BACKGROUND Poor musculoskeletal recovery following foot and ankle injury can result in chronic instability and persistent muscle weakness.Preliminary evidence has shown that blood flow restriction(BFR)rehabilitation c...BACKGROUND Poor musculoskeletal recovery following foot and ankle injury can result in chronic instability and persistent muscle weakness.Preliminary evidence has shown that blood flow restriction(BFR)rehabilitation can increase muscle strength and stability,helping to restore physical function and prevent repeated injury.AIM To determine whether BFR is more effective than traditional rehabilitation in improving muscle strength,size,and stability after foot and ankle injury.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed.Articles were retrieved from MEDLINE,EMBASE,and CENTRAL databases.Included studies compared the effectiveness of BFR rehabilitation to traditional foot and ankle rehabilitation exercises.Eligible patients were those with a history of foot or ankle injury.Muscle strength,size,and dynamic balance were assessed by comparing impro vements in peak torque,cross-sectional area,and percent muscle activation.Methodological quality assessments were performed using the PEDro scale and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies(MINORS).RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria.Five studies were of good to excellent quality according to the PEDro scale,and 5 studies were of moderate quality as per the MINORS criteria.Two studies compared the effect of BFR and non-BFR rehabilitation on muscle strength;the overall mean difference between the BRF and non-BFR groups was 0.09[95%CI:(0.05,0.12),P<0.0001].Two studies analyzed muscle activation following BFR and non-BFR rehabilitation;the overall mean difference between the BRF and non-BFR groups was 0.09[95%CI:(0.05,0.12),P<0.0001].Data on dynamic balance was synthesized from two studies;the mean difference between the BFR and control groups was 1.23[95%CI:(-1.55,4.01);P=0.39].CONCLUSION BFR rehabilitation is more effective than non-BFR rehabilitation at improving muscle strength and activation following foot and ankle injury.Additional studies are needed to develop a standardized BFR training protocol.展开更多
Aim To study the effects of praenuptorin C(pra-C),a pure constituent isolated from"Qianhu",the roots of Peucedanum praenuptorum Dunn(Umbelliterae),on vascular hypertrophy,collagen content,transient[Ca^(2+)],...Aim To study the effects of praenuptorin C(pra-C),a pure constituent isolated from"Qianhu",the roots of Peucedanum praenuptorum Dunn(Umbelliterae),on vascular hypertrophy,collagen content,transient[Ca^(2+)],.NO and vascular response of the thoracic aorta of renovascular and spontaneously hypertensive rats(RHR,SHR),Methods RHR and SHR were given pra-C 20 mg*kg`'·d'for 9 weeks,ig.Blood pressurs of both rats were measured using tail cuff manom-etry.Under inverted microscopy the length and width of the smooth muscle cells were measured by using computer software MICC(Dongnan University).[Ca^(2+)],of smooth muscle cells(SMCs)was measured with Fuma-2/AM.By measuring the spe-cific amino acid hydroxyproline content,the collagen content was obtained.By using Griess reagent,the NO in the SMCs was measured.Results The intermedium of the thoracic aorta in RHR was larger than that of the normal and pra-C-treated groups.The area(length x width)of the SMCs of thoracic aorta from RHR was 73.4 pam us normal 34.5 pum and pra-C 34 pam.The collagen content of thonacic aorta was 39±6.8%dry weight in RHR.while 26.5±3%in nomal and 25.6±1.1%in pm-C-treated RHR.The resting[Ca^(2+)],of SMCs was(150±8),(226±11)and(362±18)nmol·L’'separately in normal rats,RHR and SHR.In the presence of KCl 60 mmol·L',NE 10 pmol·L^(-1),ANG I 100 nmol·L^(-1)and ATP 30 pmol·L^(-1),the[Ca^(2+)],of SMCs were increased by 128%;132%;233%and 152%in RHR.respectively.Similarly,60 mmol·L'KCl and 10 pumol·L^(-1)NE also increased the[Ca*],of SMCs by 235%and 200%in$HR.Pretreating with pra-C could decrease the level of[Ca'’],to the normal level whether in RHR or in SHR.The amount of NO of SMCs was de-creased 76%in SHR compared with nomnal group,while pra-C could recover this change.In addition,pra-Cimproved the vascular responses of thoracic aorta of RHR.Conclusion These results indicate that pra-C improved the vascular hypertrophy by decreasing the area of SMCs,collagen content,SMCs[Ca’],and increasing NO production.展开更多
The objective of this study was to determine if zinc, when added in combination with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), would stabilize the interaction of RH with the <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptor, as indic...The objective of this study was to determine if zinc, when added in combination with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), would stabilize the interaction of RH with the <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptor, as indicated by altered cAMP concentrations, mRNA quantity, or protein abundance. Cultured bovine skeletal muscle cells were established and treated after 120 h for 6, 24, and 96 h with differentiation media of specific treatments. Treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement with two levels of zinc (0 μM or 1 μM) and two levels of RH (0 μM or 10 μM) in differentiation media. cAMP levels were measured at 6, 24, and 96 h, while mRNA and protein were measured at 24 and 96 h. At 6 h, no differences (<em>P</em> > 0.05) were detected in cAMP levels between the treatments. However, at 24 h the 10 μM RH, 1 μM zinc treatment had the greatest concentrations of cAMP (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At 96 h the 10 μM RH, 0 μM zinc treatment had a lower concentration of cAMP (<em>P</em> = 0.05) compared to the control. No differences were detected in mRNA (<em>β</em>1-adrenergic receptor, <em>β</em>2-adenergic receptor, AMPKα, myosin heavy chain I, myosin heavy chain IIA, and myosin heavy chain IIX) concentrations between treatments. Protein quantity of the<em> β</em>1-adrenergic receptor and <em>β</em>2-adrenergic receptor did not differ between treatments. These results indicate that zinc, in combination with RH, may help sustain the RH response during prolonged exposure as indicated by increased cAMP concentrations.展开更多
Skeletal muscle plays a significant role in both local and systemic energy metabolism.The current investigation aims to explore the role of the Bambi gene in skeletal muscle,focusing on its implications for muscle hyp...Skeletal muscle plays a significant role in both local and systemic energy metabolism.The current investigation aims to explore the role of the Bambi gene in skeletal muscle,focusing on its implications for muscle hypertrophy and systemic metabolism.We hypothesize that skeletal muscle-specific deletion of Bambi induces muscle hypertrophy,improves metabolic performance,and activates thermogenic adipocytes via the reprogramming of progenitor of iWAT,offering potential therapeutic strategies for metabolic syndromes.Leveraging the Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)-seq and bioinformatics analysis,Bambi gene is shown to be a direct target of HIF2α,which is further confirmed by ChIP-qPCR and promoter luciferase assay.Skeletal muscle-specific Bambi deletion led to significant muscle hypertrophy and improved metabolic parameters,even under high-fat diet conditions.This deletion induced metabolic reprogramming of stromal vascular fractions(SVFs)into thermogenic adipocytes,contributing to systemic metabolic improvements,potentially through the secretory factor.Notably,mice with skeletal muscle-specific Bambi deletion demonstrate resistance to high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders,highlighting a potential therapeutic pathway for metabolic syndrome management.Thus,skeletal muscle-specific deletion of Bambi triggers muscle growth,enhances metabolic performance,and activates thermogenic adipocytes.These findings suggest Bambi as a novel therapeutic target for metabolic syndromes,providing new insights into the interaction between muscle hypertrophy and systemic metabolic improvement.The study underscores the potential of manipulating muscle physiology to regulate whole-body metabolism,offering a novel perspective on treating metabolic disorders.展开更多
Two commonly used growth promotants in the United States beef industry are <em>β</em>-agonists and anabolic steroid hormones. Each has been shown to increase lean muscle deposition in cattle provided trea...Two commonly used growth promotants in the United States beef industry are <em>β</em>-agonists and anabolic steroid hormones. Each has been shown to increase lean muscle deposition in cattle provided treatments of each growth technology, but much is still unknown of how steroidal implants and <em>β</em>-agonists work in combination. It was our goal to determine the effect of implant strategy and <em>β</em>-agonist administration in beef feedlot heifers (n = 264). A 3 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design was used with 2 levels of OPT and 3 different durations of terminal implant (TI) windows for a total of 6 treatment groups with 9 replications. Terminal implants (20 mg estradiol/200 mg trenbolone acetate implant, Component TE-200) were provided to heifers 140 d from slaughter (TI140), 100 d from slaughter (TI100), or 60 d from slaughter (TI60). Animals receiving the later two TI being first implanted on day 0 (8 mg estradiol/80 mg trenbolone acetate implant, Component TE-IH). The second treatment of the cattle received was the orally active beta adrenergic agonist, ractopamine-hydrochloride (RH) in the form of Optaflexx<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">®</span>(OPT;0 (NO) or 200 (YES) mg/hd<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">·</span>d<sup>-1</sup>) over the final 28 days of the trial. Thirty animals were subjected to longissimus muscle (LM) biopsies on d 0, 40, 80, 112, and at slaughter on d 140 to view mRNA levels of myogenic related genes and protein quantities of the <em>β</em>1-adrenergic receptor (<em>β</em>1 AR) and <em>β</em>2-adrenergic receptor (<em>β</em>2 AR). On the same days, blood samples were taken from 108 animals to assess changes in plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and progesterone due to treatments. Relative mRNA levels of myosin heavy chain IIX (MHC IIX), AMPKα, and IGF-I were increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in animals receiving a TI100 over the other two implant dates after OPT was fed to animals. After OPT administration myosin heavy chain IIA (MHC IIA) mRNA levels tended to decrease (<em>P</em> = 0.09) due to OPT. An interaction between TI d and OPT administration caused an increase (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in MHC IIA mRNA level in the TI60/Yes treatment group over all other treatments except the TI100/No treatment group. Protein intensity of the <em>β</em>2 AR was decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by the latest TI d (TI60) during OPT feeding, while<em> β</em>1 AR protein intensity tended to be lower (<em>P</em> < 0.10) in animals fed OPT. Plasma BUN levels were reduced (<em>P</em> < 0.05) after terminal implants and OPT feeding;while progesterone was decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by OPT alone. Neither growth promotant affected NEFA levels in plasma. Collectively, these data indicate that ractopamine hydrochloride and estradiol + trenbolone acetate implants alter myogenic mRNA, <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptors, and blood metabolites in finishing beef heifers.展开更多
Host associated probiotics(HAPs)provide health benefits to the host when administered as dietary supplement.However,a short-term probiotics application strategy has yet to be optimized.A 90-days study was conducted to...Host associated probiotics(HAPs)provide health benefits to the host when administered as dietary supplement.However,a short-term probiotics application strategy has yet to be optimized.A 90-days study was conducted to evaluate the response of Malaysian mahseer,Tor tambroides post larvae fed with basal diet enriched HAPs for 30-days,and its response following another 60-days feeding with only basal diet.Three experimental diets(Enterococcus faecalis strain 2674(T1),Aeromonas sp.strain A8-29(T2)and E.faecalis strain FC11682(T3))were prepared by spray-coating each HAPs on a basal diet at 1×108 CFU/g feed.Differences in growth performances,whole-body proximate and fatty acid composition,muscle morphometry,and gut morphology were evaluated.Results showed that after 30 days,T3 fish produced highest growth.All HAP treatment groups showed better muscle distribution profile,improved fatty acid composition,and higher villus length,width and area,than control group.After 90 days,the growth of T3 fish was still the highest.Muscle distribution profile and villus growth were higher in HAP treatments,although only total n-6 PUFA,total MUFA,linoleic acids,and linolenic acids in HAP treated fish remained high after probiotics withdrawal.No difference in whole-body proximate composition was observed in both 30 and 90 days.Collective findings demonstrated that short-term application of HAPs at an early stage could be used to boost T.tambroides growth,with E.faecalis strain FC11682 showing the best efficacy.展开更多
Purpose To investigate the physiological responses to low-load,superset resistance training(two exercises for the agonist and antagonist muscles performed without rest between exercises)to failure using elastic bands....Purpose To investigate the physiological responses to low-load,superset resistance training(two exercises for the agonist and antagonist muscles performed without rest between exercises)to failure using elastic bands.Methods Twenty-three athletes were randomized to either a superset group(S,n=12,average age:19.8±1.5 years)or a traditional set group(T,n=11,average age:20.1±1.4 years).Strength,cross-sectional area(CSA)and muscular endurance of the biceps and triceps brachii were assessed before and after 8 weeks.Acute responses(muscle thickness)were measured during one testing session.Results Muscle thickness of the biceps significantly increased in both T group(P<0.05)and S group(P<0.05)after a single bout of Training.The triceps did not show significant increases in either T group(P>0.05)or S group(P>0.05).Blood lactate also increased in both groups after one bout of training(T:from 1.3±0.3 to 5.5±2.4 mmol/L,S:from 1.4±0.5 to 5.1±1.5 mmol/L,P<0.05).After 8-week training,both groups showed significant increases in the biceps(T:13.2%±5.0%;S:12.9%±7.3%,P<0.05)and triceps(T:9.5%±9.3%,S:4.8%±4.1%,P<0.05)without differences between groups.Increases in one repetition maximum for the bench press(7.8%±6.5%,P<0.05)and maximal voluntary contraction for the arm extensors(9.3%±11.6%,P<0.05)were observed for the T group only.Increases in muscular endurance were observed only in the S group for the bench press(26.0%±19.1%,P<0.05)and the barbell curl(17.2%±16.6%,P<0.05).Conclusions Superset training may enhance muscular endurance while attenuating maximal strength gains.There does not appear to be a hypertrophic benefit to performing superset training,but it may provide a time-efficient strategy to achieve adaptations in muscle mass.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Poor musculoskeletal recovery following foot and ankle injury can result in chronic instability and persistent muscle weakness.Preliminary evidence has shown that blood flow restriction(BFR)rehabilitation can increase muscle strength and stability,helping to restore physical function and prevent repeated injury.AIM To determine whether BFR is more effective than traditional rehabilitation in improving muscle strength,size,and stability after foot and ankle injury.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed.Articles were retrieved from MEDLINE,EMBASE,and CENTRAL databases.Included studies compared the effectiveness of BFR rehabilitation to traditional foot and ankle rehabilitation exercises.Eligible patients were those with a history of foot or ankle injury.Muscle strength,size,and dynamic balance were assessed by comparing impro vements in peak torque,cross-sectional area,and percent muscle activation.Methodological quality assessments were performed using the PEDro scale and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies(MINORS).RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria.Five studies were of good to excellent quality according to the PEDro scale,and 5 studies were of moderate quality as per the MINORS criteria.Two studies compared the effect of BFR and non-BFR rehabilitation on muscle strength;the overall mean difference between the BRF and non-BFR groups was 0.09[95%CI:(0.05,0.12),P<0.0001].Two studies analyzed muscle activation following BFR and non-BFR rehabilitation;the overall mean difference between the BRF and non-BFR groups was 0.09[95%CI:(0.05,0.12),P<0.0001].Data on dynamic balance was synthesized from two studies;the mean difference between the BFR and control groups was 1.23[95%CI:(-1.55,4.01);P=0.39].CONCLUSION BFR rehabilitation is more effective than non-BFR rehabilitation at improving muscle strength and activation following foot and ankle injury.Additional studies are needed to develop a standardized BFR training protocol.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(39570819)Fimt published in Chinese in Acta Phamaceutica Sinica.2001,36:165.
文摘Aim To study the effects of praenuptorin C(pra-C),a pure constituent isolated from"Qianhu",the roots of Peucedanum praenuptorum Dunn(Umbelliterae),on vascular hypertrophy,collagen content,transient[Ca^(2+)],.NO and vascular response of the thoracic aorta of renovascular and spontaneously hypertensive rats(RHR,SHR),Methods RHR and SHR were given pra-C 20 mg*kg`'·d'for 9 weeks,ig.Blood pressurs of both rats were measured using tail cuff manom-etry.Under inverted microscopy the length and width of the smooth muscle cells were measured by using computer software MICC(Dongnan University).[Ca^(2+)],of smooth muscle cells(SMCs)was measured with Fuma-2/AM.By measuring the spe-cific amino acid hydroxyproline content,the collagen content was obtained.By using Griess reagent,the NO in the SMCs was measured.Results The intermedium of the thoracic aorta in RHR was larger than that of the normal and pra-C-treated groups.The area(length x width)of the SMCs of thoracic aorta from RHR was 73.4 pam us normal 34.5 pum and pra-C 34 pam.The collagen content of thonacic aorta was 39±6.8%dry weight in RHR.while 26.5±3%in nomal and 25.6±1.1%in pm-C-treated RHR.The resting[Ca^(2+)],of SMCs was(150±8),(226±11)and(362±18)nmol·L’'separately in normal rats,RHR and SHR.In the presence of KCl 60 mmol·L',NE 10 pmol·L^(-1),ANG I 100 nmol·L^(-1)and ATP 30 pmol·L^(-1),the[Ca^(2+)],of SMCs were increased by 128%;132%;233%and 152%in RHR.respectively.Similarly,60 mmol·L'KCl and 10 pumol·L^(-1)NE also increased the[Ca*],of SMCs by 235%and 200%in$HR.Pretreating with pra-C could decrease the level of[Ca'’],to the normal level whether in RHR or in SHR.The amount of NO of SMCs was de-creased 76%in SHR compared with nomnal group,while pra-C could recover this change.In addition,pra-Cimproved the vascular responses of thoracic aorta of RHR.Conclusion These results indicate that pra-C improved the vascular hypertrophy by decreasing the area of SMCs,collagen content,SMCs[Ca’],and increasing NO production.
文摘The objective of this study was to determine if zinc, when added in combination with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), would stabilize the interaction of RH with the <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptor, as indicated by altered cAMP concentrations, mRNA quantity, or protein abundance. Cultured bovine skeletal muscle cells were established and treated after 120 h for 6, 24, and 96 h with differentiation media of specific treatments. Treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement with two levels of zinc (0 μM or 1 μM) and two levels of RH (0 μM or 10 μM) in differentiation media. cAMP levels were measured at 6, 24, and 96 h, while mRNA and protein were measured at 24 and 96 h. At 6 h, no differences (<em>P</em> > 0.05) were detected in cAMP levels between the treatments. However, at 24 h the 10 μM RH, 1 μM zinc treatment had the greatest concentrations of cAMP (<em>P</em> < 0.05). At 96 h the 10 μM RH, 0 μM zinc treatment had a lower concentration of cAMP (<em>P</em> = 0.05) compared to the control. No differences were detected in mRNA (<em>β</em>1-adrenergic receptor, <em>β</em>2-adenergic receptor, AMPKα, myosin heavy chain I, myosin heavy chain IIA, and myosin heavy chain IIX) concentrations between treatments. Protein quantity of the<em> β</em>1-adrenergic receptor and <em>β</em>2-adrenergic receptor did not differ between treatments. These results indicate that zinc, in combination with RH, may help sustain the RH response during prolonged exposure as indicated by increased cAMP concentrations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072436)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020B1515020046)‘GDAS’Project of Science and Technology Development(2021GDASYL-20210102003,2018GDASCX-0102)。
文摘Skeletal muscle plays a significant role in both local and systemic energy metabolism.The current investigation aims to explore the role of the Bambi gene in skeletal muscle,focusing on its implications for muscle hypertrophy and systemic metabolism.We hypothesize that skeletal muscle-specific deletion of Bambi induces muscle hypertrophy,improves metabolic performance,and activates thermogenic adipocytes via the reprogramming of progenitor of iWAT,offering potential therapeutic strategies for metabolic syndromes.Leveraging the Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)-seq and bioinformatics analysis,Bambi gene is shown to be a direct target of HIF2α,which is further confirmed by ChIP-qPCR and promoter luciferase assay.Skeletal muscle-specific Bambi deletion led to significant muscle hypertrophy and improved metabolic parameters,even under high-fat diet conditions.This deletion induced metabolic reprogramming of stromal vascular fractions(SVFs)into thermogenic adipocytes,contributing to systemic metabolic improvements,potentially through the secretory factor.Notably,mice with skeletal muscle-specific Bambi deletion demonstrate resistance to high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders,highlighting a potential therapeutic pathway for metabolic syndrome management.Thus,skeletal muscle-specific deletion of Bambi triggers muscle growth,enhances metabolic performance,and activates thermogenic adipocytes.These findings suggest Bambi as a novel therapeutic target for metabolic syndromes,providing new insights into the interaction between muscle hypertrophy and systemic metabolic improvement.The study underscores the potential of manipulating muscle physiology to regulate whole-body metabolism,offering a novel perspective on treating metabolic disorders.
文摘Two commonly used growth promotants in the United States beef industry are <em>β</em>-agonists and anabolic steroid hormones. Each has been shown to increase lean muscle deposition in cattle provided treatments of each growth technology, but much is still unknown of how steroidal implants and <em>β</em>-agonists work in combination. It was our goal to determine the effect of implant strategy and <em>β</em>-agonist administration in beef feedlot heifers (n = 264). A 3 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design was used with 2 levels of OPT and 3 different durations of terminal implant (TI) windows for a total of 6 treatment groups with 9 replications. Terminal implants (20 mg estradiol/200 mg trenbolone acetate implant, Component TE-200) were provided to heifers 140 d from slaughter (TI140), 100 d from slaughter (TI100), or 60 d from slaughter (TI60). Animals receiving the later two TI being first implanted on day 0 (8 mg estradiol/80 mg trenbolone acetate implant, Component TE-IH). The second treatment of the cattle received was the orally active beta adrenergic agonist, ractopamine-hydrochloride (RH) in the form of Optaflexx<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">®</span>(OPT;0 (NO) or 200 (YES) mg/hd<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">·</span>d<sup>-1</sup>) over the final 28 days of the trial. Thirty animals were subjected to longissimus muscle (LM) biopsies on d 0, 40, 80, 112, and at slaughter on d 140 to view mRNA levels of myogenic related genes and protein quantities of the <em>β</em>1-adrenergic receptor (<em>β</em>1 AR) and <em>β</em>2-adrenergic receptor (<em>β</em>2 AR). On the same days, blood samples were taken from 108 animals to assess changes in plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and progesterone due to treatments. Relative mRNA levels of myosin heavy chain IIX (MHC IIX), AMPKα, and IGF-I were increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in animals receiving a TI100 over the other two implant dates after OPT was fed to animals. After OPT administration myosin heavy chain IIA (MHC IIA) mRNA levels tended to decrease (<em>P</em> = 0.09) due to OPT. An interaction between TI d and OPT administration caused an increase (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in MHC IIA mRNA level in the TI60/Yes treatment group over all other treatments except the TI100/No treatment group. Protein intensity of the <em>β</em>2 AR was decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by the latest TI d (TI60) during OPT feeding, while<em> β</em>1 AR protein intensity tended to be lower (<em>P</em> < 0.10) in animals fed OPT. Plasma BUN levels were reduced (<em>P</em> < 0.05) after terminal implants and OPT feeding;while progesterone was decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by OPT alone. Neither growth promotant affected NEFA levels in plasma. Collectively, these data indicate that ractopamine hydrochloride and estradiol + trenbolone acetate implants alter myogenic mRNA, <em>β</em>-adrenergic receptors, and blood metabolites in finishing beef heifers.
基金funded by Universiti Malaysia Terengganu under the Research Intensified Grant Scheme(RIGS VOT NO 55192/5).
文摘Host associated probiotics(HAPs)provide health benefits to the host when administered as dietary supplement.However,a short-term probiotics application strategy has yet to be optimized.A 90-days study was conducted to evaluate the response of Malaysian mahseer,Tor tambroides post larvae fed with basal diet enriched HAPs for 30-days,and its response following another 60-days feeding with only basal diet.Three experimental diets(Enterococcus faecalis strain 2674(T1),Aeromonas sp.strain A8-29(T2)and E.faecalis strain FC11682(T3))were prepared by spray-coating each HAPs on a basal diet at 1×108 CFU/g feed.Differences in growth performances,whole-body proximate and fatty acid composition,muscle morphometry,and gut morphology were evaluated.Results showed that after 30 days,T3 fish produced highest growth.All HAP treatment groups showed better muscle distribution profile,improved fatty acid composition,and higher villus length,width and area,than control group.After 90 days,the growth of T3 fish was still the highest.Muscle distribution profile and villus growth were higher in HAP treatments,although only total n-6 PUFA,total MUFA,linoleic acids,and linolenic acids in HAP treated fish remained high after probiotics withdrawal.No difference in whole-body proximate composition was observed in both 30 and 90 days.Collective findings demonstrated that short-term application of HAPs at an early stage could be used to boost T.tambroides growth,with E.faecalis strain FC11682 showing the best efficacy.
文摘Purpose To investigate the physiological responses to low-load,superset resistance training(two exercises for the agonist and antagonist muscles performed without rest between exercises)to failure using elastic bands.Methods Twenty-three athletes were randomized to either a superset group(S,n=12,average age:19.8±1.5 years)or a traditional set group(T,n=11,average age:20.1±1.4 years).Strength,cross-sectional area(CSA)and muscular endurance of the biceps and triceps brachii were assessed before and after 8 weeks.Acute responses(muscle thickness)were measured during one testing session.Results Muscle thickness of the biceps significantly increased in both T group(P<0.05)and S group(P<0.05)after a single bout of Training.The triceps did not show significant increases in either T group(P>0.05)or S group(P>0.05).Blood lactate also increased in both groups after one bout of training(T:from 1.3±0.3 to 5.5±2.4 mmol/L,S:from 1.4±0.5 to 5.1±1.5 mmol/L,P<0.05).After 8-week training,both groups showed significant increases in the biceps(T:13.2%±5.0%;S:12.9%±7.3%,P<0.05)and triceps(T:9.5%±9.3%,S:4.8%±4.1%,P<0.05)without differences between groups.Increases in one repetition maximum for the bench press(7.8%±6.5%,P<0.05)and maximal voluntary contraction for the arm extensors(9.3%±11.6%,P<0.05)were observed for the T group only.Increases in muscular endurance were observed only in the S group for the bench press(26.0%±19.1%,P<0.05)and the barbell curl(17.2%±16.6%,P<0.05).Conclusions Superset training may enhance muscular endurance while attenuating maximal strength gains.There does not appear to be a hypertrophic benefit to performing superset training,but it may provide a time-efficient strategy to achieve adaptations in muscle mass.
