The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city an...The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city and fostering the growth of physical infrastructure.Using multi-temporal satellite images,the dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC)changes,the impact of urban growth on LULC changes,and regional environmental implications were investigated in the peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation in India.The study used different case studies to highlight the study area’s heterogeneity,as the phenomenon of change is not consistent.Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS satellite images in 1991,2001,2011,and 2021 were used to analyse the changes in LULC types.We used the relative deviation(RD),annual change intensity(ACI),uniform intensity(UI)to show the dynamicity of LULC types(agriculture land;built-up land;fallow land;vegetated land;mining area;and water bodies)during 1991-2021.This study also applied the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)to measure environmental sensitivity zones and find out the causes of LULC changes.According to LULC statistics,agriculture land,built-up land,and mining area increased by 51.7,95.46,and 24.79 km^(2),respectively,from 1991 to 2021.The results also suggested that built-up land and mining area had the greatest land surface temperature(LST),whereas water bodies and vegetated land showed the lowest LST.Moreover,this study looked at the relationships among LST,spectral indices(Normalized Differenced Built-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)),and environmental sensitivity.The results showed that all of the spectral indices have the strongest association with LST,indicating that built-up land had a far stronger influence on the LST.The spectral indices indicated that the decreasing trends of vegetated land and water bodies were 4.26 and 0.43 km^(2)/a,respectively,during 1991-2021.In summary,this study can help the policy-makers to predict the increasing rate of temperature and the causes for the temperature increase with the rapid expansion of built-up land,thus making effective peri-urban planning decisions.展开更多
A safety audit measures the safety of 36 exterior attributes of properties and streets in a low-density residential neighbourhood in terms of four principles of modern crime prevention through environmental design, na...A safety audit measures the safety of 36 exterior attributes of properties and streets in a low-density residential neighbourhood in terms of four principles of modern crime prevention through environmental design, namely, territoriality, natural surveillance, activity support and access control. Eighty-three residents have walked around each of their small neighbourhoods, and audited the safeties of its area, individual private properties, and adjacent area in daylight;and the safeties of its area, properties, and exterior lighting in darkness. Findings are that older-urban neighbourhoods’ overall safety percentages and attribute safeties in daylight and darkness were consistently lower than those in newer suburban, rural or small-town ones;and frequently lower than those in newer-urban neighbourhoods, or older suburban, rural or small-town ones. Recommendations are about improving 12 less safe or unsafe attributes by means of physical planning and environmental design. Also having identified those attributes, we speculate about replicating the safety audit via online Street Views of existing Canadian neighbourhoods.展开更多
Four theoretically-deduced hypotheses about geographical and temporal variations in exterior housing quality within a neighbourhood are summarized as a renovation- or deterioration-of-self effect, a contagion-down-the...Four theoretically-deduced hypotheses about geographical and temporal variations in exterior housing quality within a neighbourhood are summarized as a renovation- or deterioration-of-self effect, a contagion-down-the-street effect, a distance-from-riverbank effect, and a distance-from core effect. These hypotheses are tested with data for the exterior conditions of hundreds of single- detached (-like) houses that have been individually surveyed twice with the same instrument in four older-urban neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Each surveyed house’s rated conditions of 12 exterior attributes are in particular utilized to calculate its overall exterior quality as a percentage above or below normal. Findings are that houses’ exteriors had average “normal” weathered conditions for Canada. Even so, overall exterior housing qualities in three neighbourhoods exemplified a hypothesized deterioration-of-self effect and proximity-to-core effect, as they had especially declined from their original survey to their resurvey for houses located near to a core such as downtown or a casino. In addition, the hypothesized distance-from-riverbank effect was observed in one neighbourhood where overall exterior housing quality linearly deteriorated with farther distance from a riverbank. Finally, overall exterior housing qualities had no observable contagion-down-the-street effect, and so, residents were not reacting positively or negatively to their neighbours’ maintenance and improvement of their homes’ exteriors. The practical implications of the study’s findings are discussed in the conclusion.展开更多
Most of Chinese cities have experienced a great wave of large-scale neighbourhood renewal in recent years. However, only a few research works have been done in giving assessment after the completion of renewal project...Most of Chinese cities have experienced a great wave of large-scale neighbourhood renewal in recent years. However, only a few research works have been done in giving assessment after the completion of renewal projects. Aimed at such a circumstance, this paper, by referencing the experience of European countries, establishes a multi-dimensional evaluation framework to analyze the primary data drawn from recent household surveys of Shichahai and Jinyuchi neighbourhoods in Beijing, and puts forward some suggestions based on the conclusions drawn from the surveys.展开更多
In modal logic,topological semantics is an intuitive and natural special case of neighbourhood semantics.This paper stems from the observation that the satisfaction relation of topological semantics applies to subset ...In modal logic,topological semantics is an intuitive and natural special case of neighbourhood semantics.This paper stems from the observation that the satisfaction relation of topological semantics applies to subset spaces which are more general than topological spaces.The minimal modal logic which is strongly sound and complete with respect to the class of subset spaces is found.Soundness and completeness results of some famous modal logics(e.g.S4,S5 and Tr)with respect to various important classes of subset spaces(eg intersection structures and complete fields of sets)are also proved.In the meantime,some known results,e.g.the soundness and completeness of Tr with respect to the class of discrete topological spaces,are proved directly using some modifications of the method of canonical mode1,without a detour via neighbourhood semantics or relational semantics.展开更多
The reliability and efficiency of photovoltaic(PV)systems are essential for sustainable energy produc-tion,requiring accurate fault detection to minimize energy losses.This study proposes a hybrid model integrating Ne...The reliability and efficiency of photovoltaic(PV)systems are essential for sustainable energy produc-tion,requiring accurate fault detection to minimize energy losses.This study proposes a hybrid model integrating Neighborhood Components Analysis(NCA)with a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to improve fault detection and diagnosis.Unlike Principal Component Analysis(PCA),which may compromise class relationships during feature extraction,NCA preserves these relationships,enhancing classification performance.The hybrid model combines NCA with CNN,a fundamental deep learning architecture,to enhance fault detection and diagnosis capabilities.The performance of the proposed NCA-CNN model was evaluated against other models.The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the NCA-CNN model outperforms existing methods,achieving 100%fault detection accuracy and 99%fault diagnosis accuracy.These findings underscore the model’s potential in improving PV system reliability and efficiency.展开更多
Let G be a 2 connected simple graph of order n ( n ≥5) and minimum degree δ . In this paper, we show that if for any two nonadjacent vertices u , v of G there holds | N(u)∪N(v)|≥n-δ , t...Let G be a 2 connected simple graph of order n ( n ≥5) and minimum degree δ . In this paper, we show that if for any two nonadjacent vertices u , v of G there holds | N(u)∪N(v)|≥n-δ , then G is {3,4} - vertex pancyclic unless G≌K n2,n2 .展开更多
Strategies for managing mixed broadleaf-conifer stands in British Columbia (BC) have been under review in recent years as the benefits of mixedwood management have been recognized. More has been learned about the role...Strategies for managing mixed broadleaf-conifer stands in British Columbia (BC) have been under review in recent years as the benefits of mixedwood management have been recognized. More has been learned about the role of broadleaves in forest ecosystems however ecosystem-specific knowledge about the competitive interactions between mixed broadleaf-conifer stands is still scarce. Therefore a competitive interactions study was conducted to facilitate ecosystem-specific management for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. Var. latifolia Engelm.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the sub-boreal spruce (SBS) zone of central BC. The experiment was a completely randomized block design with six different aspen densities replicated three times. Each replicate was sampled three times between ages 14 to 19 years. Pine diameter and height growth were influenced by aspen density. Our current quantitative findings suggest that lodgepole pine growth was not impacted when growing with aspen densities up to 2500 stems ha-1. Considering free growing (FTG) and not free growing (NFTG) pine at the time of trial establishment, an insignificant difference was found for DBH, height and crown volume responses. Leaf area index (LAI) and diffuse non-interceptance (DIFN) radiation were also not significantly different between FTG or NFTG trees suggesting our results exceed the current BC’s free growing standard. Further work is recommended to determine whether or not the current free growing standards are appropriate for producing the desired crop outcome.展开更多
In recent years,the compact development of high-density cities has sparked ongoing interest in healthy urban environments and public well-being.This study examines the relationship between cycling behaviors and the bu...In recent years,the compact development of high-density cities has sparked ongoing interest in healthy urban environments and public well-being.This study examines the relationship between cycling behaviors and the built environment of streets in Tiantongyuan Community,a typical high-density area in Beijing,China.By observing street spaces and summarizing residents’travel modes and behaviors,the study evaluates the impact of street design on cycling habits.In order to reveal the riding behavior characteristics of residents in different time periods and different street spaces,tools such as track recording APPs and the Gopro Motion Camera are employed to collect street view pictures and riding track data comprehensively,analyzing the various travel purposes of residents in Tiantongyuan community and the riding OD activity tracks of the main entrances and exits of the community.Meanwhile,by conducting the questionnaire survey of residents’travel demands and OD data of Baidu,and utilizing geographic information system(GIS)for data visualization,this study further investigates the distribution characteristics of cycling hotspots,cycling paths and cycling space,accurately identifies the cycling life circle of this community based on the spatial and temporal scales,and further puts forward the optimization strategy of the cycling network.Some cycling-friendly street space optimization strategies are suggested to deeply analyze the mechanism of the built environment of street space in high-density communities on the cycling activities and health of urban residents,with a view to provide accurate data support for the renewal of street cycling space.展开更多
Background:A number of hypotheses and theories,such as the Janzen-Connell hypothesis,have been proposed to explain the natural maintenance of biodiversity in tropical and temperate forest ecosystems.However,to date th...Background:A number of hypotheses and theories,such as the Janzen-Connell hypothesis,have been proposed to explain the natural maintenance of biodiversity in tropical and temperate forest ecosystems.However,to date the details of the processes behind this natural maintenance are still unclear.Recently two new nearest-neighbour characteristics were proposed and in this paper we demonstrate how they can contribute to a better understanding of the ontogenesis of global forest structure from localised neighbourhoods.Methods:We applied the new species and size segregation functions together with appropriate test procedures to four example woodland data sets from China at Daqingshan,Jiaohe,Jiulongshan and Xiaolongshan forest regions.In addition we quantified the morphology of the new characteristics and modelled a neighbourhood allometric coefficient linking the two functions.Results:The results revealed quite different species segregation patterns with both conspecific and heterospecific attraction.We found these to be generally matched by equivalent size segregation patterns of attraction of similar and different sizes.It was straightforward to model the size segregation function from the knowledge of the species segregation function by estimating a neighbourhood allometric coefficient.Conclusions:The new characteristics have helped to quantify the extent and rate of decline of neighbourhood interactions in terms of spatial species and size diversity.Through the allometric neighbourhood coefficient the analysis highlighted once more how closely related species and size segregation are,thus supporting the minglingsize hypothesis.Using both a traditional and a restricted random-labelling test has provided a valuable tool for understanding the exact nature of species-mingling and size-inequality relationships.展开更多
The meta-heuristic algorithm with local search is an excellent choice for the job-shop scheduling problem(JSP).However,due to the unique nature of the JSP,local search may generate infeasible neighbourhood solutions.I...The meta-heuristic algorithm with local search is an excellent choice for the job-shop scheduling problem(JSP).However,due to the unique nature of the JSP,local search may generate infeasible neighbourhood solutions.In the existing literature,although some domain knowledge of the JSP can be used to avoid infeasible solutions,the constraint conditions in this domain knowledge are sufficient but not necessary.It may lose many feasible solutions and make the local search inadequate.By analysing the causes of infeasible neighbourhood solutions,this paper further explores the domain knowledge contained in the JSP and proposes the sufficient and necessary constraint conditions to find all feasible neighbourhood solutions,allowing the local search to be carried out thoroughly.With the proposed conditions,a new neighbourhood structure is designed in this paper.Then,a fast calculation method for all feasible neighbourhood solutions is provided,significantly reducing the calculation time compared with ordinary methods.A set of standard benchmark instances is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed neighbourhood structure and calculation method.The experimental results show that the calculation method is effective,and the new neighbourhood structure has more reliability and superiority than the other famous and influential neighbourhood structures,where 90%of the results are the best compared with three other well-known neighbourhood structures.Finally,the result from a tabu search algorithm with the new neighbourhood structure is compared with the current best results,demonstrating the superiority of the proposed neighbourhood structure.展开更多
Let G be a connected graph of order n and D(G) be its distance matrix. The distance eigenvalues of G are the eigenvalues of its distance matrix. Its distance eigenvalues and their multiplicities constitute the distanc...Let G be a connected graph of order n and D(G) be its distance matrix. The distance eigenvalues of G are the eigenvalues of its distance matrix. Its distance eigenvalues and their multiplicities constitute the distance spectrum of G. In this article, we give a complete description of the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a block matrix D_(NC). Further, we give a complete description of the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of distance matrix of double neighbourhood corona graphs G^((S))· {G_1, G_2}, G^((Q))· {G_1, G_2}, G^((R))· {G_1, G_2},G^((T))· {G_1, G_2}, where G is a complete graph and G_1, G_2 are regular graphs.展开更多
This paper gives new sufficient conditions for a connected graph to be Hamiltonian and Hamiltonian connected by independence number and neighbourhood intersections of three independent vertices with distance 2.
Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerni...Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.展开更多
Tree mortality significantly influences forest structure and function,yet our understanding of its dynamic patterns among a range of tree sizes and among different plant functional types(PFTs)remains incomplete.This s...Tree mortality significantly influences forest structure and function,yet our understanding of its dynamic patterns among a range of tree sizes and among different plant functional types(PFTs)remains incomplete.This study analysed size-dependent tree mortality in a temperate forest,encompassing 46 tree species and 32,565 individuals across different PFTs(i.e.,evergreen conifer vs.deciduous broadleaf species,shade-tolerant vs.shade-intolerant species).By employing all-subset regression procedures and logistic generalized linear mixed-effects models,we identified distinct mortality patterns influenced by biotic and abiotic factors.Our results showed a stable mortality patte rn in eve rgreen conifer species,contrasted by a declining pattern in deciduous broadleaf and shadetolerant,as well as shade-intolerant species,across size classes.The contribution to tree mortality of evergreen conifer species shifted from abiotic to biotic factors with increasing size,while the mortality of deciduous broadleaf species was mainly influenced by biotic factors,such as initial diameter at breast height(DBH)and conspecific negative density.For shade-tolerant species,the mortality of small individuals was mainly determined by initial DBH and conspecific negative density dependence,whereas the mortality of large individuals was subjected to the combined effect of biotic(competition from neighbours)and abiotic factors(i.e.,convexity and pH).As for shade-intolerant species,competition from neighbours was found to be the main driver of tree mortality throughout their growth stages.Thus,these insights enhance our understanding of forest dynamics by revealing the size-dependent and PFT-specific tree mortality patterns,which may inform strategies for maintaining forest diversity and resilience in temperate forest ecosystems.展开更多
In this study,we propose a new method to determine full moment tensor solution for induced seismicity.This method generalizes the full waveform matching algorithm we have developed to determine the double-couple(DC)fo...In this study,we propose a new method to determine full moment tensor solution for induced seismicity.This method generalizes the full waveform matching algorithm we have developed to determine the double-couple(DC)focal mechanism based on the neighbourhood algorithm.One major difference between the new method and the former one is that we adopt a new misfit function to constrain the candidate moment tensor solutions with respect to a reference DC solution in addition to other misfit terms characterizing the waveform matching.Through synthetic tests using a real passive seismic survey geometry,the results show the new constraint can help better recover the DC components of inverted moment tensors.We further investigate how errors in the velocity model and source location affect the moment tensor solution.The synthetic test results indicate that the constrained inversion is robust in recovering both the DC and non-DC components.We also test the proposed method on several real induced events in an oil/gas field in Oman using the same observation system as synthetic tests.While it is found that the full moment tensor solutions without using the DC constraints have much larger non-DC components than solutions with the DC constraints,both solutions are able to fit the observed waveforms at similar levels.The synthetic and real test results suggest the proposed DC constrained inversion method can reliably retrieve full moment tensor solutions for the induced seismicity.展开更多
Background: There is limited Canadian research examining whether directly measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) differ between neighbourhoods with different objectively measured socioeconomic (SES)...Background: There is limited Canadian research examining whether directly measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) differ between neighbourhoods with different objectively measured socioeconomic (SES) and recreation (REC) environments. Purpose: To determine whether mean adult PA levels, sedentary time and BMIs were different across four neighbourhoods with contrasting SES and REC environments in Ottawa, Canada. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design to collect pilot data of objectively measured height, weight and PA (using accelerometry) and self-reported covariates in 113 adults (≥18 years). Four contrasting neighbourhoods (high REC/high SES, high REC/low SES, low REC/high SES, and low REC/low SES) were selected based on data collected as part of the Ottawa Neighbourhood Study. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used to perform neighbourhood comparisons for PA, sedentary time and BMI, adjusting for age, sex and household income and possible interactions. Post-hoc comparisons using Tukey’s test were performed. Results: Significant neighbourhood-group effects were observed for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES (Mdiff = 56.05 minutes·day, Tukey p = 0.01). Unadjusted BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that light PA and sedentary time differ between neighbourhoods of varying REC and SES environments after controlling for differences in age, sex and household income. Findings also suggest that other area-level factors may explain these neighbourhood differences.展开更多
K-means clustering algorithm is an important algorithm in unsupervised learning and plays an important role in big data processing, computer vision and other research fields. However, due to its sensitivity to initial...K-means clustering algorithm is an important algorithm in unsupervised learning and plays an important role in big data processing, computer vision and other research fields. However, due to its sensitivity to initial partition, outliers, noise and other factors, the clustering results in data analysis, image segmentation and other fields are unstable and weak in robustness. Based on the fast global K-means clustering algorithm, this paper proposed an improved K-means clustering algorithm. Through the neighborhood filtering mechanism, the points in the neighborhood of the selected initial clustering center have not participated in the selection of the next initial clustering center, which can effectively reduce the randomness of initial partition and improve the efficiency of initial partition. Mahalanobis distance was used in the clustering process to better consider the global nature of data. Compared with the traditional clustering algorithm and other optimization algorithms, the results of real data set testing are significantly improved.展开更多
Changes in prices of homes are hypothesized as correlated with the times of their sale and resale and the attributes of their dwelling unit and neighbourhood and those of neighbouring homes. They may also be correlate...Changes in prices of homes are hypothesized as correlated with the times of their sale and resale and the attributes of their dwelling unit and neighbourhood and those of neighbouring homes. They may also be correlated with the occurrences of events inside the neighbourhoods caused by the activities of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">individuals and organizations outside the neighbourhoods, such as whether the local economy is in a recession or has a high unemployment rate. Calibrated hybrid housing price models predict precipitous decreases in house prices of approximately 2900 sold and resold homes in two inner-city neighbourhoods</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Windsor, Ontario, during those events since 1981 or 1986. Overall modest predicted percentage increases in houses’ prices during more than 30 years therefore subsumed periods of inner-city neighbourhood deterioration i</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dispersed locations of unimproved and disimproved homes. Compensatory predictions however are of increasing prices for minorities of homes with improvements to several attributes of the dwelling unit and neighbourhood.展开更多
文摘The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city and fostering the growth of physical infrastructure.Using multi-temporal satellite images,the dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC)changes,the impact of urban growth on LULC changes,and regional environmental implications were investigated in the peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation in India.The study used different case studies to highlight the study area’s heterogeneity,as the phenomenon of change is not consistent.Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS satellite images in 1991,2001,2011,and 2021 were used to analyse the changes in LULC types.We used the relative deviation(RD),annual change intensity(ACI),uniform intensity(UI)to show the dynamicity of LULC types(agriculture land;built-up land;fallow land;vegetated land;mining area;and water bodies)during 1991-2021.This study also applied the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)to measure environmental sensitivity zones and find out the causes of LULC changes.According to LULC statistics,agriculture land,built-up land,and mining area increased by 51.7,95.46,and 24.79 km^(2),respectively,from 1991 to 2021.The results also suggested that built-up land and mining area had the greatest land surface temperature(LST),whereas water bodies and vegetated land showed the lowest LST.Moreover,this study looked at the relationships among LST,spectral indices(Normalized Differenced Built-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)),and environmental sensitivity.The results showed that all of the spectral indices have the strongest association with LST,indicating that built-up land had a far stronger influence on the LST.The spectral indices indicated that the decreasing trends of vegetated land and water bodies were 4.26 and 0.43 km^(2)/a,respectively,during 1991-2021.In summary,this study can help the policy-makers to predict the increasing rate of temperature and the causes for the temperature increase with the rapid expansion of built-up land,thus making effective peri-urban planning decisions.
文摘A safety audit measures the safety of 36 exterior attributes of properties and streets in a low-density residential neighbourhood in terms of four principles of modern crime prevention through environmental design, namely, territoriality, natural surveillance, activity support and access control. Eighty-three residents have walked around each of their small neighbourhoods, and audited the safeties of its area, individual private properties, and adjacent area in daylight;and the safeties of its area, properties, and exterior lighting in darkness. Findings are that older-urban neighbourhoods’ overall safety percentages and attribute safeties in daylight and darkness were consistently lower than those in newer suburban, rural or small-town ones;and frequently lower than those in newer-urban neighbourhoods, or older suburban, rural or small-town ones. Recommendations are about improving 12 less safe or unsafe attributes by means of physical planning and environmental design. Also having identified those attributes, we speculate about replicating the safety audit via online Street Views of existing Canadian neighbourhoods.
文摘Four theoretically-deduced hypotheses about geographical and temporal variations in exterior housing quality within a neighbourhood are summarized as a renovation- or deterioration-of-self effect, a contagion-down-the-street effect, a distance-from-riverbank effect, and a distance-from core effect. These hypotheses are tested with data for the exterior conditions of hundreds of single- detached (-like) houses that have been individually surveyed twice with the same instrument in four older-urban neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Each surveyed house’s rated conditions of 12 exterior attributes are in particular utilized to calculate its overall exterior quality as a percentage above or below normal. Findings are that houses’ exteriors had average “normal” weathered conditions for Canada. Even so, overall exterior housing qualities in three neighbourhoods exemplified a hypothesized deterioration-of-self effect and proximity-to-core effect, as they had especially declined from their original survey to their resurvey for houses located near to a core such as downtown or a casino. In addition, the hypothesized distance-from-riverbank effect was observed in one neighbourhood where overall exterior housing quality linearly deteriorated with farther distance from a riverbank. Finally, overall exterior housing qualities had no observable contagion-down-the-street effect, and so, residents were not reacting positively or negatively to their neighbours’ maintenance and improvement of their homes’ exteriors. The practical implications of the study’s findings are discussed in the conclusion.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NO.TD2011-32)
文摘Most of Chinese cities have experienced a great wave of large-scale neighbourhood renewal in recent years. However, only a few research works have been done in giving assessment after the completion of renewal projects. Aimed at such a circumstance, this paper, by referencing the experience of European countries, establishes a multi-dimensional evaluation framework to analyze the primary data drawn from recent household surveys of Shichahai and Jinyuchi neighbourhoods in Beijing, and puts forward some suggestions based on the conclusions drawn from the surveys.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(No.20CZX048)。
文摘In modal logic,topological semantics is an intuitive and natural special case of neighbourhood semantics.This paper stems from the observation that the satisfaction relation of topological semantics applies to subset spaces which are more general than topological spaces.The minimal modal logic which is strongly sound and complete with respect to the class of subset spaces is found.Soundness and completeness results of some famous modal logics(e.g.S4,S5 and Tr)with respect to various important classes of subset spaces(eg intersection structures and complete fields of sets)are also proved.In the meantime,some known results,e.g.the soundness and completeness of Tr with respect to the class of discrete topological spaces,are proved directly using some modifications of the method of canonical mode1,without a detour via neighbourhood semantics or relational semantics.
文摘The reliability and efficiency of photovoltaic(PV)systems are essential for sustainable energy produc-tion,requiring accurate fault detection to minimize energy losses.This study proposes a hybrid model integrating Neighborhood Components Analysis(NCA)with a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to improve fault detection and diagnosis.Unlike Principal Component Analysis(PCA),which may compromise class relationships during feature extraction,NCA preserves these relationships,enhancing classification performance.The hybrid model combines NCA with CNN,a fundamental deep learning architecture,to enhance fault detection and diagnosis capabilities.The performance of the proposed NCA-CNN model was evaluated against other models.The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the NCA-CNN model outperforms existing methods,achieving 100%fault detection accuracy and 99%fault diagnosis accuracy.These findings underscore the model’s potential in improving PV system reliability and efficiency.
文摘Let G be a 2 connected simple graph of order n ( n ≥5) and minimum degree δ . In this paper, we show that if for any two nonadjacent vertices u , v of G there holds | N(u)∪N(v)|≥n-δ , then G is {3,4} - vertex pancyclic unless G≌K n2,n2 .
文摘Strategies for managing mixed broadleaf-conifer stands in British Columbia (BC) have been under review in recent years as the benefits of mixedwood management have been recognized. More has been learned about the role of broadleaves in forest ecosystems however ecosystem-specific knowledge about the competitive interactions between mixed broadleaf-conifer stands is still scarce. Therefore a competitive interactions study was conducted to facilitate ecosystem-specific management for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. Var. latifolia Engelm.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the sub-boreal spruce (SBS) zone of central BC. The experiment was a completely randomized block design with six different aspen densities replicated three times. Each replicate was sampled three times between ages 14 to 19 years. Pine diameter and height growth were influenced by aspen density. Our current quantitative findings suggest that lodgepole pine growth was not impacted when growing with aspen densities up to 2500 stems ha-1. Considering free growing (FTG) and not free growing (NFTG) pine at the time of trial establishment, an insignificant difference was found for DBH, height and crown volume responses. Leaf area index (LAI) and diffuse non-interceptance (DIFN) radiation were also not significantly different between FTG or NFTG trees suggesting our results exceed the current BC’s free growing standard. Further work is recommended to determine whether or not the current free growing standards are appropriate for producing the desired crop outcome.
文摘In recent years,the compact development of high-density cities has sparked ongoing interest in healthy urban environments and public well-being.This study examines the relationship between cycling behaviors and the built environment of streets in Tiantongyuan Community,a typical high-density area in Beijing,China.By observing street spaces and summarizing residents’travel modes and behaviors,the study evaluates the impact of street design on cycling habits.In order to reveal the riding behavior characteristics of residents in different time periods and different street spaces,tools such as track recording APPs and the Gopro Motion Camera are employed to collect street view pictures and riding track data comprehensively,analyzing the various travel purposes of residents in Tiantongyuan community and the riding OD activity tracks of the main entrances and exits of the community.Meanwhile,by conducting the questionnaire survey of residents’travel demands and OD data of Baidu,and utilizing geographic information system(GIS)for data visualization,this study further investigates the distribution characteristics of cycling hotspots,cycling paths and cycling space,accurately identifies the cycling life circle of this community based on the spatial and temporal scales,and further puts forward the optimization strategy of the cycling network.Some cycling-friendly street space optimization strategies are suggested to deeply analyze the mechanism of the built environment of street space in high-density communities on the cycling activities and health of urban residents,with a view to provide accurate data support for the renewal of street cycling space.
基金partly supported by the Guangxi Innovation Driven Development Project(No.AA17204087-8)funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project No.31670640)。
文摘Background:A number of hypotheses and theories,such as the Janzen-Connell hypothesis,have been proposed to explain the natural maintenance of biodiversity in tropical and temperate forest ecosystems.However,to date the details of the processes behind this natural maintenance are still unclear.Recently two new nearest-neighbour characteristics were proposed and in this paper we demonstrate how they can contribute to a better understanding of the ontogenesis of global forest structure from localised neighbourhoods.Methods:We applied the new species and size segregation functions together with appropriate test procedures to four example woodland data sets from China at Daqingshan,Jiaohe,Jiulongshan and Xiaolongshan forest regions.In addition we quantified the morphology of the new characteristics and modelled a neighbourhood allometric coefficient linking the two functions.Results:The results revealed quite different species segregation patterns with both conspecific and heterospecific attraction.We found these to be generally matched by equivalent size segregation patterns of attraction of similar and different sizes.It was straightforward to model the size segregation function from the knowledge of the species segregation function by estimating a neighbourhood allometric coefficient.Conclusions:The new characteristics have helped to quantify the extent and rate of decline of neighbourhood interactions in terms of spatial species and size diversity.Through the allometric neighbourhood coefficient the analysis highlighted once more how closely related species and size segregation are,thus supporting the minglingsize hypothesis.Using both a traditional and a restricted random-labelling test has provided a valuable tool for understanding the exact nature of species-mingling and size-inequality relationships.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U21B2029 and 51825502).
文摘The meta-heuristic algorithm with local search is an excellent choice for the job-shop scheduling problem(JSP).However,due to the unique nature of the JSP,local search may generate infeasible neighbourhood solutions.In the existing literature,although some domain knowledge of the JSP can be used to avoid infeasible solutions,the constraint conditions in this domain knowledge are sufficient but not necessary.It may lose many feasible solutions and make the local search inadequate.By analysing the causes of infeasible neighbourhood solutions,this paper further explores the domain knowledge contained in the JSP and proposes the sufficient and necessary constraint conditions to find all feasible neighbourhood solutions,allowing the local search to be carried out thoroughly.With the proposed conditions,a new neighbourhood structure is designed in this paper.Then,a fast calculation method for all feasible neighbourhood solutions is provided,significantly reducing the calculation time compared with ordinary methods.A set of standard benchmark instances is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed neighbourhood structure and calculation method.The experimental results show that the calculation method is effective,and the new neighbourhood structure has more reliability and superiority than the other famous and influential neighbourhood structures,where 90%of the results are the best compared with three other well-known neighbourhood structures.Finally,the result from a tabu search algorithm with the new neighbourhood structure is compared with the current best results,demonstrating the superiority of the proposed neighbourhood structure.
基金Supported by the Dalian Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2015A11GX016)
文摘Let G be a connected graph of order n and D(G) be its distance matrix. The distance eigenvalues of G are the eigenvalues of its distance matrix. Its distance eigenvalues and their multiplicities constitute the distance spectrum of G. In this article, we give a complete description of the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a block matrix D_(NC). Further, we give a complete description of the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of distance matrix of double neighbourhood corona graphs G^((S))· {G_1, G_2}, G^((Q))· {G_1, G_2}, G^((R))· {G_1, G_2},G^((T))· {G_1, G_2}, where G is a complete graph and G_1, G_2 are regular graphs.
文摘This paper gives new sufficient conditions for a connected graph to be Hamiltonian and Hamiltonian connected by independence number and neighbourhood intersections of three independent vertices with distance 2.
基金This publication is based upon work from COST Action CLIMO(CA15226) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)the UMBRACLIM project (PID2019-111781RB-I00)funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation. Teresa Valor was contracted with a grant“Juan de la Cierva-Formaci on”(FJC2018-036673-I). Z.S. received funds from the grant no. APVV-20-0365 and from project TreeAdapt supported by the MPRV SR. Aitor Ameztegui is supported by a Serra-Húnter fellowship by the Generalitat de Catalunya。
文摘Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2023M733712)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31971491)。
文摘Tree mortality significantly influences forest structure and function,yet our understanding of its dynamic patterns among a range of tree sizes and among different plant functional types(PFTs)remains incomplete.This study analysed size-dependent tree mortality in a temperate forest,encompassing 46 tree species and 32,565 individuals across different PFTs(i.e.,evergreen conifer vs.deciduous broadleaf species,shade-tolerant vs.shade-intolerant species).By employing all-subset regression procedures and logistic generalized linear mixed-effects models,we identified distinct mortality patterns influenced by biotic and abiotic factors.Our results showed a stable mortality patte rn in eve rgreen conifer species,contrasted by a declining pattern in deciduous broadleaf and shadetolerant,as well as shade-intolerant species,across size classes.The contribution to tree mortality of evergreen conifer species shifted from abiotic to biotic factors with increasing size,while the mortality of deciduous broadleaf species was mainly influenced by biotic factors,such as initial diameter at breast height(DBH)and conspecific negative density.For shade-tolerant species,the mortality of small individuals was mainly determined by initial DBH and conspecific negative density dependence,whereas the mortality of large individuals was subjected to the combined effect of biotic(competition from neighbours)and abiotic factors(i.e.,convexity and pH).As for shade-intolerant species,competition from neighbours was found to be the main driver of tree mortality throughout their growth stages.Thus,these insights enhance our understanding of forest dynamics by revealing the size-dependent and PFT-specific tree mortality patterns,which may inform strategies for maintaining forest diversity and resilience in temperate forest ecosystems.
基金We want to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments about this manuscript.This study is funded by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2016ZX05023004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41804040 and 41861134009).
文摘In this study,we propose a new method to determine full moment tensor solution for induced seismicity.This method generalizes the full waveform matching algorithm we have developed to determine the double-couple(DC)focal mechanism based on the neighbourhood algorithm.One major difference between the new method and the former one is that we adopt a new misfit function to constrain the candidate moment tensor solutions with respect to a reference DC solution in addition to other misfit terms characterizing the waveform matching.Through synthetic tests using a real passive seismic survey geometry,the results show the new constraint can help better recover the DC components of inverted moment tensors.We further investigate how errors in the velocity model and source location affect the moment tensor solution.The synthetic test results indicate that the constrained inversion is robust in recovering both the DC and non-DC components.We also test the proposed method on several real induced events in an oil/gas field in Oman using the same observation system as synthetic tests.While it is found that the full moment tensor solutions without using the DC constraints have much larger non-DC components than solutions with the DC constraints,both solutions are able to fit the observed waveforms at similar levels.The synthetic and real test results suggest the proposed DC constrained inversion method can reliably retrieve full moment tensor solutions for the induced seismicity.
文摘Background: There is limited Canadian research examining whether directly measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) differ between neighbourhoods with different objectively measured socioeconomic (SES) and recreation (REC) environments. Purpose: To determine whether mean adult PA levels, sedentary time and BMIs were different across four neighbourhoods with contrasting SES and REC environments in Ottawa, Canada. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design to collect pilot data of objectively measured height, weight and PA (using accelerometry) and self-reported covariates in 113 adults (≥18 years). Four contrasting neighbourhoods (high REC/high SES, high REC/low SES, low REC/high SES, and low REC/low SES) were selected based on data collected as part of the Ottawa Neighbourhood Study. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used to perform neighbourhood comparisons for PA, sedentary time and BMI, adjusting for age, sex and household income and possible interactions. Post-hoc comparisons using Tukey’s test were performed. Results: Significant neighbourhood-group effects were observed for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES (Mdiff = 56.05 minutes·day, Tukey p = 0.01). Unadjusted BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that light PA and sedentary time differ between neighbourhoods of varying REC and SES environments after controlling for differences in age, sex and household income. Findings also suggest that other area-level factors may explain these neighbourhood differences.
文摘K-means clustering algorithm is an important algorithm in unsupervised learning and plays an important role in big data processing, computer vision and other research fields. However, due to its sensitivity to initial partition, outliers, noise and other factors, the clustering results in data analysis, image segmentation and other fields are unstable and weak in robustness. Based on the fast global K-means clustering algorithm, this paper proposed an improved K-means clustering algorithm. Through the neighborhood filtering mechanism, the points in the neighborhood of the selected initial clustering center have not participated in the selection of the next initial clustering center, which can effectively reduce the randomness of initial partition and improve the efficiency of initial partition. Mahalanobis distance was used in the clustering process to better consider the global nature of data. Compared with the traditional clustering algorithm and other optimization algorithms, the results of real data set testing are significantly improved.
文摘Changes in prices of homes are hypothesized as correlated with the times of their sale and resale and the attributes of their dwelling unit and neighbourhood and those of neighbouring homes. They may also be correlated with the occurrences of events inside the neighbourhoods caused by the activities of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">individuals and organizations outside the neighbourhoods, such as whether the local economy is in a recession or has a high unemployment rate. Calibrated hybrid housing price models predict precipitous decreases in house prices of approximately 2900 sold and resold homes in two inner-city neighbourhoods</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Windsor, Ontario, during those events since 1981 or 1986. Overall modest predicted percentage increases in houses’ prices during more than 30 years therefore subsumed periods of inner-city neighbourhood deterioration i</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dispersed locations of unimproved and disimproved homes. Compensatory predictions however are of increasing prices for minorities of homes with improvements to several attributes of the dwelling unit and neighbourhood.
