Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence due largely to aging populations worldwide and improved medical care for the elderly.Currently approved drugs can reduce some of the symptoms of neurodegenerativ...Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence due largely to aging populations worldwide and improved medical care for the elderly.Currently approved drugs can reduce some of the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases but cannot cure them.Inflammation is involved in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases,and oxidative stress is implicated in neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline and age-related cognitive impairment.Polyphenols such as curcumin,quercetin,and resveratrol possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Nanoformulations of curcumin and quercetin can optimize their pharmacological effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Nanocarriers play a crucial role in delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier,thereby lowering the risk of peripheral side effects.Various nanoforms have been developed to induce bioavailability and solubility of curcumin and quercetin,including nanoparticles and nanoemulsions.The studies reviewed included 17 using curcumin nanoformulations and seven with quercetin nanoformulations and were tested in widely used animal models of Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,and multiple sclerosis.Many of the curcumin and quercetin nanoformulations brought about improvements in learning and memory in behavioral tests of Alzheimer’s disease models and were effective in reducing oxidative stress in the brain.Both nanocurcumin and nanoquercetin decreased the levels of inflammatory markers in the brain.Nanocurcumin formulations improved motor behavior,gait,and memory in Parkinson’s disease models and increased dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra.Furthermore,nanocurcumin improved locomotor activity,memory,and learning,and the number of dendrites of medium spiny neurons in Huntington’s disease models.Nanocurcumin formulations decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in a model of demyelination.Several important limitations were identified in the studies reviewed and these need to be considered in future studies.Also,clinical trials could be performed using the currently available nanoforms of curcumin and quercetin.展开更多
Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development.Essential oils(EOs),as natural,plant-derived compounds,have demon...Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development.Essential oils(EOs),as natural,plant-derived compounds,have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed.Nevertheless,the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility,low water solubility,poor intestinal absorption,and sensitivity to environmental conditions.Recently,nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges,improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs,and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed.This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs,the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed,and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations.Furthermore,we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations,emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition.展开更多
The global incidence of oral cancer has steadily increased in recent years and is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Oral cancer is the most common cancer in the head and neck region,and is predominantly of ...The global incidence of oral cancer has steadily increased in recent years and is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Oral cancer is the most common cancer in the head and neck region,and is predominantly of epithelial origin(i.e.squamous cell carcinoma).Oral cancer treatment modalities mainly include surgery with or without radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Though proven effective,chemotherapy has significant adverse effects with possibilities of tumor resistance to anticancer drugs and recurrence.Thus,there is an imperative need to identify suitable anticancer therapies that are highly precise with minimal side effects and to make oral cancer treatment effective and safer.Among the available adjuvant therapies is curcumin,a plant polyphenol isolated from the rhizome of the turmeric plant Curcuma longa.Curcumin has been demonstrated to have antiinfectious,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anticarcinogenic properties.Curcumin has poor bioavailability,which has been overcome by its various analogues and nanoformulations,such as nanoparticles,liposome complexes,micelles,and phospholipid complexes.Studies have shown that the anticancer effects of curcumin are mediated by its action on multiple molecular targets,including activator protein 1,protein kinase B(Akt),nuclear factorκ-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells,mitogen-activated protein kinase,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)expression,and EGFR downstream signaling pathways.These targets play important roles in oral cancer pathogenesis,thereby making curcumin a promising adjuvant treatment modality.This review aims to summarize the different novel formulations of curcumin and their role in the treatment of oral cancer.展开更多
This study leverages the unique advantages of polyprodrug systems and biomimetic technology to develop a novel biomimetic nanoformulation,in which neutrophil extracellular vesicles(NEVs)are coated onto reactive oxygen...This study leverages the unique advantages of polyprodrug systems and biomimetic technology to develop a novel biomimetic nanoformulation,in which neutrophil extracellular vesicles(NEVs)are coated onto reactive oxygen species(ROS)-sensitive probucol-based polyprodrug nanoparticles(NPPBNPs).This NEV-camouflaged biomimetic nanoformulation holds significant potential for the effective treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI),offering multifaceted therapeutic effects,such as ROS elimination,inhibition of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis,attenuation of glial hyperactivation,and suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator secretion.In a murine CIRI model,NPPBNPs markedly enhanced neuronal viability,ameliorated the ischemic penumbra,restored behavioral functions,and exhibited an acceptable safety profile.The therapeutic mechanism of NPPBNPs involves NEV-mediated camouflage,which enables selective targeting of the pathological endothelium,thereby reducing peripheral neutrophil recruitment and facilitating blood-brain barrier(BBB)transport.Upon internalization by neurons,astrocytes,and microglia within ischemic regions,NPPBNPs respond to elevated intracellular ROS levels by releasing probucol in a controlled manner,which synergistically mitigates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in CIRI-affected areas.Collectively,this multifunctional biomimetic nanoformulation represents a promising and practical strategy for the safe and effective treatment of CIRI.展开更多
Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery,particularly through nanoformulations of phytoconstituents,enhancing their therapeutic potential.Despite their broad bioactivities,plant-based compounds often suffer fro...Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery,particularly through nanoformulations of phytoconstituents,enhancing their therapeutic potential.Despite their broad bioactivities,plant-based compounds often suffer from poor bioavailability and stability.Nanoformulations address these limitations by improving solubility,targeted delivery,and controlled release.This approach opens new possibilities for treating chronic diseases like cancer,diabetes,and neurodegenerative disorders.This review aims to examine recent advancements in nanotechnology-based formulation strategies designed to enhance the delivery,stability,and therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals and also discusses regulatory issues,safety concerns,scalability,and cost-effectiveness.Emphasis was placed on nanoformulation techniques employed for key phytoconstituents such as curcumin,resveratrol,epigallocatechin gallate,and quercetin.The most commonly employed nanocarriers included polymeric nanoparticles,solid lipid nanoparticles,and liposomes.These formulations significantly improved the solubility,stability,and controlled release profiles of phytochemicals.In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated enhanced anti-inflammatory,anticancer,and antioxidant activities.Moreover,surface-modified and targeted nanoparticles showed promise in increasing site-specific targeting and enhancing bioavailability of the encapsulated compounds.Nanoformulations present a promising strategy for overcoming the pharmacokinetic limitations of phytochemicals.Despite encouraging preclinical results,further studies are needed to address issues related to long-term safety,clinical efficacy,and regulatory approval for successful clinical translation.展开更多
The approved worldwide use of two messenger RNA(mRNA)vaccines(BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273)in late 2020 has proven the remarkable success of mRNA therapeutics together with lipid nanoformulation technology in protecting peo...The approved worldwide use of two messenger RNA(mRNA)vaccines(BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273)in late 2020 has proven the remarkable success of mRNA therapeutics together with lipid nanoformulation technology in protecting people against coronaviruses during COVID-19 pandemic.This unprecedented and exciting dual strategy with nanoformulations and mRNA therapeutics in play is believed to be a promising paradigm in targeted cancer immunotherapy in future.Recent advances in nanoformulation technologies play a prominent role in adapting mRNA platform in cancer treatment.In this review,we introduce the biologic principles and advancements of mRNA technology,and chemistry fundamentals of intriguing mRNA delivery nanoformulations.We discuss the latest promising nano-mRNA therapeutics for enhanced cancer immunotherapy by modulation of targeted specific subtypes of immune cells,such as dendritic cells(DCs)at peripheral lymphoid organs for initiating mRNA cancer vaccine-mediated antigen specific immunotherapy,and DCs,natural killer(NK)cells,cytotoxic T cells,or multiple immunosuppressive immune cells at tumor microenvironment(TME)for reversing immune evasion.We highlight the clinical progress of advanced nano-mRNA therapeutics in targeted cancer therapy and provide our perspectives on future directions of this transformative integrated technology toward clinical implementation.展开更多
Over thousands of years,natural bioactive compounds derived from plants(bioactive phytocompounds,BPCs)have been used worldwide to address human health issues.Today,they are a significant resource for drug discovery in...Over thousands of years,natural bioactive compounds derived from plants(bioactive phytocompounds,BPCs)have been used worldwide to address human health issues.Today,they are a significant resource for drug discovery in the development of modern medicines.Although many BPCs have promising biological activities,most of them cannot be effectively utilized in drugs for therapeutic applications because of their inherent limitations of low solubility,structural instability,short half-life,poor bioavailability,and non-specific distribution to organs.Researchers have utilized emerging nanoformulation(NF)technologies to overcome these limitations as they have demonstrated great potential to improve the solubility,stability,and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of BPCs.This review exemplifies NF strategies for resolving the issues associated with BPCs and summarizes recent advances in their preclinical and clinical applications for imaging and therapy.This review also highlights how innovative NF technologies play a leading role in next-generation BPC-based drug development for extended therapeutic applications.Finally,this review discusses the opportunities to take BPCs with meaningful clinical impact from bench to bedside and extend the patent life of BPC-based medicines with new formulations or application to new adjacent diseases beyond the primary drug indications.展开更多
Antioxidation and adjustable treatment strategies are critical for the effective treatment of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Here,we design a dual-targeted Prussian blue nanoformulation(PTCN)that can cross the blood-brain b...Antioxidation and adjustable treatment strategies are critical for the effective treatment of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Here,we design a dual-targeted Prussian blue nanoformulation(PTCN)that can cross the blood-brain barrier and target amyloid beta aggregates further exert antioxidant effects.An adjustable gradient dosing strategy with PTCN is used for the first time to design the preventive and therapeutic trials based on the severity of oxidative stress at different AD stages.The results show that PTCN could effectively ameliorate AD-related pathological processes,improve the cognitive decline,and rescue hippocampal atrophy of APP/PS1 mice in both preventive and therapeutic trials.Altogether,PTCN provided here is a successful combination of three traditional biomaterials with good biosafety,which has broad prospects for the early prevention,mild remission,and late treatment of AD,and is expected to be developed into personalized therapeutic drugs and healthcare products for clinical AD in the future.展开更多
Cancer is intimidating in its diversity,genetics,epigenetics,pathology,diagnosis,and response to therapy.The high rate of recurrence and development of resistance to therapies hinder the prognosis and the inadvertent ...Cancer is intimidating in its diversity,genetics,epigenetics,pathology,diagnosis,and response to therapy.The high rate of recurrence and development of resistance to therapies hinder the prognosis and the inadvertent side effects of contemporary medications can reduce the quality of life in patients.These observations emphasize the need for multi-targeted treatments that are not only relatively safe and economical,but also provide a more effective alternative to the conventional treatment modalities.Over the last few decades,scientific data has demonstrated that curcumin has a wide range of anti-cancer effects that are orchestrated via affecting diverse cancer signaling pathways.Nonetheless,the therapeutic applicability of curcumin is severely limited due to its low water solubility,poor oral absorption,and rapid clearance.These limitations prompted the development of various curcumin formulations including nanotechnology based delivery systems for the prevention and treatment of cancers.Therefore,we aimed to review the potential benefits of nanocurcumin in treating various cancer.We conducted a comprehensive search on the PubMed database to identify relevant publications concerning the use of nanocurcumin in cancer treatment,utilizing the search term’nanocurcumin and cancer’.This review summarizes various preclinical and clinical studies that highlight the anticancer activities of curcumin nanoformulations including cyclodextrin complexes,dendrimers,exosomes,liposomes,gold nanoparticles(NPs),graphene nanocomposites,magnetic NPs,micelles,nanogels,polymeric NPs and solid-lipid NPs(SLNs).We further presented cellular mechanisms and clinical investigations,thus,emphasizing its potential in cancer prevention and treatment or even as an adjuvant therapy with conventional drugs to enhance therapeutic results in cancer patients.展开更多
Objective:To synthesize nanoformulated naringenin(NF-n)and evaluate its anti-angiogenic and anticancer activities.Methods:NF-n was synthesized using the solvent evaporation method and characterized by dynamic light sc...Objective:To synthesize nanoformulated naringenin(NF-n)and evaluate its anti-angiogenic and anticancer activities.Methods:NF-n was synthesized using the solvent evaporation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.Molecular docking studies were performed to assess NF-n’s binding affinity to vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).In vitro assays using HUVEC and MCF-7 cell lines were conducted to evaluate cytotoxicity and cell migration inhibition.The mRNA expression levels of angiogenesis-and inflammation-related markers(nestin,NRP-1,NRP-2,CD93,IL-1β,TNF-α,NF-κB,and Bcl-2)were quantified via RT-PCR.The anti-angiogenic effect of NF-n was further investigated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.Results:Molecular docking revealed effective binding of naringenin to VEGF.NF-n demonstrated significantly reduced particle size and improved physicochemical properties.In in vitro studies,NF-n reduced cell viability and inhibited migration in both HUVEC and MCF-7 cells.RT-PCR analysis showed that NF-n significantly downregulated pro-angiogenic and inflammatory markers.Furthermore,NF-n significantly decreased blood vessel density,total branching points,and vessel length in heparin-induced chick chorioallantoic membrane.Conclusions:NF-n exhibits anti-angiogenic and anticancer properties,positioning it as a promising candidate for therapeutic application in cancer and other pathological conditions involving abnormal angiogenesis.Further preclinical studies are recommended to explore its translational potential.展开更多
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),a bioactive polyphenol abundant in green tea,has garnered significant attention for its diverse therapeutic applications,ranging from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to poten...Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),a bioactive polyphenol abundant in green tea,has garnered significant attention for its diverse therapeutic applications,ranging from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to potential anticancer properties.Despite its immense promise,the practical utilization of EGCG in therapeutic settings as a medication has been hampered by inherent limitations of this drug,including poor bioavailability,instability,and rapid degradation.This review comprehensively explores the current challenges associated with the application of EGCG and evaluates the potential of nanoparticle-based formulations in addressing these limitations.Nanoparticles,with their unique physicochemical properties,offer a platform for the enhanced stability,bioavailability,and targeted delivery of EGCG.Various nanoparticle strategies,including polymeric nanoparticle,micelle,lipid-based nanocarrier,metal nanoparticle,and silica nanoparticle,are currently employed to enhance EGCG stability and pharmacological activity.This review concludes that the particle sizes of most of these formulated nanocarriers fall within 300 nm and their encapsulation efficiency ranges from 51%to 97%.Notably,the pharmacological activities of EGCG-loaded nanoparticles,such as antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,and antimicrobial effects,are significantly enhanced compared to those of free EGCG.By critically analyzing the existing literature and highlighting recent advancements,this article provides valuable insights into the promising prospects of nanoparticle-mediated EGCG formulations,paving the way for the development of more effective and clinically viable therapeutic strategies.展开更多
The periodic outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever,zika fever,and yellow fever all over the world highlights the need for effective mosquito control methods targeting the biological system.Due to the l...The periodic outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever,zika fever,and yellow fever all over the world highlights the need for effective mosquito control methods targeting the biological system.Due to the lack of therapeutic measures,preventive treatments or vaccines against pathogens,insecticide resistance eventually lead the research focus towards novel technological applications in mosquito management.Nanomaterials with ovicidal,larvicidal,adulticidal,and repellent properties for controlling mosquito vectors are under research.A literature search was carried out for advancements in nanomaterials,insecticides,and mosquito control in PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and Web of Science.This paper aims to provide insights into various nanomaterials relevant to mosquito-borne diseases,in vivo and in vitro toxicity evaluation against mosquito species,mode of action,effect on non-target organisms,and ecological risks.Organic and inorganic materials that provide controlled release,target delivery,less dosage,prolonged efficacy,a reduction in the use of organic solvents and emulsifiers,and minimum pollution to the environment have already been explored.Indeed,further research on the ecological risk and economic feasibility of nanomaterials in mosquitocidal applications should be done prior to commercialization.展开更多
The application of nanotechnologies in formulation has significantly promoted the development of modern medical and pharmacological science, especially for nanoparticle-based drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostic...The application of nanotechnologies in formulation has significantly promoted the development of modern medical and pharmacological science, especially for nanoparticle-based drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics. The advancement of engineering particle design and fabrication is largely supported by a better understanding of how their apparent characteristics(e.g., size and size distribution, surface morphology, colloidal stability, chemical composition) influence their in vivo biological performance, which raises an urgent need for practical nanoformulation methods. Based on turbulent flow mixing and the self-assembly of molecules in fluids, flash technologies emerged as effective bottom-up fabrication strategies for effective nanoformulation. Among the flash technology family, flash nanocomplexation(FNC) is considered a novel and promising candidate that can promote and optimize formulation processes in a precise spatiotemporal manner, thus obtaining excellent fabrication efficiency, reproducibility and expandability. This review presents an overview of recent advances in fabricating drug-delivery nanoparticles using FNC platforms. Firstly, brief introductions to the basic principles of FNC technology were carried out, followed by descriptions of turbulent microvolume mixers that have significantly promoted the efficiency of FNC-based fabrications. Applications of real formulation cases were then categorized according to the self-assembly-driven interactions(including electrostatic interaction, coordination interaction,hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction) and discussed to reveal the progressiveness of fabricating nanoparticles and discuss how its flexibility will provide advances and replenish the philosophy of nanomedicine formulation. In the end, the commercial potential, current limitations, and prospects of FNC technology for nanoformulation will be summarized and discussed.展开更多
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the primary cause of permanent disability worldwide.Ischemic stroke(IS)accounts for 87%of all strokes globally and is characterized by the occlusion of cerebral vasculat...Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the primary cause of permanent disability worldwide.Ischemic stroke(IS)accounts for 87%of all strokes globally and is characterized by the occlusion of cerebral vasculature due to embolic presence.Clinical treatments for IS include enzymatic thrombolysis,mechanical thrombectomy,and neuroprotection.However,these approaches have obvious limitations.First,early vascular recanalization leads to secondary cascade injuries and a high risk of hemorrhagic transformation,resulting in poor clinical outcomes for patients with IS.In addition,neuroprotective agents often fail to achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy due to inadequate drug concentrations and off-target effects[1].Targeted stimuli-responsive nanoformulations for thrombolysis and neuroprotection have been developed to address these limitations in current clinical treatments.These nanoformulations are based on IS-specific thrombus-associated receptors and the pathological microenvironments,showing great promise in treating IS(Figure A).展开更多
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and takes a heavy toll on human life. Treatment of diabetics often poses a problem in selection of the proper drug, its dose and unwan...Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and takes a heavy toll on human life. Treatment of diabetics often poses a problem in selection of the proper drug, its dose and unwanted side effects. Therefore, newer drugs with the least side effects but with highest efficiency are being relentlessly searched for. In recent years, nanotechnology has given new hope for the formulation of various drugs against a myriad of diseases, including diabetes. This review tries to give an overview of the advantages of various new drugs being used, including a wide range of nanoformulations of orthodox as well complementary and alternative medicines. Several studies and research reports based on nanotechnological approaches in the formulation of anti-diabetic drugs have pointed out the fact that research in the formulation of nanodrugs improved strategies for combating diabetes based on the plausible molecular mechanism of action of the drugs. Furthermore, attempts have also been made to delineate the optimum drug concentration and time of exposure in order to recommend a scientifically validated drug dose response in developing different therapeutic strategies. Thus, to a considerable extent, recent studies have contributed towards improving thelife expectancy and quality of life of diabetics, through both targeted orthodox medicine and complementary medicine, particularly those obtained from natural resources.展开更多
Macular edema such as diabetic macular edema(DME) and diabetic retinopathy are devastating back-of-theeye retinal diseases leading to loss of vision. This area is receiving considerable medical attention. Posterior oc...Macular edema such as diabetic macular edema(DME) and diabetic retinopathy are devastating back-of-theeye retinal diseases leading to loss of vision. This area is receiving considerable medical attention. Posterior ocular diseases are challenging to treat due to complex ocular physiology and barrier properties. Major ocular barriers are static(corneal epithelium, corneal stroma, and blood-aqueous barrier) and dynamic barriers(bloodretinal barrier, conjunctival blood flow, lymph flow, and tear drainage). Moreover, metabolic barriers impede posterior ocular drug delivery and treatment. To overcome such barriers and treat back-of-the-eye diseases, several strategies have been recently developed which include vitreal drainage, laser photocoagulation and treatment with biologics and/or small molecule drugs. In this article, we have provided an overview of several emerging novel strategies including nanotechnology based drug delivery approach for posterior ocular drug delivery and treatment with an emphasis on DME.展开更多
Delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system（CNS） and brain-tumor has been a major challenge. The current standard treatment approaches for the brain-tumor comprise of surgical resection followed by immunot...Delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system（CNS） and brain-tumor has been a major challenge. The current standard treatment approaches for the brain-tumor comprise of surgical resection followed by immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the current treatments are limited in providing significant benefits to the patients and despite recent technological advancements; brain-tumor is still challenging to treat. Brain-tumor therapy is limited by the lack of effective and targeted strategies to deliver chemotherapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier（BBB）. The BBB is the main obstacle that must be overcome to allow compounds to reach their targets in the brain. Recent advances have boosted the nanotherapeutic approaches in providing an attractive strategy in improving the drug delivery across the BBB and into the CNS. Compared to conventional formulations, nanoformulations offer significant ad vantages in CNS drug delivery approaches. Considering the above facts, in this review, the physiological/anatomical features of the brain-tumor and the BBB are briefly discussed. The drug transport mechanisms at the BBB are outlined. The approaches to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs across the CNS into the brain-tumor using nanocarriers are summarized. In addition, the challenges that need to be addressed in nanotherapeutic approaches for their enhanced clinical application in brain-tumor therapy are discussed.展开更多
According to the extent of fungal infections, to be chronic these such diseases and recently the emerging issue of increased antibiotic resistance in fungal infections, most of scientists are going to find a proper wa...According to the extent of fungal infections, to be chronic these such diseases and recently the emerging issue of increased antibiotic resistance in fungal infections, most of scientists are going to find a proper way to replace antibacterial agent by significant semiconductor ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). They are well known to be one of the most important and special metal oxide nanoparticles in pharmaceutical against the most common fungi. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel, hydrothermal and functionalized surface methods and formulated in water solutions as nanofluids. XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques and UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy characterized their ZnO modified nanostructures. Also antimycotic potential according to generally tests such as: (MIC) minimum inhibitory concentration, (MFC) minimum fungicidal concentration and normally well diffusion method with standard strains fungi were performed. Among five common fungi strains using in this research, new various ZnO nanofluids showed noticeable results for dermatophyte fungi like Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Candida albicans and Candid tropicalis which had un growth zones in order 70, 40, 35, 30 and 30 mm in comparing with Clotrimazole reference reagent: 30, 25, 25, 18 and 20 mm by well method. The performance of MIC for ZnO nanofluids on fungi was determined to be equal to 0.35, 3.12, 6.25, 6.25 and 6.25 μgr/ml and MFC of nanoproducts showed the 1.5, 12.5, 25, 25 and 25 μgr/ml. Therefore, the designed ZnO nanofluids could reveal the most effect on fungi which cause dermal (ringworm), mucosal (thrush) and vaginal infections, so we are able to apply these surface high energetic ZnO water-based nanofluid formulations as in vitro nanomedicine and nanohygiene for the first time.展开更多
The rosemary essential oil(REO)and oregano essential oil(OEO)are known for their inherent biomedical properties,which were further enhanced when converted into nanoformulation.The conversion of essential oils into nan...The rosemary essential oil(REO)and oregano essential oil(OEO)are known for their inherent biomedical properties,which were further enhanced when converted into nanoformulation.The conversion of essential oils into nanoformulation may improve their stability,bioavailability,and functionality.The FTIR spectra of nano-emulsions revealed peaks at 1080.14 cm^(-1),1629.85 cm^(-1),2115.91 cm^(-1),2926.01 cm^(-1) and 3196.05 cm^(-1) for rosemary nanoemulsion(RNE).Also,a peak shift was observed at 1627.92 cm^(-1) and 2341.58 cm^(-1) for oregano nanoemulsion(ONE)highlighting that the essential oils were stably encapsulated with the surfactant.The particle size analysis(PSA)revealed that the mean droplet sizes of RNE and ONE were 129.2 nm and 25.98 nm respectively which indicates the stability and uniform distribution of these nanoemulsions.The HR-TEM showed that the nanoemulsions were spherical,smooth,and well-dispersed with droplet sizes below 100 nm.The antioxidant capacities were assessed using FRAP,DPPH,and H2O_(2) scavenging tests,and the results indicated that RNE and ONE showed higher antioxidant capacity than REO and OEO.In the BSA denaturation assay,protein denaturation was significantly inhibited,indicating the strong anti-inflammatory properties of RNE and ONE.Similarly,both RNE and ONE showed a rise in antimicrobial efficacy against different microorganisms.The MTT cytotoxicity assay on AGS cell lines showed that the nanoemulsions were biocompatible and had improved anticancer activity like that of the standard.These findings show that encapsulating essential oils stabilizes and boosts their antimicrobial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential,thereby,making them more effective in various applications.展开更多
In this research,the encapsulation of cholecalciferol within food-grade nanoparticles,specifically self-assembled nanomicelles,was aimed at investigating its impact on critical aspects,such as bioactive degradation un...In this research,the encapsulation of cholecalciferol within food-grade nanoparticles,specifically self-assembled nanomicelles,was aimed at investigating its impact on critical aspects,such as bioactive degradation under harsh environmental conditions and controlled release in in vitro biorelevant media.Tween 60 and Quillaja saponin(T60/QS)were selected as the primary and natural plant-based surfactants,respectively,after comparison with other food-grade surfactants in terms of size,polydispersity index,and encapsulation efficiency.The physicochemical properties were characterized by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering,scanning electron microscopy,UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopies.A comparison between the synthesized nanocarrier and other commercial nanoformulations was conducted,focusing on their thermal,photochemical,and controlled release behavior.The synthesized T60/QS nanomicelles(T60/QS-NMs)demonstrated superior stability at 85°(cumulative degradation rate,CDR,35%)compared to commercial formulations(CDR 65%).Mathematical kinetic models,including zero order,first order,Korsmeyer-Peppas,Higuchi,Weibull,Hixon Crowell and Beaker-Lonsdale,were employed to analyze the release pattern of cholecalciferol(VD_(3))under biorelevant conditions,supporting effective formulation design.Furthermore,in vitro studies indicated that T60/QS-NMs exhibited superior stability in simulated gastric fluid,with controlled release primarily occurring in simulated intestinal fluid.Thus,T60/QS-NMs can effectively protect VD_(3) in unfavorable and acidic environments while enabling sustained release.This positions them as a promising tool to fortify unprocessed materials,intermediates,or even final products in human nutrition,enhancing cholecalciferol bioaccessibility in the foodomic cutting-edge field of efficient oral bioactive delivery.展开更多
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases are increasing in prevalence due largely to aging populations worldwide and improved medical care for the elderly.Currently approved drugs can reduce some of the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases but cannot cure them.Inflammation is involved in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases,and oxidative stress is implicated in neurodegeneration associated with cognitive decline and age-related cognitive impairment.Polyphenols such as curcumin,quercetin,and resveratrol possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Nanoformulations of curcumin and quercetin can optimize their pharmacological effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Nanocarriers play a crucial role in delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier,thereby lowering the risk of peripheral side effects.Various nanoforms have been developed to induce bioavailability and solubility of curcumin and quercetin,including nanoparticles and nanoemulsions.The studies reviewed included 17 using curcumin nanoformulations and seven with quercetin nanoformulations and were tested in widely used animal models of Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease,and multiple sclerosis.Many of the curcumin and quercetin nanoformulations brought about improvements in learning and memory in behavioral tests of Alzheimer’s disease models and were effective in reducing oxidative stress in the brain.Both nanocurcumin and nanoquercetin decreased the levels of inflammatory markers in the brain.Nanocurcumin formulations improved motor behavior,gait,and memory in Parkinson’s disease models and increased dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra.Furthermore,nanocurcumin improved locomotor activity,memory,and learning,and the number of dendrites of medium spiny neurons in Huntington’s disease models.Nanocurcumin formulations decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in a model of demyelination.Several important limitations were identified in the studies reviewed and these need to be considered in future studies.Also,clinical trials could be performed using the currently available nanoforms of curcumin and quercetin.
基金supported by the Queensland-Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Science Fund(QCSA-0001)。
文摘Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development.Essential oils(EOs),as natural,plant-derived compounds,have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed.Nevertheless,the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility,low water solubility,poor intestinal absorption,and sensitivity to environmental conditions.Recently,nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges,improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs,and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed.This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs,the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed,and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations.Furthermore,we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations,emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition.
文摘The global incidence of oral cancer has steadily increased in recent years and is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Oral cancer is the most common cancer in the head and neck region,and is predominantly of epithelial origin(i.e.squamous cell carcinoma).Oral cancer treatment modalities mainly include surgery with or without radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Though proven effective,chemotherapy has significant adverse effects with possibilities of tumor resistance to anticancer drugs and recurrence.Thus,there is an imperative need to identify suitable anticancer therapies that are highly precise with minimal side effects and to make oral cancer treatment effective and safer.Among the available adjuvant therapies is curcumin,a plant polyphenol isolated from the rhizome of the turmeric plant Curcuma longa.Curcumin has been demonstrated to have antiinfectious,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anticarcinogenic properties.Curcumin has poor bioavailability,which has been overcome by its various analogues and nanoformulations,such as nanoparticles,liposome complexes,micelles,and phospholipid complexes.Studies have shown that the anticancer effects of curcumin are mediated by its action on multiple molecular targets,including activator protein 1,protein kinase B(Akt),nuclear factorκ-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells,mitogen-activated protein kinase,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)expression,and EGFR downstream signaling pathways.These targets play important roles in oral cancer pathogenesis,thereby making curcumin a promising adjuvant treatment modality.This review aims to summarize the different novel formulations of curcumin and their role in the treatment of oral cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201150,82271321,12032007,and 32471366)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0096 and CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0033)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jinfeng Laboratory,Chongqing,China(jfkyjf202203001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024CDJCGJ-016,2023CDJYGRH-ZD03)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20230807111011024).
文摘This study leverages the unique advantages of polyprodrug systems and biomimetic technology to develop a novel biomimetic nanoformulation,in which neutrophil extracellular vesicles(NEVs)are coated onto reactive oxygen species(ROS)-sensitive probucol-based polyprodrug nanoparticles(NPPBNPs).This NEV-camouflaged biomimetic nanoformulation holds significant potential for the effective treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI),offering multifaceted therapeutic effects,such as ROS elimination,inhibition of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis,attenuation of glial hyperactivation,and suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator secretion.In a murine CIRI model,NPPBNPs markedly enhanced neuronal viability,ameliorated the ischemic penumbra,restored behavioral functions,and exhibited an acceptable safety profile.The therapeutic mechanism of NPPBNPs involves NEV-mediated camouflage,which enables selective targeting of the pathological endothelium,thereby reducing peripheral neutrophil recruitment and facilitating blood-brain barrier(BBB)transport.Upon internalization by neurons,astrocytes,and microglia within ischemic regions,NPPBNPs respond to elevated intracellular ROS levels by releasing probucol in a controlled manner,which synergistically mitigates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in CIRI-affected areas.Collectively,this multifunctional biomimetic nanoformulation represents a promising and practical strategy for the safe and effective treatment of CIRI.
文摘Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery,particularly through nanoformulations of phytoconstituents,enhancing their therapeutic potential.Despite their broad bioactivities,plant-based compounds often suffer from poor bioavailability and stability.Nanoformulations address these limitations by improving solubility,targeted delivery,and controlled release.This approach opens new possibilities for treating chronic diseases like cancer,diabetes,and neurodegenerative disorders.This review aims to examine recent advancements in nanotechnology-based formulation strategies designed to enhance the delivery,stability,and therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals and also discusses regulatory issues,safety concerns,scalability,and cost-effectiveness.Emphasis was placed on nanoformulation techniques employed for key phytoconstituents such as curcumin,resveratrol,epigallocatechin gallate,and quercetin.The most commonly employed nanocarriers included polymeric nanoparticles,solid lipid nanoparticles,and liposomes.These formulations significantly improved the solubility,stability,and controlled release profiles of phytochemicals.In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated enhanced anti-inflammatory,anticancer,and antioxidant activities.Moreover,surface-modified and targeted nanoparticles showed promise in increasing site-specific targeting and enhancing bioavailability of the encapsulated compounds.Nanoformulations present a promising strategy for overcoming the pharmacokinetic limitations of phytochemicals.Despite encouraging preclinical results,further studies are needed to address issues related to long-term safety,clinical efficacy,and regulatory approval for successful clinical translation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[32101146,81974391,82072806,82173265]Shanghai Science and Technology Program[21010500100,22140901700]+5 种基金Basic Research Program of Shanghai Municipal Government[21JC1406002]Shanghai Pujiang Program[21PJ1404500]Shanghai Excellent Overseas Young Scientiststhe Clinical Research Plan of SHDC[SHDC2020CR4025]the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai[20ZR1470500]Hospital Funded Clinical Research,Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine[21XHDB06].
文摘The approved worldwide use of two messenger RNA(mRNA)vaccines(BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273)in late 2020 has proven the remarkable success of mRNA therapeutics together with lipid nanoformulation technology in protecting people against coronaviruses during COVID-19 pandemic.This unprecedented and exciting dual strategy with nanoformulations and mRNA therapeutics in play is believed to be a promising paradigm in targeted cancer immunotherapy in future.Recent advances in nanoformulation technologies play a prominent role in adapting mRNA platform in cancer treatment.In this review,we introduce the biologic principles and advancements of mRNA technology,and chemistry fundamentals of intriguing mRNA delivery nanoformulations.We discuss the latest promising nano-mRNA therapeutics for enhanced cancer immunotherapy by modulation of targeted specific subtypes of immune cells,such as dendritic cells(DCs)at peripheral lymphoid organs for initiating mRNA cancer vaccine-mediated antigen specific immunotherapy,and DCs,natural killer(NK)cells,cytotoxic T cells,or multiple immunosuppressive immune cells at tumor microenvironment(TME)for reversing immune evasion.We highlight the clinical progress of advanced nano-mRNA therapeutics in targeted cancer therapy and provide our perspectives on future directions of this transformative integrated technology toward clinical implementation.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Programs through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(2017R1D1A1B03034888,2021R1A6A3A01086719 and 2015R1A6A3A04059033)a Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)intramural research grant.
文摘Over thousands of years,natural bioactive compounds derived from plants(bioactive phytocompounds,BPCs)have been used worldwide to address human health issues.Today,they are a significant resource for drug discovery in the development of modern medicines.Although many BPCs have promising biological activities,most of them cannot be effectively utilized in drugs for therapeutic applications because of their inherent limitations of low solubility,structural instability,short half-life,poor bioavailability,and non-specific distribution to organs.Researchers have utilized emerging nanoformulation(NF)technologies to overcome these limitations as they have demonstrated great potential to improve the solubility,stability,and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of BPCs.This review exemplifies NF strategies for resolving the issues associated with BPCs and summarizes recent advances in their preclinical and clinical applications for imaging and therapy.This review also highlights how innovative NF technologies play a leading role in next-generation BPC-based drug development for extended therapeutic applications.Finally,this review discusses the opportunities to take BPCs with meaningful clinical impact from bench to bedside and extend the patent life of BPC-based medicines with new formulations or application to new adjacent diseases beyond the primary drug indications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51873150,51573128).
文摘Antioxidation and adjustable treatment strategies are critical for the effective treatment of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Here,we design a dual-targeted Prussian blue nanoformulation(PTCN)that can cross the blood-brain barrier and target amyloid beta aggregates further exert antioxidant effects.An adjustable gradient dosing strategy with PTCN is used for the first time to design the preventive and therapeutic trials based on the severity of oxidative stress at different AD stages.The results show that PTCN could effectively ameliorate AD-related pathological processes,improve the cognitive decline,and rescue hippocampal atrophy of APP/PS1 mice in both preventive and therapeutic trials.Altogether,PTCN provided here is a successful combination of three traditional biomaterials with good biosafety,which has broad prospects for the early prevention,mild remission,and late treatment of AD,and is expected to be developed into personalized therapeutic drugs and healthcare products for clinical AD in the future.
基金supported by BT/556/NE/U-Excel/2016 grant awarded to AK by Department of Biotechnology(DBT),Government of IndiaMangala Hegde acknowledges Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Govt.of India,National Post-Doctoral Fellowship(N-PDF)(PDF/2021/004053)for the financial support+1 种基金Aviral Kumar acknowledges Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship(PMRF)program,Ministry of Education(MoE),Govt.of India for providing him the prestigious fellowshipBSA acknowledges University Grant Commision(UGC),Govt.of India,New Delhi for the fellowship.
文摘Cancer is intimidating in its diversity,genetics,epigenetics,pathology,diagnosis,and response to therapy.The high rate of recurrence and development of resistance to therapies hinder the prognosis and the inadvertent side effects of contemporary medications can reduce the quality of life in patients.These observations emphasize the need for multi-targeted treatments that are not only relatively safe and economical,but also provide a more effective alternative to the conventional treatment modalities.Over the last few decades,scientific data has demonstrated that curcumin has a wide range of anti-cancer effects that are orchestrated via affecting diverse cancer signaling pathways.Nonetheless,the therapeutic applicability of curcumin is severely limited due to its low water solubility,poor oral absorption,and rapid clearance.These limitations prompted the development of various curcumin formulations including nanotechnology based delivery systems for the prevention and treatment of cancers.Therefore,we aimed to review the potential benefits of nanocurcumin in treating various cancer.We conducted a comprehensive search on the PubMed database to identify relevant publications concerning the use of nanocurcumin in cancer treatment,utilizing the search term’nanocurcumin and cancer’.This review summarizes various preclinical and clinical studies that highlight the anticancer activities of curcumin nanoformulations including cyclodextrin complexes,dendrimers,exosomes,liposomes,gold nanoparticles(NPs),graphene nanocomposites,magnetic NPs,micelles,nanogels,polymeric NPs and solid-lipid NPs(SLNs).We further presented cellular mechanisms and clinical investigations,thus,emphasizing its potential in cancer prevention and treatment or even as an adjuvant therapy with conventional drugs to enhance therapeutic results in cancer patients.
文摘Objective:To synthesize nanoformulated naringenin(NF-n)and evaluate its anti-angiogenic and anticancer activities.Methods:NF-n was synthesized using the solvent evaporation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.Molecular docking studies were performed to assess NF-n’s binding affinity to vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).In vitro assays using HUVEC and MCF-7 cell lines were conducted to evaluate cytotoxicity and cell migration inhibition.The mRNA expression levels of angiogenesis-and inflammation-related markers(nestin,NRP-1,NRP-2,CD93,IL-1β,TNF-α,NF-κB,and Bcl-2)were quantified via RT-PCR.The anti-angiogenic effect of NF-n was further investigated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.Results:Molecular docking revealed effective binding of naringenin to VEGF.NF-n demonstrated significantly reduced particle size and improved physicochemical properties.In in vitro studies,NF-n reduced cell viability and inhibited migration in both HUVEC and MCF-7 cells.RT-PCR analysis showed that NF-n significantly downregulated pro-angiogenic and inflammatory markers.Furthermore,NF-n significantly decreased blood vessel density,total branching points,and vessel length in heparin-induced chick chorioallantoic membrane.Conclusions:NF-n exhibits anti-angiogenic and anticancer properties,positioning it as a promising candidate for therapeutic application in cancer and other pathological conditions involving abnormal angiogenesis.Further preclinical studies are recommended to explore its translational potential.
基金upported by the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE),Malaysia,through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(No.FRGS/1/2022/SKK10/UTAR/02/1)the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,Malaysia,through UTAR-Research Fund(No.IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2024-C1/L04)。
文摘Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),a bioactive polyphenol abundant in green tea,has garnered significant attention for its diverse therapeutic applications,ranging from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to potential anticancer properties.Despite its immense promise,the practical utilization of EGCG in therapeutic settings as a medication has been hampered by inherent limitations of this drug,including poor bioavailability,instability,and rapid degradation.This review comprehensively explores the current challenges associated with the application of EGCG and evaluates the potential of nanoparticle-based formulations in addressing these limitations.Nanoparticles,with their unique physicochemical properties,offer a platform for the enhanced stability,bioavailability,and targeted delivery of EGCG.Various nanoparticle strategies,including polymeric nanoparticle,micelle,lipid-based nanocarrier,metal nanoparticle,and silica nanoparticle,are currently employed to enhance EGCG stability and pharmacological activity.This review concludes that the particle sizes of most of these formulated nanocarriers fall within 300 nm and their encapsulation efficiency ranges from 51%to 97%.Notably,the pharmacological activities of EGCG-loaded nanoparticles,such as antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,and antimicrobial effects,are significantly enhanced compared to those of free EGCG.By critically analyzing the existing literature and highlighting recent advancements,this article provides valuable insights into the promising prospects of nanoparticle-mediated EGCG formulations,paving the way for the development of more effective and clinically viable therapeutic strategies.
文摘The periodic outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever,zika fever,and yellow fever all over the world highlights the need for effective mosquito control methods targeting the biological system.Due to the lack of therapeutic measures,preventive treatments or vaccines against pathogens,insecticide resistance eventually lead the research focus towards novel technological applications in mosquito management.Nanomaterials with ovicidal,larvicidal,adulticidal,and repellent properties for controlling mosquito vectors are under research.A literature search was carried out for advancements in nanomaterials,insecticides,and mosquito control in PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and Web of Science.This paper aims to provide insights into various nanomaterials relevant to mosquito-borne diseases,in vivo and in vitro toxicity evaluation against mosquito species,mode of action,effect on non-target organisms,and ecological risks.Organic and inorganic materials that provide controlled release,target delivery,less dosage,prolonged efficacy,a reduction in the use of organic solvents and emulsifiers,and minimum pollution to the environment have already been explored.Indeed,further research on the ecological risk and economic feasibility of nanomaterials in mosquitocidal applications should be done prior to commercialization.
基金supported by the Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (No. 2021JJLH0037)Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province (No. tsqn202211065)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82003673)Yangcheng Scholars Research Project of Guangzhou (No. 20183197)Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan (No. 201901010170)
文摘The application of nanotechnologies in formulation has significantly promoted the development of modern medical and pharmacological science, especially for nanoparticle-based drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics. The advancement of engineering particle design and fabrication is largely supported by a better understanding of how their apparent characteristics(e.g., size and size distribution, surface morphology, colloidal stability, chemical composition) influence their in vivo biological performance, which raises an urgent need for practical nanoformulation methods. Based on turbulent flow mixing and the self-assembly of molecules in fluids, flash technologies emerged as effective bottom-up fabrication strategies for effective nanoformulation. Among the flash technology family, flash nanocomplexation(FNC) is considered a novel and promising candidate that can promote and optimize formulation processes in a precise spatiotemporal manner, thus obtaining excellent fabrication efficiency, reproducibility and expandability. This review presents an overview of recent advances in fabricating drug-delivery nanoparticles using FNC platforms. Firstly, brief introductions to the basic principles of FNC technology were carried out, followed by descriptions of turbulent microvolume mixers that have significantly promoted the efficiency of FNC-based fabrications. Applications of real formulation cases were then categorized according to the self-assembly-driven interactions(including electrostatic interaction, coordination interaction,hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction) and discussed to reveal the progressiveness of fabricating nanoparticles and discuss how its flexibility will provide advances and replenish the philosophy of nanomedicine formulation. In the end, the commercial potential, current limitations, and prospects of FNC technology for nanoformulation will be summarized and discussed.
文摘Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the primary cause of permanent disability worldwide.Ischemic stroke(IS)accounts for 87%of all strokes globally and is characterized by the occlusion of cerebral vasculature due to embolic presence.Clinical treatments for IS include enzymatic thrombolysis,mechanical thrombectomy,and neuroprotection.However,these approaches have obvious limitations.First,early vascular recanalization leads to secondary cascade injuries and a high risk of hemorrhagic transformation,resulting in poor clinical outcomes for patients with IS.In addition,neuroprotective agents often fail to achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy due to inadequate drug concentrations and off-target effects[1].Targeted stimuli-responsive nanoformulations for thrombolysis and neuroprotection have been developed to address these limitations in current clinical treatments.These nanoformulations are based on IS-specific thrombus-associated receptors and the pathological microenvironments,showing great promise in treating IS(Figure A).
文摘Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and takes a heavy toll on human life. Treatment of diabetics often poses a problem in selection of the proper drug, its dose and unwanted side effects. Therefore, newer drugs with the least side effects but with highest efficiency are being relentlessly searched for. In recent years, nanotechnology has given new hope for the formulation of various drugs against a myriad of diseases, including diabetes. This review tries to give an overview of the advantages of various new drugs being used, including a wide range of nanoformulations of orthodox as well complementary and alternative medicines. Several studies and research reports based on nanotechnological approaches in the formulation of anti-diabetic drugs have pointed out the fact that research in the formulation of nanodrugs improved strategies for combating diabetes based on the plausible molecular mechanism of action of the drugs. Furthermore, attempts have also been made to delineate the optimum drug concentration and time of exposure in order to recommend a scientifically validated drug dose response in developing different therapeutic strategies. Thus, to a considerable extent, recent studies have contributed towards improving thelife expectancy and quality of life of diabetics, through both targeted orthodox medicine and complementary medicine, particularly those obtained from natural resources.
文摘Macular edema such as diabetic macular edema(DME) and diabetic retinopathy are devastating back-of-theeye retinal diseases leading to loss of vision. This area is receiving considerable medical attention. Posterior ocular diseases are challenging to treat due to complex ocular physiology and barrier properties. Major ocular barriers are static(corneal epithelium, corneal stroma, and blood-aqueous barrier) and dynamic barriers(bloodretinal barrier, conjunctival blood flow, lymph flow, and tear drainage). Moreover, metabolic barriers impede posterior ocular drug delivery and treatment. To overcome such barriers and treat back-of-the-eye diseases, several strategies have been recently developed which include vitreal drainage, laser photocoagulation and treatment with biologics and/or small molecule drugs. In this article, we have provided an overview of several emerging novel strategies including nanotechnology based drug delivery approach for posterior ocular drug delivery and treatment with an emphasis on DME.
文摘Delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system（CNS） and brain-tumor has been a major challenge. The current standard treatment approaches for the brain-tumor comprise of surgical resection followed by immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the current treatments are limited in providing significant benefits to the patients and despite recent technological advancements; brain-tumor is still challenging to treat. Brain-tumor therapy is limited by the lack of effective and targeted strategies to deliver chemotherapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier（BBB）. The BBB is the main obstacle that must be overcome to allow compounds to reach their targets in the brain. Recent advances have boosted the nanotherapeutic approaches in providing an attractive strategy in improving the drug delivery across the BBB and into the CNS. Compared to conventional formulations, nanoformulations offer significant ad vantages in CNS drug delivery approaches. Considering the above facts, in this review, the physiological/anatomical features of the brain-tumor and the BBB are briefly discussed. The drug transport mechanisms at the BBB are outlined. The approaches to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs across the CNS into the brain-tumor using nanocarriers are summarized. In addition, the challenges that need to be addressed in nanotherapeutic approaches for their enhanced clinical application in brain-tumor therapy are discussed.
文摘According to the extent of fungal infections, to be chronic these such diseases and recently the emerging issue of increased antibiotic resistance in fungal infections, most of scientists are going to find a proper way to replace antibacterial agent by significant semiconductor ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). They are well known to be one of the most important and special metal oxide nanoparticles in pharmaceutical against the most common fungi. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel, hydrothermal and functionalized surface methods and formulated in water solutions as nanofluids. XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques and UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy characterized their ZnO modified nanostructures. Also antimycotic potential according to generally tests such as: (MIC) minimum inhibitory concentration, (MFC) minimum fungicidal concentration and normally well diffusion method with standard strains fungi were performed. Among five common fungi strains using in this research, new various ZnO nanofluids showed noticeable results for dermatophyte fungi like Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Candida albicans and Candid tropicalis which had un growth zones in order 70, 40, 35, 30 and 30 mm in comparing with Clotrimazole reference reagent: 30, 25, 25, 18 and 20 mm by well method. The performance of MIC for ZnO nanofluids on fungi was determined to be equal to 0.35, 3.12, 6.25, 6.25 and 6.25 μgr/ml and MFC of nanoproducts showed the 1.5, 12.5, 25, 25 and 25 μgr/ml. Therefore, the designed ZnO nanofluids could reveal the most effect on fungi which cause dermal (ringworm), mucosal (thrush) and vaginal infections, so we are able to apply these surface high energetic ZnO water-based nanofluid formulations as in vitro nanomedicine and nanohygiene for the first time.
基金supported by Researchers Supporting Project No.(RSP2025R364),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia。
文摘The rosemary essential oil(REO)and oregano essential oil(OEO)are known for their inherent biomedical properties,which were further enhanced when converted into nanoformulation.The conversion of essential oils into nanoformulation may improve their stability,bioavailability,and functionality.The FTIR spectra of nano-emulsions revealed peaks at 1080.14 cm^(-1),1629.85 cm^(-1),2115.91 cm^(-1),2926.01 cm^(-1) and 3196.05 cm^(-1) for rosemary nanoemulsion(RNE).Also,a peak shift was observed at 1627.92 cm^(-1) and 2341.58 cm^(-1) for oregano nanoemulsion(ONE)highlighting that the essential oils were stably encapsulated with the surfactant.The particle size analysis(PSA)revealed that the mean droplet sizes of RNE and ONE were 129.2 nm and 25.98 nm respectively which indicates the stability and uniform distribution of these nanoemulsions.The HR-TEM showed that the nanoemulsions were spherical,smooth,and well-dispersed with droplet sizes below 100 nm.The antioxidant capacities were assessed using FRAP,DPPH,and H2O_(2) scavenging tests,and the results indicated that RNE and ONE showed higher antioxidant capacity than REO and OEO.In the BSA denaturation assay,protein denaturation was significantly inhibited,indicating the strong anti-inflammatory properties of RNE and ONE.Similarly,both RNE and ONE showed a rise in antimicrobial efficacy against different microorganisms.The MTT cytotoxicity assay on AGS cell lines showed that the nanoemulsions were biocompatible and had improved anticancer activity like that of the standard.These findings show that encapsulating essential oils stabilizes and boosts their antimicrobial,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential,thereby,making them more effective in various applications.
基金supported by Spanish Ministry of Science and Inno-vation[grant number PID2022-138761NB-I00]Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha[grant number JCCM SBPLY/21/180501/000188]Castilla-La Mancha University[Ref.2022-GRIN-34376 FEDER-UCLM project]。
文摘In this research,the encapsulation of cholecalciferol within food-grade nanoparticles,specifically self-assembled nanomicelles,was aimed at investigating its impact on critical aspects,such as bioactive degradation under harsh environmental conditions and controlled release in in vitro biorelevant media.Tween 60 and Quillaja saponin(T60/QS)were selected as the primary and natural plant-based surfactants,respectively,after comparison with other food-grade surfactants in terms of size,polydispersity index,and encapsulation efficiency.The physicochemical properties were characterized by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering,scanning electron microscopy,UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopies.A comparison between the synthesized nanocarrier and other commercial nanoformulations was conducted,focusing on their thermal,photochemical,and controlled release behavior.The synthesized T60/QS nanomicelles(T60/QS-NMs)demonstrated superior stability at 85°(cumulative degradation rate,CDR,35%)compared to commercial formulations(CDR 65%).Mathematical kinetic models,including zero order,first order,Korsmeyer-Peppas,Higuchi,Weibull,Hixon Crowell and Beaker-Lonsdale,were employed to analyze the release pattern of cholecalciferol(VD_(3))under biorelevant conditions,supporting effective formulation design.Furthermore,in vitro studies indicated that T60/QS-NMs exhibited superior stability in simulated gastric fluid,with controlled release primarily occurring in simulated intestinal fluid.Thus,T60/QS-NMs can effectively protect VD_(3) in unfavorable and acidic environments while enabling sustained release.This positions them as a promising tool to fortify unprocessed materials,intermediates,or even final products in human nutrition,enhancing cholecalciferol bioaccessibility in the foodomic cutting-edge field of efficient oral bioactive delivery.
