The ability to control the electrode interfaces in an electrochemical energy storage system is essential for achieving the desired electrochemical performance.However,achieving this ability requires an in-depth unders...The ability to control the electrode interfaces in an electrochemical energy storage system is essential for achieving the desired electrochemical performance.However,achieving this ability requires an in-depth understanding of the detailed interfacial nanostructures of the electrode under electrochemical operating conditions.In-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)is one of the most powerful techniques for revealing electrochemical energy storage mechanisms with high spatiotemporal resolution and high sensitivity in complex electrochemical environments.These attributes play a unique role in understanding how ion transport inside electrode nanomaterials and across interfaces under the dynamic conditions within working batteries.This review aims to gain an in-depth insight into the latest developments of in-situ TEM imaging techniques for probing the interfacial nanostructures of electrochemical energy storage systems,including atomic-scale structural imaging,strain field imaging,electron holography,and integrated differential phase contrast imaging.Significant examples will be described to highlight the fundamental understanding of atomic-scale and nanoscale mechanisms from employing state-of-the-art imaging techniques to visualize structural evolution,ionic valence state changes,and strain mapping,ion transport dynamics.The review concludes by providing a perspective discussion of future directions of the development and application of in-situ TEM techniques in the field of electrochemical energy storage systems.展开更多
High-performance aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries(AZIBs)have emerged as one of the greatest favorable candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because of their low cost,sustainability,high safety,and eco-fr...High-performance aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries(AZIBs)have emerged as one of the greatest favorable candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because of their low cost,sustainability,high safety,and eco-friendliness.In this report,we prepared magnesium vanadate(MgVO)-based nanostructures by a facile single-step solvothermal method with varying experimental reaction times(1,3,and 6 h)and investigated the effect of the reaction time on the morphology and layered structure for MgVO-based compounds.The newly prepared MgVO-1 h,MgVO-3 h and MgVO-6 h samples were used as cathode materials for AZIBs.Compared to the MgVO-1 h and MgVO-6 h cathodes,the MgVO-3 h cathode showed a higher specific capacity of 492.74 mA h g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1) over 500 cycles and excellent rate behavior(291.58 mA h g^(-1) at 3.75 A g^(-1))with high cycling stability(116%)over 2000 cycles at 5 A g^(-1).Moreover,the MgVO-3 h electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance owing to its fast Zn-ion diffusion kinetics.Additionally,various ex-situ analyses confirmed that the MgVO-3 h cathode displayed excellent insertion/extraction of Zn^(2+)ions during charge and discharge processes.This study offers an efficient method for the synthesis of nanostructured MgVO-based cathode materials for high-performance AZIBs.展开更多
Triangular Au-Ag framework nanostructures （TFN） were synthesized via a multi-step galvanic replacement reaction （MGRR） of single-crystalline triangular silver nanoplates in a chlorauric acid （HAuCl4） solution at...Triangular Au-Ag framework nanostructures （TFN） were synthesized via a multi-step galvanic replacement reaction （MGRR） of single-crystalline triangular silver nanoplates in a chlorauric acid （HAuCl4） solution at room temperature. The morphological, compositional, and crystal structural changes involved with reaction steps were analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry （EDX）, and X-ray diffraction. TEM combined with EDX and selected area electron diffraction confirmed the replacement of Ag with Au. The in-plane dipolar surface plasmon resonance （SPR） absorption band of the Ag nanoplates locating initially at around 700 nm gradually redshifted to 1 100 nm via a multi-stage replacement manner after 7 stages. The adding amount of HAuCl4 per stage influenced the average redshift value per stage, thus enabled a fine tuning of the in-plane dipolar band. A proposed formation mechanism of the original Ag nanoplates developing pores while growing Au nanoparticles covering this underlying structure at more reaction steps was confirmed by exploiting surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS）.展开更多
Metallic glass composites hold significant potential as structural materials.However,few methods are available to enhance their mechanical properties postcasting.In this study,simple pre-tensile training was applied t...Metallic glass composites hold significant potential as structural materials.However,few methods are available to enhance their mechanical properties postcasting.In this study,simple pre-tensile training was applied to a TRIP-reinforced metallic glass composite,resulting in a more than one-third increase in plasticity,while the reliability of plasticity was also enhanced.The deformation mechanism was further elucidated,revealing that pre-tension induced the formation of multilayered nanostructures at the dendrite-glass interface.This microstructural evolution facilitates the formation of finer martensite laths within the dendrites and multiple shear bands in the glass matrix during compression,thereby enabling more uniform plastic deformation.These findings suggest that simple preloading treatments may offer a viable approach to regulating the microstructure of as-cast metallic glass composites and optimizing their mechanical properties.展开更多
The effects of gradient nanostructures induced by supersonic fine particle bombardment(SFPB)on the surface integrity,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties of a Ni-W-Co-Ta medium-heavy alloy(MHA)were syst...The effects of gradient nanostructures induced by supersonic fine particle bombardment(SFPB)on the surface integrity,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties of a Ni-W-Co-Ta medium-heavy alloy(MHA)were systematically investigated.The results show that gradient nanostructures are formed on the surface of Ni-W-Co-Ta MHA after SFPB treatment.At a gas pressure of 1.0 MPa and an impact time of 60 s,the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy reached the maximum values of 1236 MPa and 758 MPa,respectively,which are 22.5%and 38.8%higher than those of the solid solution treated alloy,and the elongation(46.3%)is close to that of the solid solution treated alloy,achieving the optimal strength–ductility synergy.However,microcracks appear on the surface with excessive gas pressure and impact time,generating the relaxed residual stress and decreased strength.With the increase of the impact time and gas pressure,the depth of the deformation layer and the surface microhardness gradually increase,reaching the maximum values(29μm and HV 451)at 1.0 MPa and 120 s.The surface grain size is refined to a minimum of 11.67 nm.Notably,SFPB treatment has no obvious effect on elongation,and the fracture mode changes from the ductile fracture before treatment to ductile–brittle mixed fracture after treatment.展开更多
Chirality is ubiquitous in natural world.Although with similar physical and chemical properties,chiral enantiomers could play different roles in biochemical processes.Discrimination of chiral enantiomers is extremely ...Chirality is ubiquitous in natural world.Although with similar physical and chemical properties,chiral enantiomers could play different roles in biochemical processes.Discrimination of chiral enantiomers is extremely important in biochemical,analytical chemistry,and pharmaceutical industries.Conventional chiroptical spectroscopic methods are disadvantageous at a limited detection sensitivity because of the weak signals of natural chiral molecules.Recently,superchiral fields were proposed to effectively enhance the interaction between light and molecules,allowing for ultrasensitive chiral detection.Intensive theoretical and experimental works have been devoted to generation of superchiral fields based on artificial nanostructures and their application in ultrasensitive chiral sensing.In this review,we present a survey on these works.We begin with the introduction of chiral properties of electromagnetic fields.Then,the optical chirality enhancement and ultrasensitive chiral detection based on chiral and achiral nanostructures are discussed respectively.Finally,we give a short summary and a perspective for the future ultrasensitive chiral sensing.展开更多
Micron sized hexagon- and flower-like nanostructures of lead oxide（α-PbO2） have been synthesized by very simple and cost effective route of anodic oxidation of lead sheet. These structures were easily obtained by t...Micron sized hexagon- and flower-like nanostructures of lead oxide（α-PbO2） have been synthesized by very simple and cost effective route of anodic oxidation of lead sheet. These structures were easily obtained by the simple variation of applied voltage from 2-6 V between the electrodes. Lead sheet was used as an anode and platinum sheet served as a cathode. Anodic oxidation at 2 V resulted in the variable edge sized（1-2 μm） hexagon-like structures in the electrolyte. When the applied potential was increased to 4 V a structure of distorted hexagons consisting of some flower-like structures were obtained. Further increment of potential up to 6 V resulted in flower like structures of α-PbO2 having six petals. The diameter of the flower-like structures was 200-500 nm and the size of a petal was 100-200 nm.展开更多
ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures were synthesized by simple and effcient low temperature method. The structure and morphology of the ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） and field emis...ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures were synthesized by simple and effcient low temperature method. The structure and morphology of the ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）, which revealed elongated shaped CeO2 nanoparticles with diameters of 40–90 nm distributed on the surface of elongated ZnO nanostructures with diameters of 50–200 nm （edge–centre）. Further the structure of the synthesized ZnO-CeO2 nanostructure was supported by Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. UV-vis absorption spectrum was used to confirm the optical properties of the CeO2 doped ZnO nanostructures. Photo-catalytic activity of CeO2 doped ZnO nanostructure was evaluated by degradation of acridine orange and methylene blue which degraded 84.55% and 48.65% in 170 min, respectively. ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures also showed good sensitivity （0.8331 μA·cm-2·（mol/l）-1） in short response time （10 s） by applying to chemical sensing using ethanol as a target compound by I-V technique. These degradation and chemical sensing properties of ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures are of great importance for the application of ZnO-CeO2 system as a photo-catalyst and chemical sensor.展开更多
The burgeoning global economy during the past decades gives rise to the continuous increase in fossil fuels consumption and rapid growth of CO_(2) emission,which demands an urgent exploration into green and sustainabl...The burgeoning global economy during the past decades gives rise to the continuous increase in fossil fuels consumption and rapid growth of CO_(2) emission,which demands an urgent exploration into green and sustainable devices for energy storage and power management.Supercapacitors based on activated carbon electrodes are promising systems for highly efficient energy harvesting and power supply,but their promotion is hindered by the moderate energy density compared with batteries.Therefore,scalable conversion of CO_(2) into novel carbon nanostructures offers a powerful alternative to tackle both issues:mitigating the greenhouse effect caused by redundant atmospheric CO_(2) and providing carbon materials with enhanced electrochemical performances.In this tutorial review,the techniques,opportunities and barriers in the design and fabrication of advanced carbon materials using CO_(2) as feedstock as well as their impact on the energy-storage performances of supercapacitors are critically examined.In particular,the chemical aspects of various Cv2 conversion reactions are highlighted to establish a detailed understanding for the science and technology involved in the microstructural evolution,surface engineering and porosity control of CO_(2)-converted carbon nanostructures.Finally,the prospects and challenges associated with the industrialization of CO_(2) conversion and their practical application in supercapacitors are also discussed.展开更多
Metal organic frameworks(MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area...Metal organic frameworks(MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area, large pore volume, and excellent chemical stability.Research on synthesis, structures and properties of various MOFs has shown that they are promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis and sensing. Apart from direct use, MOFs have also been used as support substrates for nanomaterials or as sacrificial templates/precursors for preparation of various functional nanostructures. In this review, we aim to present the most recent development of MOFs as precursors for the preparation of various nanostructures and their potential applications in energy-related devices and processes. Specifically, this present survey intends to push the boundaries and covers the literatures from the year 2013 to early 2017,on supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrocatalysts, photocatalyst, gas sensing, water treatment, solar cells, and carbon dioxide capture.Finally, an outlook in terms of future challenges and potential prospects towards industrial applications are also discussed.展开更多
Chirality,the property that an object cannot coincide with its mirror image arising from lack of mirror symmetry,is ubiquitous in nature at various length scales.The physical and chemical properties are strongly relat...Chirality,the property that an object cannot coincide with its mirror image arising from lack of mirror symmetry,is ubiquitous in nature at various length scales.The physical and chemical properties are strongly related to the nature of chiral complexes,playing a significant role in various fields such as photonics,biochemistry,medicine and catalysis.In particular,the recent flexible design of chiral metal nanostructures offers one platform for deeply understanding the origin of chirality and one roadmap for the precise construction of chiral nanomaterials directed by the applications.Herein,we summarize the different geometries and classical synthetic approaches to chiral noble metal nanomaterials.Moreover,chiroptical properties and potential applications of chiral metal nanostructures are discussed as well.Finally,the opportunities and challenges toward the synthesis and application of chiral metal nanostructures are proposed.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting using solar energy has attracted great attention for generation of renewable hydrogen with less carbon footprint, while there are enormous challenges that still remain for imp...Photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting using solar energy has attracted great attention for generation of renewable hydrogen with less carbon footprint, while there are enormous challenges that still remain for improving solar energy water splitting efficiency, due to limited light harvesting, energy loss associated to fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, as well as electrode degradation. This overview focuses on the recent development about catalyst nanomaterials and nanostructures in different PEC water splitting systems. As photoanode, Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO_2 nanowire electrodes exhibited enhanced photoactivity in both the UV and the visible regions due to surface plasmon resonance of Au and showed the largest photocurrent generation of up to 710 nm. Pt/Cd S/CGSe electrodes were developed as photocathode. With the role of p–n heterojunction, the photoelectrode showed high stability and evolved hydrogen continuously for more than 10 days. Further, in the Z-scheme system(Bi_2S_3/TNA as photoanode and Pt/Si PVC as photocathode at the same time), a self-bias(open-circuit voltage Voc= 0.766 V) was formed between two photoelectrodes, which could facilitate photogenerated charge transfers and enhance the photoelectrochemical performance, and which might provide new hints for PEC water splitting. Meanwhile, the existing problems and prospective solutions have also been reviewed.展开更多
Versatile liquid manipulating surfaces combining patternable and controllable wettability have recently motivated considerable attention owing to their significant advantages in droplet-solid impacting behaviors,micro...Versatile liquid manipulating surfaces combining patternable and controllable wettability have recently motivated considerable attention owing to their significant advantages in droplet-solid impacting behaviors,microdroplet self-removal,and liquid–liquid interface reaction applications.However,developing a facile and efficient method to fabricate these versatile surfaces remains an enormous challenge.In this paper,a strategy for the fabrication of liquid manipulating surfaces with patternable and controllable wettability on Polyimide(PI)film based on femtosecond laser thermal accumulation engineering is proposed.Because of its controllable micro-/nanostructures and chemical composition through adjusting the local thermal accumulation,the wettability of PI film can be tuned from superhydrophilicity(~3.6°)to superhydrophobicity(~151.6°).Furthermore,three diverse surfaces with patternable and heterogeneous wettability were constructed and various applications were successfully realized,including water transport,droplet arrays,and liquid wells.This work may provide a facile strategy for achieving patternable and controllable wettability efficiently and developing multifunctional liquid steering surfaces.展开更多
We demonstrate a novel preparative strategy for the well-controlled MnCo_2O_(4.5)@MnO_2 hierarchical nanostructures.Bothδ-MnO_2 nanosheets andα-MnO_2 nanorods can uniformly decorate the surface of MnCo_2O_(4.5)nanow...We demonstrate a novel preparative strategy for the well-controlled MnCo_2O_(4.5)@MnO_2 hierarchical nanostructures.Bothδ-MnO_2 nanosheets andα-MnO_2 nanorods can uniformly decorate the surface of MnCo_2O_(4.5)nanowires to form core-shell heterostructures.Detailed electrochemical characterization reveals that MnCo_2O_(4.5)@δ-MnO_2 pattern exhibits not only high specific capacitance of 357.5 F g^(-1)at a scan rate of 0.5 A g^(-1),but also good cycle stability(97%capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 5 A g^(-1)),which make it have a promising application as a supercapacitor electrode material.展开更多
The effect of synthesized nanostructures,including graphene oxide,chemically reduced graphene oxide with sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),chemically reduced graphene oxide with polyvinylpyrrolidone,and multi-walled carbon ...The effect of synthesized nanostructures,including graphene oxide,chemically reduced graphene oxide with sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),chemically reduced graphene oxide with polyvinylpyrrolidone,and multi-walled carbon nanotubes,on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation was investigated in this work.The experiments were carried out at a pressure of 4.5 MPa and a temperature of 0 ℃ in a batch reactor.By adding nanostructures,the induction time decreases,and the shortest induction time appeares at certain concentrations of reduced graphene oxide with SDS and graphene oxide,that is,at a concentration of 360 ppm for reduced graphene oxide with SDS and 180 ppm for graphene oxide,with a 98% decrease in induction time compared to that in pure water.Moreover,utilization of carbon nanostructures increases the amount and the rate of methane consumed during the hydrate formation process.Utilization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a concentration of 90 ppm showes the highest amount of methane consumption.The amount of methane consumption increases by 173% in comparison with that in pure water.The addition of carbon nanostructures does not change the storage capacity of methane hydrate in the hydrate formation process,while the percentage of water conversion to hydrate in the presence of carbon nanotubes increases considerably,the greatest value of which occurres at a 90 ppm concentration of carbon nanotubes,that is,a 253% increase in the presence of carbon nanotubes compared to that of pure water.展开更多
This article reviews recent advances in the utilization of various water based synthesis routes towards the shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles and microstructures in a diverse range of shapes and sizes...This article reviews recent advances in the utilization of various water based synthesis routes towards the shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles and microstructures in a diverse range of shapes and sizes from several nanometers to micrometers. A variety of very simple one-pot methods, at times employing com- mercial microwave ovens, inexpensive low power ultrasound cleaners, or two-electrode electro-chemistry, can be surprisingly effective in the controlled synthesis of a wide range of nanostructured products, if only parameters are carefully chosen. Many approaches which are adopted include synthesis of Ag nanostructures with various shapes in solution, doping of Ag nanoparticles on unmodified silica and on/inside carbon spheres, kinetically controlled growth of Ag micro-particles with novel nanostructures on flat substrates, and galvanic replace- ment towards bimetallic Ag-Au dendrites and carbon composites. Characterizations of shape, composition and microstructure are carried out via scanning and transmission electron microscopy, various spectroscopy methods, N2 absorption measurements and suchlike. The involved growth mechanisms are investigated in order to discover new means towards better control. Size, location and shape control, including micro- and nanostructure features, allows tuning the products properties towards desired applications. We focus on the optical properties and catalytic activities, but also the stability of compounds can be an issue of interest.展开更多
Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthe...Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthesis of perovskite nanostructures have been made towards potential device applications.The engineering of their band structures holds great promise in the rational tuning of the electronic and optical properties of perovskite nanostructures,which is one of the keys to achieving efficient and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.In this article,we summarize recent advances in band structure engineering of perovskite nanostructures.A survey of bandgap engineering of nanostructured perovskites is firstly presented from the aspects of dimensionality tailoring,compositional substitution,phase segregation and transition,as well as strain and pressure stimuli.The strategies of electronic doping are then reviewed,including defect-induced self-doping,inorganic or organic molecules-based chemical doping,and modification by metal ions or nanostructures.Based on the bandgap engineering and electronic doping,discussions on engineering energy band alignments in perovskite nanostructures are provided for building high-performance perovskite p-n junctions and heterostructures.At last,we provide our perspectives in engineering band structures of perovskite nanostructures towards future low-energy optoelectronics technologies.展开更多
The SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures were synthesized by sol-gel chemistry. The morphological features of the nanostructures were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy which revealed the core-she...The SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures were synthesized by sol-gel chemistry. The morphological features of the nanostructures were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy which revealed the core-shell nature of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction studies evidenced the formation of SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures with high degree of homogeneity. The elemental composition of the SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the Si-O-Fe stretching vibrations. On analysis of the optical properties with UV-Vis spectra and Tauc＇s plot, it was found that the band gap of SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures diminished to 1.5 eV. Investigation of the electrical properties of the core-shell nanostructures using field-dependent conductivity measurements presented a significant increase in photoconductivity as compared to those of its single components, thereby rendering them as promising candidates for application as photo- electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.展开更多
The current study is directed to the rapidly developing field of inorganic material 3D object production at nano-/micro scale.The fabrication method includes laser lithography of hybrid organic-inorganic materials wit...The current study is directed to the rapidly developing field of inorganic material 3D object production at nano-/micro scale.The fabrication method includes laser lithography of hybrid organic-inorganic materials with subsequent heat treatment leading to a variety of crystalline phases in 3D structures.In this work,it was examined a series of organometallic polymer precursors with different silicon(Si)and zirconium(Zr)molar ratios,ranging from 9:1 to 5:5,prepared via sol-gel method.All mixtures were examined for perspective to be used in 3D laser manufacturing by fabricating nano-and micro-feature sized structures.Their spatial downscaling and surface morphology were evaluated depending on chemical composition and crystallographic phase.The appearance of a crystalline phase was proven using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,which revealed a lower crystallization temperature for microstructures compared to bulk materials.Fabricated 3D objects retained a complex geometry without any distortion after heat treatment up to 1400℃.Under the proper conditions,a wide variety of crystalline phases as well as zircon(ZrSiO_(4)-a highly stable material)can be observed.In addition,the highest new record of achieved resolution below 60 nm has been reached.The proposed preparation protocol can be used to manufacture micro/nano-devices with high precision and resistance to high temperature and aggressive environment.展开更多
A strong interface coupling is of vital importance to develop metal oxide/carbon nanocomposite anodes for next-generation lithium ion batteries.Herein,a rational N-doped carb on riveting strategy is designed to boost ...A strong interface coupling is of vital importance to develop metal oxide/carbon nanocomposite anodes for next-generation lithium ion batteries.Herein,a rational N-doped carb on riveting strategy is designed to boost the lithium storage performance of Fe3O4/N-doped carbon tubular structures.Poly pyrrole(PPy)has been used as the precursor for N-doped carbon.N-doped carbon-riveted Fe3O4/N-doped carbon(N-C@Fe3O4@N-C)nanocomposites were obtained by pyrolysis of PPy-coated FeOOH@PPy nanotubes in Ar atmosphere.When tested as an anode for LIBs,the N-C@Fe3O4@N-C displays a high reversible discharge capacity of 675.8 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and very good rate capability(470 mA h g_1 at 2 A g-1),which significantly surpasses the performance of Fe3O4@N-C.TEM analysis reveals that after battery cycling the FeOx particles detached from the carbon fibers for Fe3O4@N-C,while for N-C@Fe3O4@N-C the FeOx particles were still trapped in the carbon matrix,thus preserving good electrical contact.Consequently,the superior performance of N-C@Fe3C)4@N-C is attributed to the synergistic effect between Fe3O4 and N-doped carbon combined with the unique structure properties of the nanocomposites.The strategy reported in this work is expected to be applicable for designing other electrode materials for LIBs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research Program of China under Grant No.2024YFA1408000the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52231007,12327804,T2321003,22088101)+1 种基金in part by the National Key Research Program of China under Grant 2021YFA1200600the support from the U.S.National Science Foundation(CHE 2102482)。
文摘The ability to control the electrode interfaces in an electrochemical energy storage system is essential for achieving the desired electrochemical performance.However,achieving this ability requires an in-depth understanding of the detailed interfacial nanostructures of the electrode under electrochemical operating conditions.In-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)is one of the most powerful techniques for revealing electrochemical energy storage mechanisms with high spatiotemporal resolution and high sensitivity in complex electrochemical environments.These attributes play a unique role in understanding how ion transport inside electrode nanomaterials and across interfaces under the dynamic conditions within working batteries.This review aims to gain an in-depth insight into the latest developments of in-situ TEM imaging techniques for probing the interfacial nanostructures of electrochemical energy storage systems,including atomic-scale structural imaging,strain field imaging,electron holography,and integrated differential phase contrast imaging.Significant examples will be described to highlight the fundamental understanding of atomic-scale and nanoscale mechanisms from employing state-of-the-art imaging techniques to visualize structural evolution,ionic valence state changes,and strain mapping,ion transport dynamics.The review concludes by providing a perspective discussion of future directions of the development and application of in-situ TEM techniques in the field of electrochemical energy storage systems.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(No.2018R1A6A1A03025708).
文摘High-performance aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries(AZIBs)have emerged as one of the greatest favorable candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because of their low cost,sustainability,high safety,and eco-friendliness.In this report,we prepared magnesium vanadate(MgVO)-based nanostructures by a facile single-step solvothermal method with varying experimental reaction times(1,3,and 6 h)and investigated the effect of the reaction time on the morphology and layered structure for MgVO-based compounds.The newly prepared MgVO-1 h,MgVO-3 h and MgVO-6 h samples were used as cathode materials for AZIBs.Compared to the MgVO-1 h and MgVO-6 h cathodes,the MgVO-3 h cathode showed a higher specific capacity of 492.74 mA h g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1) over 500 cycles and excellent rate behavior(291.58 mA h g^(-1) at 3.75 A g^(-1))with high cycling stability(116%)over 2000 cycles at 5 A g^(-1).Moreover,the MgVO-3 h electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance owing to its fast Zn-ion diffusion kinetics.Additionally,various ex-situ analyses confirmed that the MgVO-3 h cathode displayed excellent insertion/extraction of Zn^(2+)ions during charge and discharge processes.This study offers an efficient method for the synthesis of nanostructured MgVO-based cathode materials for high-performance AZIBs.
基金Project(10804101)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2007CB815102)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(2007B08007)supported by the Science and Technology Development Foundation of Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics,China
文摘Triangular Au-Ag framework nanostructures （TFN） were synthesized via a multi-step galvanic replacement reaction （MGRR） of single-crystalline triangular silver nanoplates in a chlorauric acid （HAuCl4） solution at room temperature. The morphological, compositional, and crystal structural changes involved with reaction steps were analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry （EDX）, and X-ray diffraction. TEM combined with EDX and selected area electron diffraction confirmed the replacement of Ag with Au. The in-plane dipolar surface plasmon resonance （SPR） absorption band of the Ag nanoplates locating initially at around 700 nm gradually redshifted to 1 100 nm via a multi-stage replacement manner after 7 stages. The adding amount of HAuCl4 per stage influenced the average redshift value per stage, thus enabled a fine tuning of the in-plane dipolar band. A proposed formation mechanism of the original Ag nanoplates developing pores while growing Au nanoparticles covering this underlying structure at more reaction steps was confirmed by exploiting surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS）.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2021YFA1600600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52271093 and 52074257)+3 种基金the Rare Earth Advanced Materials Technology Innovation Center(No.CXZX-B-2023110011)the Space Application System of China Manned Space Program(No.YYMT1201-EXP08)the special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province(No.202304051001036)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2325008)
文摘Metallic glass composites hold significant potential as structural materials.However,few methods are available to enhance their mechanical properties postcasting.In this study,simple pre-tensile training was applied to a TRIP-reinforced metallic glass composite,resulting in a more than one-third increase in plasticity,while the reliability of plasticity was also enhanced.The deformation mechanism was further elucidated,revealing that pre-tension induced the formation of multilayered nanostructures at the dendrite-glass interface.This microstructural evolution facilitates the formation of finer martensite laths within the dendrites and multiple shear bands in the glass matrix during compression,thereby enabling more uniform plastic deformation.These findings suggest that simple preloading treatments may offer a viable approach to regulating the microstructure of as-cast metallic glass composites and optimizing their mechanical properties.
基金supported by the National key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3705200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1804146,51905153,52111530068)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Henan University of Science and Technology,China(No.2015XTD006)the Major Science and Technology Project of Henan Province,China(No.221100230200)。
文摘The effects of gradient nanostructures induced by supersonic fine particle bombardment(SFPB)on the surface integrity,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties of a Ni-W-Co-Ta medium-heavy alloy(MHA)were systematically investigated.The results show that gradient nanostructures are formed on the surface of Ni-W-Co-Ta MHA after SFPB treatment.At a gas pressure of 1.0 MPa and an impact time of 60 s,the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy reached the maximum values of 1236 MPa and 758 MPa,respectively,which are 22.5%and 38.8%higher than those of the solid solution treated alloy,and the elongation(46.3%)is close to that of the solid solution treated alloy,achieving the optimal strength–ductility synergy.However,microcracks appear on the surface with excessive gas pressure and impact time,generating the relaxed residual stress and decreased strength.With the increase of the impact time and gas pressure,the depth of the deformation layer and the surface microhardness gradually increase,reaching the maximum values(29μm and HV 451)at 1.0 MPa and 120 s.The surface grain size is refined to a minimum of 11.67 nm.Notably,SFPB treatment has no obvious effect on elongation,and the fracture mode changes from the ductile fracture before treatment to ductile–brittle mixed fracture after treatment.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91850205 and 11904021).
文摘Chirality is ubiquitous in natural world.Although with similar physical and chemical properties,chiral enantiomers could play different roles in biochemical processes.Discrimination of chiral enantiomers is extremely important in biochemical,analytical chemistry,and pharmaceutical industries.Conventional chiroptical spectroscopic methods are disadvantageous at a limited detection sensitivity because of the weak signals of natural chiral molecules.Recently,superchiral fields were proposed to effectively enhance the interaction between light and molecules,allowing for ultrasensitive chiral detection.Intensive theoretical and experimental works have been devoted to generation of superchiral fields based on artificial nanostructures and their application in ultrasensitive chiral sensing.In this review,we present a survey on these works.We begin with the introduction of chiral properties of electromagnetic fields.Then,the optical chirality enhancement and ultrasensitive chiral detection based on chiral and achiral nanostructures are discussed respectively.Finally,we give a short summary and a perspective for the future ultrasensitive chiral sensing.
基金financial support from USACH-Chile, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and University Grant Commission (UGC) New Delhi, India
文摘Micron sized hexagon- and flower-like nanostructures of lead oxide（α-PbO2） have been synthesized by very simple and cost effective route of anodic oxidation of lead sheet. These structures were easily obtained by the simple variation of applied voltage from 2-6 V between the electrodes. Lead sheet was used as an anode and platinum sheet served as a cathode. Anodic oxidation at 2 V resulted in the variable edge sized（1-2 μm） hexagon-like structures in the electrolyte. When the applied potential was increased to 4 V a structure of distorted hexagons consisting of some flower-like structures were obtained. Further increment of potential up to 6 V resulted in flower like structures of α-PbO2 having six petals. The diameter of the flower-like structures was 200-500 nm and the size of a petal was 100-200 nm.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for all financial support
文摘ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures were synthesized by simple and effcient low temperature method. The structure and morphology of the ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）, which revealed elongated shaped CeO2 nanoparticles with diameters of 40–90 nm distributed on the surface of elongated ZnO nanostructures with diameters of 50–200 nm （edge–centre）. Further the structure of the synthesized ZnO-CeO2 nanostructure was supported by Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. UV-vis absorption spectrum was used to confirm the optical properties of the CeO2 doped ZnO nanostructures. Photo-catalytic activity of CeO2 doped ZnO nanostructure was evaluated by degradation of acridine orange and methylene blue which degraded 84.55% and 48.65% in 170 min, respectively. ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures also showed good sensitivity （0.8331 μA·cm-2·（mol/l）-1） in short response time （10 s） by applying to chemical sensing using ethanol as a target compound by I-V technique. These degradation and chemical sensing properties of ZnO-CeO2 nanostructures are of great importance for the application of ZnO-CeO2 system as a photo-catalyst and chemical sensor.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51907193 and No.51677182)the Dalian National Laboratory(DNL)for Clean Energy Cooperation Fund,CAS(No.DNL201915 and No.DNL201912)+2 种基金the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.Z181100000118006)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.ZDBS-LY-JSC047)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(No.2020000022)。
文摘The burgeoning global economy during the past decades gives rise to the continuous increase in fossil fuels consumption and rapid growth of CO_(2) emission,which demands an urgent exploration into green and sustainable devices for energy storage and power management.Supercapacitors based on activated carbon electrodes are promising systems for highly efficient energy harvesting and power supply,but their promotion is hindered by the moderate energy density compared with batteries.Therefore,scalable conversion of CO_(2) into novel carbon nanostructures offers a powerful alternative to tackle both issues:mitigating the greenhouse effect caused by redundant atmospheric CO_(2) and providing carbon materials with enhanced electrochemical performances.In this tutorial review,the techniques,opportunities and barriers in the design and fabrication of advanced carbon materials using CO_(2) as feedstock as well as their impact on the energy-storage performances of supercapacitors are critically examined.In particular,the chemical aspects of various Cv2 conversion reactions are highlighted to establish a detailed understanding for the science and technology involved in the microstructural evolution,surface engineering and porosity control of CO_(2)-converted carbon nanostructures.Finally,the prospects and challenges associated with the industrialization of CO_(2) conversion and their practical application in supercapacitors are also discussed.
基金financial support from Ningbo Municipal Government (Innovation Team 2012882011,3315 Plan,2014A35001-1)the EPSRC (EP/J000582/1,GR/R68078)
文摘Metal organic frameworks(MOFs) represent a class of porous material which is formed by strong bonds between metal ions and organic linkers. By careful selection of constituents, MOFs can exhibit very high surface area, large pore volume, and excellent chemical stability.Research on synthesis, structures and properties of various MOFs has shown that they are promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis and sensing. Apart from direct use, MOFs have also been used as support substrates for nanomaterials or as sacrificial templates/precursors for preparation of various functional nanostructures. In this review, we aim to present the most recent development of MOFs as precursors for the preparation of various nanostructures and their potential applications in energy-related devices and processes. Specifically, this present survey intends to push the boundaries and covers the literatures from the year 2013 to early 2017,on supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, electrocatalysts, photocatalyst, gas sensing, water treatment, solar cells, and carbon dioxide capture.Finally, an outlook in terms of future challenges and potential prospects towards industrial applications are also discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22071172,21902148,12205165,50835002 and 51105102)。
文摘Chirality,the property that an object cannot coincide with its mirror image arising from lack of mirror symmetry,is ubiquitous in nature at various length scales.The physical and chemical properties are strongly related to the nature of chiral complexes,playing a significant role in various fields such as photonics,biochemistry,medicine and catalysis.In particular,the recent flexible design of chiral metal nanostructures offers one platform for deeply understanding the origin of chirality and one roadmap for the precise construction of chiral nanomaterials directed by the applications.Herein,we summarize the different geometries and classical synthetic approaches to chiral noble metal nanomaterials.Moreover,chiroptical properties and potential applications of chiral metal nanostructures are discussed as well.Finally,the opportunities and challenges toward the synthesis and application of chiral metal nanostructures are proposed.
基金supported by the EU-China EcoFuel project(FP7,246772)from the European Commission
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting using solar energy has attracted great attention for generation of renewable hydrogen with less carbon footprint, while there are enormous challenges that still remain for improving solar energy water splitting efficiency, due to limited light harvesting, energy loss associated to fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, as well as electrode degradation. This overview focuses on the recent development about catalyst nanomaterials and nanostructures in different PEC water splitting systems. As photoanode, Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO_2 nanowire electrodes exhibited enhanced photoactivity in both the UV and the visible regions due to surface plasmon resonance of Au and showed the largest photocurrent generation of up to 710 nm. Pt/Cd S/CGSe electrodes were developed as photocathode. With the role of p–n heterojunction, the photoelectrode showed high stability and evolved hydrogen continuously for more than 10 days. Further, in the Z-scheme system(Bi_2S_3/TNA as photoanode and Pt/Si PVC as photocathode at the same time), a self-bias(open-circuit voltage Voc= 0.766 V) was formed between two photoelectrodes, which could facilitate photogenerated charge transfers and enhance the photoelectrochemical performance, and which might provide new hints for PEC water splitting. Meanwhile, the existing problems and prospective solutions have also been reviewed.
基金This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075557,51805553)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2021JJ20067)+1 种基金The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2021RC3011)Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘Versatile liquid manipulating surfaces combining patternable and controllable wettability have recently motivated considerable attention owing to their significant advantages in droplet-solid impacting behaviors,microdroplet self-removal,and liquid–liquid interface reaction applications.However,developing a facile and efficient method to fabricate these versatile surfaces remains an enormous challenge.In this paper,a strategy for the fabrication of liquid manipulating surfaces with patternable and controllable wettability on Polyimide(PI)film based on femtosecond laser thermal accumulation engineering is proposed.Because of its controllable micro-/nanostructures and chemical composition through adjusting the local thermal accumulation,the wettability of PI film can be tuned from superhydrophilicity(~3.6°)to superhydrophobicity(~151.6°).Furthermore,three diverse surfaces with patternable and heterogeneous wettability were constructed and various applications were successfully realized,including water transport,droplet arrays,and liquid wells.This work may provide a facile strategy for achieving patternable and controllable wettability efficiently and developing multifunctional liquid steering surfaces.
基金financial supports provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.51104194 and 51104121)International S&T Cooperation Projects of Chongqing(CSTC 2013 gjhz90001)+1 种基金National Key laboratory of Fundamental Science of Micro/Nano-device and System Technology(2013MS06,Chongqing University)State Education Ministry and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Project no.CDJZR14135501 and CDJZR13130036,Chongqing University,PR China)
文摘We demonstrate a novel preparative strategy for the well-controlled MnCo_2O_(4.5)@MnO_2 hierarchical nanostructures.Bothδ-MnO_2 nanosheets andα-MnO_2 nanorods can uniformly decorate the surface of MnCo_2O_(4.5)nanowires to form core-shell heterostructures.Detailed electrochemical characterization reveals that MnCo_2O_(4.5)@δ-MnO_2 pattern exhibits not only high specific capacitance of 357.5 F g^(-1)at a scan rate of 0.5 A g^(-1),but also good cycle stability(97%capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 5 A g^(-1)),which make it have a promising application as a supercapacitor electrode material.
文摘The effect of synthesized nanostructures,including graphene oxide,chemically reduced graphene oxide with sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),chemically reduced graphene oxide with polyvinylpyrrolidone,and multi-walled carbon nanotubes,on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation was investigated in this work.The experiments were carried out at a pressure of 4.5 MPa and a temperature of 0 ℃ in a batch reactor.By adding nanostructures,the induction time decreases,and the shortest induction time appeares at certain concentrations of reduced graphene oxide with SDS and graphene oxide,that is,at a concentration of 360 ppm for reduced graphene oxide with SDS and 180 ppm for graphene oxide,with a 98% decrease in induction time compared to that in pure water.Moreover,utilization of carbon nanostructures increases the amount and the rate of methane consumed during the hydrate formation process.Utilization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a concentration of 90 ppm showes the highest amount of methane consumption.The amount of methane consumption increases by 173% in comparison with that in pure water.The addition of carbon nanostructures does not change the storage capacity of methane hydrate in the hydrate formation process,while the percentage of water conversion to hydrate in the presence of carbon nanotubes increases considerably,the greatest value of which occurres at a 90 ppm concentration of carbon nanotubes,that is,a 253% increase in the presence of carbon nanotubes compared to that of pure water.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2010CB631004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50831004)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No.20090091120034)
文摘This article reviews recent advances in the utilization of various water based synthesis routes towards the shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles and microstructures in a diverse range of shapes and sizes from several nanometers to micrometers. A variety of very simple one-pot methods, at times employing com- mercial microwave ovens, inexpensive low power ultrasound cleaners, or two-electrode electro-chemistry, can be surprisingly effective in the controlled synthesis of a wide range of nanostructured products, if only parameters are carefully chosen. Many approaches which are adopted include synthesis of Ag nanostructures with various shapes in solution, doping of Ag nanoparticles on unmodified silica and on/inside carbon spheres, kinetically controlled growth of Ag micro-particles with novel nanostructures on flat substrates, and galvanic replace- ment towards bimetallic Ag-Au dendrites and carbon composites. Characterizations of shape, composition and microstructure are carried out via scanning and transmission electron microscopy, various spectroscopy methods, N2 absorption measurements and suchlike. The involved growth mechanisms are investigated in order to discover new means towards better control. Size, location and shape control, including micro- and nanostructure features, allows tuning the products properties towards desired applications. We focus on the optical properties and catalytic activities, but also the stability of compounds can be an issue of interest.
基金support from Australian Research Council (ARC, FT150100450, IH150100006 and CE170100039)support from the MCATM and the FLEET+1 种基金the support from Shenzhen Nanshan District Pilotage Team Program (LHTD20170006)support from Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 201804010322)
文摘Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthesis of perovskite nanostructures have been made towards potential device applications.The engineering of their band structures holds great promise in the rational tuning of the electronic and optical properties of perovskite nanostructures,which is one of the keys to achieving efficient and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.In this article,we summarize recent advances in band structure engineering of perovskite nanostructures.A survey of bandgap engineering of nanostructured perovskites is firstly presented from the aspects of dimensionality tailoring,compositional substitution,phase segregation and transition,as well as strain and pressure stimuli.The strategies of electronic doping are then reviewed,including defect-induced self-doping,inorganic or organic molecules-based chemical doping,and modification by metal ions or nanostructures.Based on the bandgap engineering and electronic doping,discussions on engineering energy band alignments in perovskite nanostructures are provided for building high-performance perovskite p-n junctions and heterostructures.At last,we provide our perspectives in engineering band structures of perovskite nanostructures towards future low-energy optoelectronics technologies.
文摘The SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures were synthesized by sol-gel chemistry. The morphological features of the nanostructures were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy which revealed the core-shell nature of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction studies evidenced the formation of SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures with high degree of homogeneity. The elemental composition of the SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the Si-O-Fe stretching vibrations. On analysis of the optical properties with UV-Vis spectra and Tauc＇s plot, it was found that the band gap of SiO2-Fe3O4 core-shell nanostructures diminished to 1.5 eV. Investigation of the electrical properties of the core-shell nanostructures using field-dependent conductivity measurements presented a significant increase in photoconductivity as compared to those of its single components, thereby rendering them as promising candidates for application as photo- electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.
基金The US AMRDEC grant No.W911NF-16-2-0069“Enhanced Absorption in Stopped-Light Photonic Nanostructures:Applications to Efficient Sensing”EU LASERLAB-EUROPE(grant agreement No.871124Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme)projects are acknowleged for the financial support.D.G.acknowledges the financial support from the European Social Fund(project No 09.3.3-LMT-K712-17-0016)under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania(LMTLT).
文摘The current study is directed to the rapidly developing field of inorganic material 3D object production at nano-/micro scale.The fabrication method includes laser lithography of hybrid organic-inorganic materials with subsequent heat treatment leading to a variety of crystalline phases in 3D structures.In this work,it was examined a series of organometallic polymer precursors with different silicon(Si)and zirconium(Zr)molar ratios,ranging from 9:1 to 5:5,prepared via sol-gel method.All mixtures were examined for perspective to be used in 3D laser manufacturing by fabricating nano-and micro-feature sized structures.Their spatial downscaling and surface morphology were evaluated depending on chemical composition and crystallographic phase.The appearance of a crystalline phase was proven using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,which revealed a lower crystallization temperature for microstructures compared to bulk materials.Fabricated 3D objects retained a complex geometry without any distortion after heat treatment up to 1400℃.Under the proper conditions,a wide variety of crystalline phases as well as zircon(ZrSiO_(4)-a highly stable material)can be observed.In addition,the highest new record of achieved resolution below 60 nm has been reached.The proposed preparation protocol can be used to manufacture micro/nano-devices with high precision and resistance to high temperature and aggressive environment.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21601098 and 51602167)Shandong Provincial Science Foundation (ZR2016EMB07 and ZR2017JL021)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program (2018GGX102033)Qingdao Applied Fundamental Research Project (16-5-1-92-jch and 17-1-1-81-jch)
文摘A strong interface coupling is of vital importance to develop metal oxide/carbon nanocomposite anodes for next-generation lithium ion batteries.Herein,a rational N-doped carb on riveting strategy is designed to boost the lithium storage performance of Fe3O4/N-doped carbon tubular structures.Poly pyrrole(PPy)has been used as the precursor for N-doped carbon.N-doped carbon-riveted Fe3O4/N-doped carbon(N-C@Fe3O4@N-C)nanocomposites were obtained by pyrolysis of PPy-coated FeOOH@PPy nanotubes in Ar atmosphere.When tested as an anode for LIBs,the N-C@Fe3O4@N-C displays a high reversible discharge capacity of 675.8 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and very good rate capability(470 mA h g_1 at 2 A g-1),which significantly surpasses the performance of Fe3O4@N-C.TEM analysis reveals that after battery cycling the FeOx particles detached from the carbon fibers for Fe3O4@N-C,while for N-C@Fe3O4@N-C the FeOx particles were still trapped in the carbon matrix,thus preserving good electrical contact.Consequently,the superior performance of N-C@Fe3C)4@N-C is attributed to the synergistic effect between Fe3O4 and N-doped carbon combined with the unique structure properties of the nanocomposites.The strategy reported in this work is expected to be applicable for designing other electrode materials for LIBs.
