In the era of AI,especially large models,the importance of open source has become increasingly prominent.First,open source allows innovation to avoid starting from scratch.Through iterative innovation,it promotes tech...In the era of AI,especially large models,the importance of open source has become increasingly prominent.First,open source allows innovation to avoid starting from scratch.Through iterative innovation,it promotes technical exchanges and learning globally.Second,resources required for large model R&D are difficult for a single institution to obtain.The evaluation of general large models also requires the participation of experts from various industries.Third,without open source collaboration,it is difficult to form a unified upper-layer software ecosystem.Therefore,open source has become an important cooperation mechanism to promote the development of AI and large models.There are two cases to illustrate how open source and international standards interact with each other.展开更多
Anhui Province is a major agricultural province in eastern China,and the development of rural economy plays an important role in improving the overall economic level of the province.In recent years,the extensive use o...Anhui Province is a major agricultural province in eastern China,and the development of rural economy plays an important role in improving the overall economic level of the province.In recent years,the extensive use of digital technologies and ongoing financial innovations have contributed to the rapid growth of digital inclusive finance in rural areas of Anhui,significantly reducing the lack of financial services in these regions.The main objective of this paper is to explore in depth how digital inclusive finance impacts the rural economy of Anhui Province and to provide practical policy recommendations based on these findings.展开更多
Based on the panel data of 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from 2011 to 2018, this paper uses the digital inclusive financial index and industrial structure upgrading coefficient of the I...Based on the panel data of 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from 2011 to 2018, this paper uses the digital inclusive financial index and industrial structure upgrading coefficient of the Internet Research Center of Peking University as the core explanatory and explained variables to construct a spatial panel. Bin model performs </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">regression</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analysis on the effect of digital inclusive finance in the upgrading of industrial structure. The results prove that the development of digital inclusive finance in this province and city has significantly promoted the upgrading of the regional industrial structure, and it has a positive overall effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.展开更多
The paleo-temperature(Th)data from fluid inclusions are utilized for thermal history modelling using PetroMod software.Generally,bottom hole temperature(BHT)and vitrinite reflectance(Ro)measurements are widely used in...The paleo-temperature(Th)data from fluid inclusions are utilized for thermal history modelling using PetroMod software.Generally,bottom hole temperature(BHT)and vitrinite reflectance(Ro)measurements are widely used in petroleum system modelling(PSM)in the oil industry for calibration purposes.Th representing the minimum temperature of fluid entrapment estimated from fluid-inclusion study provides extra support to build the thermal models for PSM.Fluid inclusion parameters along with Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis have been used to predict the maturity of oil in terms of API gravity as well as the maturity of source rocks respectively.Two exploratory wells RV-1(Mumbai Offshore Basin)and KK4C-A-1(Kerala-Konkan Offshore Basin),India were examined and the T_(h)from most of the fluid inclusions of wells RV-1 and KK4C-A-1 fell in the oil window range of 60-140℃suggesting thermal conditions favourable for oil generation in both of the wells.T_(h)of coeval aqueous inclusions along with the Hydrocarbon Fluid inclusions(HCFIs)was used to calibrate PSM.Vital parameters show that source rocks of well RV-1 are mature and that of well KK4C-A-1 are immature.Two sets of PSM are created in terms of generation and expulsion for the dry wells RV-1 and KK4C-A-1 and calibrated each well using fluid inclusion Th and BHT.From the fluid inclusion analysis method,it is evident that hydrocarbon generation happened in both wells and the paleo-temperature indicates that the formations of both wells were subjected to temperatures in the oil window range,even though it was designated as dry wells in the present scenario.The present study highlights the application of fluid inclusion paleo-temperature(Th)during calibration instead of commonly used methods.We could obtain desirable and accurate data output from PSM using T_(h) calibration.展开更多
An explicit model management framework is introduced for predictive Groundwater Levels(GWL),particularly suitable to Observation Wells(OWs)with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The framework implements Multiple ...An explicit model management framework is introduced for predictive Groundwater Levels(GWL),particularly suitable to Observation Wells(OWs)with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The framework implements Multiple Models(MM)under the architecture of organising them at levels,as follows:(i)Level 0:treat heterogeneity in the data,e.g.Self-Organised Mapping(SOM)to classify the OWs;and decide on model structure,e.g.formulate a grey box model to predict GWLs.(ii)Level 1:construct MMs,e.g.two Fuzzy Logic(FL)and one Neurofuzzy(NF)models.(iii)Level 2:formulate strategies to combine the MM at Level 1,for which the paper uses Artificial Neural Networks(Strategy 1)and simple averaging(Strategy 2).Whilst the above model management strategy is novel,a critical view is presented,according to which modelling practices are:Inclusive Multiple Modelling(IMM)practices contrasted with existing practices,branded by the paper as Exclusionary Multiple Modelling(EMM).Scientific thinking over IMMs is captured as a framework with four dimensions:Model Reuse(MR),Hierarchical Recursion(HR),Elastic Learning Environment(ELE)and Goal Orientation(GO)and these together make the acronym of RHEO.Therefore,IMM-RHEO is piloted in the aquifer of Tabriz Plain with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The results provide some evidence that(i)IMM at two levels improves on the accuracy of individual models;and(ii)model combinations in IMM practices bring‘model-learning’into fashion for learning with the goal to explain baseline conditions and impacts of subsequent management changes.展开更多
Rare earth La was introduced into 40Cr steel in industrial experiments to achieve the purpose of modifying inclusions.The impact of La on the inclusion modification was studied,and its influence on the solidification ...Rare earth La was introduced into 40Cr steel in industrial experiments to achieve the purpose of modifying inclusions.The impact of La on the inclusion modification was studied,and its influence on the solidification structure was further investigated.With adding 0.0023%La,the Al_(2)O_(3)·CaO·CaS inclusions were modified to the LaAlO_(3)·CaO·CaS inclusions.Additionally,the morphology tended to be more spherical,and the proportion of small-sized inclusions increased significantly from 77.8%to 93.5%.The large-sized inclusions were almost completely eliminated.Based on experimental results,a dynamical model elucidating the process of inclusion modification by La was developed.Furthermore,the ratio of equiaxed zone of the solidification structure increased from 22.9%to 31.0%,and the average primary dendrite arm spacing decreased significantly from 288.4 to 226.2μm.Two-dimensional lattice mismatch analysis results determined that LaAlO_(3)can serve as an effective heterogeneous nucleation core,leading to solidification structure refinement.The beneficial transformation of inclusions and refinement of solidification structure are conducive to the cold heading process of 40Cr steel.展开更多
The Xingyuan large fluorite deposit in Fengning,Hebei Province,China,is a significant deposit in the North Hebei-West Liaoning fluorite mineralization belt.The ore bodies are structurally controlled and occur in fault...The Xingyuan large fluorite deposit in Fengning,Hebei Province,China,is a significant deposit in the North Hebei-West Liaoning fluorite mineralization belt.The ore bodies are structurally controlled and occur in fault zones near granitic porphyry veins.Previous studies have focused on the geology and ore-controlling factors,whereas the general features of the hydrothermal systems that contributed to the formation of the deposit remain unclear.This study investigated the nature,origin,and evolution of mineralizing fluids in the Fengning deposit,based on fluid inclusion and H-O isotope data.The fluid inclusions in fluorite are mostly H2O-rich,gas-liquid,two-phase inclusions,along with a few three-phase inclusions containing halite daughter crystals and CO_(2)gas.The ore-forming fluid was variable in homogenization temperature(108-388°C),salinity(0.2-47.4 wt%NaCl equivalent),and density(0.58-1.11 g/cm^(3)),which indicate it was a H2O-NaCl-CO_(2)system of moderate-low temperature,low salinity,and low density.Fluorite H-O isotopes(δD_(V-SMOW)=−123.5‰to−111.8‰;δ^(18)O_(V-SMOW)=−10.3‰to−6.5‰),temperature data,and fluid compositions indicate the mineralizing fluid was initially dominated by magmatic waters,but then experienced a large influx of meteoric waters.The fluid temperature and salinity decreased and the density increased from the early to late stages of mineralization.The main mechanisms of fluorite precipitation were water-rock reactions and fluid cooling.The Xingyuan fluorite deposit is a post-magmatic hydrothermal deposit.展开更多
A coupled thermodynamic model of inclusions precipitation both in liquid and solid phase and microseg- regation of solute elements during solidification of heat-resistant steel containing cerium was established. Then ...A coupled thermodynamic model of inclusions precipitation both in liquid and solid phase and microseg- regation of solute elements during solidification of heat-resistant steel containing cerium was established. Then the model was validated by the SEM analysis of the industrial products. The type and amount of inclusions in solidifica- tion structure of 253MA heat-resistant steel were predicted by the model, and the valuable results for the inclusions controlling in 253MA steel were obtained. When the cerium addition increases, the types of inclusions transform from SiO2 and MnS to Ce2 O3 and Ce2O2 S in 253MA steel and the precipitation temperature of SiO2 and MnS decrea- ses. The inclusions CeS and CeN convert to Ce2 O3 and Ce2 O2 S as the oxygen content increases and Ce2 O3 and CeN convert to Ce2 O2 S, Ce3 S4, and MnS as the sulfur content increases. The formation temperature of SiO2 increases when the oxygen content increases and the MnS precipitation temperature increases when the sulfur content increa ses. There is only a small quantity of inclusions containing cerium in 253MA steel with high cleanliness, i. e. , low oxygen and sulfur contents. By contrast, a mass of SiO2 , MnS and Ce2 O2 S are formed in steel when the oxygen and sulfur contents are high enough. The condition that MnS precipitates in 253MA steel is 1.2wEo[O] ＋W[s]〉0. 01% and SiO2 precipitates when 2w[O] ＋wrs[S]〉0. 017% （W[S]0. 005%） and w[O]〉0. 006% （w[S]〉0. 005%）.展开更多
TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting （ESR） are extremely harmful to GCrl5SiMn steel. Therefore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidificatio...TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting （ESR） are extremely harmful to GCrl5SiMn steel. Therefore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been established. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）. Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. During the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.展开更多
It is a very difficult problem to directly determine fluid pressure duringhydrocarbon migration and accumulation in sedimentary basins. pVt modeling of coupling hydrocarbonfluid inclusion of its coeval aqueous fluid i...It is a very difficult problem to directly determine fluid pressure duringhydrocarbon migration and accumulation in sedimentary basins. pVt modeling of coupling hydrocarbonfluid inclusion of its coeval aqueous fluid inclusion provides a powerful tool for establishing therelationship of formation pressure evolution with time. Homogenization temperature of fluidinclusion can routinely be measured under microthermometric microscopy. Crushing technique has beenemployed to obtain the composition of fluid inclusions, and the commercial software VTFLINC easilyand rapidly completes the construction of p-t phase diagram. The minimum trapping pressure ofhydrocarbon fluid inclusion would be then determined in the p-t space. In this paper, three samplesof YC21-1-1 and YC21-1-4 wells at YC21-1 structural closure, Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea,were selected for the pVt modeling practice, and the formation pressure coefficient (equals to fluidpressure/hydrostatic pressure) changing trend with time has primarily been established. Themodeling results also indicate that the reservoirs of Ling-shui and Yacheng formations in YC21-1structure are within a very high potential system and would have undergone a discharging of thermalfluids through top seal rupture, which depicts that there is a very high risk for natural gasexploration in this area.展开更多
Based on the theoretical expression of the three-dimension rheologic inclusion model, we analyze in detail the spatio-temporal changes on the ground of the bulk-strain produced by a spherical rheologic inclusion in a ...Based on the theoretical expression of the three-dimension rheologic inclusion model, we analyze in detail the spatio-temporal changes on the ground of the bulk-strain produced by a spherical rheologic inclusion in a semi-infinite rheologic medium. The results show that the spatio-temporal change of bulk-strain produced by the hard inclusion has three stages of different characteristics, which are similar to most of those geodetic deformation curves, but those by a soft inclusion do not. The α-stage is a long stage in which the precursors in both the near source region and the far field develop from the focal region to the periphery. The β-stage indicates a very rapid propagation of the precursors, so that they almost appear everywhere. During the γ-stage, the precursors in the far-field converge from the periphery, and the precursors in the near source region develop outwards. The theoretical results have been used to explain tentatively the stage characteristics of the spatio-temporal change of earthquake precursors.展开更多
The inclusion complexes of poorly water-soluble cephalosporin, cefuroxime axetil(CFA), were prepared with β-cyclodextrin(βCD) with or without addition of L-arginine(ARG) to improve its physicochemical properties. We...The inclusion complexes of poorly water-soluble cephalosporin, cefuroxime axetil(CFA), were prepared with β-cyclodextrin(βCD) with or without addition of L-arginine(ARG) to improve its physicochemical properties. We also investigated the effect of ARG on complexation efficiency(CE) of βCD towards CFA in an aqueous medium through phase solubility behaviour according to Higuchi and Connors. Although phase solubility studies showed AL(linear) type of solubility curve in presence and absence of ARG, the CE and association constant(Ks) of βCD towards CFA were significantly promoted in presence of ARG,justifying its use as a ternary component. The solid systems of CFA with βCD were obtained by spray drying technique with or without incorporation of ARG and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry(XRPD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and saturation solubility and dissolution studies. The molecular modeling studies provided a better insight into geometry and inclusion mode of CFA inside βCD cavity. The solubility and dissolution rate of CFA were significantly improved upon complexation with βCD as compared to CFA alone. However, ternary system incorporated with ARG performed better than binary system in physicochemical evaluation. In conclusion, ARG could be exploited as a ternary component to improve the physicochemical properties of CFA via βCD complexation.展开更多
The flow characteristics and inclusion removal in a ten-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated with physical modelling and industrial trials. The results show that, among the strands, the strand with the ...The flow characteristics and inclusion removal in a ten-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated with physical modelling and industrial trials. The results show that, among the strands, the strand with the mini mum dimensionless time of the first appearance of tracer at the tundish exit appears to be the worst one for inclusion removal, while the strand with the maximum dimensionless mean residence time shows the best inclusion removal efficiency. The inclusion number decreases with increasing inclusion size for all strands. The inclusion number distri bution among strands is the same for all inclusion sizes and the descending order of inclusion number is basically con sistent with the ascending order of dimensionless mean residence time among individual strands. However, when the strand with the minimum dimensionless time of the first appearance of tracer at the tundish exit is not the same one with the minimum dimensionless mean residence time, the former seems to be inferior to the latter for inclusion re moval.展开更多
The Eocene Niubao Formation is the primary research target of oil exploration in the Lunpola Basin.Crude oil was extracted from Well Z1 on the northern margin of the basin in 1993.In this study,an integrated evaluatio...The Eocene Niubao Formation is the primary research target of oil exploration in the Lunpola Basin.Crude oil was extracted from Well Z1 on the northern margin of the basin in 1993.In this study,an integrated evaluation of the source rock geothermal,and maturity histories and the fluid inclusion and fluid potential distributions was performed to aid in predicting areas of hydrocarbon accumulation.Due to the abundance of organic matter,the kerogen types,maturity,and oil-sources correlate with the geochemical data.The middle submember of the second member of the Niubao Formation(E2n^2-2)is the most favorable source rock based on the amount of oil produced from the E2n^2-3and E2n^3-1reservoirs.One-and twodimensional basin modeling,using BasinMod software,shows that the E2n^2-2source rock started to generate hydrocarbon at 35-30 Ma,reached a maturity of Ro=0.7%at 25-20 Ma,and at present,it has reached the peak oil generation stage with a thermal maturity of Ro=0.8%to less than Ro=1.0%.By using fluid inclusion petrography,fluorescence spectroscopy,and microthermometry,two major periods of oil charging have been revealed at 26.1-17.5 and 32.4-24.6 Ma.The oil accumulation modeling results,conducted by using the Trinity software,show a good fit of the oil shows in the wells and predict that the structural highs and lithologic transitions within the Jiangriaco and Paco sags are potential oil traps.展开更多
The monomer agglomeration of nonmetallic inclusions was simulated with a diffusion limited aggregation （DLA） model of the fractal theory. The simulation study with a random two-dimensional diffusion was carried out....The monomer agglomeration of nonmetallic inclusions was simulated with a diffusion limited aggregation （DLA） model of the fractal theory. The simulation study with a random two-dimensional diffusion was carried out. The results indicate that the DLA model can be used for the simulation of agglomeration behavior of the cluster-type inclusions. The morphology of clusters was observed with SEM and compared with the simulated agglomerates. The modelling procedure of the DLA model is applicable for the agglomeration process. The uncertainty of agglomeration process and the persuasive average agglomerative ratio was analyzed. The factors about the agglomerative ratio with the collision path distance and the size of particles or seed were discussed. The adherence of the nonmetallic inclusions on the dam, the weir and the walls of a tundish, and the absorption of inclusions by stopper or nozzle were also discussed.展开更多
The influence of the MnS plastic inclusion on the accumulation of internal damage was considered, and the Gurson– Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was calibrated based on the finite element inverse method and image a...The influence of the MnS plastic inclusion on the accumulation of internal damage was considered, and the Gurson– Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was calibrated based on the finite element inverse method and image analysis method using ABAQUS and GTN models. The modified GTN damage model was used to simulate the initiation and propagation of cracks in an as-cast 304 stainless steel with MnS inclusions at 900 C. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results, indicating that the model can be effectively applied to examine the high-temperature fracture behavior of MnS inclusions. The simulation and high-temperature tensile test results revealed that MnS inclusions increased the number of holes initiation and the probability of hole polymerization, reduced the crack propagation resistance, accelerated the occurrence of material fracture behavior, and were closely related to the stress state at high temperatures. When the stress triaxiality was low, the plastic strain in the metal matrix was high, and the MnS plastic inclusions accelerated the polymerization of the pores, making metal fracture failure more likely. On the other hand, when the stress triaxiality was high, the stress state in the metal matrix was biased to the tensile state, the plastic strain in the metal matrix was low, and the influence of MnS plastic inclusions on the fracture behavior was not evident.展开更多
Based on the similarity principles, a 1 ： 7 scale physical model was established to study the behavior of molten steel flow and inclusion removal in a 145 t Rheinsahl-Heraeus （RH） degasser. On the basis of the quan...Based on the similarity principles, a 1 ： 7 scale physical model was established to study the behavior of molten steel flow and inclusion removal in a 145 t Rheinsahl-Heraeus （RH） degasser. On the basis of the quantitative measurements of the circulation flow rate and inclusion removal under various lifting gas flow rates, the effect of circulation flow rate on inclusion removal was investigated in the RH degasser. The inclusion removal rate shows the trend of first increase and then decrease twice with increasing the circulation flow rate when the circulation flow rates are smaller than 104.7 L/min. Whereas, the inclusion removal rate increases again with the further increase in circu- lation flow rate when the circulation flow rate is larger than 104.7 L/min. At lower circulation flow rates, inclusions are mainly removed by Stokes flotation to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow. At higher circulation flow rates, the collision and aggregation of inclusions improves the inclusion removal efficiency. With the further increase in the circulation flow rate, inclusions are mainly removed by following the turbulent fluctuation （turbulent diffusion） to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow.展开更多
The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)...The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)ore-blocks.To better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district,we have undertaken a series of studies including fluid inclusion microthermometry,H-O-S-Pb isotope compositions and thermodynamic modeling.Based on fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry results and HO isotope compositions,the ore-forming H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions are characterized by medium temperature and medium salinity.And two kinds of fluid processes(boiling in western and middle ore-block and fluid mixing in the eastern ore-block)were identified to explain the ore fluid evolution.More importantly,log ?O2-pH diagrams of δ^34S contours with the stability fields of Fe-and Cu-,Zn-,Pb-,and Ag-bearing minerals were constructed to restore the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid in the western(270℃ and 80 bars),middle(250℃ and 70 bars),and eastern(230℃ and 50 bars)ore-blocks.As a result,the ore-forming conditions in the western and middle ore-block were similar.In the eastern ore-block,the fluids may have changed from acidic,S-poor and δ^34S(ΣS)≈2.8 to neutral,S-richer and δ^34S(ΣS)≈0.5,which imply that neutral S-rich meteoric water was mixed with the magmatic fluid.Meanwhile,the activity of Ag+was estimated to be about 10 ppm–9 ppm in the middle ore-block,but in the eastern ore-block it was about^10 ppm–12 ppm.We proposed that the key for Ag ore deposition was likely to be neutralization led by fluid mixing.展开更多
A boundary layer model was developed to predict the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface in a turbulent fluid flow,which is based on the detailed analysis of inclusion trajectories.The effective boundary laye...A boundary layer model was developed to predict the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface in a turbulent fluid flow,which is based on the detailed analysis of inclusion trajectories.The effective boundary layer for inclusion removal was proposed by a statistical method.It is noticed that the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface is not only dependent on the diameter of inclusions but also related to the local turbulent conditions.In high turbulent flow fields,the transport of inclusions is mainly dominated by the turbulent flow,and thus,the effective boundary layer thickness is mainly affected by the level of turbulent kinetic energy and is almost independent of the inclusion diameter.The inertia of inclusions gradually takes over the stochastic effect of turbulent flow,and the effect of inclusion diameter on effective boundary layer thickness becomes more noticeable with the decrease in the level of turbulent kinetic energy.Besides,the effective boundary layer thickness is more susceptible to the inclusion diameter for larger inclusions due to its greater inertia under the same turbulent condition while it principally depends on the level of turbulent kinetic energy for smaller inclusions.As the characteristic velocity increases,the time for inclusions transport and interaction with steel-slag interface decreases,and thus,the effective boundary layer thickness decreases.Moreover,the graphical user interface was developed by using the cubic spline interpolation for ease of coupling the current boundary layer model with the macro-scale model of a turbulent fluid flow in the metallurgical vessel.展开更多
文摘In the era of AI,especially large models,the importance of open source has become increasingly prominent.First,open source allows innovation to avoid starting from scratch.Through iterative innovation,it promotes technical exchanges and learning globally.Second,resources required for large model R&D are difficult for a single institution to obtain.The evaluation of general large models also requires the participation of experts from various industries.Third,without open source collaboration,it is difficult to form a unified upper-layer software ecosystem.Therefore,open source has become an important cooperation mechanism to promote the development of AI and large models.There are two cases to illustrate how open source and international standards interact with each other.
文摘Anhui Province is a major agricultural province in eastern China,and the development of rural economy plays an important role in improving the overall economic level of the province.In recent years,the extensive use of digital technologies and ongoing financial innovations have contributed to the rapid growth of digital inclusive finance in rural areas of Anhui,significantly reducing the lack of financial services in these regions.The main objective of this paper is to explore in depth how digital inclusive finance impacts the rural economy of Anhui Province and to provide practical policy recommendations based on these findings.
文摘Based on the panel data of 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from 2011 to 2018, this paper uses the digital inclusive financial index and industrial structure upgrading coefficient of the Internet Research Center of Peking University as the core explanatory and explained variables to construct a spatial panel. Bin model performs </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">regression</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analysis on the effect of digital inclusive finance in the upgrading of industrial structure. The results prove that the development of digital inclusive finance in this province and city has significantly promoted the upgrading of the regional industrial structure, and it has a positive overall effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.
文摘The paleo-temperature(Th)data from fluid inclusions are utilized for thermal history modelling using PetroMod software.Generally,bottom hole temperature(BHT)and vitrinite reflectance(Ro)measurements are widely used in petroleum system modelling(PSM)in the oil industry for calibration purposes.Th representing the minimum temperature of fluid entrapment estimated from fluid-inclusion study provides extra support to build the thermal models for PSM.Fluid inclusion parameters along with Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis have been used to predict the maturity of oil in terms of API gravity as well as the maturity of source rocks respectively.Two exploratory wells RV-1(Mumbai Offshore Basin)and KK4C-A-1(Kerala-Konkan Offshore Basin),India were examined and the T_(h)from most of the fluid inclusions of wells RV-1 and KK4C-A-1 fell in the oil window range of 60-140℃suggesting thermal conditions favourable for oil generation in both of the wells.T_(h)of coeval aqueous inclusions along with the Hydrocarbon Fluid inclusions(HCFIs)was used to calibrate PSM.Vital parameters show that source rocks of well RV-1 are mature and that of well KK4C-A-1 are immature.Two sets of PSM are created in terms of generation and expulsion for the dry wells RV-1 and KK4C-A-1 and calibrated each well using fluid inclusion Th and BHT.From the fluid inclusion analysis method,it is evident that hydrocarbon generation happened in both wells and the paleo-temperature indicates that the formations of both wells were subjected to temperatures in the oil window range,even though it was designated as dry wells in the present scenario.The present study highlights the application of fluid inclusion paleo-temperature(Th)during calibration instead of commonly used methods.We could obtain desirable and accurate data output from PSM using T_(h) calibration.
基金the University of Tabriz through a Grant scheme No.808.
文摘An explicit model management framework is introduced for predictive Groundwater Levels(GWL),particularly suitable to Observation Wells(OWs)with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The framework implements Multiple Models(MM)under the architecture of organising them at levels,as follows:(i)Level 0:treat heterogeneity in the data,e.g.Self-Organised Mapping(SOM)to classify the OWs;and decide on model structure,e.g.formulate a grey box model to predict GWLs.(ii)Level 1:construct MMs,e.g.two Fuzzy Logic(FL)and one Neurofuzzy(NF)models.(iii)Level 2:formulate strategies to combine the MM at Level 1,for which the paper uses Artificial Neural Networks(Strategy 1)and simple averaging(Strategy 2).Whilst the above model management strategy is novel,a critical view is presented,according to which modelling practices are:Inclusive Multiple Modelling(IMM)practices contrasted with existing practices,branded by the paper as Exclusionary Multiple Modelling(EMM).Scientific thinking over IMMs is captured as a framework with four dimensions:Model Reuse(MR),Hierarchical Recursion(HR),Elastic Learning Environment(ELE)and Goal Orientation(GO)and these together make the acronym of RHEO.Therefore,IMM-RHEO is piloted in the aquifer of Tabriz Plain with sparse and possibly heterogeneous data.The results provide some evidence that(i)IMM at two levels improves on the accuracy of individual models;and(ii)model combinations in IMM practices bring‘model-learning’into fashion for learning with the goal to explain baseline conditions and impacts of subsequent management changes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52004180,52204350)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M683706XB)the Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2023-080).
文摘Rare earth La was introduced into 40Cr steel in industrial experiments to achieve the purpose of modifying inclusions.The impact of La on the inclusion modification was studied,and its influence on the solidification structure was further investigated.With adding 0.0023%La,the Al_(2)O_(3)·CaO·CaS inclusions were modified to the LaAlO_(3)·CaO·CaS inclusions.Additionally,the morphology tended to be more spherical,and the proportion of small-sized inclusions increased significantly from 77.8%to 93.5%.The large-sized inclusions were almost completely eliminated.Based on experimental results,a dynamical model elucidating the process of inclusion modification by La was developed.Furthermore,the ratio of equiaxed zone of the solidification structure increased from 22.9%to 31.0%,and the average primary dendrite arm spacing decreased significantly from 288.4 to 226.2μm.Two-dimensional lattice mismatch analysis results determined that LaAlO_(3)can serve as an effective heterogeneous nucleation core,leading to solidification structure refinement.The beneficial transformation of inclusions and refinement of solidification structure are conducive to the cold heading process of 40Cr steel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41872219).
文摘The Xingyuan large fluorite deposit in Fengning,Hebei Province,China,is a significant deposit in the North Hebei-West Liaoning fluorite mineralization belt.The ore bodies are structurally controlled and occur in fault zones near granitic porphyry veins.Previous studies have focused on the geology and ore-controlling factors,whereas the general features of the hydrothermal systems that contributed to the formation of the deposit remain unclear.This study investigated the nature,origin,and evolution of mineralizing fluids in the Fengning deposit,based on fluid inclusion and H-O isotope data.The fluid inclusions in fluorite are mostly H2O-rich,gas-liquid,two-phase inclusions,along with a few three-phase inclusions containing halite daughter crystals and CO_(2)gas.The ore-forming fluid was variable in homogenization temperature(108-388°C),salinity(0.2-47.4 wt%NaCl equivalent),and density(0.58-1.11 g/cm^(3)),which indicate it was a H2O-NaCl-CO_(2)system of moderate-low temperature,low salinity,and low density.Fluorite H-O isotopes(δD_(V-SMOW)=−123.5‰to−111.8‰;δ^(18)O_(V-SMOW)=−10.3‰to−6.5‰),temperature data,and fluid compositions indicate the mineralizing fluid was initially dominated by magmatic waters,but then experienced a large influx of meteoric waters.The fluid temperature and salinity decreased and the density increased from the early to late stages of mineralization.The main mechanisms of fluorite precipitation were water-rock reactions and fluid cooling.The Xingyuan fluorite deposit is a post-magmatic hydrothermal deposit.
基金Sponsored by National Key Basic Research Program of China(2012CB626812)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51104039)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China(NCET-11-0077)
文摘A coupled thermodynamic model of inclusions precipitation both in liquid and solid phase and microseg- regation of solute elements during solidification of heat-resistant steel containing cerium was established. Then the model was validated by the SEM analysis of the industrial products. The type and amount of inclusions in solidifica- tion structure of 253MA heat-resistant steel were predicted by the model, and the valuable results for the inclusions controlling in 253MA steel were obtained. When the cerium addition increases, the types of inclusions transform from SiO2 and MnS to Ce2 O3 and Ce2O2 S in 253MA steel and the precipitation temperature of SiO2 and MnS decrea- ses. The inclusions CeS and CeN convert to Ce2 O3 and Ce2 O2 S as the oxygen content increases and Ce2 O3 and CeN convert to Ce2 O2 S, Ce3 S4, and MnS as the sulfur content increases. The formation temperature of SiO2 increases when the oxygen content increases and the MnS precipitation temperature increases when the sulfur content increa ses. There is only a small quantity of inclusions containing cerium in 253MA steel with high cleanliness, i. e. , low oxygen and sulfur contents. By contrast, a mass of SiO2 , MnS and Ce2 O2 S are formed in steel when the oxygen and sulfur contents are high enough. The condition that MnS precipitates in 253MA steel is 1.2wEo[O] ＋W[s]〉0. 01% and SiO2 precipitates when 2w[O] ＋wrs[S]〉0. 017% （W[S]0. 005%） and w[O]〉0. 006% （w[S]〉0. 005%）.
基金financially supported by the Key Technology Development of Bearing Steel for Major Equipment (No. 2012AA03A503)
文摘TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting （ESR） are extremely harmful to GCrl5SiMn steel. Therefore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been established. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）. Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. During the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.
文摘It is a very difficult problem to directly determine fluid pressure duringhydrocarbon migration and accumulation in sedimentary basins. pVt modeling of coupling hydrocarbonfluid inclusion of its coeval aqueous fluid inclusion provides a powerful tool for establishing therelationship of formation pressure evolution with time. Homogenization temperature of fluidinclusion can routinely be measured under microthermometric microscopy. Crushing technique has beenemployed to obtain the composition of fluid inclusions, and the commercial software VTFLINC easilyand rapidly completes the construction of p-t phase diagram. The minimum trapping pressure ofhydrocarbon fluid inclusion would be then determined in the p-t space. In this paper, three samplesof YC21-1-1 and YC21-1-4 wells at YC21-1 structural closure, Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea,were selected for the pVt modeling practice, and the formation pressure coefficient (equals to fluidpressure/hydrostatic pressure) changing trend with time has primarily been established. Themodeling results also indicate that the reservoirs of Ling-shui and Yacheng formations in YC21-1structure are within a very high potential system and would have undergone a discharging of thermalfluids through top seal rupture, which depicts that there is a very high risk for natural gasexploration in this area.
文摘Based on the theoretical expression of the three-dimension rheologic inclusion model, we analyze in detail the spatio-temporal changes on the ground of the bulk-strain produced by a spherical rheologic inclusion in a semi-infinite rheologic medium. The results show that the spatio-temporal change of bulk-strain produced by the hard inclusion has three stages of different characteristics, which are similar to most of those geodetic deformation curves, but those by a soft inclusion do not. The α-stage is a long stage in which the precursors in both the near source region and the far field develop from the focal region to the periphery. The β-stage indicates a very rapid propagation of the precursors, so that they almost appear everywhere. During the γ-stage, the precursors in the far-field converge from the periphery, and the precursors in the near source region develop outwards. The theoretical results have been used to explain tentatively the stage characteristics of the spatio-temporal change of earthquake precursors.
文摘The inclusion complexes of poorly water-soluble cephalosporin, cefuroxime axetil(CFA), were prepared with β-cyclodextrin(βCD) with or without addition of L-arginine(ARG) to improve its physicochemical properties. We also investigated the effect of ARG on complexation efficiency(CE) of βCD towards CFA in an aqueous medium through phase solubility behaviour according to Higuchi and Connors. Although phase solubility studies showed AL(linear) type of solubility curve in presence and absence of ARG, the CE and association constant(Ks) of βCD towards CFA were significantly promoted in presence of ARG,justifying its use as a ternary component. The solid systems of CFA with βCD were obtained by spray drying technique with or without incorporation of ARG and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry(XRPD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and saturation solubility and dissolution studies. The molecular modeling studies provided a better insight into geometry and inclusion mode of CFA inside βCD cavity. The solubility and dissolution rate of CFA were significantly improved upon complexation with βCD as compared to CFA alone. However, ternary system incorporated with ARG performed better than binary system in physicochemical evaluation. In conclusion, ARG could be exploited as a ternary component to improve the physicochemical properties of CFA via βCD complexation.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474059,51204042)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(N140205003,L1502006)
文摘The flow characteristics and inclusion removal in a ten-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated with physical modelling and industrial trials. The results show that, among the strands, the strand with the mini mum dimensionless time of the first appearance of tracer at the tundish exit appears to be the worst one for inclusion removal, while the strand with the maximum dimensionless mean residence time shows the best inclusion removal efficiency. The inclusion number decreases with increasing inclusion size for all strands. The inclusion number distri bution among strands is the same for all inclusion sizes and the descending order of inclusion number is basically con sistent with the ascending order of dimensionless mean residence time among individual strands. However, when the strand with the minimum dimensionless time of the first appearance of tracer at the tundish exit is not the same one with the minimum dimensionless mean residence time, the former seems to be inferior to the latter for inclusion re moval.
基金financially supported by the National Science and the Technology Major Project(Nos.2016ZX05024002-003,2017ZX05032-001-004,2016ZX05027-001-005)the National Science Foundation of China(No.41672136)the Branch of Exploration Project,SINOPEC(No.G0800-14-KK-169)
文摘The Eocene Niubao Formation is the primary research target of oil exploration in the Lunpola Basin.Crude oil was extracted from Well Z1 on the northern margin of the basin in 1993.In this study,an integrated evaluation of the source rock geothermal,and maturity histories and the fluid inclusion and fluid potential distributions was performed to aid in predicting areas of hydrocarbon accumulation.Due to the abundance of organic matter,the kerogen types,maturity,and oil-sources correlate with the geochemical data.The middle submember of the second member of the Niubao Formation(E2n^2-2)is the most favorable source rock based on the amount of oil produced from the E2n^2-3and E2n^3-1reservoirs.One-and twodimensional basin modeling,using BasinMod software,shows that the E2n^2-2source rock started to generate hydrocarbon at 35-30 Ma,reached a maturity of Ro=0.7%at 25-20 Ma,and at present,it has reached the peak oil generation stage with a thermal maturity of Ro=0.8%to less than Ro=1.0%.By using fluid inclusion petrography,fluorescence spectroscopy,and microthermometry,two major periods of oil charging have been revealed at 26.1-17.5 and 32.4-24.6 Ma.The oil accumulation modeling results,conducted by using the Trinity software,show a good fit of the oil shows in the wells and predict that the structural highs and lithologic transitions within the Jiangriaco and Paco sags are potential oil traps.
文摘The monomer agglomeration of nonmetallic inclusions was simulated with a diffusion limited aggregation （DLA） model of the fractal theory. The simulation study with a random two-dimensional diffusion was carried out. The results indicate that the DLA model can be used for the simulation of agglomeration behavior of the cluster-type inclusions. The morphology of clusters was observed with SEM and compared with the simulated agglomerates. The modelling procedure of the DLA model is applicable for the agglomeration process. The uncertainty of agglomeration process and the persuasive average agglomerative ratio was analyzed. The factors about the agglomerative ratio with the collision path distance and the size of particles or seed were discussed. The adherence of the nonmetallic inclusions on the dam, the weir and the walls of a tundish, and the absorption of inclusions by stopper or nozzle were also discussed.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51575475 and 51675465).
文摘The influence of the MnS plastic inclusion on the accumulation of internal damage was considered, and the Gurson– Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was calibrated based on the finite element inverse method and image analysis method using ABAQUS and GTN models. The modified GTN damage model was used to simulate the initiation and propagation of cracks in an as-cast 304 stainless steel with MnS inclusions at 900 C. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results, indicating that the model can be effectively applied to examine the high-temperature fracture behavior of MnS inclusions. The simulation and high-temperature tensile test results revealed that MnS inclusions increased the number of holes initiation and the probability of hole polymerization, reduced the crack propagation resistance, accelerated the occurrence of material fracture behavior, and were closely related to the stress state at high temperatures. When the stress triaxiality was low, the plastic strain in the metal matrix was high, and the MnS plastic inclusions accelerated the polymerization of the pores, making metal fracture failure more likely. On the other hand, when the stress triaxiality was high, the stress state in the metal matrix was biased to the tensile state, the plastic strain in the metal matrix was low, and the influence of MnS plastic inclusions on the fracture behavior was not evident.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474059,51204042)Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University of China(LJQ2014031)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(N140205003)
文摘Based on the similarity principles, a 1 ： 7 scale physical model was established to study the behavior of molten steel flow and inclusion removal in a 145 t Rheinsahl-Heraeus （RH） degasser. On the basis of the quantitative measurements of the circulation flow rate and inclusion removal under various lifting gas flow rates, the effect of circulation flow rate on inclusion removal was investigated in the RH degasser. The inclusion removal rate shows the trend of first increase and then decrease twice with increasing the circulation flow rate when the circulation flow rates are smaller than 104.7 L/min. Whereas, the inclusion removal rate increases again with the further increase in circu- lation flow rate when the circulation flow rate is larger than 104.7 L/min. At lower circulation flow rates, inclusions are mainly removed by Stokes flotation to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow. At higher circulation flow rates, the collision and aggregation of inclusions improves the inclusion removal efficiency. With the further increase in the circulation flow rate, inclusions are mainly removed by following the turbulent fluctuation （turbulent diffusion） to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow.
基金We are grateful to the staff of the Analytical Laboratory in Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC)for their advice and assistance in the isotope analysisThis work was financially supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asiathe Ministry of Natural Resources of China.
文摘The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)ore-blocks.To better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district,we have undertaken a series of studies including fluid inclusion microthermometry,H-O-S-Pb isotope compositions and thermodynamic modeling.Based on fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry results and HO isotope compositions,the ore-forming H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions are characterized by medium temperature and medium salinity.And two kinds of fluid processes(boiling in western and middle ore-block and fluid mixing in the eastern ore-block)were identified to explain the ore fluid evolution.More importantly,log ?O2-pH diagrams of δ^34S contours with the stability fields of Fe-and Cu-,Zn-,Pb-,and Ag-bearing minerals were constructed to restore the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid in the western(270℃ and 80 bars),middle(250℃ and 70 bars),and eastern(230℃ and 50 bars)ore-blocks.As a result,the ore-forming conditions in the western and middle ore-block were similar.In the eastern ore-block,the fluids may have changed from acidic,S-poor and δ^34S(ΣS)≈2.8 to neutral,S-richer and δ^34S(ΣS)≈0.5,which imply that neutral S-rich meteoric water was mixed with the magmatic fluid.Meanwhile,the activity of Ag+was estimated to be about 10 ppm–9 ppm in the middle ore-block,but in the eastern ore-block it was about^10 ppm–12 ppm.We proposed that the key for Ag ore deposition was likely to be neutralization led by fluid mixing.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51904025 and U22A20171)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.FRF-IDRY-20-011)+1 种基金National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20190030)the High Steel Center(HSC)at North China University of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing,China.
文摘A boundary layer model was developed to predict the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface in a turbulent fluid flow,which is based on the detailed analysis of inclusion trajectories.The effective boundary layer for inclusion removal was proposed by a statistical method.It is noticed that the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface is not only dependent on the diameter of inclusions but also related to the local turbulent conditions.In high turbulent flow fields,the transport of inclusions is mainly dominated by the turbulent flow,and thus,the effective boundary layer thickness is mainly affected by the level of turbulent kinetic energy and is almost independent of the inclusion diameter.The inertia of inclusions gradually takes over the stochastic effect of turbulent flow,and the effect of inclusion diameter on effective boundary layer thickness becomes more noticeable with the decrease in the level of turbulent kinetic energy.Besides,the effective boundary layer thickness is more susceptible to the inclusion diameter for larger inclusions due to its greater inertia under the same turbulent condition while it principally depends on the level of turbulent kinetic energy for smaller inclusions.As the characteristic velocity increases,the time for inclusions transport and interaction with steel-slag interface decreases,and thus,the effective boundary layer thickness decreases.Moreover,the graphical user interface was developed by using the cubic spline interpolation for ease of coupling the current boundary layer model with the macro-scale model of a turbulent fluid flow in the metallurgical vessel.
