Nanofluidic hydrogel membranes have shown great potential for osmotic energy harvesting(OEH)due to their unique properties.These membranes are made of hydrogels that contain embedded nanofluidic channels,which provide...Nanofluidic hydrogel membranes have shown great potential for osmotic energy harvesting(OEH)due to their unique properties.These membranes are made of hydrogels that contain embedded nanofluidic channels,which provide high selectivity for ions and molecules,making them ideal for osmotic processes.This review explores how to harness the osmotic pressure difference between two solutions separated by the membrane to generate sustainable energy.The review compares the materials membranes and the key advantages of nanofluidic hydrogel membranes:flexibility and ion-transport properties for high power density for OEH,It highlights the size and distribution of the nanofluidic channels within the hydrogel matrix that can be adjusted to optimize ion transport and energy generation efficiency.This flexibility enables customization based on specific requirements for osmotic energy harvesting.This review discusses advancing the transition to sustainable energy sources,challenges,and prospectus for developing and using nanofluidic hydrogel membranes,which hold significant potential for enhancing energy and environmental sustainability.展开更多
A widely employed energy technology,known as reverse electrodialysis(RED),holds the promise of delivering clean and renewable electricity from water.This technology involves the interaction of two or more bodies of wa...A widely employed energy technology,known as reverse electrodialysis(RED),holds the promise of delivering clean and renewable electricity from water.This technology involves the interaction of two or more bodies of water with varying concentrations of salt ions.The movement of these ions across a membrane generates electricity.However,the efficiency of these systems faces a challenge due to membrane performance degradation over time,often caused by channel blockages.One potential solution to enhance system efficiency is the use of nanofluidic membranes.These specialized membranes offer high ion exchange capacity,abundant ion sources,and customizable channels with varying sizes and properties.Graphene oxide(GO)-based membranes have emerged as particularly promising candidates in this regard,garnering significant attention in recent literature.This work provides a comprehensive overview of the literature surrounding GO membranes and their applications in RED systems.It also highlights recent advancements in the utilization of GO membranes within these systems.Finally,it explores the potential of these membranes to play a pivotal role in electricity generation within RED systems.展开更多
A systematic understanding of the mechanism in the rectification and capacitance of nanochannels and their regulation with the electrolyte concentration and electrical bias is pivotal for its wide applications to nano...A systematic understanding of the mechanism in the rectification and capacitance of nanochannels and their regulation with the electrolyte concentration and electrical bias is pivotal for its wide applications to nanofluidic electronics,ion separation,energy storage,and molecule sensing.Single unipolar and bipolar cylindrical nanochannels through polymer film were fabricated using single ion bombardment and track etching.Cyclic voltammetry results show that the bipolar nanochannel switches from rectification to capacitance as the electrolyte concentration decreases.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the capacitive impedance fraction in the bipolar nanochannel is regulated by electrolyte concentration and voltage.The switch from rectification to capacitance in the polymer nanochannel is well explained through a fluidic p-n junction model with a variable ion depletion layer regulated by the applied bias voltage,which is supported by the multi-physics simulation using Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes solution.This work provides a mechanistic insight into the ionic current rectification and ionic capacitance in complex ionic nanochannels and paves the way for biomimetic nanofluidic electronics design.展开更多
Based on the rapid advancements in nanomaterials and nanotechnology,the Nanofluidic Reverse Electrodialysis(NRED)has attracted significant attention as an innovative and promising energy conversion strategy for extrac...Based on the rapid advancements in nanomaterials and nanotechnology,the Nanofluidic Reverse Electrodialysis(NRED)has attracted significant attention as an innovative and promising energy conversion strategy for extracting sustainable and clean energy fromthe salinity gradient energy.However,the scarcity of research investigating the intricate multi-factor coupling effects on the energy conversion performance,especially the trade-offs between ion selectivity and mass transfer in nanochannels,of NRED poses a great challenge to achieving breakthroughs in energy conversion processes.This numerical study innovatively investigates the multi-factor coupling effect of three critical operational factors,including the nanochannel configuration,the temperature field,and the concentration difference,on the energy conversion processes of NRED.In this work,a dimensionless amplitude parameter s is introduced to emulate the randomly varied wall configuration of nanochannels that inherently occur in practical applications,thereby enhancing the realism and applicability of our analysis.Numerical results reveal that the application of a temperature gradient,which is oriented in opposition to the concentration gradient,enhances the ion transportation and selectivity simultaneously,leading to an enhancement in both output power and energy conversion efficiency.Additionally,the increased fluctuation of the nanochannel wall from s=0 to s=0.08 improves ion selectivity yet raises ion transport resistance,resulting in an enhancement in output power and energy conversion efficiency but a slight reduction in current.Furthermore,with increasing the concentration ratio cH/cL from 10 to 1000,either within a fixed temperature field or at a constant dimensionless amplitude,the maximumpower consistently attains its optimal value at a concentration ratio of 100 but the cation transfer number experiences amonotonic decrease across this entire range of concentration ratios.Finally,uponmodifying the operational parameters fromthe baseline condition of s=0,c_(H)/c_(L)=10,andΔT=0 K to the targetedconditionof s=0.08,c_(H)/c_(L)=50,andΔT=25 K,there is a concerted improvement observed in the open-circuit potential,short-circuit current,andmaximumpower,with respective increments of 8.86%,204.97%,and 232.01%,but a reduction in cation transfer number with a notable decrease of 15.37%.展开更多
Enantiomer identification is of paramount industrial value and physiological significance.Construction of sensitive chiral sensors with high enantiomeric discrimination ability is highly desirable.In this work,a chira...Enantiomer identification is of paramount industrial value and physiological significance.Construction of sensitive chiral sensors with high enantiomeric discrimination ability is highly desirable.In this work,a chiral covalent organic framework/anodic aluminum oxide(c-COF/AAO)membrane was prepared for electrochemical enantioselective recognition and sensing.Benefiting from the remarkable asymmetry,the asprepared nanofluidic c-COF/AAO presents a distinct ion current rectification(ICR)characteristic,enabling sensitive bioanalysis.In addition,owing to the large surface area,high chemical stability and perfect ion selectivity of chiral COF,the prepared c-COF/AAO membrane presents exceptionally selective mass transport and thereby enables excellent chiral discrimination for S-/R-Naproxen(S-/R-Npx)enantiomers.It is especially noteworthy that the detection limit is achieved as low as 3.88 pmol/L.These results raise the possibility for a facile,stable and low-cost method to carry out sensitive enantioselective recognition and detection.展开更多
The attainment of carbon neutrality requires the development of aqueous energy conversion and storage devices.However,these devices exhibit limited performance due to the permeability-selectivity trade-off of permsele...The attainment of carbon neutrality requires the development of aqueous energy conversion and storage devices.However,these devices exhibit limited performance due to the permeability-selectivity trade-off of permselective membranes as core components.Herein,we report the application of a synergistic approach utilizing two-dimensional nanoribbons-entangled nanosheets to rationally balance the permeability and selec-tivity in permselective membranes.The nanoribbons and nanosheets can be self-assembled into a nanoflu-idic membrane with a distinctive“island-bridge”configuration,where the nanosheets serve as isolated islands offering adequate ionic selectivity owing to their high surface charge density,meanwhile bridge-like nanorib-bons with low surface charge density but high aspect ratio remarkably enhance the membrane’s permeability and water stability,as verified by molecular simulations and experimental investigations.Using this approach,we developed a high-performance graphene oxide(GO)nanosheet/GO nanoribbon(GONR)nanofluidic membrane and achieved an ultrahigh power density of 18.1 W m^(-2) in a natural seawater|river water osmotic power generator,along with a high Coulombic efficiency and an extended lifespan in zinc metal batteries.The validity of our island-bridge structural design is also demonstrated for other nanosheet/nanoribbon composite membranes,providing a promising path for developing reliable aqueous energy conversion and storage devices.展开更多
The rapid and precise fabrication of multiscale supramolecular assemblies using micro/nanofluidic techniques has emerged as a dynamic area of research in supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, and organic chem...The rapid and precise fabrication of multiscale supramolecular assemblies using micro/nanofluidic techniques has emerged as a dynamic area of research in supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, and organic chemistry. This review summarizes the application of micro/nanofluidic techniques in constructing supramolecular assemblies, including nanoscale supramolecular assemblies such as macrocycles and cages, microscale supramolecular assemblies such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and macroscale supramolecular assemblies such as supramolecular hydrogels. Compared to conventional synthesis methods, micro/nanofluidic techniques for the production of supramolecular assemblies have significant advantages, including enhanced safety, high reaction rates, improved selectivity/yield, and scalability. Additionally, micro/nanofluidic systems facilitate the creation of precisely controllable micro/nanoconfined environments, allowing for a unique flow behavior that improves our understanding of the supramolecular self-assembly process. Such systems may also lead to the development of novel supramolecular assemblies that differ from those generated via traditional methods.展开更多
With the development of manufacturing technology on the nanoscale, the precision of nano-devices is rapidly increasing with lower cost. Different from macroscale or microscale fluids, many specific phenomena and advan...With the development of manufacturing technology on the nanoscale, the precision of nano-devices is rapidly increasing with lower cost. Different from macroscale or microscale fluids, many specific phenomena and advantages are observed in nanofluidics. Devices and process involving and utilizing these phenomena play an important role in many fields in chemical engineering including separation, chemical analysis and transmission.In this article, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress in theoretical studies and manufacturing technologies on nanofluidics. Then we discuss practical applications of nanofluidics in many chemical engineering fields,especially in separation and encountering problems. Finally, we are looking forward to the future of nanofluidics and believe it will be more important in the separation process and the modern chemical industry.展开更多
Living single-cell analysis is vital for cell biology, disease pathology, drug discovery and medical treatment. It is of great significance to reveal the law of creature and to explore the mechanism of serious disease...Living single-cell analysis is vital for cell biology, disease pathology, drug discovery and medical treatment. It is of great significance to reveal the law of creature and to explore the mechanism of serious disease. The conventional single cell analysis focuses on a large number of cells or cell lysis, in order to obtain the average information about cells. Therefore, it fails to analyze the real-time and continuous data of differences between the individual cells, thus limiting the development of many fields, such as biomedical. Nanofluidics based biochemical analysis exhibits advantages over conventional methods in terms of small sample volume, rapid turnaround time, straightforward operation, and efficient processing,which has been widely used in complex operations such as single cell capture, separation and single cell detection. Here we review the recent developments of nanofluidic technologies for single-cell analysis,with emphasis on cell trapping, treatment, and biochemical studies. The potential of nanofluidics-based single-cell analysis is discussed.展开更多
In recent decades,the properties and behaviors of nanofluidic devices have been widely explored in varied subjects such as engineering,physics,chemistry,and biology.Among the rich properties of nanofluidics,ionic curr...In recent decades,the properties and behaviors of nanofluidic devices have been widely explored in varied subjects such as engineering,physics,chemistry,and biology.Among the rich properties of nanofluidics,ionic current rectification(ICR) is a unique phenomenon arising from asymmetric nanofluidic devices with electric double layer(EDL) overlapped.The ICR property is especially useful in applications including energy conversion,mass separation,sea water purification and bioanalysis.In this review,the ICR property in nanofluidics as well as the underlying mechanism is demonstrated.The influencing factors concerning to the ICR property are systematically summarized.The asymmetric geometry as well as the charge distribution is in charge of the ICR behavior occurring in nanofluidic devices.This review is aimed at readers who are interested in the fundamentals of mass transport in nanofluidics in general,as well as those who are willing to apply nanofluidics in various research fields.展开更多
Nanofluidics in hydrophilic nanopores is a common issue in many natural and industrial processes. Among all,the mass transport of nanofluidics is most concerned. Besides that, the heat transfer of a fluid flow in nano...Nanofluidics in hydrophilic nanopores is a common issue in many natural and industrial processes. Among all,the mass transport of nanofluidics is most concerned. Besides that, the heat transfer of a fluid flow in nano or micro channels is always considered with adding nanoparticles into the flow, so as to enhance the heat transfer by convection between the fluid and the surface. However, for some applications with around 1 nm channels such as nano filtration or erosion of rocks, there should be no nanoparticles included. Hence, it is necessary to figure out the heat transfer mechanism in the single phase nanofluidics. Via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we revealed the heat transfer inside nanofluidics and the one between fluid and walls by setting simulation into extremely harsh condition. It was found that the heat was conducted by molecular motion without temperature gradient in the area of low viscous heat, while it was transferred to the walls by increasing the temperature of fluids. If the condition back to normal, it was found that the viscous heat of nanofluidics could be easily removed by the fluid-wall temperature drop of less than 1 K.展开更多
The global carbon neutrality strategy brings a wave of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries technique development and induces an ever-growing consumption and demand for lithium(Li).Among all the Li exploitation,extract...The global carbon neutrality strategy brings a wave of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries technique development and induces an ever-growing consumption and demand for lithium(Li).Among all the Li exploitation,extracting Li from spent LIBs would be a strategic and perspective approach,especially with the low energy consumption and eco-friendly membrane separation method.However,current membrane separation systems mainly focus on monotonous membrane design and structure optimization,and rarely further consider the coordination of inherent structure and applied external field,resulting in limited ion transport.Here,we propose a heterogeneous nanofluidic membrane as a platform for coupling multi-external fields(i.e.,lightinduced heat,electrical,and concentration gradient fields)to construct the multi-field-coupled synergistic ion transport system(MSITS)for Li-ion extraction from spent LIBs.The Li flux of the MSITS reaches 367.4 mmol m^(−2)h^(−1),even higher than the sum flux of those applied individual fields,reflecting synergistic enhancement for ion transport of the multi-field-coupled effect.Benefiting from the adaptation of membrane structure and multi-external fields,the proposed system exhibits ultrahigh selectivity with a Li^(+)/Co^(2+)factor of 216,412,outperforming previous reports.MSITS based on nanofluidic membrane proves to be a promising ion transport strategy,as it could accelerate ion transmembrane transport and alleviate the ion concentration polarization effect.This work demonstrated a collaborative system equipped with an optimized membrane for high-efficient Li extraction,providing an expanded strategy to investigate the other membrane-based applications of their common similarities in core concepts.展开更多
The research group of Prof.YANG Hui in Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology(SIAT)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,has recently presented a novel nanofluidic device for high-throughput preparation of exosome-bas...The research group of Prof.YANG Hui in Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology(SIAT)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,has recently presented a novel nanofluidic device for high-throughput preparation of exosome-based drug delivery vehicles.Their latest results were published in Small,entitled“A High-Throughput Nanofluidic Device for Exosome Nanoporation to Develop Cargo Delivery Vehicles”,and featured on the back cover.展开更多
Nanofluidic memristors,which use ions in electrolyte solutions as carriers,have been developed rapidly and brought new opportunities for the development of neuromorphic devices.Utilizing the transport and accumulation...Nanofluidic memristors,which use ions in electrolyte solutions as carriers,have been developed rapidly and brought new opportunities for the development of neuromorphic devices.Utilizing the transport and accumulation of ions in nanochannels to process information is an endeavor to realize the nanofluidic memristor.In this study,we report a new nanofluidic memristor,which is a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-glass chip with two platinum(Pt)electrodes and well-aligned multi-nanochannels within PDMS for ion enrichment and depletion.The device not only exhibits typical bipolar memristive behavior and ion current rectification(ICR)but also demonstrates excellent endurance,maintaining stable performance after 100 sweep cycles.We systematically investigate the key factors affecting ion transport behavior in this memristor.The results show that the ICR ratio of the current-voltage(I-V)hysteresis curves decreases with increasing scan rate and solution concentration.Zeta potential measurements are introduced to reveal that the PDMS surface carries more negative charges in higher pH solutions,resulting in more pronounced memristive and ICR effects.Furthermore,our memristor can simulate short-term synaptic plasticity,such as paired-pulse facilitation(PPF)and paired-pulse depression(PPD),with a relatively low energy consumption of 12 pJ per spike per channel.Potentially,the inherent accessibility and robustness of our nanofluidic memristors facilitate the optimization of device structure and performance.These important observations and investigations lay a foundation for advancing energy-saving and efficient neuromorphic computing.展开更多
Light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices is a phenomenon where ions move unidirectionally by consuming optical energy,either from low concentration to high concentration or vice versa.The light-driven unidire...Light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices is a phenomenon where ions move unidirectionally by consuming optical energy,either from low concentration to high concentration or vice versa.The light-driven unidirectional ion transport offers intriguing application potential in desalination and ion separation,osmosis energy harvesting,and ionic machines benefiting from the remote noncontact light stimulus.Here,we review recent progress in nanofluidic-based light-driven ion transport systems and emphasize similarities and differences in the three underlying working principles based on photochemical,photoelectric,and photothermal effects.The current challenges and future developments of light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices are discussed.We believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging research field.展开更多
The human brain performs computations via a highly interconnected network of neurons.Taking inspiration from the information delivery and processing mechanism of the human brain in central nervous systems,bioinspired ...The human brain performs computations via a highly interconnected network of neurons.Taking inspiration from the information delivery and processing mechanism of the human brain in central nervous systems,bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics has been proposed and gradually engineered to overcome the limitations of the conventional electron-based von Neumann architecture,which shows the promising potential to enable efficient brain-like computing.Anomalous and tunable nanofluidic ion transport behaviors and spatial confinement show promising controllability of charge carriers,and a wide range of structural and chemical modification paves new ways for realizing brain-like functions.Herein,a comprehensive framework of mechanisms and design strategy is summarized to enable the rational design of nanofluidic systems and facilitate the further development of bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics.This review provides recent advances and prospects of the bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics,including ion-based brain computing,comprehension of intrinsic mechanisms,design of artificial nanochannels,and the latest artificial neuromorphic functions devices.Furthermore,the challenges and opportunities of bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics in the pioneering and interdisciplinary research fields are proposed,including brain–computer interfaces and artificial neurons.展开更多
Water evaporation-induced electricity generation is a promising technology for renewable energy harvesting.However,the output power of some reported two-dimensional(2D)nanofluidic films is still restricted by the rela...Water evaporation-induced electricity generation is a promising technology for renewable energy harvesting.However,the output power of some reported two-dimensional(2D)nanofluidic films is still restricted by the relatively weak water–solid interactions within the tortuous nanochannels.To further enhance the comprehension and utilization of water–solid interactions,it is of utmost importance to conduct an in-depth investigation and propose a regulatory concept encompassing ion transport.Herein,we propose tortuosity regulation of 2D nanofluidic titanium oxide(Ti_(0.87)O_(2))films to optimize the ion transport within the interlayer nanochannel for enhanced efficiency in water evaporation-induced electricity generation for the first time.The significance of tortuosity in ion transport is elucidated by designing three 2D nanofluidic films with different tortuosity.Tortuosity analysis and in situ Raman measurement demonstrate that low tortuosity can facilitate the formation of efficient pathways for hydrated proton transport and promote water–solid interactions.Consequently,devices fabricated with the optimized 2D nanofluidic films exhibited a significantly enhanced output power density of approximately 204.01μW·cm^(−2),far exceeding those prepared by the high-tortuosity 2D nanofluidic films.This work highlights the significance of the construction of low tortuosity channels for 2D nanofluidic films with excellent performance.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)covalent organic framework(COF)mem-branes featuring well-aligned and programmable vertical nano-channels have emerged as a promising candidate for advanced nanofluidic devices and showcased vast pot...Two-dimensional(2D)covalent organic framework(COF)mem-branes featuring well-aligned and programmable vertical nano-channels have emerged as a promising candidate for advanced nanofluidic devices and showcased vast potential in the fields of smart-gating,ion-separation,and energy-harvesting.However,the transverse interlayer nanochannels with a height of sub-nanometer-scale in 2D-COF membranes have scarcely been studied in com-parison.Here,we report the ion transport characteristics in 2D interlayer nanochannels of protonated CoF membranes.The dis-tinct surface-charge-governed ionic conductance in domination of electrolyte concentration below 1o-3 M as well as the exceptional anion/cation(Cl^(-)/K^(+))selectivity is revealed due to the pronounced charge and nano-confinement effects.Additionally,evident ion current rectification is witnessed when incorporating asymmetric geometry into the system,which is attributed to the dynamic process of ion enrichment and dissipation within the protonated nanochannels.This work offers immense prospects for 2D-COF membranes in the fields of biomimetic nanofluidic devices and cutting-edge electronic devices.展开更多
In this paper,we describe a novel and simple process for the fabrication of all-transparent and encapsulated polymeric nanofluidic devices using nano-indentation lithography.First,a nanomechanical probe is used to‘sc...In this paper,we describe a novel and simple process for the fabrication of all-transparent and encapsulated polymeric nanofluidic devices using nano-indentation lithography.First,a nanomechanical probe is used to‘scratch’nanoscale channels on polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)substrates with sufficiently high hardness.Next,polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)is used twice to duplicate the nanochannels onto PDMS substrates from the‘nano-scratched’PMMA substrates.A number of experiments are conducted to explore the relationships between the nano-indentation parameters and the nanochannel dimensions and to control the aspect ratio of the fabricated nanochannels.In addition,traditional photolithography combined with soft lithography is employed to fabricate microchannels on another PDMS‘cap’substrate.After manually aligning the substrates,all uncovered channels on two separate PDMS substrates are bonded to achieve a sealed and transparent nanofluidic device,which makes the dimensional transition from microscale to nanoscale feasible.The smallest dimensions of the achievable nanochannels that we have demonstrated thus far are of~20 nm depth and~800 nm width,with lengths extendable beyond 100μm.Fluid flow experiments are performed to verify the reliability of the device.Two types of colloidal solution are used to visualize the fluid flow through the nanochannels,that is,ethanol is mixed with gold colloid or fluorescent dye(fluorescein isothiocyanate),and the flow rate and filling time of liquid in the nanochannels are estimated based on time-lapsed image data.The simplicity of the fabrication process,bio-compatibility of the polymer substrates,and optical transparency of the nanochannels for flow visualization are key characteristics of this approach that will be very useful for nanofluidic and biomolecular research applications in the future.展开更多
Suspended graphene nanopores are widely used in nanofluidic devices,as the machined graphene defects can be downscaled to the angstrom scale.Our recent experimental results showed that the suspended graphene can becom...Suspended graphene nanopores are widely used in nanofluidic devices,as the machined graphene defects can be downscaled to the angstrom scale.Our recent experimental results showed that the suspended graphene can become delaminated from the edges of SiN nanopore under an applied electrical field,theoretical understanding of this process is still lacking.In this work,we analytically studied the voltage-induced blistering of suspended graphene using an energy approach.The external electric field induces accumulation of ions at the graphene-electrolyte interface,causing Maxwell stress resulting in bending and stretching of the graphene and blister formation.We theoretically derived the angle of the graphene blister to the SiN nanopore by energy approach.We found that once the vertical component of the Maxwell stress on the graphene at the perimeter of SiN nanopore ex-ceeds the van der Waals force between the graphene and substrate,the graphene starts to detach from the edges of SiN nanopore.We derived that the threshold voltage of single-layer graphene detachment is in order of 100 mV,which needs to be cautioned for electrical measurements of suspended graphene nanofluidic devices since the voltage amplitude is just in the range of voltage operation for typical electrochemical measurements.The threshold voltage increases as SiN nanopore becomes smaller and in-creases with the number of graphene layers.Our work theoretically describes the blister formation and delamination of graphene from its substrate nanopores.We expect this theory to be useful for optimizing and understanding the unexpected conduction phenomena observed in suspended graphene nanofluidic devices.展开更多
基金supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20241202123500002)the Foundation for Special Projects in Key Fields of Guangdong Province Universities(2024ZDZX3031,2023ZDZX3005)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21702038)the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia(FCT),Portugal,through projects UIDB/00100/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDB/00100/2020),UIDP/00100/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDP/00100/2020),and LA/P/0056/2020(DOI:10.54499/LA/P/0056/2020)of Centro de Química Estrutural。
文摘Nanofluidic hydrogel membranes have shown great potential for osmotic energy harvesting(OEH)due to their unique properties.These membranes are made of hydrogels that contain embedded nanofluidic channels,which provide high selectivity for ions and molecules,making them ideal for osmotic processes.This review explores how to harness the osmotic pressure difference between two solutions separated by the membrane to generate sustainable energy.The review compares the materials membranes and the key advantages of nanofluidic hydrogel membranes:flexibility and ion-transport properties for high power density for OEH,It highlights the size and distribution of the nanofluidic channels within the hydrogel matrix that can be adjusted to optimize ion transport and energy generation efficiency.This flexibility enables customization based on specific requirements for osmotic energy harvesting.This review discusses advancing the transition to sustainable energy sources,challenges,and prospectus for developing and using nanofluidic hydrogel membranes,which hold significant potential for enhancing energy and environmental sustainability.
基金Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,Grant/Award Number:2021C04019National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:U20A20338Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,Grant/Award Number:LQ21H180012.
文摘A widely employed energy technology,known as reverse electrodialysis(RED),holds the promise of delivering clean and renewable electricity from water.This technology involves the interaction of two or more bodies of water with varying concentrations of salt ions.The movement of these ions across a membrane generates electricity.However,the efficiency of these systems faces a challenge due to membrane performance degradation over time,often caused by channel blockages.One potential solution to enhance system efficiency is the use of nanofluidic membranes.These specialized membranes offer high ion exchange capacity,abundant ion sources,and customizable channels with varying sizes and properties.Graphene oxide(GO)-based membranes have emerged as particularly promising candidates in this regard,garnering significant attention in recent literature.This work provides a comprehensive overview of the literature surrounding GO membranes and their applications in RED systems.It also highlights recent advancements in the utilization of GO membranes within these systems.Finally,it explores the potential of these membranes to play a pivotal role in electricity generation within RED systems.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA1601400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12241201,1197283,12375287,and U1632271).
文摘A systematic understanding of the mechanism in the rectification and capacitance of nanochannels and their regulation with the electrolyte concentration and electrical bias is pivotal for its wide applications to nanofluidic electronics,ion separation,energy storage,and molecule sensing.Single unipolar and bipolar cylindrical nanochannels through polymer film were fabricated using single ion bombardment and track etching.Cyclic voltammetry results show that the bipolar nanochannel switches from rectification to capacitance as the electrolyte concentration decreases.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the capacitive impedance fraction in the bipolar nanochannel is regulated by electrolyte concentration and voltage.The switch from rectification to capacitance in the polymer nanochannel is well explained through a fluidic p-n junction model with a variable ion depletion layer regulated by the applied bias voltage,which is supported by the multi-physics simulation using Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes solution.This work provides a mechanistic insight into the ionic current rectification and ionic capacitance in complex ionic nanochannels and paves the way for biomimetic nanofluidic electronics design.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[52106246]the Postgraduate Research&Practice innovation Program of Jiangsu Province[KYCX24_1641].
文摘Based on the rapid advancements in nanomaterials and nanotechnology,the Nanofluidic Reverse Electrodialysis(NRED)has attracted significant attention as an innovative and promising energy conversion strategy for extracting sustainable and clean energy fromthe salinity gradient energy.However,the scarcity of research investigating the intricate multi-factor coupling effects on the energy conversion performance,especially the trade-offs between ion selectivity and mass transfer in nanochannels,of NRED poses a great challenge to achieving breakthroughs in energy conversion processes.This numerical study innovatively investigates the multi-factor coupling effect of three critical operational factors,including the nanochannel configuration,the temperature field,and the concentration difference,on the energy conversion processes of NRED.In this work,a dimensionless amplitude parameter s is introduced to emulate the randomly varied wall configuration of nanochannels that inherently occur in practical applications,thereby enhancing the realism and applicability of our analysis.Numerical results reveal that the application of a temperature gradient,which is oriented in opposition to the concentration gradient,enhances the ion transportation and selectivity simultaneously,leading to an enhancement in both output power and energy conversion efficiency.Additionally,the increased fluctuation of the nanochannel wall from s=0 to s=0.08 improves ion selectivity yet raises ion transport resistance,resulting in an enhancement in output power and energy conversion efficiency but a slight reduction in current.Furthermore,with increasing the concentration ratio cH/cL from 10 to 1000,either within a fixed temperature field or at a constant dimensionless amplitude,the maximumpower consistently attains its optimal value at a concentration ratio of 100 but the cation transfer number experiences amonotonic decrease across this entire range of concentration ratios.Finally,uponmodifying the operational parameters fromthe baseline condition of s=0,c_(H)/c_(L)=10,andΔT=0 K to the targetedconditionof s=0.08,c_(H)/c_(L)=50,andΔT=25 K,there is a concerted improvement observed in the open-circuit potential,short-circuit current,andmaximumpower,with respective increments of 8.86%,204.97%,and 232.01%,but a reduction in cation transfer number with a notable decrease of 15.37%.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22274076,22304084)the Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2022793)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BK20230377)Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education(No.211090B52303)。
文摘Enantiomer identification is of paramount industrial value and physiological significance.Construction of sensitive chiral sensors with high enantiomeric discrimination ability is highly desirable.In this work,a chiral covalent organic framework/anodic aluminum oxide(c-COF/AAO)membrane was prepared for electrochemical enantioselective recognition and sensing.Benefiting from the remarkable asymmetry,the asprepared nanofluidic c-COF/AAO presents a distinct ion current rectification(ICR)characteristic,enabling sensitive bioanalysis.In addition,owing to the large surface area,high chemical stability and perfect ion selectivity of chiral COF,the prepared c-COF/AAO membrane presents exceptionally selective mass transport and thereby enables excellent chiral discrimination for S-/R-Naproxen(S-/R-Npx)enantiomers.It is especially noteworthy that the detection limit is achieved as low as 3.88 pmol/L.These results raise the possibility for a facile,stable and low-cost method to carry out sensitive enantioselective recognition and detection.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB2404500)Shenzhen Outstanding Talents Training Fund,the Fundamental Research Project of Shenzhen(Grant No.JCYJ20230807111702005)+3 种基金Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2022A1515110936)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.ZDSYS20230626091100001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22309102)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M711788).
文摘The attainment of carbon neutrality requires the development of aqueous energy conversion and storage devices.However,these devices exhibit limited performance due to the permeability-selectivity trade-off of permselective membranes as core components.Herein,we report the application of a synergistic approach utilizing two-dimensional nanoribbons-entangled nanosheets to rationally balance the permeability and selec-tivity in permselective membranes.The nanoribbons and nanosheets can be self-assembled into a nanoflu-idic membrane with a distinctive“island-bridge”configuration,where the nanosheets serve as isolated islands offering adequate ionic selectivity owing to their high surface charge density,meanwhile bridge-like nanorib-bons with low surface charge density but high aspect ratio remarkably enhance the membrane’s permeability and water stability,as verified by molecular simulations and experimental investigations.Using this approach,we developed a high-performance graphene oxide(GO)nanosheet/GO nanoribbon(GONR)nanofluidic membrane and achieved an ultrahigh power density of 18.1 W m^(-2) in a natural seawater|river water osmotic power generator,along with a high Coulombic efficiency and an extended lifespan in zinc metal batteries.The validity of our island-bridge structural design is also demonstrated for other nanosheet/nanoribbon composite membranes,providing a promising path for developing reliable aqueous energy conversion and storage devices.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22107028 and 22103062)Program of Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders (No. 21XD1421200)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 22JC1403900).
文摘The rapid and precise fabrication of multiscale supramolecular assemblies using micro/nanofluidic techniques has emerged as a dynamic area of research in supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, and organic chemistry. This review summarizes the application of micro/nanofluidic techniques in constructing supramolecular assemblies, including nanoscale supramolecular assemblies such as macrocycles and cages, microscale supramolecular assemblies such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and macroscale supramolecular assemblies such as supramolecular hydrogels. Compared to conventional synthesis methods, micro/nanofluidic techniques for the production of supramolecular assemblies have significant advantages, including enhanced safety, high reaction rates, improved selectivity/yield, and scalability. Additionally, micro/nanofluidic systems facilitate the creation of precisely controllable micro/nanoconfined environments, allowing for a unique flow behavior that improves our understanding of the supramolecular self-assembly process. Such systems may also lead to the development of novel supramolecular assemblies that differ from those generated via traditional methods.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21476125)Tsinghua University Foundation,(No.2013108930)performed at the “Exploration 100” platform supported by Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology
文摘With the development of manufacturing technology on the nanoscale, the precision of nano-devices is rapidly increasing with lower cost. Different from macroscale or microscale fluids, many specific phenomena and advantages are observed in nanofluidics. Devices and process involving and utilizing these phenomena play an important role in many fields in chemical engineering including separation, chemical analysis and transmission.In this article, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress in theoretical studies and manufacturing technologies on nanofluidics. Then we discuss practical applications of nanofluidics in many chemical engineering fields,especially in separation and encountering problems. Finally, we are looking forward to the future of nanofluidics and believe it will be more important in the separation process and the modern chemical industry.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82073816, 21804026, and21727814)Advanced Talents of Beijing Technology and Business University (No. 19008021179)。
文摘Living single-cell analysis is vital for cell biology, disease pathology, drug discovery and medical treatment. It is of great significance to reveal the law of creature and to explore the mechanism of serious disease. The conventional single cell analysis focuses on a large number of cells or cell lysis, in order to obtain the average information about cells. Therefore, it fails to analyze the real-time and continuous data of differences between the individual cells, thus limiting the development of many fields, such as biomedical. Nanofluidics based biochemical analysis exhibits advantages over conventional methods in terms of small sample volume, rapid turnaround time, straightforward operation, and efficient processing,which has been widely used in complex operations such as single cell capture, separation and single cell detection. Here we review the recent developments of nanofluidic technologies for single-cell analysis,with emphasis on cell trapping, treatment, and biochemical studies. The potential of nanofluidics-based single-cell analysis is discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21874155,21575163)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20191316)+2 种基金the Double First-Class University Project(No.CPU2018GY25)the State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science(No.SKLACLS1919)the Qing-Lan Project ofjiangsu Province(2019)。
文摘In recent decades,the properties and behaviors of nanofluidic devices have been widely explored in varied subjects such as engineering,physics,chemistry,and biology.Among the rich properties of nanofluidics,ionic current rectification(ICR) is a unique phenomenon arising from asymmetric nanofluidic devices with electric double layer(EDL) overlapped.The ICR property is especially useful in applications including energy conversion,mass separation,sea water purification and bioanalysis.In this review,the ICR property in nanofluidics as well as the underlying mechanism is demonstrated.The influencing factors concerning to the ICR property are systematically summarized.The asymmetric geometry as well as the charge distribution is in charge of the ICR behavior occurring in nanofluidic devices.This review is aimed at readers who are interested in the fundamentals of mass transport in nanofluidics in general,as well as those who are willing to apply nanofluidics in various research fields.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB655301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21506091)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundations(BK20150944)the Special Program for Applied Research on Super Computation of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund(the second phase)the Project of Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘Nanofluidics in hydrophilic nanopores is a common issue in many natural and industrial processes. Among all,the mass transport of nanofluidics is most concerned. Besides that, the heat transfer of a fluid flow in nano or micro channels is always considered with adding nanoparticles into the flow, so as to enhance the heat transfer by convection between the fluid and the surface. However, for some applications with around 1 nm channels such as nano filtration or erosion of rocks, there should be no nanoparticles included. Hence, it is necessary to figure out the heat transfer mechanism in the single phase nanofluidics. Via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we revealed the heat transfer inside nanofluidics and the one between fluid and walls by setting simulation into extremely harsh condition. It was found that the heat was conducted by molecular motion without temperature gradient in the area of low viscous heat, while it was transferred to the walls by increasing the temperature of fluids. If the condition back to normal, it was found that the viscous heat of nanofluidics could be easily removed by the fluid-wall temperature drop of less than 1 K.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3805904,2022YFB3805900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22122207,21988102,21905287)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-039).
文摘The global carbon neutrality strategy brings a wave of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries technique development and induces an ever-growing consumption and demand for lithium(Li).Among all the Li exploitation,extracting Li from spent LIBs would be a strategic and perspective approach,especially with the low energy consumption and eco-friendly membrane separation method.However,current membrane separation systems mainly focus on monotonous membrane design and structure optimization,and rarely further consider the coordination of inherent structure and applied external field,resulting in limited ion transport.Here,we propose a heterogeneous nanofluidic membrane as a platform for coupling multi-external fields(i.e.,lightinduced heat,electrical,and concentration gradient fields)to construct the multi-field-coupled synergistic ion transport system(MSITS)for Li-ion extraction from spent LIBs.The Li flux of the MSITS reaches 367.4 mmol m^(−2)h^(−1),even higher than the sum flux of those applied individual fields,reflecting synergistic enhancement for ion transport of the multi-field-coupled effect.Benefiting from the adaptation of membrane structure and multi-external fields,the proposed system exhibits ultrahigh selectivity with a Li^(+)/Co^(2+)factor of 216,412,outperforming previous reports.MSITS based on nanofluidic membrane proves to be a promising ion transport strategy,as it could accelerate ion transmembrane transport and alleviate the ion concentration polarization effect.This work demonstrated a collaborative system equipped with an optimized membrane for high-efficient Li extraction,providing an expanded strategy to investigate the other membrane-based applications of their common similarities in core concepts.
文摘The research group of Prof.YANG Hui in Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology(SIAT)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,has recently presented a novel nanofluidic device for high-throughput preparation of exosome-based drug delivery vehicles.Their latest results were published in Small,entitled“A High-Throughput Nanofluidic Device for Exosome Nanoporation to Develop Cargo Delivery Vehicles”,and featured on the back cover.
基金This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30923010603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62074079).
文摘Nanofluidic memristors,which use ions in electrolyte solutions as carriers,have been developed rapidly and brought new opportunities for the development of neuromorphic devices.Utilizing the transport and accumulation of ions in nanochannels to process information is an endeavor to realize the nanofluidic memristor.In this study,we report a new nanofluidic memristor,which is a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-glass chip with two platinum(Pt)electrodes and well-aligned multi-nanochannels within PDMS for ion enrichment and depletion.The device not only exhibits typical bipolar memristive behavior and ion current rectification(ICR)but also demonstrates excellent endurance,maintaining stable performance after 100 sweep cycles.We systematically investigate the key factors affecting ion transport behavior in this memristor.The results show that the ICR ratio of the current-voltage(I-V)hysteresis curves decreases with increasing scan rate and solution concentration.Zeta potential measurements are introduced to reveal that the PDMS surface carries more negative charges in higher pH solutions,resulting in more pronounced memristive and ICR effects.Furthermore,our memristor can simulate short-term synaptic plasticity,such as paired-pulse facilitation(PPF)and paired-pulse depression(PPD),with a relatively low energy consumption of 12 pJ per spike per channel.Potentially,the inherent accessibility and robustness of our nanofluidic memristors facilitate the optimization of device structure and performance.These important observations and investigations lay a foundation for advancing energy-saving and efficient neuromorphic computing.
基金This research was made possible by a generous grant from the Leibniz Program of the German Research Foundation(SCHM 1298/26-1).
文摘Light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices is a phenomenon where ions move unidirectionally by consuming optical energy,either from low concentration to high concentration or vice versa.The light-driven unidirectional ion transport offers intriguing application potential in desalination and ion separation,osmosis energy harvesting,and ionic machines benefiting from the remote noncontact light stimulus.Here,we review recent progress in nanofluidic-based light-driven ion transport systems and emphasize similarities and differences in the three underlying working principles based on photochemical,photoelectric,and photothermal effects.The current challenges and future developments of light-driven ion transport in nanofluidic devices are discussed.We believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging research field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975209,52273305,22205185,52025132,T2241022,21621091,22021001,and 22121001)the 111 Project(Nos.B17027 and B16029)+2 种基金the National Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(No.2022J02059)the Science and Technology Projects of Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province(No.RD2022070601)the Tencent Foundation(The XPLORER PRIZE).
文摘The human brain performs computations via a highly interconnected network of neurons.Taking inspiration from the information delivery and processing mechanism of the human brain in central nervous systems,bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics has been proposed and gradually engineered to overcome the limitations of the conventional electron-based von Neumann architecture,which shows the promising potential to enable efficient brain-like computing.Anomalous and tunable nanofluidic ion transport behaviors and spatial confinement show promising controllability of charge carriers,and a wide range of structural and chemical modification paves new ways for realizing brain-like functions.Herein,a comprehensive framework of mechanisms and design strategy is summarized to enable the rational design of nanofluidic systems and facilitate the further development of bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics.This review provides recent advances and prospects of the bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics,including ion-based brain computing,comprehension of intrinsic mechanisms,design of artificial nanochannels,and the latest artificial neuromorphic functions devices.Furthermore,the challenges and opportunities of bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics in the pioneering and interdisciplinary research fields are proposed,including brain–computer interfaces and artificial neurons.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179062,52125202,and U2004209)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2023010081)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30922010303).
文摘Water evaporation-induced electricity generation is a promising technology for renewable energy harvesting.However,the output power of some reported two-dimensional(2D)nanofluidic films is still restricted by the relatively weak water–solid interactions within the tortuous nanochannels.To further enhance the comprehension and utilization of water–solid interactions,it is of utmost importance to conduct an in-depth investigation and propose a regulatory concept encompassing ion transport.Herein,we propose tortuosity regulation of 2D nanofluidic titanium oxide(Ti_(0.87)O_(2))films to optimize the ion transport within the interlayer nanochannel for enhanced efficiency in water evaporation-induced electricity generation for the first time.The significance of tortuosity in ion transport is elucidated by designing three 2D nanofluidic films with different tortuosity.Tortuosity analysis and in situ Raman measurement demonstrate that low tortuosity can facilitate the formation of efficient pathways for hydrated proton transport and promote water–solid interactions.Consequently,devices fabricated with the optimized 2D nanofluidic films exhibited a significantly enhanced output power density of approximately 204.01μW·cm^(−2),far exceeding those prepared by the high-tortuosity 2D nanofluidic films.This work highlights the significance of the construction of low tortuosity channels for 2D nanofluidic films with excellent performance.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0700500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22074061,22204071)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Province(BK20220770).
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)covalent organic framework(COF)mem-branes featuring well-aligned and programmable vertical nano-channels have emerged as a promising candidate for advanced nanofluidic devices and showcased vast potential in the fields of smart-gating,ion-separation,and energy-harvesting.However,the transverse interlayer nanochannels with a height of sub-nanometer-scale in 2D-COF membranes have scarcely been studied in com-parison.Here,we report the ion transport characteristics in 2D interlayer nanochannels of protonated CoF membranes.The dis-tinct surface-charge-governed ionic conductance in domination of electrolyte concentration below 1o-3 M as well as the exceptional anion/cation(Cl^(-)/K^(+))selectivity is revealed due to the pronounced charge and nano-confinement effects.Additionally,evident ion current rectification is witnessed when incorporating asymmetric geometry into the system,which is attributed to the dynamic process of ion enrichment and dissipation within the protonated nanochannels.This work offers immense prospects for 2D-COF membranes in the fields of biomimetic nanofluidic devices and cutting-edge electronic devices.
基金This work was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Project No.CityU118513 and N_CityU132/14).
文摘In this paper,we describe a novel and simple process for the fabrication of all-transparent and encapsulated polymeric nanofluidic devices using nano-indentation lithography.First,a nanomechanical probe is used to‘scratch’nanoscale channels on polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)substrates with sufficiently high hardness.Next,polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)is used twice to duplicate the nanochannels onto PDMS substrates from the‘nano-scratched’PMMA substrates.A number of experiments are conducted to explore the relationships between the nano-indentation parameters and the nanochannel dimensions and to control the aspect ratio of the fabricated nanochannels.In addition,traditional photolithography combined with soft lithography is employed to fabricate microchannels on another PDMS‘cap’substrate.After manually aligning the substrates,all uncovered channels on two separate PDMS substrates are bonded to achieve a sealed and transparent nanofluidic device,which makes the dimensional transition from microscale to nanoscale feasible.The smallest dimensions of the achievable nanochannels that we have demonstrated thus far are of~20 nm depth and~800 nm width,with lengths extendable beyond 100μm.Fluid flow experiments are performed to verify the reliability of the device.Two types of colloidal solution are used to visualize the fluid flow through the nanochannels,that is,ethanol is mixed with gold colloid or fluorescent dye(fluorescein isothiocyanate),and the flow rate and filling time of liquid in the nanochannels are estimated based on time-lapsed image data.The simplicity of the fabrication process,bio-compatibility of the polymer substrates,and optical transparency of the nanochannels for flow visualization are key characteristics of this approach that will be very useful for nanofluidic and biomolecular research applications in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12075191,12388101,and 12241201)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.D5000230373)Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2024RS-CXTD-15).
文摘Suspended graphene nanopores are widely used in nanofluidic devices,as the machined graphene defects can be downscaled to the angstrom scale.Our recent experimental results showed that the suspended graphene can become delaminated from the edges of SiN nanopore under an applied electrical field,theoretical understanding of this process is still lacking.In this work,we analytically studied the voltage-induced blistering of suspended graphene using an energy approach.The external electric field induces accumulation of ions at the graphene-electrolyte interface,causing Maxwell stress resulting in bending and stretching of the graphene and blister formation.We theoretically derived the angle of the graphene blister to the SiN nanopore by energy approach.We found that once the vertical component of the Maxwell stress on the graphene at the perimeter of SiN nanopore ex-ceeds the van der Waals force between the graphene and substrate,the graphene starts to detach from the edges of SiN nanopore.We derived that the threshold voltage of single-layer graphene detachment is in order of 100 mV,which needs to be cautioned for electrical measurements of suspended graphene nanofluidic devices since the voltage amplitude is just in the range of voltage operation for typical electrochemical measurements.The threshold voltage increases as SiN nanopore becomes smaller and in-creases with the number of graphene layers.Our work theoretically describes the blister formation and delamination of graphene from its substrate nanopores.We expect this theory to be useful for optimizing and understanding the unexpected conduction phenomena observed in suspended graphene nanofluidic devices.
