present stage,Türkiye's national security strategy is prominently characterized by its geographical and cultural duality,the expansivity deep-rooted in its history and religion,and an enterprising response to its geopolitical realities.Such a strategy will comprehensively shape Türkiye's practice of preserving national security and guide the future of its security policies,prompting the country to seek a balance between its differentiated perceptions of identity and generalized national interests.展开更多
Agriculture is the world’s most significant use of freshwater,consuming 70%–86%of all available water resources,and is the greatest contributor to the rising regional water shortage[1].Given national strategies to i...Agriculture is the world’s most significant use of freshwater,consuming 70%–86%of all available water resources,and is the greatest contributor to the rising regional water shortage[1].Given national strategies to increase food production[2],irrigated agriculture will only expand further,intensifying the pressure on water resources and leading to localized regional water depletion[3].Water and nutrients are important determinants of grain production[4].Although large deposits of nitrogen fertilizers can increase grain yields,water resources remain a primary limiting factor in increasing grain production[5].展开更多
Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex ...Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex and diverse. According to national needs and regional development, physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research, which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development, the protection of macro ecosystems and resources, and sustainable regional development. This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields: regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas;geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of physical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.展开更多
The recent outstanding issues,＂ puzzles of farmers, anxiety oflocal government and helplessness ofcentral government,＂ facing Chinese grain security, depend on the lack of national food security strategy. Therefore,...The recent outstanding issues,＂ puzzles of farmers, anxiety oflocal government and helplessness ofcentral government,＂ facing Chinese grain security, depend on the lack of national food security strategy. Therefore, we must reconstruct our national food security strategy with a cornerstone of an integrated productivity, the focus control of market regulation forces and the protection of sovereignty. By analyzing the status of integrated productivity, market regulation force and sovereign control, this essay proposes that we should change the concept from ＂ food production＂ to ＂foOd management＂, design the two systems of the interest coordination and the special safeguard, effectively improve the enthusiasm of the government＇ s undertaking work in grain-producing areas and farmers＇ farming work, firmly grasp the two initiatives of acquisition and processing of grain and operating inputs, and actively apply recommendations of the two regulators： food exports, processing and conversion.展开更多
The global sustained low oil prices have a significant impact on China's oil and gas industry system and the national energy security.This paper aims to find solutions in order to guarantee the smooth development ...The global sustained low oil prices have a significant impact on China's oil and gas industry system and the national energy security.This paper aims to find solutions in order to guarantee the smooth development of China's oil and gas industry system and its survival in such a severe environment.First,the origins of sustained low oil prices were analyzed.Then,based on those published data from IEA,government and some other authorities,this study focused on the development status,energy policies and the future developing trend of those main oil&gas producing countries.Investigations show that the low-price running is primarily contributed to the so-called oil and gas policies in the USA.It is predicted that national petroleum consumption will reach up to 6.0×10^(8) t(oil)&3300×10^(8) m^(3)(gas)in 2020 and 6.8×10^(8) t(oil)&5200×10^(8) m^(3)(gas)in 2030.For reducing the dependence on foreign oil and gas,the investment in the upstream of oil and gas industry should be maintained and scientific research should be intensified to ensure the smooth operation of the oil and gas production system.Considering China's national energy security strategy,the following suggestions were proposed herein.First,ensure that in China the yearly oil output reaches 2×10^(8) t,while natural gas yield will be expected to be up to 2700×10^(8) m^(3)in 2030,both of which should become the“bottom line”in the long term.Second,focus on the planning of upstream business with insistence on risk exploration investment,scientific and technological innovation and pilot area construction especially for low-permeability tight oil&gas,shale oil&gas reservoir development techniques.Third,encourage the in-depth reform and further growth especially in the three major state-owned oil&gas companies under adverse situations,and create more companies competent to offer overseas technical services by taking the opportunity of the“One Belt and One Road”policy.Finally,promote the new energy business and find solutions to turning those oil companies to integrated energy companies.展开更多
基金part of the research results of“Capacity Building for Science and Technology Innovation Services-Construction of Scientific Research Bases-Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Foreign Cultural Trade and Cultural Exchange”(2013 Collaborative Innovation Center,municipal-level).
文摘Denmark has now established itself as a standout in the global field of sustainable transportation,and behind this achievement lies a comprehensive national green mobility strategy-one that not only drives shifts toward low-carbon travel but also makes cities more livable.This article explores the core components of this strategy,including long-term policies,infrastructure development,incentive measures,and governance collaboration,while also analyzing its impacts on the environment,public health,and the economy.Drawing on practices in Copenhagen and insights from bicycle urban planning,the research finds that Denmark’s integrated approach serves as a replicable model.Notably,it highlights the importance of aligned national-local implementation,equitable infrastructure development,and cultural acceptance of green mobility.
文摘Study on public sign translation and linguistic landscape has become the most practical way of serving the national strategy of language service by the Chinese linguistic scholars.Contrasts of their definitions,functions,research scope and perspectives,and research content are made and approaches to coordinating the two research fields are proposed.It is pointed out that the two concepts are neither the same nor contradictive.Linguistic landscape study can only be enriched and better serve the national strategy if the research fruits of public sign translation are absorbed.
基金a staged result of the"Studies on the Generation of International Influence of Contemporary Chinese Culture"a major project of National Social Sciences Fund(16ZDA219)
文摘In the context of globalization, Western values keep expanding across the globe, maintaining their dominance. Domestically, the development of Chinese culture lags behind its economic growth. Globally, China has yet to develop a significant power of speech. Also, China's overseas image is not in line with its real strength. The introduction of cultural confidence, therefore, is a must move to tackle China's dilemma of international cultural communications and also an emergency measure to address a crisis of domestic cultural anxiety and identity. Cultural cognition, cultural communications, and cultural development are prerequisites for building and boosting cultural confidence. For the construction of cultural confidence, key actions include confronting the crisis of faith, conducting a self-examination of our culture, enhancing mainstream values, improving the compatible mechanisms, integrating traditional culture, and properly approaching Western culture.
文摘As the hegemonic country in the world system, U. S. national strategy is global and multi-directional. Since September 11, 2001, America has made series of adjustments in its global strategy, including adjustment in security focus and change of security means. Come what may, since America has become the superpower in the world system, its national strategy has always been between offensive and integration. In a sense, current American strategy is the combination of the two. Although different government would tilt toward one direction, none
文摘 Ms. Chen Zhili, a State Councilor,expressed on the Glooal Forum on Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Innovation that a plan on the preparation of China's strategy on intellectual property rights would be issued and put into implcmentation this year, in an effort to jointly create a harmonious environment in which dialogue instead of confrontation will prevail.. At the forum, Mr.……
文摘The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have put forward "the strategy for revitalizing China through science and education" and decided to implement it with the turn of the century. All circles of the society and the broad masses of people i n China are unprecedentedly raising their scientific and technical awareness and so gradually reaching more and more common understanding of the role that fundamental research in natural science has been playing as a cornerstone in the implementation of "the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education".
文摘The United States has adopted a retrenchment strategy on national security issues since the Obama administration,attempting to reduce its power projection in Europe and the Middle East and shift its strategic priority to Asia-Pacific.However,this subjective strategic design has brought an imbalance to the United States'global strategy,leading to the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis and the Gaza conflict.The United States had to withdraw some strategic and diplomatic resources to Europe and the Middle East.As a result,US national security strategy has objectively achieved a global rebalance,which not only reflects the balance mechanism of power flow and strategic resource allocation among major countries but also demonstrates the strategic consequences of America's relative gains thought.Due to the limited strategic and diplomatic resources,the United States will find it difficult to balance the three regions of Europe,the Middle East,and the“Indo-Pacific.”Currently,the Ukraine crisis and the Gaza conflict are facing the risk of escalation,and the US national security strategy is at a crossroads,with the historical peak of its pivot to Asia-Pacific possibly already over.
文摘With rapid progress in the global green transition over recent years,the sustained and stable supply of critical minerals essential for the green transition has garnered increased attention.As the largest country by landmass,Russia has a wealth of natural resources,particularly fossil fuels and critical minerals.In the current context of major-country rivalries,geopolitical conf licts,Western sanctions,and the green transition,Russia hopes to reduce excessive dependency on the oil and gas industry and diversify its sources of revenue.More importantly,it intends to use critical minerals as a new strategic tool for a long-term confrontation with the West and effectively ensure its national security and development interests.Towards this end,Russia has formulated strategic plans,encouraged import substitution,increased policy support,promoted geological study and exploration,and accelerated Arctic development.However,Russia faces many constraints in critical mineral development.Whether Russia can consolidate its status as a resource power in the future depends not only on the intensity,depth,and breadth of Western sanctions but also on its ability to break through the Western blockade,sustain the import of necessary equipment and technologies,develop alternative technologies,and gradually transform itself to adapt to the new circumstances.
文摘In July 2021,Russia unveiled its new National Security Strategy,which is a considerably updated version compared with the previous one and hence presents several new features.For instance,it further stresses that security should be prioritized over other aspects;it gives more attention to the chaotic aspects of order change in its assessment of the international situation;it highlights the threats from the West;and it places increased emphasis on domestic capacity building as a means for safeguarding national security.From the content of the new Strategy as well as Russia’s policies in recent years,the strategy of Russia for the foreseeable future can be generally characterized as inward-looking.Domestically,its policies will become more conservative;diplomatically,it will take up a defensive position;and economically,it will increasingly emphasize security and selfreliance.In other words,several issues that were previously overlooked will be given attention.However,strategic introversion does not mean that Russia will invest all its energy in defense.Instead,Russia will build up strength for changes that lie ahead.With the expected strategic introversion,Russia will fnd difculty in making breakthroughs in terms of its relations with the West;the China-Russia relations will continue on the path of steady development;and Russia will place greater importance to the balance of power among major countries.
文摘India has upheld extremely rich practices of national security since its founding as a republic because of its unique geo-environmental features, historical legacies, and traditional cultures, which reflect a type of national security strategy that has distinct Indian characteristics. Generally, successive governments in India have followed the basic principles articulated in Kautilya’s Arthasastra and various security practices adopted during the British Raj. India’s national security strategies are based on an internal logic of geopolitical rivalry and changes in international scenarios, and they are strongly influenced by Hindu traditions and the “Sad-Dharma” purported by King Ashoka. The objective is to create an India-dominated security order in the South Asian subcontinent, which persistently builds its capacity and system as a “net security provider” in the Indian Ocean Rim. Moreover, India is vigorously expanding its network of influence in the Pacific region in an effort to become a world leading power that enjoys a high level of strategic autonomy.
文摘How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-
文摘The reader might rightly ask for a word on the origin of this special issue of Cultures of Science. The topic of ‘common sense’(CS) arose from an international workshop organized in September 2017 in Beijing by the then newly founded NAIS(National Academy of Innovation Strategy). As part of the developments, this very journal, Cultures of Science, was about to be launched, and the aim of the workshop was to explore future topics and issues that the journal seeks to address.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41401121 The New Teachers＇ Scientific Research Pro- gram funded by Beijing Forestry University, No.BLX2013028
文摘Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was in- troduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies （NNS）, defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and re- search scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evo- lution of China＇s regional development policies can be divided into three stages： the explora- tion stage led by Special Economic Zones （SEZs）, the expansion stage dominated by Eco- nomic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China＇s regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional de- velopment as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional de- velopment have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the govern- ment to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse eco- nomic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.
文摘General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee Xi Jinping has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security and the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,which are synergistic and inseparable.Compared with other major global powers,China is embarking on a path of national security that incorporates distinctive Chinese characteristics.Unlike the United States,which seeks international expansion and hegemony while pursuing national security,China is dedicated to maintaining global security and building a community with a shared future for humanity.Unlike Russia,which prioritizes national security over everything else,China places greater emphasis on balancing development and security.Unlike Europe and Japan,which entrust their national security to other countries,China has always adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance.An essential feature of the path of national security with Chinese characteristics is that it upholds the unity of the people’s security,political security,and the supremacy of national interests.Moreover,China will remain committed to peaceful development while defending its interests.China will continue to balance development and security imperatives,maintaining an independent foreign policy while building a community with a shared future for humanity.To make solid strides on the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental task will be pursuing a holistic approach to national security and implementing the Ten Upholds.
文摘Over the past century since the Republic of Türkiye was founded,its national security mechanisms have undergone a process of transformation from military-dominated to civilian government-dominated,and the ideology guiding its national security strategy has gradually transitioned from Kemalism to Erdo?anism.At the present stage,Türkiye's national security strategy is prominently characterized by its geographical and cultural duality,the expansivity deep-rooted in its history and religion,and an enterprising response to its geopolitical realities.Such a strategy will comprehensively shape Türkiye's practice of preserving national security and guide the future of its security policies,prompting the country to seek a balance between its differentiated perceptions of identity and generalized national interests.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Engineering project(2022-JB-03-03)the Outstanding Young Scientist Project in Jilin Province(20230508099RC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230516).
文摘Agriculture is the world’s most significant use of freshwater,consuming 70%–86%of all available water resources,and is the greatest contributor to the rising regional water shortage[1].Given national strategies to increase food production[2],irrigated agriculture will only expand further,intensifying the pressure on water resources and leading to localized regional water depletion[3].Water and nutrients are important determinants of grain production[4].Although large deposits of nitrogen fertilizers can increase grain yields,water resources remain a primary limiting factor in increasing grain production[5].
基金Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41530749, No.41842050。
文摘Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex and diverse. According to national needs and regional development, physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research, which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development, the protection of macro ecosystems and resources, and sustainable regional development. This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields: regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas;geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of physical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.
文摘The recent outstanding issues,＂ puzzles of farmers, anxiety oflocal government and helplessness ofcentral government,＂ facing Chinese grain security, depend on the lack of national food security strategy. Therefore, we must reconstruct our national food security strategy with a cornerstone of an integrated productivity, the focus control of market regulation forces and the protection of sovereignty. By analyzing the status of integrated productivity, market regulation force and sovereign control, this essay proposes that we should change the concept from ＂ food production＂ to ＂foOd management＂, design the two systems of the interest coordination and the special safeguard, effectively improve the enthusiasm of the government＇ s undertaking work in grain-producing areas and farmers＇ farming work, firmly grasp the two initiatives of acquisition and processing of grain and operating inputs, and actively apply recommendations of the two regulators： food exports, processing and conversion.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)“Basic Research on Efficient Development of Marine Shale Gas in Southern China”(Grant No.2013CB228000)the National Major Science and Technology Program during the“12th Five-Year Plan”“Key Techniques for Shale Gas Exploration and Development”(Grant No.2011ZX05018).
文摘The global sustained low oil prices have a significant impact on China's oil and gas industry system and the national energy security.This paper aims to find solutions in order to guarantee the smooth development of China's oil and gas industry system and its survival in such a severe environment.First,the origins of sustained low oil prices were analyzed.Then,based on those published data from IEA,government and some other authorities,this study focused on the development status,energy policies and the future developing trend of those main oil&gas producing countries.Investigations show that the low-price running is primarily contributed to the so-called oil and gas policies in the USA.It is predicted that national petroleum consumption will reach up to 6.0×10^(8) t(oil)&3300×10^(8) m^(3)(gas)in 2020 and 6.8×10^(8) t(oil)&5200×10^(8) m^(3)(gas)in 2030.For reducing the dependence on foreign oil and gas,the investment in the upstream of oil and gas industry should be maintained and scientific research should be intensified to ensure the smooth operation of the oil and gas production system.Considering China's national energy security strategy,the following suggestions were proposed herein.First,ensure that in China the yearly oil output reaches 2×10^(8) t,while natural gas yield will be expected to be up to 2700×10^(8) m^(3)in 2030,both of which should become the“bottom line”in the long term.Second,focus on the planning of upstream business with insistence on risk exploration investment,scientific and technological innovation and pilot area construction especially for low-permeability tight oil&gas,shale oil&gas reservoir development techniques.Third,encourage the in-depth reform and further growth especially in the three major state-owned oil&gas companies under adverse situations,and create more companies competent to offer overseas technical services by taking the opportunity of the“One Belt and One Road”policy.Finally,promote the new energy business and find solutions to turning those oil companies to integrated energy companies.
