BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)face an elevated risk of severe infection owing to their diseases and the immunosuppressive treatment for disease control.A...BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)face an elevated risk of severe infection owing to their diseases and the immunosuppressive treatment for disease control.AIM To compare scheduled vaccination coverage and the levels of post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella(MMR)and hepatitis B in pediatric patients with IBD and JIA.METHODS A comparative cohort study included 97 patients with IBD and 170 patients with JIA.Vaccination history was obtained from medical records,while post-vaccination immunity was assessed prospectively by measuring specific IgG antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(Vector-Best JSC,Russia;IBL International,Germany)during routine visits between January 2022 and April 2023.RESULTS A complete two-dose MMR course had been administered to 66.3%of IBD patients and 55.9%of JIA patients(P=0.121).By contrast,the three-dose hepatitis B schedule was completed in 74.2%of IBD and 100%of JIA patients(P<0.001).Protective level of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles(47.7%vs 57.7%;P=0.168);mumps(75.3%vs 80.0%;P=0.366);rubella(74.4%vs 98.2%;P<0.0001);and hepatitis B(44.8%vs 50.0%;P=0.514)were detected in IBD and JIA patients,respectively.CONCLUSION Patients with IBD and JIA demonstrated different vaccination coverage patterns and levels of anti-vaccine antibodies.Routine baseline serology and timely booster vaccination should be implemented for all pediatric patients receiving chronic immunosuppression.展开更多
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)between 2014 and 2021 and identify potential strategies and measures for the prevention and control of MMR in China.Methods Dat...Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)between 2014 and 2021 and identify potential strategies and measures for the prevention and control of MMR in China.Methods Data on MMR was obtained from China’s National Notifiable Disease Reporting System for the period from 2014 to 2021.Spatiotemporal distributions were analyzed using SaTScan;temporal trends were analyzed using JoinPoint;and clusters were visualized using ArcGIS.Results A total of 1,808,067 cases of MMR were reported from 2014 to 2021 in China’s mainland,most of which were children and students under the age of 20.The incidence of measles declined during 2014-2021,whereas that of mumps and rubella peaked in 2019.MMR-reported cases generally peaked from March to July;however,high numbers of mumps cases were reported from September to November in 2020-2021.Measles and rubella clusters predominantly occurred in Western China,whereas clusters of mumps were generally found in the southern region.Conclusion The relatively heterogeneous epidemiological characteristics of MMR have highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in surveillance and timely control of MMR transmission in China’s mainland.Real-time and intelligent monitoring data should be collected for evidence-based early interventions。展开更多
Pseudotumoral cerebellitis in childhood is an uncommon presentation of cerebellitis mimicking a brain tumor. It often follows an inflammatory or infectious event, particularly due to varicella virus. Patients could ha...Pseudotumoral cerebellitis in childhood is an uncommon presentation of cerebellitis mimicking a brain tumor. It often follows an inflammatory or infectious event, particularly due to varicella virus. Patients could have a wide clinical spectrum on presentation. Some patients may be asymptomatic or present at most with mild cerebellar signs, whereas others may suffer severe forms with brainstem involvement and severe intracranial hypertension mimicking tumor warranting surgical intervention. Imaging techniques especially multimodal magnetic resonance imaging represent an interesting tool to differentiate between posterior fossa tumors and acute cerebellitis. We describe a case of pseudotumoral cerebellitis in a 6-year-old girl consequent to mumps infection and review the literature on this rare association.展开更多
The complete nucleotide sequence of the mumps virus SP, which was isolated in China, was determined. As with other mumps viruses, its genome was 15 384 nucleotides (nts) in length and encoded seven proteins. The full-...The complete nucleotide sequence of the mumps virus SP, which was isolated in China, was determined. As with other mumps viruses, its genome was 15 384 nucleotides (nts) in length and encoded seven proteins. The full-length nucleotide sequence of the SP isolate differed from other strains by 4% –6.8% at the nucleotide sequence level. Due to variations of amino acids over the full genome (including the HN and N genes), this isolate exhibited significant variations in the antigenic sites. This report is the first to describe the full-length genome of a genotype F strain and provide an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulating mumps virus.展开更多
Although a live attenuated vaccine is available for controlling mumps virus(MuV), mumps still outbreaks frequently worldwide. The attenuated MuV vaccine strain S79 is widely used in mumps vaccination in China, but sti...Although a live attenuated vaccine is available for controlling mumps virus(MuV), mumps still outbreaks frequently worldwide. The attenuated MuV vaccine strain S79 is widely used in mumps vaccination in China, but still with many shortcomings, among which the most prominent are the side effects and decreased immunity. Therefore, there is a need to further improve the safety and efficacy of the current MuV vaccine. In the present study, we further attenuated MuV S79 vaccine strain by inhibiting viral mRNA methyltransferase(MTase). We generated a panel of eight recombinant MuVs(rMuVs) carrying mutations in the MTase catalytic site or S-adenosylmethionine(SAM) binding site in the large(L) polymerase protein. These rMuVs are genetically stable and seven rMuVs are more attenuated in replication in cell culture and five r MuVs are more attenuated in replication in lungs of cotton rats compared with the parental vaccine strain S79. Importantly, cotton rats vaccinated with these seven rMuV mutants produced high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and were completely protected against challenge with a wild-type MuV strain(genotype F). Therefore, our results demonstrate that alteration in the MTase catalytic site or SAM binding site in MuV L protein improves the safety or the immunogenicity of the MuV vaccine and thus mRNA cap MTase may be an effective target for the development of new vaccine candidates for MuV.展开更多
Objective： To compare the clinical efficacy difference between comprehensive ying needling therapy and intramuscular injection with ribavirin for mumps.Methods： One hundred patients with mumps were randomly divided ...Objective： To compare the clinical efficacy difference between comprehensive ying needling therapy and intramuscular injection with ribavirin for mumps.Methods： One hundred patients with mumps were randomly divided into comprehensive ying needling therapy group（group A, 52 cases） and western medicine group（group B, 48 cases）, then 8 cases were eliminated and drop out from group A and 4 cases were eliminated and drop out from group B respectively. actual inclusion 44 cases in group A 44 cases in group B. Point bloodletting was performed at parotid gland（腮腺Sāixiàn） and Threeshang acupoints of the patients in group A for once every other day, treatment for 7 days was considered as 1 course of treatment, and 2 courses were needed. Intramuscular injection with ribavirin was given to the patients in group B for twice a day, treatment for 7 days was considered as 1 course, and 2 courses were needed. The parotid gland swelling score, fever score, orifice parotid duct swelling score, score of difficulty in opening mouth and the clinical efficacy of the patients in the two groups were compared before and after treatment.Results： The cured and markedly effective rate in group A was 90.9%（40/44）, which was superior to 68.2%in group B（30/44）（P〈0.05）. The symptom scores were all improved significantly in the two groups after treatment（all P〈0.05）, and the improvement in group A was superior to that in group B（all P〈0.05）.Conclusion： The curative effect of comprehensive ying needling therapy for treatment of mumps was superior to that of conventional western medicine therapy.展开更多
Aim: To analyze the reasons for epidemic outbreaks of measles, mumps and viral hepatitis A and to propose measures to prevent them in future. Materials and methods: Тhe incidence of measles, mumps and hepatitis A in ...Aim: To analyze the reasons for epidemic outbreaks of measles, mumps and viral hepatitis A and to propose measures to prevent them in future. Materials and methods: Тhe incidence of measles, mumps and hepatitis A in Plovdiv region was studied for the period 2006-2010. An analysis of the age structure of the patients was made, while taking into account the time for routine immunization performed against measles and mumps (first and second dose). Results: In 2006-2009 single cases of measles were found occasionally, but in 2010 they were 2787 (incidence 395/100,000). Most of them (51%) were for ages 13 months-12years, 27%-0-13 months and 11%-13 to 18 years. The incidence of mumps for 2006-2010 varied widely, and has increased significantly in 2007 (130/100,000) and 2008 (169/100,000). The majority of patients (over 34%) during the epidemics were aged 13 months-12years, and over 26% of them-13-19 years. For the period 2006-2010 the incidence of hepatitis A ranged from 2.98/100, 000 (2009) to 426/100,000 (2006). Over 50% of the cases involved children aged up to 9 years. For the three diseases over 80% of patients were individuals of Roma origin. Conclusions: 1. Epidemic spread of measles in 2010 was mainly due to shortcomings in the routine immunization carried as a prevention of the disease. 2. There are two reasons for the outbreak of mumps: А) Failure to administer the second vaccine dose at 12 years in Bulgaria until 2001. B) Shortcomings in routinely performed immunization. 3. The extremely high incidence of hepatitis A in 2006 (and in the rest of the years) is due to the lack of routine immunization. 4. Essential for the outbreaks in all three diseases are the poor hygienic living conditions, the low social status and the lack of health promotion of the population at risk 5. To prevent future outbreaks of the diseases hereby in question, we suggest it is appropriate: А) To introduce compulsory immunization against hepatitis A;B) To carry out periodic catch-up vaccination campaigns against measles and mumps.展开更多
Objective:To compare the efficacy of cimetidine and ribavirin in the treatment of mumps by meta-analysis.Methods:Controlled trials of cimetidine and ribavirin in the treatment of mumps were searched through China Nati...Objective:To compare the efficacy of cimetidine and ribavirin in the treatment of mumps by meta-analysis.Methods:Controlled trials of cimetidine and ribavirin in the treatment of mumps were searched through China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang data,Cqvip,Pubmed,The Cochrane Library and EMBase databases up to September 2022.The effective rate,the time of swelling regression in parotid gland area and the rate of adverse reactions were analyzed by Review Manager 5.3 software.Results:The final 10 articles included 920 children,including 427 in the trial group and 447 in the control group.Meta analysis showed that the effective rate of cimetidine in the treatment of mumps was higher than that of ribavirin in routine treatment,with a statistically significant difference(odds ratio[OR]=5.2,P<0.00001);The time of swelling regression was statistically significant(OR=-1.28,P<0.00001);The difference of adverse reaction rate was not statistically significant(OR=0.73,P=0.62).Conclusions:Compared with ribavirin,cimetidine is more effective in the treatment of mumps,with shorter swelling regression time without increases of adverse reactions.展开更多
Introduction:To evaluate population immunity against the mumps virus(MuV)after China’s two-dose Measles-Mumps-Rubella(MMR)vaccine policy was introduced in June 2020,we conducted a seroepidemiological analysis among i...Introduction:To evaluate population immunity against the mumps virus(MuV)after China’s two-dose Measles-Mumps-Rubella(MMR)vaccine policy was introduced in June 2020,we conducted a seroepidemiological analysis among individuals aged 0–19 years.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Fujian Province from March to June 2023.MuV IgG antibodies were detected using ELISA,and their seroprevalence and geometric mean concentrations(GMCs)were assessed.Population immunity in 2023 was compared with a 2018 survey.Results:Overall seroprevalence and GMCs in 2023 were 79.53%and 265.61 U/mL,respectively.Both varied significantly by age:levels rose from 8 months,peaked at 2–5 years,then declined to a low point at 15–17 years.In 2023,seroprevalence and GMCs were higher in children aged 0–1 year(47.29%vs.14.51%;97.15 U/mL vs.34.13 U/mL)and lower in those 15–17 years(58.06%vs.80.73%;126.00 U/mL vs.289.98 U/mL)compared with 2018;2-year-olds showed higher GMCs(554.85 U/mL vs.353.39 U/mL).Among vaccinated individuals,antibody levels peaked 15–90 days after the latest vaccination;twodose recipients exhibited significantly higher antibody levels than one-dose recipients within 270 days.Conclusions:China’s two-dose MMR vaccine policy has effectively increased seroprevalence and GMCs in children 8 months-2 years.Continuous monitoring of antibody decline is essential,particularly for those aged 6–19 years with weaker immunity.展开更多
Introduction:Measles,mumps,and rubella remain significant global health threats despite being vaccine-preventable diseases.The World Health Organization aims to achieve regional elimination of measles and rubella by 2...Introduction:Measles,mumps,and rubella remain significant global health threats despite being vaccine-preventable diseases.The World Health Organization aims to achieve regional elimination of measles and rubella by 2030,yet substantial disparities in vaccination coverage and disease incidence persist across regions.We analyzed global vaccination and disease data to provide evidence for optimizing immunization strategies.Methods:The study analyzed World Health Organization data on measles,mumps,and rubella from 2014–2023.Our analysis included vaccine types,recommended vaccination schedules,coverage rates,supplemental immunization activities,and disease incidence.We employed descriptive epidemiological methods for data synthesis and analysis.Results:All countries implemented≥1 measlescontaining vaccine dose,with 190(97.9%)countries using a≥2-dose schedule.Global 2nd dose of measlescontaining vaccine coverage increased from 59%to 74%during the study period.High-income regions maintained>90%coverage,while the African Region reported the lowest coverage(70%for the 1st dose and 49%for the 2nd dose of measles-containing vaccine).Supplemental immunization activities helped address coverage gaps but required integration with routine immunization systems.Rubella vaccine was implemented in 90.2%of countries,while mumps vaccine adoption remained lower at 63.9%.The African Region experienced high incidence rates for both measles(551.8 per million)and rubella(21.9 per million).The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted vaccination coverage(3%–5%decline globally),with the African Region experiencing a post-pandemic U-shaped resurgence in cases.China’s transition to the measles,mumps,and rubella vaccine has reduced mumps incidence to below 100 cases per million by 2020.Conclusions:While global control of measles,mumps,and rubella has progressed,inequities in vaccination coverage and pandemic-related disruptions threaten elimination goals.Strengthening routine immunization systems is critical.Achieving the World Health Organization’s 2030 targets will require sustained investment in health systems and implementation of equity-focused innovations.展开更多
In classical mumps models,individuals are generally assumed to be uniformly mixed(homogeneous),ignoring population heterogeneity(preference,activity,etc.).Age is the key to catching mixed patterns in developing mathem...In classical mumps models,individuals are generally assumed to be uniformly mixed(homogeneous),ignoring population heterogeneity(preference,activity,etc.).Age is the key to catching mixed patterns in developing mathematical models for mumps.A continuous heterogeneous age-structured model for mumps with vaccines has been developed in this paper.The stability of age-structured models is a difficult question.An explicit formula of R0 was defined for the various mixing modes(isolation,proportional and heterogeneous mixing)with or without the vaccine.The results show that the endemic steady state is unique and locally stable if R0>1 without any additional conditions.A number of numerical examples are given to support the theory.展开更多
In this study,we develop an optimal control framework for managing mumps infections through a dynamic model that integrates public health interventions such as awareness programs,isolation protocols,and a two-dose imm...In this study,we develop an optimal control framework for managing mumps infections through a dynamic model that integrates public health interventions such as awareness programs,isolation protocols,and a two-dose immunization regimen.We begin by establishing the model's fundamental analytical properties,including the existence and stability of disease equilibria,the positivity and boundedness of solutions,and a threshold condition for disease transmission.Local stability analysis is conducted via the Routh-Hurwitz criteria,ensuring robust insights into the disease dynamics.The optimal control problem is formulated and analyzed using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle,which facilitates the derivation of optimal interventions.Numerical simulations are conducted to assess various control strategies and compare the effectiveness of single and combined interventions.Our results indicate that a balanced solution is key to effective disease mitigation.A comprehensive approach employing all four controls:awareness,isolation,primary and booster vaccination,is the most effective strategy.Moreover,strategies that incorporate vaccination consistently outperform those without.Interestingly,a three-control strategy closely approximates the effectiveness of the full four-control intervention,suggesting a cost-effective alternative for practical implementation.While the four-control strategy may incur higher implementation costs,the three-control strategy offers a balanced solution,achieving substantial disease reduction while optimizing resource allocation.Our findings underscore the crucial role of vaccination in mumps control.They offer valuable insights for policymakers,emphasizing the need to balance economic considerations with public health outcomes.Vaccination,as our study demonstrates,is a cornerstone of any effective mumps control strategy.展开更多
Background:The adoption of a second dose of the measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)vaccine among Taiwan residents school children began in 2001.However,during that time,mumps cases continued to occur.The purpose of the present...Background:The adoption of a second dose of the measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)vaccine among Taiwan residents school children began in 2001.However,during that time,mumps cases continued to occur.The purpose of the present study was to assess the epidemiology and vaccination policy for mumps in Taiwan.Methods:We examined the data on mumps cases collected by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control(Taiwan CDC)between 2006 and 2011.Results:During the 6-year study period,a total of 6612 cases of mumps were reported to the Taiwan CDC.Of the patients with known vaccination status,62%received one dose of the MMR vaccine or no vaccine.The incidence of mumps ranged from 4.18 to 5.28 per 100000 population and peaked in 2007.Males had a higher incidence of mumps than females(5.9 vs.3.7 per 100000 population;P=0.024).Children between 5 and 6 years of age had the highest incidence of mumps,and those 20 years and older had the lowest incidence.Compared to those who received two doses of the MMR vaccine,patients who were not vaccinated or received a single dose of the vaccine had a higher risk of suffering from complications and/or hospitalization.Conclusions:In Taiwan,more than 60%of mumps cases received either no dose or one dose of the MMR vaccine.Monitoring mumps through biological testing and instituting a second dose of the MMR vaccine for children is needed for the elimination of mumps in Taiwan.展开更多
Background Mumps virus infection is a potentially serious viral infection of childhood and early adulthood. In China, live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine has been licensed for pediatric use since 1990. The objective of ...Background Mumps virus infection is a potentially serious viral infection of childhood and early adulthood. In China, live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine has been licensed for pediatric use since 1990. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine against clinical mumps in outbreaks. Methods Cases were selected from mumps outbreaks in schools in Guangzhou between 2004 and 2005. Each case was matched by gender, age and classroom. Vaccination information was obtained from Children＇s EPI Administrative Computerized System. Vaccine effectiveness （VE） was calculated for 1 or 2 doses of S79 vaccine with 95% confidence intervals （CI）. Results One hundred and ninety-four cases and 194 controls were enrolled into the study. VE of the S79 mumps vaccine for 1 dose versus 0 confer protection 80.4% （95% Cl, 60.0%-90.4%） and VEs against mumps in outbreaks for 1 dose of mumps vaccine are similar among those children aged 4-9 years and aged over 10 years old. Conclusion The live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine can be effective in preventing clinical mumps outbreaks.展开更多
Background:Mumps,an infectious viral disease,classically manifested by inflammation of salivary glands and is best known as a common childhood viral disease with no specific treatment.Although it can be protected by v...Background:Mumps,an infectious viral disease,classically manifested by inflammation of salivary glands and is best known as a common childhood viral disease with no specific treatment.Although it can be protected by vaccine,there are more than 100,000 reported mumps cases according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.However,the factors and mechanisms behind the persistence and prevalence of mumps have not been well understood.Methods:A mumps model with seasonal fluctuation is formulated and investigated.We evaluate the basic reproduction numberℛ0 and analyze the dynamical behavior of the model.We also use the model to simulate the monthly data of mumps cases and carry out some sensitivity analysis ofℛ0 in terms of various model parameters.Results:It is shown that there exists only disease-free solution which is globally asymptotically stable ifℛ0<1,and there exists a positive periodic solution ifℛ0>1.ℛ0 is a threshold parameter,and its magnitude determines the extinction or persistence of the disease.Conclusion:Our analysis shows that vaccination rate and invalid vaccination rate play important roles in the spread of mumps.Hence,Our study suggests to increase the vaccine coverage and make two doses of MMR(Measles,mumps and rubella vaccine)vaccine freely available in China.展开更多
In this paper,a model of mumps transmission with quarantine measure is proposed and then the control reproduction number Rc of the model is obtained.This model admits a unique endemic equilibrium P*if and only if Rc&g...In this paper,a model of mumps transmission with quarantine measure is proposed and then the control reproduction number Rc of the model is obtained.This model admits a unique endemic equilibrium P*if and only if Rc>1,while the disease-free equilibrium P0 always exists.By using the technique of constructing Lyapunov functions and the generalized Lyapunov-LaSalle theorem,we first show that the equilibrium P0 is globally asymptotically stable(GAS)if Rc≤1;second,we prove that the equilibrium P*is GAS if Rc>1.Our results reveal that mumps can be eliminated from the community for Rc≤1 and it will be persistent for Rc>1,and quarantine measure can also effectively control the mumps transmission.展开更多
Background Mumps is a common type of respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus(MuV),and can be effectively prevented by vaccination.In this study,a reverse genetic system of MuV that can facilitate the rati...Background Mumps is a common type of respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus(MuV),and can be effectively prevented by vaccination.In this study,a reverse genetic system of MuV that can facilitate the rational design of safer,more efficient mumps vaccine candidates is established.Methods MuV-S79 cDNA clone was assembled into a full-length plasmid by means of the GeneArtTM High-Order Genetic Assembly System,and was rescued via reverse genetic technology.RT-PCR,sequencing,and immunofluorescence assays were used for rMuV-S79 authentication.Viral replication kinetics and in vivo experimental models were used to evaluate the replication,safety,and immunogenicity of rMuV-S79.Results A full-length cDNA clone of MuV-S79 in the assembly process was generated by a novel plasmid assemble strategy,and a robust reverse genetic system of MuV-S79 was successfully established.The established rMuV-S79 strain could reach a high virus titer in vitro.The average viral titer of rMuV-S79 in the lung tissues was 2.68±0.14 log10PFU/g lung tissue,and rMuV-S79 group did not induce inflammation in the lung tissues in cotton rats.Neutralizing antibody titers induced by rMuV-S79 were high,long-lasting and could provide complete protection against MuV wild strain challenge.Conclusion We have established a robust reverse genetic system of MuV-S79 which can facilitate the optimization of mumps vaccines.rMuV-S79 rescued could reach a high virus titer and the safety was proven in vivo.It could also provide complete protection against MuV wild strain challenge.展开更多
Objective:Mumps is a seasonal infectious disease,always occurring in winter and spring.In this study,we aim to analyze its epidemiological characteristics,transmissibility,and its correlation with meteorological varia...Objective:Mumps is a seasonal infectious disease,always occurring in winter and spring.In this study,we aim to analyze its epidemiological characteristics,transmissibility,and its correlation with meteorological variables.Method:A seasonal Susceptiblee Exposede Infectious/Asymptomatice Recovered model and a next-generation matrix method were applied to estimate the time-dependent reproduction number(Rt).Results:The seasonal double peak of annual incidence was mainly in May to July and November to December.There was high transmission at the median of Rt¼1.091(ranged:0 to 4.393).Rt was seasonally distributed mainly from February to April and from September to November.Correlations were found between temperature(Pearson correlation coefficient[r]ranged:from 0.101 to 0.115),average relative humidity(r¼0.070),average local pressure(r¼-0.066),and the number of new cases.In addition,average local pressure(r¼0.188),average wind speed(r¼0.111),air temperature(r ranged:-0.128 to-0.150),average relative humidity(r¼-0.203)and sunshine duration(r¼-0.075)were all correlated with Rt.Conclusion:A relatively high level of transmissibility has been found in Xiamen City,leading to a continuous epidemic of mumps.Meteorological factors,especially air temperature and relative humidity,may be more closely associated with mumps than other factors.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage an...BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage and levels of the post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella,and hepatitis B in children with IBD.METHODS Total 98 patients:46 females(47.2%)and 52 males(52.8%)with IBD(Crohn’s disease-75%and ulcerative colitis-25%)with disease onset age-11.0(6.0;14.0)years whom clinical data,vaccination status and levels of the postvaccination antibodies(IgG)for measles,rubella,mumps,hepatitis B,measured with ELISA were prospectively evaluated.The control group consisted of 88 healthy peers from the biobank data.RESULTS Patients with IBD had lower levels of measles,rubella,and hepatitis B,except mumps,compared to controls.Incomplete vaccination/non-protective titer of the antibodies against measles,mumps rubella,and hepatitis B had 33(33.7%)/52.3%,21(21.4%)/50.4%,26(25.8)/25.6%and 26(25.8%)/55.2%,respectively.Patients with incomplete vaccination had a lower age at the diagnosis for all vaccines.The age of the IBD diagnosis≤6 years was the predictor of incomplete vaccination for measles[odds ratio(OR)=4.6,P=0.001],mumps(OR=5.0,P=0.001),rubella(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and hepatitis B(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and corticosteroid treatment for measles(OR=2.2,P=0.074)and mumps(OR=3.0,P=0.047)vaccines.Incomplete vaccination was the predictor of nonprotective titer of antibodies against rubella(OR=6.8,95%CI:2.3-19.9,P=0.0002)/mumps(OR=7.0,95%CI:2.4-20.8;P=0.0002).CONCLUSION Patients with IBD had low vaccine coverage and lower levels of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles,rubella,and hepatitis B.Nearly half of the IBD patients require revaccination.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)face an elevated risk of severe infection owing to their diseases and the immunosuppressive treatment for disease control.AIM To compare scheduled vaccination coverage and the levels of post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella(MMR)and hepatitis B in pediatric patients with IBD and JIA.METHODS A comparative cohort study included 97 patients with IBD and 170 patients with JIA.Vaccination history was obtained from medical records,while post-vaccination immunity was assessed prospectively by measuring specific IgG antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(Vector-Best JSC,Russia;IBL International,Germany)during routine visits between January 2022 and April 2023.RESULTS A complete two-dose MMR course had been administered to 66.3%of IBD patients and 55.9%of JIA patients(P=0.121).By contrast,the three-dose hepatitis B schedule was completed in 74.2%of IBD and 100%of JIA patients(P<0.001).Protective level of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles(47.7%vs 57.7%;P=0.168);mumps(75.3%vs 80.0%;P=0.366);rubella(74.4%vs 98.2%;P<0.0001);and hepatitis B(44.8%vs 50.0%;P=0.514)were detected in IBD and JIA patients,respectively.CONCLUSION Patients with IBD and JIA demonstrated different vaccination coverage patterns and levels of anti-vaccine antibodies.Routine baseline serology and timely booster vaccination should be implemented for all pediatric patients receiving chronic immunosuppression.
文摘Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)between 2014 and 2021 and identify potential strategies and measures for the prevention and control of MMR in China.Methods Data on MMR was obtained from China’s National Notifiable Disease Reporting System for the period from 2014 to 2021.Spatiotemporal distributions were analyzed using SaTScan;temporal trends were analyzed using JoinPoint;and clusters were visualized using ArcGIS.Results A total of 1,808,067 cases of MMR were reported from 2014 to 2021 in China’s mainland,most of which were children and students under the age of 20.The incidence of measles declined during 2014-2021,whereas that of mumps and rubella peaked in 2019.MMR-reported cases generally peaked from March to July;however,high numbers of mumps cases were reported from September to November in 2020-2021.Measles and rubella clusters predominantly occurred in Western China,whereas clusters of mumps were generally found in the southern region.Conclusion The relatively heterogeneous epidemiological characteristics of MMR have highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in surveillance and timely control of MMR transmission in China’s mainland.Real-time and intelligent monitoring data should be collected for evidence-based early interventions。
文摘Pseudotumoral cerebellitis in childhood is an uncommon presentation of cerebellitis mimicking a brain tumor. It often follows an inflammatory or infectious event, particularly due to varicella virus. Patients could have a wide clinical spectrum on presentation. Some patients may be asymptomatic or present at most with mild cerebellar signs, whereas others may suffer severe forms with brainstem involvement and severe intracranial hypertension mimicking tumor warranting surgical intervention. Imaging techniques especially multimodal magnetic resonance imaging represent an interesting tool to differentiate between posterior fossa tumors and acute cerebellitis. We describe a case of pseudotumoral cerebellitis in a 6-year-old girl consequent to mumps infection and review the literature on this rare association.
基金Public Benefit Grant of Ministry of Health, China (200802035)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan province (2008CD153)
文摘The complete nucleotide sequence of the mumps virus SP, which was isolated in China, was determined. As with other mumps viruses, its genome was 15 384 nucleotides (nts) in length and encoded seven proteins. The full-length nucleotide sequence of the SP isolate differed from other strains by 4% –6.8% at the nucleotide sequence level. Due to variations of amino acids over the full genome (including the HN and N genes), this isolate exhibited significant variations in the antigenic sites. This report is the first to describe the full-length genome of a genotype F strain and provide an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulating mumps virus.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China (81901679)The Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province (LQ19H100005)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M662076)。
文摘Although a live attenuated vaccine is available for controlling mumps virus(MuV), mumps still outbreaks frequently worldwide. The attenuated MuV vaccine strain S79 is widely used in mumps vaccination in China, but still with many shortcomings, among which the most prominent are the side effects and decreased immunity. Therefore, there is a need to further improve the safety and efficacy of the current MuV vaccine. In the present study, we further attenuated MuV S79 vaccine strain by inhibiting viral mRNA methyltransferase(MTase). We generated a panel of eight recombinant MuVs(rMuVs) carrying mutations in the MTase catalytic site or S-adenosylmethionine(SAM) binding site in the large(L) polymerase protein. These rMuVs are genetically stable and seven rMuVs are more attenuated in replication in cell culture and five r MuVs are more attenuated in replication in lungs of cotton rats compared with the parental vaccine strain S79. Importantly, cotton rats vaccinated with these seven rMuV mutants produced high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and were completely protected against challenge with a wild-type MuV strain(genotype F). Therefore, our results demonstrate that alteration in the MTase catalytic site or SAM binding site in MuV L protein improves the safety or the immunogenicity of the MuV vaccine and thus mRNA cap MTase may be an effective target for the development of new vaccine candidates for MuV.
基金Supported by Science-Technology Support Plan Project of Jiangxi Province:20151BBG70194~~
文摘Objective： To compare the clinical efficacy difference between comprehensive ying needling therapy and intramuscular injection with ribavirin for mumps.Methods： One hundred patients with mumps were randomly divided into comprehensive ying needling therapy group（group A, 52 cases） and western medicine group（group B, 48 cases）, then 8 cases were eliminated and drop out from group A and 4 cases were eliminated and drop out from group B respectively. actual inclusion 44 cases in group A 44 cases in group B. Point bloodletting was performed at parotid gland（腮腺Sāixiàn） and Threeshang acupoints of the patients in group A for once every other day, treatment for 7 days was considered as 1 course of treatment, and 2 courses were needed. Intramuscular injection with ribavirin was given to the patients in group B for twice a day, treatment for 7 days was considered as 1 course, and 2 courses were needed. The parotid gland swelling score, fever score, orifice parotid duct swelling score, score of difficulty in opening mouth and the clinical efficacy of the patients in the two groups were compared before and after treatment.Results： The cured and markedly effective rate in group A was 90.9%（40/44）, which was superior to 68.2%in group B（30/44）（P〈0.05）. The symptom scores were all improved significantly in the two groups after treatment（all P〈0.05）, and the improvement in group A was superior to that in group B（all P〈0.05）.Conclusion： The curative effect of comprehensive ying needling therapy for treatment of mumps was superior to that of conventional western medicine therapy.
文摘Aim: To analyze the reasons for epidemic outbreaks of measles, mumps and viral hepatitis A and to propose measures to prevent them in future. Materials and methods: Тhe incidence of measles, mumps and hepatitis A in Plovdiv region was studied for the period 2006-2010. An analysis of the age structure of the patients was made, while taking into account the time for routine immunization performed against measles and mumps (first and second dose). Results: In 2006-2009 single cases of measles were found occasionally, but in 2010 they were 2787 (incidence 395/100,000). Most of them (51%) were for ages 13 months-12years, 27%-0-13 months and 11%-13 to 18 years. The incidence of mumps for 2006-2010 varied widely, and has increased significantly in 2007 (130/100,000) and 2008 (169/100,000). The majority of patients (over 34%) during the epidemics were aged 13 months-12years, and over 26% of them-13-19 years. For the period 2006-2010 the incidence of hepatitis A ranged from 2.98/100, 000 (2009) to 426/100,000 (2006). Over 50% of the cases involved children aged up to 9 years. For the three diseases over 80% of patients were individuals of Roma origin. Conclusions: 1. Epidemic spread of measles in 2010 was mainly due to shortcomings in the routine immunization carried as a prevention of the disease. 2. There are two reasons for the outbreak of mumps: А) Failure to administer the second vaccine dose at 12 years in Bulgaria until 2001. B) Shortcomings in routinely performed immunization. 3. The extremely high incidence of hepatitis A in 2006 (and in the rest of the years) is due to the lack of routine immunization. 4. Essential for the outbreaks in all three diseases are the poor hygienic living conditions, the low social status and the lack of health promotion of the population at risk 5. To prevent future outbreaks of the diseases hereby in question, we suggest it is appropriate: А) To introduce compulsory immunization against hepatitis A;B) To carry out periodic catch-up vaccination campaigns against measles and mumps.
文摘Objective:To compare the efficacy of cimetidine and ribavirin in the treatment of mumps by meta-analysis.Methods:Controlled trials of cimetidine and ribavirin in the treatment of mumps were searched through China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang data,Cqvip,Pubmed,The Cochrane Library and EMBase databases up to September 2022.The effective rate,the time of swelling regression in parotid gland area and the rate of adverse reactions were analyzed by Review Manager 5.3 software.Results:The final 10 articles included 920 children,including 427 in the trial group and 447 in the control group.Meta analysis showed that the effective rate of cimetidine in the treatment of mumps was higher than that of ribavirin in routine treatment,with a statistically significant difference(odds ratio[OR]=5.2,P<0.00001);The time of swelling regression was statistically significant(OR=-1.28,P<0.00001);The difference of adverse reaction rate was not statistically significant(OR=0.73,P=0.62).Conclusions:Compared with ribavirin,cimetidine is more effective in the treatment of mumps,with shorter swelling regression time without increases of adverse reactions.
基金Supported by the Talent Training Project of Fujian Provincial Health Commission(2021GGB011).
文摘Introduction:To evaluate population immunity against the mumps virus(MuV)after China’s two-dose Measles-Mumps-Rubella(MMR)vaccine policy was introduced in June 2020,we conducted a seroepidemiological analysis among individuals aged 0–19 years.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Fujian Province from March to June 2023.MuV IgG antibodies were detected using ELISA,and their seroprevalence and geometric mean concentrations(GMCs)were assessed.Population immunity in 2023 was compared with a 2018 survey.Results:Overall seroprevalence and GMCs in 2023 were 79.53%and 265.61 U/mL,respectively.Both varied significantly by age:levels rose from 8 months,peaked at 2–5 years,then declined to a low point at 15–17 years.In 2023,seroprevalence and GMCs were higher in children aged 0–1 year(47.29%vs.14.51%;97.15 U/mL vs.34.13 U/mL)and lower in those 15–17 years(58.06%vs.80.73%;126.00 U/mL vs.289.98 U/mL)compared with 2018;2-year-olds showed higher GMCs(554.85 U/mL vs.353.39 U/mL).Among vaccinated individuals,antibody levels peaked 15–90 days after the latest vaccination;twodose recipients exhibited significantly higher antibody levels than one-dose recipients within 270 days.Conclusions:China’s two-dose MMR vaccine policy has effectively increased seroprevalence and GMCs in children 8 months-2 years.Continuous monitoring of antibody decline is essential,particularly for those aged 6–19 years with weaker immunity.
基金Supported by the operation of the public health emergency response mechanism of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(102393220020010000017-251705)the World Health Organization development for manual of measles elimination.
文摘Introduction:Measles,mumps,and rubella remain significant global health threats despite being vaccine-preventable diseases.The World Health Organization aims to achieve regional elimination of measles and rubella by 2030,yet substantial disparities in vaccination coverage and disease incidence persist across regions.We analyzed global vaccination and disease data to provide evidence for optimizing immunization strategies.Methods:The study analyzed World Health Organization data on measles,mumps,and rubella from 2014–2023.Our analysis included vaccine types,recommended vaccination schedules,coverage rates,supplemental immunization activities,and disease incidence.We employed descriptive epidemiological methods for data synthesis and analysis.Results:All countries implemented≥1 measlescontaining vaccine dose,with 190(97.9%)countries using a≥2-dose schedule.Global 2nd dose of measlescontaining vaccine coverage increased from 59%to 74%during the study period.High-income regions maintained>90%coverage,while the African Region reported the lowest coverage(70%for the 1st dose and 49%for the 2nd dose of measles-containing vaccine).Supplemental immunization activities helped address coverage gaps but required integration with routine immunization systems.Rubella vaccine was implemented in 90.2%of countries,while mumps vaccine adoption remained lower at 63.9%.The African Region experienced high incidence rates for both measles(551.8 per million)and rubella(21.9 per million).The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted vaccination coverage(3%–5%decline globally),with the African Region experiencing a post-pandemic U-shaped resurgence in cases.China’s transition to the measles,mumps,and rubella vaccine has reduced mumps incidence to below 100 cases per million by 2020.Conclusions:While global control of measles,mumps,and rubella has progressed,inequities in vaccination coverage and pandemic-related disruptions threaten elimination goals.Strengthening routine immunization systems is critical.Achieving the World Health Organization’s 2030 targets will require sustained investment in health systems and implementation of equity-focused innovations.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang(2022D01A198,2022D03027)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12071382).
文摘In classical mumps models,individuals are generally assumed to be uniformly mixed(homogeneous),ignoring population heterogeneity(preference,activity,etc.).Age is the key to catching mixed patterns in developing mathematical models for mumps.A continuous heterogeneous age-structured model for mumps with vaccines has been developed in this paper.The stability of age-structured models is a difficult question.An explicit formula of R0 was defined for the various mixing modes(isolation,proportional and heterogeneous mixing)with or without the vaccine.The results show that the endemic steady state is unique and locally stable if R0>1 without any additional conditions.A number of numerical examples are given to support the theory.
文摘In this study,we develop an optimal control framework for managing mumps infections through a dynamic model that integrates public health interventions such as awareness programs,isolation protocols,and a two-dose immunization regimen.We begin by establishing the model's fundamental analytical properties,including the existence and stability of disease equilibria,the positivity and boundedness of solutions,and a threshold condition for disease transmission.Local stability analysis is conducted via the Routh-Hurwitz criteria,ensuring robust insights into the disease dynamics.The optimal control problem is formulated and analyzed using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle,which facilitates the derivation of optimal interventions.Numerical simulations are conducted to assess various control strategies and compare the effectiveness of single and combined interventions.Our results indicate that a balanced solution is key to effective disease mitigation.A comprehensive approach employing all four controls:awareness,isolation,primary and booster vaccination,is the most effective strategy.Moreover,strategies that incorporate vaccination consistently outperform those without.Interestingly,a three-control strategy closely approximates the effectiveness of the full four-control intervention,suggesting a cost-effective alternative for practical implementation.While the four-control strategy may incur higher implementation costs,the three-control strategy offers a balanced solution,achieving substantial disease reduction while optimizing resource allocation.Our findings underscore the crucial role of vaccination in mumps control.They offer valuable insights for policymakers,emphasizing the need to balance economic considerations with public health outcomes.Vaccination,as our study demonstrates,is a cornerstone of any effective mumps control strategy.
基金supported by a grant(NSC 101-2314-B-006-055)from the National Science Council,Taiwan of China
文摘Background:The adoption of a second dose of the measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)vaccine among Taiwan residents school children began in 2001.However,during that time,mumps cases continued to occur.The purpose of the present study was to assess the epidemiology and vaccination policy for mumps in Taiwan.Methods:We examined the data on mumps cases collected by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control(Taiwan CDC)between 2006 and 2011.Results:During the 6-year study period,a total of 6612 cases of mumps were reported to the Taiwan CDC.Of the patients with known vaccination status,62%received one dose of the MMR vaccine or no vaccine.The incidence of mumps ranged from 4.18 to 5.28 per 100000 population and peaked in 2007.Males had a higher incidence of mumps than females(5.9 vs.3.7 per 100000 population;P=0.024).Children between 5 and 6 years of age had the highest incidence of mumps,and those 20 years and older had the lowest incidence.Compared to those who received two doses of the MMR vaccine,patients who were not vaccinated or received a single dose of the vaccine had a higher risk of suffering from complications and/or hospitalization.Conclusions:In Taiwan,more than 60%of mumps cases received either no dose or one dose of the MMR vaccine.Monitoring mumps through biological testing and instituting a second dose of the MMR vaccine for children is needed for the elimination of mumps in Taiwan.
文摘Background Mumps virus infection is a potentially serious viral infection of childhood and early adulthood. In China, live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine has been licensed for pediatric use since 1990. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine against clinical mumps in outbreaks. Methods Cases were selected from mumps outbreaks in schools in Guangzhou between 2004 and 2005. Each case was matched by gender, age and classroom. Vaccination information was obtained from Children＇s EPI Administrative Computerized System. Vaccine effectiveness （VE） was calculated for 1 or 2 doses of S79 vaccine with 95% confidence intervals （CI）. Results One hundred and ninety-four cases and 194 controls were enrolled into the study. VE of the S79 mumps vaccine for 1 dose versus 0 confer protection 80.4% （95% Cl, 60.0%-90.4%） and VEs against mumps in outbreaks for 1 dose of mumps vaccine are similar among those children aged 4-9 years and aged over 10 years old. Conclusion The live attenuated S79 mumps vaccine can be effective in preventing clinical mumps outbreaks.
基金The work was partially supported by Basic Subject of Scientific Research and Development Fund of Yangtze University(No.2014JCY001)Open Research Fund Program of Institute of Applied Mathematics Yangtze University(KF1601)Undergraduate Training Program of Yangtze University for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(20150094).
文摘Background:Mumps,an infectious viral disease,classically manifested by inflammation of salivary glands and is best known as a common childhood viral disease with no specific treatment.Although it can be protected by vaccine,there are more than 100,000 reported mumps cases according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.However,the factors and mechanisms behind the persistence and prevalence of mumps have not been well understood.Methods:A mumps model with seasonal fluctuation is formulated and investigated.We evaluate the basic reproduction numberℛ0 and analyze the dynamical behavior of the model.We also use the model to simulate the monthly data of mumps cases and carry out some sensitivity analysis ofℛ0 in terms of various model parameters.Results:It is shown that there exists only disease-free solution which is globally asymptotically stable ifℛ0<1,and there exists a positive periodic solution ifℛ0>1.ℛ0 is a threshold parameter,and its magnitude determines the extinction or persistence of the disease.Conclusion:Our analysis shows that vaccination rate and invalid vaccination rate play important roles in the spread of mumps.Hence,Our study suggests to increase the vaccine coverage and make two doses of MMR(Measles,mumps and rubella vaccine)vaccine freely available in China.
基金This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11901027 and 11871093)the Scientific Research Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(No.KM201910016001)+2 种基金the Pyramid Talent Training Project of BUCEA(JDYC20200327)the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(INV-005834)the Fundamental Research Funds for Beijing Universities(X20083).
文摘In this paper,a model of mumps transmission with quarantine measure is proposed and then the control reproduction number Rc of the model is obtained.This model admits a unique endemic equilibrium P*if and only if Rc>1,while the disease-free equilibrium P0 always exists.By using the technique of constructing Lyapunov functions and the generalized Lyapunov-LaSalle theorem,we first show that the equilibrium P0 is globally asymptotically stable(GAS)if Rc≤1;second,we prove that the equilibrium P*is GAS if Rc>1.Our results reveal that mumps can be eliminated from the community for Rc≤1 and it will be persistent for Rc>1,and quarantine measure can also effectively control the mumps transmission.
基金supported partly by the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province(LQ19H100005).
文摘Background Mumps is a common type of respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus(MuV),and can be effectively prevented by vaccination.In this study,a reverse genetic system of MuV that can facilitate the rational design of safer,more efficient mumps vaccine candidates is established.Methods MuV-S79 cDNA clone was assembled into a full-length plasmid by means of the GeneArtTM High-Order Genetic Assembly System,and was rescued via reverse genetic technology.RT-PCR,sequencing,and immunofluorescence assays were used for rMuV-S79 authentication.Viral replication kinetics and in vivo experimental models were used to evaluate the replication,safety,and immunogenicity of rMuV-S79.Results A full-length cDNA clone of MuV-S79 in the assembly process was generated by a novel plasmid assemble strategy,and a robust reverse genetic system of MuV-S79 was successfully established.The established rMuV-S79 strain could reach a high virus titer in vitro.The average viral titer of rMuV-S79 in the lung tissues was 2.68±0.14 log10PFU/g lung tissue,and rMuV-S79 group did not induce inflammation in the lung tissues in cotton rats.Neutralizing antibody titers induced by rMuV-S79 were high,long-lasting and could provide complete protection against MuV wild strain challenge.Conclusion We have established a robust reverse genetic system of MuV-S79 which can facilitate the optimization of mumps vaccines.rMuV-S79 rescued could reach a high virus titer and the safety was proven in vivo.It could also provide complete protection against MuV wild strain challenge.
基金supported by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(Grant INV-005834 to T.C.).
文摘Objective:Mumps is a seasonal infectious disease,always occurring in winter and spring.In this study,we aim to analyze its epidemiological characteristics,transmissibility,and its correlation with meteorological variables.Method:A seasonal Susceptiblee Exposede Infectious/Asymptomatice Recovered model and a next-generation matrix method were applied to estimate the time-dependent reproduction number(Rt).Results:The seasonal double peak of annual incidence was mainly in May to July and November to December.There was high transmission at the median of Rt¼1.091(ranged:0 to 4.393).Rt was seasonally distributed mainly from February to April and from September to November.Correlations were found between temperature(Pearson correlation coefficient[r]ranged:from 0.101 to 0.115),average relative humidity(r¼0.070),average local pressure(r¼-0.066),and the number of new cases.In addition,average local pressure(r¼0.188),average wind speed(r¼0.111),air temperature(r ranged:-0.128 to-0.150),average relative humidity(r¼-0.203)and sunshine duration(r¼-0.075)were all correlated with Rt.Conclusion:A relatively high level of transmissibility has been found in Xiamen City,leading to a continuous epidemic of mumps.Meteorological factors,especially air temperature and relative humidity,may be more closely associated with mumps than other factors.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage and levels of the post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella,and hepatitis B in children with IBD.METHODS Total 98 patients:46 females(47.2%)and 52 males(52.8%)with IBD(Crohn’s disease-75%and ulcerative colitis-25%)with disease onset age-11.0(6.0;14.0)years whom clinical data,vaccination status and levels of the postvaccination antibodies(IgG)for measles,rubella,mumps,hepatitis B,measured with ELISA were prospectively evaluated.The control group consisted of 88 healthy peers from the biobank data.RESULTS Patients with IBD had lower levels of measles,rubella,and hepatitis B,except mumps,compared to controls.Incomplete vaccination/non-protective titer of the antibodies against measles,mumps rubella,and hepatitis B had 33(33.7%)/52.3%,21(21.4%)/50.4%,26(25.8)/25.6%and 26(25.8%)/55.2%,respectively.Patients with incomplete vaccination had a lower age at the diagnosis for all vaccines.The age of the IBD diagnosis≤6 years was the predictor of incomplete vaccination for measles[odds ratio(OR)=4.6,P=0.001],mumps(OR=5.0,P=0.001),rubella(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and hepatitis B(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and corticosteroid treatment for measles(OR=2.2,P=0.074)and mumps(OR=3.0,P=0.047)vaccines.Incomplete vaccination was the predictor of nonprotective titer of antibodies against rubella(OR=6.8,95%CI:2.3-19.9,P=0.0002)/mumps(OR=7.0,95%CI:2.4-20.8;P=0.0002).CONCLUSION Patients with IBD had low vaccine coverage and lower levels of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles,rubella,and hepatitis B.Nearly half of the IBD patients require revaccination.
