Drought across Northwest China in late spring has exerted a vital effect on the local climate and agricultural production,and has been alleviated during the past decades.This study explored the influence of the preced...Drought across Northwest China in late spring has exerted a vital effect on the local climate and agricultural production,and has been alleviated during the past decades.This study explored the influence of the preceding Arctic sea ice on the May drought in Northwest China caused by the precipitation deficit.Further analysis indicated that when the Greenland Sea ice concentration is abnormally high during February to April,the dry conditions in Northwest China tend to be alleviated.The increase of sea ice in the Greenland Sea can excite a meridional circulation,which causes sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the North Atlantic via the sea-air interaction,manifested as significant warm SST anomalies over the south of Greenland and the subtropical North Atlantic,but negative SST anomalies over the west of the Azores.This abnormal SST pattern maintains to May and triggers a zonal wave train from the North Atlantic through Scandinavia and Central Asia to Northwest China,leading to abnormal cyclones in Northwest China.Consequently,Northwest China experiences a more humid climate than usual.展开更多
The study investigates the impact of the Syrian crisis and the recent drought on the potable water situation in Northwest Syria, comparing various aspects of water availability and quality before and after 2011. 380 k...The study investigates the impact of the Syrian crisis and the recent drought on the potable water situation in Northwest Syria, comparing various aspects of water availability and quality before and after 2011. 380 key-informants were surveyed, including water-well owners, well-digging companies, water-trucking suppliers, agricultural pharmacies, and service offices within local councils. The surveys covered all nine districts in northwestern Syria across the Aleppo and the Idleb governorates. The survey findings reveal significant shifts in water sources, an almost halving in water availability and per capita consumption, and a notable decrease in water quality. Coping mechanisms include random well drilling and reduced hygiene practices. Water pumping stations face challenges with functionality, and there is a shift towards clean energy sources, particularly solar energy. Challenges identified by the survey respondents include drought, fuel costs, and damaged water networks. The study highlights the urgency of addressing the potable water crisis in Northwest Syria and suggests specific interventions to enhance water sustainability and governance.展开更多
To explore the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the elements in ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific,this study analyses the mineral composition,elemental content,occurrence phase and genetic me...To explore the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the elements in ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific,this study analyses the mineral composition,elemental content,occurrence phase and genetic mechanisms of samples by X-ray diffraction(XRD),inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)and phase analysis methods.The results show that ferromanganese nodules are mainly hydrogenetic,and Mn/Fe content ratio ranges from 0.95 to 2.05.The major minerals are vernadite(δ-MnO_(2))and amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide(FeOOH),and the secondary minerals include todorokite,birnessite,quartz and plagioclase.Ferromanganese nodules contain high contents of Co(0.24%-0.42%),Cu(0.23%-0.73%),Ni(0.33%-0.86%)and rare earth elements(REEs,1192-1990μg/g),which have positive Ce and negative Y anomalies but no Eu anomaly.A cluster analysis suggests that the elements in ferromanganese nodules can be divided into three groups:hydrogenetic components,including Fe,Ti,Zr,P,Pb,Co,Ba,Sr,V and REEs;diagenetic components,including Mn,Ni,Mg,Zn and Cu;and detrital components,including Al,Na,K and Ca.According to chemical leaching,ferromanganese nodules can be divided into four phases:Na,Ca,Mg and Sr are mainly enriched in the carbonate phase;Mn,Co,Ni and Ba are mainly enriched in the Mn-oxide phase;Fe,P,Ti,Cu,Pb,V,Zn,Zr and REEs are mainly enriched in the Fe-oxide phase;and Al and K are mainly enriched in the residual phase.A combination of the two different methods reveal selective enrichment of metal elements from seawater by ferromanganese nodules,featuring multisource mineralization.Moreover,through ion exchange and adsorption,approximately 71.2%of REEs are enriched in the Fe-oxide phase,15.4%in the Mn-oxide phase and 12.4%in the residual phase,while REE contents in the carbonate phase are relatively low.In addition,under the oxic conditions of seawater,the oxidation of soluble Ce^(3+)to insoluble CeO_(2)together with Fe-Mn minerals results in Ce enrichment in ferromanganese nodules.This study provides a reference for the metallogenesis of ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific.展开更多
Agricultural trade promotes the transfer of water resources,which has an impact on regional water scarcity,particularly in arid regions.Nevertheless,the understanding of how agricultural trade influences water scarcit...Agricultural trade promotes the transfer of water resources,which has an impact on regional water scarcity,particularly in arid regions.Nevertheless,the understanding of how agricultural trade influences water scarcity and the populations under different water scarcity levels is still insufficient.This study examines the impact of domestic agricultural(food crop)trade on water scarcity in Northwest China by integrating a grid-based dynamic water balance model with a linear programming model.The results indicate that the agricultural blue water(surface and groundwater)footprint and green water(soil water)footprint in the Northwest region peaked in 2014,with the green water footprint being 17%higher than the blue water footprint.The increase in trade volume has effectively alleviated water scarcity in Northwest China,with green water playing a greater role than blue water,especially in Shaanxi and Ningxia.As trade volumes rise,the population facing mild water scarcity continues to grow after trade,with increases of 4.56%,6.70%,and 5.36%in 2000,2010 and 2014.Agricultural trade significantly alleviates the pressure of severe water scarcity and boosts the region's population carrying capacity.This study provides scientific evidence to support stronger coordination of water resources between regions,especially agricultural water trade between water-rich and water-scarce areas,and to inform the formulation of rational allocation policies for balancing regional water resource distribution and benefits.展开更多
As a type of clean and pollution-free energy source,solar energy plays an important role in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality and global sustainable development.Northwest China occupies an important position in...As a type of clean and pollution-free energy source,solar energy plays an important role in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality and global sustainable development.Northwest China occupies an important position in the national energy strategy due to its rich solar energy.Clarifying the long-term variations of Northwest China’s solar energy and understanding the associated mechanisms are crucial to improving the layout of new energy sources and the usage efficiency of solar energy within China.In this study,the authors first divide Northwest China into northwestern and southeastern sections by conducting a rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis on the surface solar radiation(SSR)from 1993 to 2022,and then explore the SSR’s variation trends and associated mechanisms within these subregions.It is found that the two subregions,both of which show a significant feature of decadal change,differ notably in their long-term trends:the northwestern section shows a significant increasing trend of∼8.1 kJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)in the annual mean SSR,and in each season the SSR increases significantly,with a maximum/minimum increasing rate of∼11.2/∼4.6 kJm^(-2)yr^(-1)appearing in summer/autumn.A possible mechanism for the SSR’s increasing trend is that global warming results in a lower relative humidity within the northwestern section,which decreases the total cloud cover,as it is harder for the atmosphere to reach saturation state.A decreasing total cloud cover results in an increasing SSR within the northwestern section.In contrast,the southeastern section shows no significant trend in annual mean SSR,as the SSRs in summer and autumn show significant decreasing trends,whereas the trends in spring and winter are not significant.展开更多
Generally speaking,the precursors of ozone(O_(3)),nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are very low in desert areas due to the lack of anthropogenic emissions and natural emissions,and thus O_(3)concentratio...Generally speaking,the precursors of ozone(O_(3)),nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are very low in desert areas due to the lack of anthropogenic emissions and natural emissions,and thus O_(3)concentrations are relatively low.However,high summer background concentrations of about 100μg/m^(3)or 60 ppb were found in the Alxa Desert in the highland of northwest China based on continuous summer observations from 2019 to 2021,which was higher than the most of natural background areas or clean areas in world for summer O_(3)background concentrations.The high O_(3)background concentrations were related to surface features and altitude.Heavy-intensity anthropogenic activity areas in desert areas can cause increased O_(3)concentrations or pollution,but also generated O_(3)depleting substances such as nitrous oxide,which eventually reduced the regional O_(3)baseline values.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)also had a dual effect on O_(3)generation,showing promotion at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations.In addition,sand-dust weather reduced O_(3)clearly,but O_(3)eventually stabilized around the background concentration values and did not vary with sand-dust particulate matter.展开更多
Addressing global warming,a common change today,requires achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(also referred to as the dual carbon goals).Enhancing research on the carbon cycle is urgently need...Addressing global warming,a common change today,requires achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(also referred to as the dual carbon goals).Enhancing research on the carbon cycle is urgently needed as the foundation.Water,a key carrier in the carbon cycle,necessitates investigation into groundwater carbon pools’contribution to atmospheric carbon sinks.This study assessed carbon stocks in the Yinchuan Basin’s soil and groundwater carbon pools.Findings indicate the basin’s surface soils contain approximately 24.16 Tg of organic carbon and a total of 60.01 Tg of carbon.In contrast,the basin’s groundwater holds around 4.90 Tg of carbon,roughly one-fifth of the organic carbon in surface soils.Thus,groundwater and soil carbon pools possess comparable carbon stocks,underscoring the importance of the groundwater carbon pool.Studies on terrestrial carbon balance should incorporate groundwater carbon pools,which deserve increased focus.Evaluating groundwater carbon pools’contributions is vital for achieving the dual carbon goals.展开更多
Rain-on-snow(ROS)events involve rainfall on snow surfaces,and the occurrence of ROS events can exacerbate water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC).In this study,using dail...Rain-on-snow(ROS)events involve rainfall on snow surfaces,and the occurrence of ROS events can exacerbate water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC).In this study,using daily snow depth data and daily meteorological data from 68 meteorological stations provided by the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Centre,we investigated the spatiotemporal variability of ROS events in the ARNC from 1978 to 2015 and examined the factors affecting these events and possible changes of future ROS events in the ARNC.The results showed that ROS events in the ARNC mainly occurred from October to May of the following year and were largely distributed in the Qilian Mountains,Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng Prefecture,and Altay Prefecture,with the Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains exhibiting the most occurrences.Based on the intensity of ROS events,the areas with the highest risk of flooding resulting from ROS events in the ARNC were the Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains.The number and intensity of ROS events in the ARNC largely increased from 1978 to 2015,mainly influenced by air temperature and the number of rainfall days.However,due to the snowpack abundance in areas experiencing frequent ROS events in the ARNC,snowpack changes exerted slight impact on ROS events,which is a temporary phenomenon.Furthermore,elevation imposed lesser impact on ROS events in the ARNC than other factors.In the ARNC,the start time of rainfall and the end time of snowpack gradually advanced from the spring of the current year to the winter of the previous year,while the end time of rainfall and the start time of snowpack gradually delayed from autumn to winter.This may lead to more ROS events in winter in the future.These results could provide a sound basis for managing water resources and mitigating related disasters caused by ROS events in the ARNC.展开更多
Soil salinization may affect biodiversity and species composition,leading to changes in the plant community structure.However,few studies have explored the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub...Soil salinization may affect biodiversity and species composition,leading to changes in the plant community structure.However,few studies have explored the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure at the ecosystem scale.Therefore,we conducted a transect sampling of desert shrublands in Northwest China during the growing season(June–September)in 2021.Soil salinization(both the degree and type),shrub community structure(e.g.,shrub density and height),and biodiversity parameters(e.g.,Simpson diversity,Margalf abundance,Shannon-Wiener diversity,and Pielou evenness indices)were used to assess the effects of soil salinization on shrub community structure.The results showed that the primary degree of soil salinization in the study area was light salinization,with the area proportion of 69.8%.Whereas the main type of soil salinization was characterized as sulfate saline soil,also accounting for 69.8%of the total area.Notably,there was a significant reduction in the degree of soil salinization and a shift in the type of soil salinization from chloride saline soil to sulfate saline soil,with an increase in longitude.Regional mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual evapotranspiration(MAE),elevation,and slope significantly contributed to soil salinization and its geochemical differentiation.As soil salinization intensified,shrub community structure displayed increased diversity and evenness,as indicated by the increases in the Simpson diversity,Shannon-Wiener diversity,and Pielou evenness indices.Moreover,the succulent stems and leaves of Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae exhibited clear advantages under these conditions.Furthermore,regional climate and topography,such as MAP,MAE,and elevation,had greater effects on the distribution of shrub plants than soil salinization.These results provide a reference for the origin and pattern of soil salinization in drylands and their effects on the community structure of halophyte shrub species.展开更多
Paleo-oil reservoir is of great importance to understand hydrocarbon enrichment mechanism and hydrocarbon exploration potential,but is yet poorly investigated in Kuqa Depression.The occurrence of the paleo-oil reservo...Paleo-oil reservoir is of great importance to understand hydrocarbon enrichment mechanism and hydrocarbon exploration potential,but is yet poorly investigated in Kuqa Depression.The occurrence of the paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei area was proved by quantitative grain fluorescence(QGF)and fluid inclusion petrography.Development history of the paleo-oil reservoir was reconstructed through:(1)oil-source correlation;(2)time coupling of source rock maturation,porosity evolution and migration pathways.The impact of paleo-oil reservoir on tight-gas accumulation was consequently discussed.Results suggest that considerable oil was accumulated in the K_(1)bs reservoir with paleo oil-water contact in Dabei 2 Well and Dabei 201 Well at 5800 and 6040 m,respectively.Crude oil was primarily sourced from Triassic source rocks with Jurassic source rocks of secondary importance,which was at oil generation window(0.7%–1.1%Ro)during 9–6 and 7.5–5 Ma,respectively.The occurrence of K_(1)bs tight reservoir(porosity<12%)was about 25 Ma,while faults and associated fractures at Kelasue structural belt were developed approximately from 8 to 3.5 Ma.Therefore,the tight oil accumulation was formed during 8–5 Ma.The paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei 1 gas field was destroyed by the evaporation fractionation in later stage.展开更多
The dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2)in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield,a sandstone oil reservoir wit...The dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2)in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield,a sandstone oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in Tarim Basin,Northwest China.Such parameters were analyzed as solubility ratio of CO_(2)in oil,gas and water,interfacial tension,in-situ oil viscosity distribution,remaining oil saturation distribution,and oil compositions.The results show that CO_(2)flooding could control water coning and increase oil production.In the early stage of the injection process,CO_(2)expanded vertically due to gravity differentiation,and extended laterally under the action of strong bottom water in the intermediate and late stages.The CO_(2)got enriched and extended at the oil-water interface,forming a high interfacial tension zone,which inhibited the coning of bottom water to some extent.A miscible region with low interfacial tension formed at the gas injection front,which reduced the in-situ oil viscosity by about 50%.The numerical simulation results show that enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is estimated at 5.72%and the oil exchange ratio of CO_(2)is 0.17 t/t.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION For a long time,water resources shortage and the related ecological and environmental issues in the arid and semi-arid regions,such as Northwest China,have remained a hot spot engaging a broad spectrum ...0 INTRODUCTION For a long time,water resources shortage and the related ecological and environmental issues in the arid and semi-arid regions,such as Northwest China,have remained a hot spot engaging a broad spectrum of water stakeholders from farmers,mining enterprises to local water authorities(An et al.,2024;Scanlon et al.,2023).展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak in late 2019 significantly impacted global health.The virus’s rapid spread,with its long incubation period and high infection level,caused substantial disruption to regu...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak in late 2019 significantly impacted global health.The virus’s rapid spread,with its long incubation period and high infection level,caused substantial disruption to regular social frameworks,production,and lifestyles^([1]).COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through close contact,long-range contaminants,and airborne routes.展开更多
In the context of changes in global climate and land uses,biodiversity patterns and plant species distributions have been significantly affected.Soil salinization is a growing problem,particularly in the arid areas of...In the context of changes in global climate and land uses,biodiversity patterns and plant species distributions have been significantly affected.Soil salinization is a growing problem,particularly in the arid areas of Northwest China.Halophytes are ideal for restoring soil salinization because of their adaptability to salt stress.In this study,we collected the current and future bioclimatic data released by the WorldClim database,along with soil data from the Harmonized World Soil Database(v1.2)and A Big Earth Data Platform for Three Poles.Using the maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model,the potential suitable habitats of six halophytic plant species(Halostachys caspica(Bieb.)C.A.Mey.,Halogeton glomeratus(Bieb.)C.A.Mey.,Kalidium foliatum(Pall.)Moq.,Halocnemum strobilaceum(Pall.)Bieb.,Salicornia europaea L.,and Suaeda salsa(L.)Pall.)were assessed under the current climate conditions(average for 1970-2000)and future(2050s,2070s,and 2090s)climate scenarios(SSP245 and SSP585,where SSP is the Shared Socio-economic Pathway).The results revealed that all six halophytic plant species exhibited the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values higher than 0.80 based on the MaxEnt model,indicating the excellent performance of the MaxEnt model.The suitability of the six halophytic plant species significantly varied across regions in the arid areas of Northwest China.Under different future climate change scenarios,the suitable habitat areas for the six halophytic plant species are expected to increase or decrease to varying degrees.As global warming progresses,the suitable habitat areas of K.foliatum,S.salsa,and H.strobilaceum exhibited an increasing trend.In contrast,the suitable habitat areas of H.glomeratus,S.europaea,and H.caspica showed an opposite trend.Furthermore,considering the ongoing global warming trend,the centroids of the suitable habitat areas for various halophytic plant species would migrate to different degrees,and four halophytic plant species,namely,S.salsa,H.strobilaceum,H.glomeratus,and H.capsica,would migrate to higher latitudes.Temperature,precipitation,and soil factors affected the possible distribution ranges of these six halophytic plant species.Among them,precipitation seasonality(coefficient of variation),precipitation of the warmest quarter,mean temperature of the warmest quarter,and exchangeable Na+significantly affected the distribution of halophytic plant species.Our findings are critical to comprehending and predicting the impact of climate change on ecosystems.The findings of this study hold significant theoretical and practical implications for the management of soil salinization and for the utilization,protection,and management of halophytes in the arid areas of Northwest China.展开更多
Due to the uncertainties posed by climate change,resilience has become an increasingly important variable for evaluating regional ecosystem stability.The assessment of Ecological Network Resilience(ENR)is crucial for ...Due to the uncertainties posed by climate change,resilience has become an increasingly important variable for evaluating regional ecosystem stability.The assessment of Ecological Network Resilience(ENR)is crucial for establishing mitigation strategies and sustainable socioeconomic development in arid regions.Shiyang River Basin is an arid watershed in Northwest China with complex characteristics,its ENR and spatial differentiation characteristics in 2020 were investigated in this work based on the Complex Adaptive System(CAS)theory.The results indicated that the mean Ecological Network Resilience Index(ENRI)value for the Shiyang River Basin was 0.390 in 2020,and the mean values in the southern mountainous,middle oasis,and northern desert regions of the basin were 0.598,0.461,and 0.237,respectively,demonstrating evident spatial differences.Additionally,the ENR of the basin exhibited distinct distribution characteristics across different dimension,whereas the trend of the integrated ENR of the basin was consistent with that of elemental,structural,and functional resilience,indicating the constructed three-region ENR model based on the logical relationship of element-structure-function was suitable for evaluation of the ENR in arid inland river watersheds.Furthermore,strategies for enhancing regional ENR were proposed from the perspective of adapting to climate change.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/mutant myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)signaling pathway-mediated inflammation in diabetes mellitus with...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/mutant myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)signaling pathway-mediated inflammation in diabetes mellitus with Northwest dryness syndrome.METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into the normal control,type 2 diabetes(T2DM)model,Northwest dryness syndrome+T2DM(Northwest dryness),and simple internal dampness+T2DM(internal dampness)groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect biochemical indexes and inflammatory factors.The histopathological observation was performed.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels,respectively.RESULTS:Compared with the T2DM group,the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c,insulin,glucose tolerance,the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin 1β,interleukin 16,malondialdehyde,blood lipid,alanine aminotransferase,and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly elevated in the internal dampness group.Their levels were significantly elevated in the Northwest dryness group than in the T2DM and internal dampness groups.The superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase,liver glycogen,and organ-to-weight ratio were significantly declined in the internal dampness group and the Northwest dryness group than in the T2DM group.However,these levels were elevated in the Northwest dryness group than in the internal dampness group.Moreover,the mRNA expression levels of interferon regulatory factor 5 and NF-κB p65,and the protein expression levels of TLR4,MyD88,and NF-κB were significantly higher in the internal dampness and the Northwest dryness groups than the T2DM group.Additionally,the mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in the Northwest dryness group than in the internal dampness group.CONCLUSION:Northwest dryness syndrome-mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and chronic inflammation might be associated with the occurrence and development of T2DM.展开更多
Introduction: The main outcome of efficiently implemented universal test and treat (UTT) program is improved survival. UTT implementation has been ongoing in Cameroon since 2016 but evaluation data are scarce. This st...Introduction: The main outcome of efficiently implemented universal test and treat (UTT) program is improved survival. UTT implementation has been ongoing in Cameroon since 2016 but evaluation data are scarce. This study aims to assess the survival of antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients initiated under UTT in Northwest region of Cameroon. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included HIV-positive patients initiated in 2016 at 27 purposefully selected sites and followed until 2021. Data was anonymously abstracted from ART registers and patients’ charts. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox model were used to compare the survival of patients initiated under UTT with those initiated otherwise, using stata version 14.0. Results: In total, 2490 HIV-positive patients (median age 42.7 years, 94.7% adults, and 69.0% female) participated in the study. Of 1389 patients with viral load (VL) test results, 55% were initiated on ART late. The VL suppression rate of patients initiated late and those initiated early were similar. During follow-up, 1020 (40.9%) participants censored. The survival curves of patients initiated early on ART and those initiated late were similar during the first 2.5 years of follow-up but significantly (p Conclusions: This study confirms the expected impact of UTT. Programs only need to close existing implementation gaps along the critical pathways (diagnosis and treatment) of UTT, focusing more on males.展开更多
Based on the theory of policy tools and the application of content analysis method,this paper conducts a quantitative study on 32 samples of municipal waste classification policy texts in 6 cities in Northwest China.I...Based on the theory of policy tools and the application of content analysis method,this paper conducts a quantitative study on 32 samples of municipal waste classification policy texts in 6 cities in Northwest China.It constructs an analysis framework from the perspective of policy tools,policy contents and time series,and then measures and analyzes the policy texts according to the steps of defining analysis units,categories and coding,reliability and validity testing,etc.The results show that:(1)The urban waste classification policy in Northwest China is characterized by increasing attention year by year,a focus on government guidance and investment,and a clear division of responsibilities.These factors help to activate the motivation for policy implementation in cities across Northwest China,foster multi-departmental cooperation,and encourage active participation from various social entities in the process of implementing waste classification policies.(2)At the present stage,the design and application of policy tools are still unreasonable.On the one hand,the structure of policy tools is unbalanced,with excessive environmental policy tools leading to resource waste and insufficient demand policy tools leading to insufficient policy pulling power,which is not conducive to the long-term implementation of garbage classification management.At the same time,the internal structure of the secondary tools of the three types of policy tools is also uneven and unreasonable proportion further aggravates the waste of policy resources;On the other hand,the use of policy tools in each link of the policy content lacks focus and the concept of local policy implementation,which is difficult to meet the current practical needs and difficulties of garbage classification and treatment.According to this,the paper puts forward some policy suggestions,such as increasing the use of demand-oriented policy tools,paying attention to the reasonable matching of policy tools in various links of classification,and paying attention to the coordination of policy goal,process and result under the comprehensive dimension.展开更多
Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relie...Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.展开更多
Based on the principle of transient perturbation analysis,in this paper,a method to objectively determine the weather pattern formed by sea fog is provided.On the basis of the classification results,the circulation si...Based on the principle of transient perturbation analysis,in this paper,a method to objectively determine the weather pattern formed by sea fog is provided.On the basis of the classification results,the circulation situation,divergence and vertical velocity field,and the vertical profile of temperature and humidity are synthesized and analyzed.The basic characteristics of the circulation and physical field of sea fog under low pressure control(L type sea fog)are obtained,and the results are compared with the sea fog under the control of high pressure(H type sea fog):a)L type sea fogs potential height anomaly disturbance is mainly manifested in the low layer,and its average value is-65.66 gpm,gradually weakening upward;b)L type sea fogs inversion structure is weaker than H type sea fogs when it occurs,the fog layer is thicker and the high relative humidity level is high over the fog layer,while the H type sea fogs fog layer has a relatively obvious dry layer;c)L sea fog has three layers of structure at the vertical direction.The first layer 1000-950 hPa is convergence accompanied by weak rise and subsidence,the second layer 950-850 hPa is divergence accompanied by weak subsidence,and the third layer 850 to 500hPa is gradually strengthened.While there are two layer structures of the H type sea fog.1000 hPa is divergence accompanied by weak rising and sinking movement,950-500 hPa is a uniform subsidence movement.d)Probability density statistical analysis further quantified the vertical movement of L and H type sea fog and the distribution of relative humidity in each layer.These conclusions provide an important reference for forecasting the sea fog in the northwest of the Yellow Sea under the condition of low pressure circulation in summer.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China [grant numbers 41991281 and 42005028]。
文摘Drought across Northwest China in late spring has exerted a vital effect on the local climate and agricultural production,and has been alleviated during the past decades.This study explored the influence of the preceding Arctic sea ice on the May drought in Northwest China caused by the precipitation deficit.Further analysis indicated that when the Greenland Sea ice concentration is abnormally high during February to April,the dry conditions in Northwest China tend to be alleviated.The increase of sea ice in the Greenland Sea can excite a meridional circulation,which causes sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the North Atlantic via the sea-air interaction,manifested as significant warm SST anomalies over the south of Greenland and the subtropical North Atlantic,but negative SST anomalies over the west of the Azores.This abnormal SST pattern maintains to May and triggers a zonal wave train from the North Atlantic through Scandinavia and Central Asia to Northwest China,leading to abnormal cyclones in Northwest China.Consequently,Northwest China experiences a more humid climate than usual.
文摘The study investigates the impact of the Syrian crisis and the recent drought on the potable water situation in Northwest Syria, comparing various aspects of water availability and quality before and after 2011. 380 key-informants were surveyed, including water-well owners, well-digging companies, water-trucking suppliers, agricultural pharmacies, and service offices within local councils. The surveys covered all nine districts in northwestern Syria across the Aleppo and the Idleb governorates. The survey findings reveal significant shifts in water sources, an almost halving in water availability and per capita consumption, and a notable decrease in water quality. Coping mechanisms include random well drilling and reduced hygiene practices. Water pumping stations face challenges with functionality, and there is a shift towards clean energy sources, particularly solar energy. Challenges identified by the survey respondents include drought, fuel costs, and damaged water networks. The study highlights the urgency of addressing the potable water crisis in Northwest Syria and suggests specific interventions to enhance water sustainability and governance.
基金The Fund of Laoshan Laboratory under contract No.LSKJ202203602the National key R&D Program of China under contract No.2022YFC2803600the Taishan Scholarship from Shandong Province.
文摘To explore the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the elements in ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific,this study analyses the mineral composition,elemental content,occurrence phase and genetic mechanisms of samples by X-ray diffraction(XRD),inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)and phase analysis methods.The results show that ferromanganese nodules are mainly hydrogenetic,and Mn/Fe content ratio ranges from 0.95 to 2.05.The major minerals are vernadite(δ-MnO_(2))and amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide(FeOOH),and the secondary minerals include todorokite,birnessite,quartz and plagioclase.Ferromanganese nodules contain high contents of Co(0.24%-0.42%),Cu(0.23%-0.73%),Ni(0.33%-0.86%)and rare earth elements(REEs,1192-1990μg/g),which have positive Ce and negative Y anomalies but no Eu anomaly.A cluster analysis suggests that the elements in ferromanganese nodules can be divided into three groups:hydrogenetic components,including Fe,Ti,Zr,P,Pb,Co,Ba,Sr,V and REEs;diagenetic components,including Mn,Ni,Mg,Zn and Cu;and detrital components,including Al,Na,K and Ca.According to chemical leaching,ferromanganese nodules can be divided into four phases:Na,Ca,Mg and Sr are mainly enriched in the carbonate phase;Mn,Co,Ni and Ba are mainly enriched in the Mn-oxide phase;Fe,P,Ti,Cu,Pb,V,Zn,Zr and REEs are mainly enriched in the Fe-oxide phase;and Al and K are mainly enriched in the residual phase.A combination of the two different methods reveal selective enrichment of metal elements from seawater by ferromanganese nodules,featuring multisource mineralization.Moreover,through ion exchange and adsorption,approximately 71.2%of REEs are enriched in the Fe-oxide phase,15.4%in the Mn-oxide phase and 12.4%in the residual phase,while REE contents in the carbonate phase are relatively low.In addition,under the oxic conditions of seawater,the oxidation of soluble Ce^(3+)to insoluble CeO_(2)together with Fe-Mn minerals results in Ce enrichment in ferromanganese nodules.This study provides a reference for the metallogenesis of ferromanganese nodules from the Northwest Pacific.
基金supported by the Tianshan Talents Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022TSYCJU0002)the Basic and cross-cutting frontier scientific research pilot projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0720100)+3 种基金the Major Science and Technology Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region-Research and demonstration of nature-based restoration and conservation technology for degraded vegetation in the desert-oasis ecotone(2024A03009-4)the original innovation project of the basic frontier scientific research program,Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-LY-DQC031)the water system evolution and risk assessment in arid regions for original innovation project of institute(2023-2025)the Outstanding Member of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019)(2024-2026).
文摘Agricultural trade promotes the transfer of water resources,which has an impact on regional water scarcity,particularly in arid regions.Nevertheless,the understanding of how agricultural trade influences water scarcity and the populations under different water scarcity levels is still insufficient.This study examines the impact of domestic agricultural(food crop)trade on water scarcity in Northwest China by integrating a grid-based dynamic water balance model with a linear programming model.The results indicate that the agricultural blue water(surface and groundwater)footprint and green water(soil water)footprint in the Northwest region peaked in 2014,with the green water footprint being 17%higher than the blue water footprint.The increase in trade volume has effectively alleviated water scarcity in Northwest China,with green water playing a greater role than blue water,especially in Shaanxi and Ningxia.As trade volumes rise,the population facing mild water scarcity continues to grow after trade,with increases of 4.56%,6.70%,and 5.36%in 2000,2010 and 2014.Agricultural trade significantly alleviates the pressure of severe water scarcity and boosts the region's population carrying capacity.This study provides scientific evidence to support stronger coordination of water resources between regions,especially agricultural water trade between water-rich and water-scarce areas,and to inform the formulation of rational allocation policies for balancing regional water resource distribution and benefits.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2022YFB2403002]。
文摘As a type of clean and pollution-free energy source,solar energy plays an important role in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality and global sustainable development.Northwest China occupies an important position in the national energy strategy due to its rich solar energy.Clarifying the long-term variations of Northwest China’s solar energy and understanding the associated mechanisms are crucial to improving the layout of new energy sources and the usage efficiency of solar energy within China.In this study,the authors first divide Northwest China into northwestern and southeastern sections by conducting a rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis on the surface solar radiation(SSR)from 1993 to 2022,and then explore the SSR’s variation trends and associated mechanisms within these subregions.It is found that the two subregions,both of which show a significant feature of decadal change,differ notably in their long-term trends:the northwestern section shows a significant increasing trend of∼8.1 kJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)in the annual mean SSR,and in each season the SSR increases significantly,with a maximum/minimum increasing rate of∼11.2/∼4.6 kJm^(-2)yr^(-1)appearing in summer/autumn.A possible mechanism for the SSR’s increasing trend is that global warming results in a lower relative humidity within the northwestern section,which decreases the total cloud cover,as it is harder for the atmosphere to reach saturation state.A decreasing total cloud cover results in an increasing SSR within the northwestern section.In contrast,the southeastern section shows no significant trend in annual mean SSR,as the SSRs in summer and autumn show significant decreasing trends,whereas the trends in spring and winter are not significant.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFF0802501)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program(Nos.2021GG0100 and 2022YFHH0116).
文摘Generally speaking,the precursors of ozone(O_(3)),nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are very low in desert areas due to the lack of anthropogenic emissions and natural emissions,and thus O_(3)concentrations are relatively low.However,high summer background concentrations of about 100μg/m^(3)or 60 ppb were found in the Alxa Desert in the highland of northwest China based on continuous summer observations from 2019 to 2021,which was higher than the most of natural background areas or clean areas in world for summer O_(3)background concentrations.The high O_(3)background concentrations were related to surface features and altitude.Heavy-intensity anthropogenic activity areas in desert areas can cause increased O_(3)concentrations or pollution,but also generated O_(3)depleting substances such as nitrous oxide,which eventually reduced the regional O_(3)baseline values.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)also had a dual effect on O_(3)generation,showing promotion at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations.In addition,sand-dust weather reduced O_(3)clearly,but O_(3)eventually stabilized around the background concentration values and did not vary with sand-dust particulate matter.
基金supported by the third scientific survey project in Xinjiang(2022xjkk0300)the public welfare geological survey projects initiated by the China Geological Survey(DD20190296,DD20221731).
文摘Addressing global warming,a common change today,requires achieving peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality(also referred to as the dual carbon goals).Enhancing research on the carbon cycle is urgently needed as the foundation.Water,a key carrier in the carbon cycle,necessitates investigation into groundwater carbon pools’contribution to atmospheric carbon sinks.This study assessed carbon stocks in the Yinchuan Basin’s soil and groundwater carbon pools.Findings indicate the basin’s surface soils contain approximately 24.16 Tg of organic carbon and a total of 60.01 Tg of carbon.In contrast,the basin’s groundwater holds around 4.90 Tg of carbon,roughly one-fifth of the organic carbon in surface soils.Thus,groundwater and soil carbon pools possess comparable carbon stocks,underscoring the importance of the groundwater carbon pool.Studies on terrestrial carbon balance should incorporate groundwater carbon pools,which deserve increased focus.Evaluating groundwater carbon pools’contributions is vital for achieving the dual carbon goals.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171145,42171147)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22ZD6FA005)the Key Talent Program of Gansu Province.
文摘Rain-on-snow(ROS)events involve rainfall on snow surfaces,and the occurrence of ROS events can exacerbate water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC).In this study,using daily snow depth data and daily meteorological data from 68 meteorological stations provided by the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Centre,we investigated the spatiotemporal variability of ROS events in the ARNC from 1978 to 2015 and examined the factors affecting these events and possible changes of future ROS events in the ARNC.The results showed that ROS events in the ARNC mainly occurred from October to May of the following year and were largely distributed in the Qilian Mountains,Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng Prefecture,and Altay Prefecture,with the Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains exhibiting the most occurrences.Based on the intensity of ROS events,the areas with the highest risk of flooding resulting from ROS events in the ARNC were the Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains.The number and intensity of ROS events in the ARNC largely increased from 1978 to 2015,mainly influenced by air temperature and the number of rainfall days.However,due to the snowpack abundance in areas experiencing frequent ROS events in the ARNC,snowpack changes exerted slight impact on ROS events,which is a temporary phenomenon.Furthermore,elevation imposed lesser impact on ROS events in the ARNC than other factors.In the ARNC,the start time of rainfall and the end time of snowpack gradually advanced from the spring of the current year to the winter of the previous year,while the end time of rainfall and the start time of snowpack gradually delayed from autumn to winter.This may lead to more ROS events in winter in the future.These results could provide a sound basis for managing water resources and mitigating related disasters caused by ROS events in the ARNC.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(42330503,42171068)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk0901)the Tianshan Talent Training Program(2023TSYCLJ0048).
文摘Soil salinization may affect biodiversity and species composition,leading to changes in the plant community structure.However,few studies have explored the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure at the ecosystem scale.Therefore,we conducted a transect sampling of desert shrublands in Northwest China during the growing season(June–September)in 2021.Soil salinization(both the degree and type),shrub community structure(e.g.,shrub density and height),and biodiversity parameters(e.g.,Simpson diversity,Margalf abundance,Shannon-Wiener diversity,and Pielou evenness indices)were used to assess the effects of soil salinization on shrub community structure.The results showed that the primary degree of soil salinization in the study area was light salinization,with the area proportion of 69.8%.Whereas the main type of soil salinization was characterized as sulfate saline soil,also accounting for 69.8%of the total area.Notably,there was a significant reduction in the degree of soil salinization and a shift in the type of soil salinization from chloride saline soil to sulfate saline soil,with an increase in longitude.Regional mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual evapotranspiration(MAE),elevation,and slope significantly contributed to soil salinization and its geochemical differentiation.As soil salinization intensified,shrub community structure displayed increased diversity and evenness,as indicated by the increases in the Simpson diversity,Shannon-Wiener diversity,and Pielou evenness indices.Moreover,the succulent stems and leaves of Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae exhibited clear advantages under these conditions.Furthermore,regional climate and topography,such as MAP,MAE,and elevation,had greater effects on the distribution of shrub plants than soil salinization.These results provide a reference for the origin and pattern of soil salinization in drylands and their effects on the community structure of halophyte shrub species.
基金supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2016ZX05047-001-006).
文摘Paleo-oil reservoir is of great importance to understand hydrocarbon enrichment mechanism and hydrocarbon exploration potential,but is yet poorly investigated in Kuqa Depression.The occurrence of the paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei area was proved by quantitative grain fluorescence(QGF)and fluid inclusion petrography.Development history of the paleo-oil reservoir was reconstructed through:(1)oil-source correlation;(2)time coupling of source rock maturation,porosity evolution and migration pathways.The impact of paleo-oil reservoir on tight-gas accumulation was consequently discussed.Results suggest that considerable oil was accumulated in the K_(1)bs reservoir with paleo oil-water contact in Dabei 2 Well and Dabei 201 Well at 5800 and 6040 m,respectively.Crude oil was primarily sourced from Triassic source rocks with Jurassic source rocks of secondary importance,which was at oil generation window(0.7%–1.1%Ro)during 9–6 and 7.5–5 Ma,respectively.The occurrence of K_(1)bs tight reservoir(porosity<12%)was about 25 Ma,while faults and associated fractures at Kelasue structural belt were developed approximately from 8 to 3.5 Ma.Therefore,the tight oil accumulation was formed during 8–5 Ma.The paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei 1 gas field was destroyed by the evaporation fractionation in later stage.
文摘The dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2)in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield,a sandstone oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in Tarim Basin,Northwest China.Such parameters were analyzed as solubility ratio of CO_(2)in oil,gas and water,interfacial tension,in-situ oil viscosity distribution,remaining oil saturation distribution,and oil compositions.The results show that CO_(2)flooding could control water coning and increase oil production.In the early stage of the injection process,CO_(2)expanded vertically due to gravity differentiation,and extended laterally under the action of strong bottom water in the intermediate and late stages.The CO_(2)got enriched and extended at the oil-water interface,forming a high interfacial tension zone,which inhibited the coning of bottom water to some extent.A miscible region with low interfacial tension formed at the gas injection front,which reduced the in-situ oil viscosity by about 50%.The numerical simulation results show that enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is estimated at 5.72%and the oil exchange ratio of CO_(2)is 0.17 t/t.
基金the support from“Groundwater Management and Protection Program of Ordos”Project by Ordos Water Resources Bureauthe National Energy Group Jinsha River Xulong Hydropower Co.,Ltd.(No.XL-FW-2023-012)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION For a long time,water resources shortage and the related ecological and environmental issues in the arid and semi-arid regions,such as Northwest China,have remained a hot spot engaging a broad spectrum of water stakeholders from farmers,mining enterprises to local water authorities(An et al.,2024;Scanlon et al.,2023).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42375177,41975141)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu(Grant No.23JRRA1079)。
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak in late 2019 significantly impacted global health.The virus’s rapid spread,with its long incubation period and high infection level,caused substantial disruption to regular social frameworks,production,and lifestyles^([1]).COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through close contact,long-range contaminants,and airborne routes.
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program (2022xjkk1205)the Tianshan Talent Training Program (2023TSYCTD0084)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Major Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2023A01002)the Young Top Talents of Xinjiang Normal University (XJNUQB2022-29)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2020437)
文摘In the context of changes in global climate and land uses,biodiversity patterns and plant species distributions have been significantly affected.Soil salinization is a growing problem,particularly in the arid areas of Northwest China.Halophytes are ideal for restoring soil salinization because of their adaptability to salt stress.In this study,we collected the current and future bioclimatic data released by the WorldClim database,along with soil data from the Harmonized World Soil Database(v1.2)and A Big Earth Data Platform for Three Poles.Using the maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model,the potential suitable habitats of six halophytic plant species(Halostachys caspica(Bieb.)C.A.Mey.,Halogeton glomeratus(Bieb.)C.A.Mey.,Kalidium foliatum(Pall.)Moq.,Halocnemum strobilaceum(Pall.)Bieb.,Salicornia europaea L.,and Suaeda salsa(L.)Pall.)were assessed under the current climate conditions(average for 1970-2000)and future(2050s,2070s,and 2090s)climate scenarios(SSP245 and SSP585,where SSP is the Shared Socio-economic Pathway).The results revealed that all six halophytic plant species exhibited the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values higher than 0.80 based on the MaxEnt model,indicating the excellent performance of the MaxEnt model.The suitability of the six halophytic plant species significantly varied across regions in the arid areas of Northwest China.Under different future climate change scenarios,the suitable habitat areas for the six halophytic plant species are expected to increase or decrease to varying degrees.As global warming progresses,the suitable habitat areas of K.foliatum,S.salsa,and H.strobilaceum exhibited an increasing trend.In contrast,the suitable habitat areas of H.glomeratus,S.europaea,and H.caspica showed an opposite trend.Furthermore,considering the ongoing global warming trend,the centroids of the suitable habitat areas for various halophytic plant species would migrate to different degrees,and four halophytic plant species,namely,S.salsa,H.strobilaceum,H.glomeratus,and H.capsica,would migrate to higher latitudes.Temperature,precipitation,and soil factors affected the possible distribution ranges of these six halophytic plant species.Among them,precipitation seasonality(coefficient of variation),precipitation of the warmest quarter,mean temperature of the warmest quarter,and exchangeable Na+significantly affected the distribution of halophytic plant species.Our findings are critical to comprehending and predicting the impact of climate change on ecosystems.The findings of this study hold significant theoretical and practical implications for the management of soil salinization and for the utilization,protection,and management of halophytes in the arid areas of Northwest China.
基金Under the Major Special Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(No.23ZDKA0004)。
文摘Due to the uncertainties posed by climate change,resilience has become an increasingly important variable for evaluating regional ecosystem stability.The assessment of Ecological Network Resilience(ENR)is crucial for establishing mitigation strategies and sustainable socioeconomic development in arid regions.Shiyang River Basin is an arid watershed in Northwest China with complex characteristics,its ENR and spatial differentiation characteristics in 2020 were investigated in this work based on the Complex Adaptive System(CAS)theory.The results indicated that the mean Ecological Network Resilience Index(ENRI)value for the Shiyang River Basin was 0.390 in 2020,and the mean values in the southern mountainous,middle oasis,and northern desert regions of the basin were 0.598,0.461,and 0.237,respectively,demonstrating evident spatial differences.Additionally,the ENR of the basin exhibited distinct distribution characteristics across different dimension,whereas the trend of the integrated ENR of the basin was consistent with that of elemental,structural,and functional resilience,indicating the constructed three-region ENR model based on the logical relationship of element-structure-function was suitable for evaluation of the ENR in arid inland river watersheds.Furthermore,strategies for enhancing regional ENR were proposed from the perspective of adapting to climate change.
基金the State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis,Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia-funded Project:Correlation Study on Chronic Inflammation Mediated by Tolllike Receptor 4/Mutant Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88/Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Signaling Pathway(No.SKL-HIDCA-2021-ZY5)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/mutant myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)signaling pathway-mediated inflammation in diabetes mellitus with Northwest dryness syndrome.METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into the normal control,type 2 diabetes(T2DM)model,Northwest dryness syndrome+T2DM(Northwest dryness),and simple internal dampness+T2DM(internal dampness)groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect biochemical indexes and inflammatory factors.The histopathological observation was performed.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels,respectively.RESULTS:Compared with the T2DM group,the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c,insulin,glucose tolerance,the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin 1β,interleukin 16,malondialdehyde,blood lipid,alanine aminotransferase,and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly elevated in the internal dampness group.Their levels were significantly elevated in the Northwest dryness group than in the T2DM and internal dampness groups.The superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase,liver glycogen,and organ-to-weight ratio were significantly declined in the internal dampness group and the Northwest dryness group than in the T2DM group.However,these levels were elevated in the Northwest dryness group than in the internal dampness group.Moreover,the mRNA expression levels of interferon regulatory factor 5 and NF-κB p65,and the protein expression levels of TLR4,MyD88,and NF-κB were significantly higher in the internal dampness and the Northwest dryness groups than the T2DM group.Additionally,the mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in the Northwest dryness group than in the internal dampness group.CONCLUSION:Northwest dryness syndrome-mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and chronic inflammation might be associated with the occurrence and development of T2DM.
文摘Introduction: The main outcome of efficiently implemented universal test and treat (UTT) program is improved survival. UTT implementation has been ongoing in Cameroon since 2016 but evaluation data are scarce. This study aims to assess the survival of antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients initiated under UTT in Northwest region of Cameroon. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included HIV-positive patients initiated in 2016 at 27 purposefully selected sites and followed until 2021. Data was anonymously abstracted from ART registers and patients’ charts. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox model were used to compare the survival of patients initiated under UTT with those initiated otherwise, using stata version 14.0. Results: In total, 2490 HIV-positive patients (median age 42.7 years, 94.7% adults, and 69.0% female) participated in the study. Of 1389 patients with viral load (VL) test results, 55% were initiated on ART late. The VL suppression rate of patients initiated late and those initiated early were similar. During follow-up, 1020 (40.9%) participants censored. The survival curves of patients initiated early on ART and those initiated late were similar during the first 2.5 years of follow-up but significantly (p Conclusions: This study confirms the expected impact of UTT. Programs only need to close existing implementation gaps along the critical pathways (diagnosis and treatment) of UTT, focusing more on males.
文摘Based on the theory of policy tools and the application of content analysis method,this paper conducts a quantitative study on 32 samples of municipal waste classification policy texts in 6 cities in Northwest China.It constructs an analysis framework from the perspective of policy tools,policy contents and time series,and then measures and analyzes the policy texts according to the steps of defining analysis units,categories and coding,reliability and validity testing,etc.The results show that:(1)The urban waste classification policy in Northwest China is characterized by increasing attention year by year,a focus on government guidance and investment,and a clear division of responsibilities.These factors help to activate the motivation for policy implementation in cities across Northwest China,foster multi-departmental cooperation,and encourage active participation from various social entities in the process of implementing waste classification policies.(2)At the present stage,the design and application of policy tools are still unreasonable.On the one hand,the structure of policy tools is unbalanced,with excessive environmental policy tools leading to resource waste and insufficient demand policy tools leading to insufficient policy pulling power,which is not conducive to the long-term implementation of garbage classification management.At the same time,the internal structure of the secondary tools of the three types of policy tools is also uneven and unreasonable proportion further aggravates the waste of policy resources;On the other hand,the use of policy tools in each link of the policy content lacks focus and the concept of local policy implementation,which is difficult to meet the current practical needs and difficulties of garbage classification and treatment.According to this,the paper puts forward some policy suggestions,such as increasing the use of demand-oriented policy tools,paying attention to the reasonable matching of policy tools in various links of classification,and paying attention to the coordination of policy goal,process and result under the comprehensive dimension.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3206300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477529,42371145,42261026)+2 种基金the China-Pakistan Joint Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(046GJHZ2023069MI)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22ZD6FA005)the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center(E01Z790201).
文摘Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41576108 and No.41605006)Natural Science Foundation project of Shandong Province(No.ZR2016DB26).
文摘Based on the principle of transient perturbation analysis,in this paper,a method to objectively determine the weather pattern formed by sea fog is provided.On the basis of the classification results,the circulation situation,divergence and vertical velocity field,and the vertical profile of temperature and humidity are synthesized and analyzed.The basic characteristics of the circulation and physical field of sea fog under low pressure control(L type sea fog)are obtained,and the results are compared with the sea fog under the control of high pressure(H type sea fog):a)L type sea fogs potential height anomaly disturbance is mainly manifested in the low layer,and its average value is-65.66 gpm,gradually weakening upward;b)L type sea fogs inversion structure is weaker than H type sea fogs when it occurs,the fog layer is thicker and the high relative humidity level is high over the fog layer,while the H type sea fogs fog layer has a relatively obvious dry layer;c)L sea fog has three layers of structure at the vertical direction.The first layer 1000-950 hPa is convergence accompanied by weak rise and subsidence,the second layer 950-850 hPa is divergence accompanied by weak subsidence,and the third layer 850 to 500hPa is gradually strengthened.While there are two layer structures of the H type sea fog.1000 hPa is divergence accompanied by weak rising and sinking movement,950-500 hPa is a uniform subsidence movement.d)Probability density statistical analysis further quantified the vertical movement of L and H type sea fog and the distribution of relative humidity in each layer.These conclusions provide an important reference for forecasting the sea fog in the northwest of the Yellow Sea under the condition of low pressure circulation in summer.
