Lichens exhibit exceptional ecological adaptability,thriving in diverse habitats ranging from temperate forests to extreme environments.They colonize various substrates,including tree bark,rocks,soil,and artificial su...Lichens exhibit exceptional ecological adaptability,thriving in diverse habitats ranging from temperate forests to extreme environments.They colonize various substrates,including tree bark,rocks,soil,and artificial surfaces,playing critical roles as bioindicators of air quality and environmental change.Despite their ecological and economic importance,regions like Pakistan remain underexplored for lichen diversity,leaving significant gaps in knowledge about local lichen flora.This study hypothesizes that the ecological diversity and environmental gradients in the Hazara Division,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,significantly influence the distribution,composition,and community structure of lichens.Field surveys were conducted from March 2021 to December 2023 across 48 locations in the Hazara Division,covering diverse altitudes,aspects,and vegetation types.Epiphytic lichens were sampled using standardized transect methods with vertical grids on tree stems.Specimens were collected,shade-dried,and identified using chemical spot tests.Multivariate analyses,including TWINSPAN,CCA,and DCA,were employed to examine species-environment relationships.A total of 97 lichen species were identified across 44 genera and 19 families.Physciaceae was the dominant family(24 species).Foliose lichens represented 55%of the total species,highlighting morphological diversity.Among the recorded species,11 were new to Pakistan,and 30 were newly documented for the Himalayan region of Hazara.The study documented 52 host tree species across 36 genera,with Quercus being the most dominant genus.Multivariate analyses identified seven distinct lichen communities.Altitude and road distance emerged as the strongest drivers of lichen distribution,with specific species exhibiting distinct responses to environmental gradients.In DCA ordination the Eigen value was maximum for axis 1,(0.67)followed by axis 2(0.56).The maximum gradients was 5.87 recorded axis 1.Canonical Correspondence Analysis captured 15.09%of the total variation,with significant contributions from altitude,temperature,and substrate type.The per mutation result for all axis were pseudo(F=1.1,P=0.01).The result showed that species,stand and environmental variables were in linear combination with each other.This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of lichen diversity and ecology in the Hazara Division,unveiling significant species-environment relationships and ecological patterns.The findings underscore the importance of multivariate analysis in lichen studies and highlight the region's potential for further ecological and conservation research.展开更多
AIM:To explore the causal relationship between several possible behavioral factors and high myopia(HM)using multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)approach and to find the mediators among them with mediation analy...AIM:To explore the causal relationship between several possible behavioral factors and high myopia(HM)using multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)approach and to find the mediators among them with mediation analysis.METHODS:The causal effects of several behavioral factors,including screen time,education time,time spent outdoors,and physical activity,on the risk of HM using univariable Mendelian randomization(MR)and MVMR analyses were first assessed.Genome-wide association study summary statistics of serum metabolites were also used in mediation analysis to determine the extent to which serum metabolites mediate the effects of behavioral factors on HM.RESULTS:MR analyses indicated that both increased time spent outdoors and a higher frequency of moderate physical activity significantly reduced the risk of HM.Further MVMR analysis confirmed that moderate physical activity independently contributed to a lower risk of HM.Additionally,MR analyses identified 13 serum metabolites significantly associated with HM,of which 12 were lipids and one was an amino acid derivative.Mediation analysis revealed that six lipid metabolites mediated the protective effects of moderate physical activity on HM,with the highest mediation proportion observed for 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-GPC(p-16:0;30.83%).CONCLUSION:This study suggests that in addition to outdoor time,moderate physical activity habits may have an independent protective effect against HM and pointed to lipid metabolites as priority targets for the prevention due to low physical activity.These results emphasize the importance of physical activity and metabolic health in HM and underscore the need for further study of these complex associations.展开更多
Chili fermentation is one of the most important processes in the production of Pixian Douban(PXDB),which determines the flavor and product quality of PXDB.However,the maturity of fermented chili mainly depends on empi...Chili fermentation is one of the most important processes in the production of Pixian Douban(PXDB),which determines the flavor and product quality of PXDB.However,the maturity of fermented chili mainly depends on empirical judgment,which can not satisfy the need for standardized production of PXDB.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate volatile and non-volatile substances during the maturation process and to find markers related to the maturity of fermented chili.Two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC×GC-MS)combined with multivariate statistical analysis and relative odor activity values(ROAV)analysis revealed that 2-methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine,linalool,3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde,myrcene,and decanal(ROAV≥1,VIP>1,P<0.05)were regarded as potentially active aromatic markers for differentiating fermentation time.Additionally,ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLCQTOF-MS)combined with multivariate statistical analysis revealed that 25 compounds could serve as differentiated non-volatile compounds.The correlation of maturity-related physicochemical indicators with volatile and nonvolatile compounds revealed that four volatile compounds(2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine,linalool,myrcene,and decanal)along with seven non-volatile compounds could serve as markers for evaluating the maturity of fermented chili.This study is expected to establish a standard for the determination of the maturity the fermented chili and lay the foundation for intelligent production of PXDB.展开更多
Multivariate anomaly detection plays a critical role in maintaining the stable operation of information systems.However,in existing research,multivariate data are often influenced by various factors during the data co...Multivariate anomaly detection plays a critical role in maintaining the stable operation of information systems.However,in existing research,multivariate data are often influenced by various factors during the data collection process,resulting in temporal misalignment or displacement.Due to these factors,the node representations carry substantial noise,which reduces the adaptability of the multivariate coupled network structure and subsequently degrades anomaly detection performance.Accordingly,this study proposes a novel multivariate anomaly detection model grounded in graph structure learning.Firstly,a recommendation strategy is employed to identify strongly coupled variable pairs,which are then used to construct a recommendation-driven multivariate coupling network.Secondly,a multi-channel graph encoding layer is used to dynamically optimize the structural properties of the multivariate coupling network,while a multi-head attention mechanism enhances the spatial characteristics of the multivariate data.Finally,unsupervised anomaly detection is conducted using a dynamic threshold selection algorithm.Experimental results demonstrate that effectively integrating the structural and spatial features of multivariate data significantly mitigates anomalies caused by temporal dependency misalignment.展开更多
The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technol...The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technolo-gies have been unable to eliminate these pollutants,resulting in their ongoing release into aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on cloperastine(CPS),a cough suppressant and antihistamine medication.The environmental impact of CPS usage has become a concern,mainly due to its increased detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.CPS has been found in wastewater treatment facilities,effluents from senior living residences,river waters,and sewage sludge.However,the photosensitivity of CPS and its photodegradation profile remain largely unknown.This study investigates the photodegradation process of CPS under simulated tertiary treatment conditions using UV photolysis,a method commonly applied in some wastewater treatment plants.Several transformation prod-ucts were identified,evaluating their kinetic profiles using chemometric approaches(i.e.,curve fitting and the hard-soft multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(HS-MCR-ALS)algorithm)and calculating the reaction quantum yield.As a result,three different transformation products have been detected and correctly identified.In addition,a comprehensive description of the kinetic pathway involved in the photodegradation process of the CPS drug has been provided,including observed kinetic rate constants.展开更多
The operational Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System(TRAMS)often underestimates initial typhoon intensity when using the global analysis field as the initial condition.The TRAMS tropical cyclone(TC)initializatio...The operational Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System(TRAMS)often underestimates initial typhoon intensity when using the global analysis field as the initial condition.The TRAMS tropical cyclone(TC)initialization scheme,developed based on the incremental analysis updates(IAU)technique,effectively reduces initial bias.However,the original IAU-based TC initialization scheme only adjusts the wind field at the analysis moment,with other variables adjusted implicitly under the model's constraints according to a gradually inserted wind increment(named“univariate adjustment scheme”hereafter).The univariate adjustment scheme requires approximately 3 h to reach a dynamic equilibrium state,which constrains the assimilation of hourly TC observations and causes excessive dissipation of meaningful short-wave information in adjustment increments.To address this limitation,this study develops a multivariate adjustment IAU-based TC initialization scheme that incorporates gradient wind balance and hydrostatic balance as its largescale constraints.Numerical experiments with TC Hato(2017)demonstrate that the multivariate adjustment scheme reduces the IAU relaxation time to 1 h while marginally improving forecast skill.These findings are consistently replicated across 12 additional TC cases.The development of the IAU-based multivariate adjustment initialization scheme establishes a foundation for 4-D initialization using hourly TC observations.展开更多
To address the insufficient prediction accuracy of multi-state parameters in electro-hydraulic servo material fatigue testing machines under complex loading and nonlinear coupling conditions,this paper proposes a mult...To address the insufficient prediction accuracy of multi-state parameters in electro-hydraulic servo material fatigue testing machines under complex loading and nonlinear coupling conditions,this paper proposes a multivariate sequence-to-sequence prediction model integrating a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)encoder,a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)decoder,and a multi-head attention mechanism.This approach enhances prediction accuracy and robustness across different control modes and load spectra by leveraging multi-channel inputs and cross-variable feature interactions,thereby capturing both short-term high-frequency dynamics and long-term slow drift characteristics.Experiments using long-term data from real test benches demonstrate that the model achieves a stable MSE below 0.01 on the validation set,with MAE and RMSE of approximately 0.018 and 0.052,respectively,and a coefficient of determination reaching 0.98.This significantly outperforms traditional identification methods and single RNN models.Sensitivity analysis indicates that a prediction stride of 10 achieves an optimal balance between accuracy and computational overhead.Ablation experiments validated the contribution of multi-head attention and decoder architecture to enhancing cross-variable coupling modeling capabilities.This model can be applied to residualdriven early warning in health monitoring,and risk assessment with scheme optimization in test design.It enables near-real-time deployment feasibility,providing a practical data-driven technical pathway for reliability assurance in advanced equipment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Solid fuel use for cooking and heating is a major environmental risk factor,yet its association with new-onset heart disease(HD)remains unclear.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship betw...BACKGROUND Solid fuel use for cooking and heating is a major environmental risk factor,yet its association with new-onset heart disease(HD)remains unclear.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between solid fuel exposure and new-onset HD in a large cohort.METHODS Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between cooking/heating fuel types(coal,crop residue/wood,liquefied petroleum gas,natural gas,and others)and new-onset HD.Subgroup analyses explored effect modification by age,sex,education,smoking,alcohol use,and region.RESULTS A prospective cohort study included 5915 participants,with 781 participants(13.2%)developing new-onset HD.Coal use for cooking showed an initial association with new-onset HD risk(OR=1.41,95%CI:1.06–1.86,P=0.02),which attenuated after full adjustment(OR=1.28,95%CI:0.96–1.72,P=0.10).Coal use for heating demonstrated robust associations across all models(OR=1.86,95%CI:1.42–2.43,P<0.001).Crop residue/wood burning for heating was also significant(Model 2:OR=1.40,95%CI:1.06–1.86,P=0.02).Subgroup analyses revealed stronger associations among females,non-smokers,non-drinkers,and less-educated participants.Geographic stratification showed significant associations in southern but not northern regions.CONCLUSIONS Solid fuel use,particularly coal for heating,is associated with increased new-onset HD risk.Reducing solid fuel exposure is crucial for HD prevention in low-resource settings.展开更多
Owing to the multi-degree-of-freedom characteristics and inherent fault-tolerant capacity,six-phase motors have been widely adopted in high-power applications,such as electric vehicle propulsion and aerospace systems....Owing to the multi-degree-of-freedom characteristics and inherent fault-tolerant capacity,six-phase motors have been widely adopted in high-power applications,such as electric vehicle propulsion and aerospace systems.This paper presents the fault-tolerant control strategy of symmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(SSPMSM)under an isolated neutral point topology and proposes a fault diagnosis scheme based on joint diagnosis of multiple variables.First,two mathematical models of SSPMSM and their relationship are established.Subsequently,the current vectors in the torque subspace and harmonic subspace of the two winding sets under fault conditions are analyzed,and the cause of post-fault torque ripple is explained as resulting from controller conflict.In addition,a multivariate fault diagnosis scheme based on voltage threshold in the x-y subspace and current trajectory characteristics in theα-βsubspace is proposed to enhance the diagnostic accuracy.Finally,the feasibility and stability of the proposed control and diagnosis methods are verified by experiments.展开更多
Establishing a Regional Marine Innovation Ecosystem(RMIE)is crucial for advancing China’s maritime power strategy.Concurrently,developing a competitive RMIE serves as a strategic lever to enhance the global competiti...Establishing a Regional Marine Innovation Ecosystem(RMIE)is crucial for advancing China’s maritime power strategy.Concurrently,developing a competitive RMIE serves as a strategic lever to enhance the global competitiveness of China’s marine science sector.However,research on the competitiveness of RMIE is limited.To this end,this study constructs an evaluation index system based on ecological niche theory to assess the competitiveness of RMIE in China from 2008 to 2020.The findings indicate generally fluctuating upward trends in RMIE’s competitiveness,with Shandong,Jiangsu,and Guangdong showing relatively strong positions.Notably,there are significant intra-regional imbalances and inter-regional asynchrony in RMIE’s competitiveness across China’s three major marine economic circles.Recognizing that forecasting RMIE competitiveness can inform policy formulation,this paper proposes a systematic multivariate grey interval prediction model that incorporates spatial proximity effects.This model effectively captures the interval and uncertainty characteristics of RMIE’s competitiveness while considering spatial relationships among regions.Results from comparative analysis,robustness tests,and sensitivity analysis demonstrate its superior applicability and forecasting accuracy.Additionally,interval forecasts and scenario analyses suggest that RMIE competitiveness will maintain stable growth,although unbalanced and unsynchronized development is likely to persist.Overall,the approach developed for evaluating and forecasting RMIE competitiveness offers valuable insights for effective policy formulation.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the factors influencing the tourism economy in Henan Province.[Methods]Using tourism-related data from Henan Province covering the period from 2000 to 2020,this study constructs a regression model...[Objectives]To study the factors influencing the tourism economy in Henan Province.[Methods]Using tourism-related data from Henan Province covering the period from 2000 to 2020,this study constructs a regression model based on multivariate statistical methods to investigate the determinants of the tourism economy.The dependent variable in the model is the domestic tourism revenue of Henan Province,while the independent variables comprise the number of tourist arrivals,total operational railway mileage,the number of travel agencies,and the per capita disposable income of urban residents.[Results]Both the total railway mileage and the per capita disposable income of urban residents are the primary factors influencing the development of Henan's tourism economy.[Conclusions]It is recommended to reduce uncertainty and liquidity constraints to mitigate residents'precautionary savings behavior,actively expand domestic demand to leverage tourism as an economic driver,and improve infrastructure to support tourism development.展开更多
The One Health concept acknowledges the importance of multiple dimensions in controlling antimicrobial resistance(AMR).However,our understanding of how anthropological,socioeconomic,and environmental factors drive AMR...The One Health concept acknowledges the importance of multiple dimensions in controlling antimicrobial resistance(AMR).However,our understanding of how anthropological,socioeconomic,and environmental factors drive AMR at a national level remains limited.To explore associations between potential contributing factors and AMR,this study analyzed an extensive database comprising 13 major antibioticresistant bacteria and over 30 predictors(e.g.,air pollution,antibiotic usage,economy,husbandry,public services,health services,education,diet,climate,and population)from 2014 to 2020 across China.The multivariate analysis results indicate that fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less(PM_(2.5))is associated with AMR,accounting for 12%of the variation,followed by residents’income(10.3%)and antibiotic usage density(5.1%).A reduction in PM_(2.5)of 1 μg·m^(-3)is linked to a 0.17%decrease in aggregate antibiotic resistance(p<0.001,R^(2)=0.74).Under different scenarios of China’s PM_(2.5)airquality projections,we further estimated the premature death toll and economic burden derived from PM_(2.5)-related antibiotic resistance in China until 2060.PM_(2.5)-derived AMR is estimated to cause approximately 27000(95%confidence interval(CI):646848830)premature deaths and about 0.51(95%CI;0.12-0.92)million years of life lost annually in China,equivalent to an annual welfare loss of 8.4(95%CI;2.0-15.0)billion USD.Implementing the“Ambitious Pollution 1.5℃ Goals”scenario to reduce PM_(2.5)concentrations could prevent roughly 14000(95%CI;3324-26320)premature deaths—with a potential monetary value of 9.8(95%CI;2.2-17.6)billion USD—from AMR by 2060.These results suggest that reducing air pollution may offer co-benefits in the health and economic sectors by mitigating AMR.展开更多
The retrospective study by Gan et al evaluated the three-year survival rate and prognostic factors in 100 patients with primary gastric cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgery at a Chinese hospital between 2019 and ...The retrospective study by Gan et al evaluated the three-year survival rate and prognostic factors in 100 patients with primary gastric cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgery at a Chinese hospital between 2019 and 2021.The observed three-year survival rate was 73%.Multivariate analysis identified age,tumornodes-metastasis stage,tumor size,depth of invasion,lymph node metastasis,extent of lymph node dissection,postoperative adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy,postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels,surgical duration,extent of gastric resection,and postoperative complications as independent predictors of survival.Older age,advanced disease stage,larger tumors,deeper invasion,lymph node involvement,and elevated carcinoembryonic antigen were associated with poorer outcomes,while thorough lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy improved survival.The study highlights the complex interplay of clinical and pathological factors affecting prognosis after laparoscopic surgery.Strengths include detailed perioperative data and robust analysis,though limitations are noted in its retrospective design and patient selection.The findings emphasize the need for multidisciplinary,individualized treatment planning,considering both disease and patient-related factors,to optimize outcomes in localized gastric cancer.Prospective studies are warranted to validate these results and refine treatment strategies.展开更多
In this article,the dynamical model and trajectory tracking problem for a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle is tackled through linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)applied on the tangent linearized system...In this article,the dynamical model and trajectory tracking problem for a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle is tackled through linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)applied on the tangent linearized system.To apply the ADRC scheme,it is considered the subsystem without the Y-axis component,which is differentially flat and whose flat outputs are obtained using the Kronecker matrix.Numerical assessment using as system parameters the ones of a scale prototype is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposal leading to accurate tracking results using admissible control values for an experimental scenario.展开更多
Geochemical surveys are essential for understanding the spatial distribution of ore-forming elements.However,these surveys often involve compositional data,the weight concentrations,which do not meet the requirements ...Geochemical surveys are essential for understanding the spatial distribution of ore-forming elements.However,these surveys often involve compositional data,the weight concentrations,which do not meet the requirements of statistical methods due to the closure effect.In this study,we applied an integrated approach combining compositional data,multifractal,and multivariate statistical analyses to identify the nonlinear complexity of the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations in the Er’renshan ore field.Initially,the raw concentrations were transformed into log-ratios following the principles of composition data theory to alleviate the impact of the closure effect.Multifractal analysis was then conducted to characterise the nonlinear complexity of the concentration distributions.Furthermore,principal component analysis(PCA)and factor analysis(FA)were applied to identify spurious correlations and the potential factors controlling the distribution patterns.The results demonstrate that:a)the raw data are biased,while the log-ratio data are unbiased and more reliable;b)the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations exhibit nonlinear complexity;and c)the elemental distribution in the study area is largely controlled by structural factors.展开更多
Osyris lanceolata is heavily and illegally exploited in East Africa for its essential oils, yet little is known about its population status and ecological requirements. This study examined its population structure and...Osyris lanceolata is heavily and illegally exploited in East Africa for its essential oils, yet little is known about its population status and ecological requirements. This study examined its population structure and environmental factors influencing its distribution in the semi-arid Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. We surveyed 388 plots (5 m radius) at different altitudes, recording life stages, stem diameters, and regeneration patterns, and analyzed soil samples. Multivariate analyses, including Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), and Multiple Regression Modeling (MRM), identified key environmental factors affecting its distribution. Findings show that O. lanceolata populations in Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Amudat districts are severely degraded due to overexploitation. The species is primarily regenerating through coppicing rather than seedlings, with an exploitation intensity of 56.6%. Population densities are low, distribution is irregular, and sustainable harvesting is not viable. Soil properties, particularly Ca2+, N, P, K+, Na+, and organic matter, significantly influence its abundance. Conservation efforts should focus on identifying suitable provenances for genetic preservation and plantation establishment. Areas with at least 9 trees per hectare in Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Amudat could serve as potential sites for ex-situ plantations. Further research should explore how biotic interactions, genetic diversity, and morphology affect oil yield and quality to support restoration, breeding, and domestication initiatives.展开更多
The relationship between hyperuricemia(HUA)and erectile dysfunction(ED)remains inadequately understood.Given that HUA is often associated with various metabolic disorders,this study aims to explore the multivariate li...The relationship between hyperuricemia(HUA)and erectile dysfunction(ED)remains inadequately understood.Given that HUA is often associated with various metabolic disorders,this study aims to explore the multivariate linear impacts of metabolic parameters on erectile function in ED patients with HUA.A cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving 514 ED patients with HUA in the Department of Andrology,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine(Nanjing,China),aged 18 to 60 years.General demographic information,medical history,and laboratory results were collected to assess metabolic disturbances.Sexual function was evaluated using the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF-5)questionnaire.Based on univariate analysis,variables associated with IIEF-5 scores were identified,and the correlations between them were evaluated.The effects of these variables on IIEF-5 scores were further explored by multiple linear regression models.Fasting plasma glucose(β=−0.628,P<0.001),uric acid(β=−0.552,P<0.001),triglycerides(β=−0.088,P=0.047),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(β=−0.164,P=0.027),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c;β=−0.562,P=0.012),and smoking history(β=−0.074,P=0.037)exhibited significant negative impacts on erectile function.The coefficient of determination(R²)for the model was 0.239,and the adjusted R²was 0.230,indicating overall statistical significance(F-statistic=26.52,P<0.001).Metabolic parameters play a crucial role in the development of ED.Maintaining normal metabolic indices may aid in the prevention and improvement of erectile function in ED patients with HUA.展开更多
The Kumaun Himalaya is well-known as a geologically and tectonically complex region that amplifies mass wasting processes,particularly landslides.This study attempts to investigate the interplay between landslide dist...The Kumaun Himalaya is well-known as a geologically and tectonically complex region that amplifies mass wasting processes,particularly landslides.This study attempts to investigate the interplay between landslide distribution and the lithotectonic regime of Darma Valley,Kumaun Himalaya.A landslide inventory comprising 295 landslides in the area has been prepared and several morphotectonic proxies such as valley floor width to height ratio(Vf),stream length gradient index(SL),and hypsometric integral(HI)have been used to infer tectonic regime.Morphometric analysis,including basic,linear,aerial,and relief aspects,of 59 fourth-order sub-basins,has been carried out to estimate erosion potential in the study area.The result demonstrates that 46.77%of the landslides lie in very high,20.32%in high,21.29%in medium,and 11.61%in low erosion potential zones respectively.In order to determine the key parameters controlling erosion potential,two multivariate statistical methods namely Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering(AHC)were utilized.PCA reveals that the Higher Himalayan Zone(HHZ)has the highest erosion potential due to the presence of elongated sub-basins characterized by steep slopes and high relief.The clusters created through AHC exhibit positive PCA values,indicating a robust correlation between PCA and AHC.Furthermore,the landslide density map shows two major landslide hotspots.One of these hotspots lies in the vicinity of highly active Munsiyari Thrust(MT),while the other is in the Pandukeshwar formation within the MT's hanging wall,characterized by a high exhumation rate.High SL and low Vf values along these hotspots further corroborate that the occurrence of landslides in the study area is influenced by tectonic activity.This study,by identifying erosionprone areas and elucidating the implications of tectonic activity on landslide distribution,empowers policymakers and government agencies to develop strategies for hazard assessment and effective landslide risk mitigation,consequently safeguarding lives and communities.展开更多
文摘Lichens exhibit exceptional ecological adaptability,thriving in diverse habitats ranging from temperate forests to extreme environments.They colonize various substrates,including tree bark,rocks,soil,and artificial surfaces,playing critical roles as bioindicators of air quality and environmental change.Despite their ecological and economic importance,regions like Pakistan remain underexplored for lichen diversity,leaving significant gaps in knowledge about local lichen flora.This study hypothesizes that the ecological diversity and environmental gradients in the Hazara Division,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,significantly influence the distribution,composition,and community structure of lichens.Field surveys were conducted from March 2021 to December 2023 across 48 locations in the Hazara Division,covering diverse altitudes,aspects,and vegetation types.Epiphytic lichens were sampled using standardized transect methods with vertical grids on tree stems.Specimens were collected,shade-dried,and identified using chemical spot tests.Multivariate analyses,including TWINSPAN,CCA,and DCA,were employed to examine species-environment relationships.A total of 97 lichen species were identified across 44 genera and 19 families.Physciaceae was the dominant family(24 species).Foliose lichens represented 55%of the total species,highlighting morphological diversity.Among the recorded species,11 were new to Pakistan,and 30 were newly documented for the Himalayan region of Hazara.The study documented 52 host tree species across 36 genera,with Quercus being the most dominant genus.Multivariate analyses identified seven distinct lichen communities.Altitude and road distance emerged as the strongest drivers of lichen distribution,with specific species exhibiting distinct responses to environmental gradients.In DCA ordination the Eigen value was maximum for axis 1,(0.67)followed by axis 2(0.56).The maximum gradients was 5.87 recorded axis 1.Canonical Correspondence Analysis captured 15.09%of the total variation,with significant contributions from altitude,temperature,and substrate type.The per mutation result for all axis were pseudo(F=1.1,P=0.01).The result showed that species,stand and environmental variables were in linear combination with each other.This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of lichen diversity and ecology in the Hazara Division,unveiling significant species-environment relationships and ecological patterns.The findings underscore the importance of multivariate analysis in lichen studies and highlight the region's potential for further ecological and conservation research.
基金Supported by the Central High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(No.BJ-2024-089).
文摘AIM:To explore the causal relationship between several possible behavioral factors and high myopia(HM)using multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)approach and to find the mediators among them with mediation analysis.METHODS:The causal effects of several behavioral factors,including screen time,education time,time spent outdoors,and physical activity,on the risk of HM using univariable Mendelian randomization(MR)and MVMR analyses were first assessed.Genome-wide association study summary statistics of serum metabolites were also used in mediation analysis to determine the extent to which serum metabolites mediate the effects of behavioral factors on HM.RESULTS:MR analyses indicated that both increased time spent outdoors and a higher frequency of moderate physical activity significantly reduced the risk of HM.Further MVMR analysis confirmed that moderate physical activity independently contributed to a lower risk of HM.Additionally,MR analyses identified 13 serum metabolites significantly associated with HM,of which 12 were lipids and one was an amino acid derivative.Mediation analysis revealed that six lipid metabolites mediated the protective effects of moderate physical activity on HM,with the highest mediation proportion observed for 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-GPC(p-16:0;30.83%).CONCLUSION:This study suggests that in addition to outdoor time,moderate physical activity habits may have an independent protective effect against HM and pointed to lipid metabolites as priority targets for the prevention due to low physical activity.These results emphasize the importance of physical activity and metabolic health in HM and underscore the need for further study of these complex associations.
基金supported by the Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2024ZHCG0086)the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2021jscx-cylhX0014).
文摘Chili fermentation is one of the most important processes in the production of Pixian Douban(PXDB),which determines the flavor and product quality of PXDB.However,the maturity of fermented chili mainly depends on empirical judgment,which can not satisfy the need for standardized production of PXDB.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate volatile and non-volatile substances during the maturation process and to find markers related to the maturity of fermented chili.Two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC×GC-MS)combined with multivariate statistical analysis and relative odor activity values(ROAV)analysis revealed that 2-methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine,linalool,3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde,myrcene,and decanal(ROAV≥1,VIP>1,P<0.05)were regarded as potentially active aromatic markers for differentiating fermentation time.Additionally,ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLCQTOF-MS)combined with multivariate statistical analysis revealed that 25 compounds could serve as differentiated non-volatile compounds.The correlation of maturity-related physicochemical indicators with volatile and nonvolatile compounds revealed that four volatile compounds(2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine,linalool,myrcene,and decanal)along with seven non-volatile compounds could serve as markers for evaluating the maturity of fermented chili.This study is expected to establish a standard for the determination of the maturity the fermented chili and lay the foundation for intelligent production of PXDB.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province(2025-ZJ-994M)Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty(SRICSPYF-BS2025007)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62566050).
文摘Multivariate anomaly detection plays a critical role in maintaining the stable operation of information systems.However,in existing research,multivariate data are often influenced by various factors during the data collection process,resulting in temporal misalignment or displacement.Due to these factors,the node representations carry substantial noise,which reduces the adaptability of the multivariate coupled network structure and subsequently degrades anomaly detection performance.Accordingly,this study proposes a novel multivariate anomaly detection model grounded in graph structure learning.Firstly,a recommendation strategy is employed to identify strongly coupled variable pairs,which are then used to construct a recommendation-driven multivariate coupling network.Secondly,a multi-channel graph encoding layer is used to dynamically optimize the structural properties of the multivariate coupling network,while a multi-head attention mechanism enhances the spatial characteristics of the multivariate data.Finally,unsupervised anomaly detection is conducted using a dynamic threshold selection algorithm.Experimental results demonstrate that effectively integrating the structural and spatial features of multivariate data significantly mitigates anomalies caused by temporal dependency misalignment.
基金supported by the grants PID2020-113371RA-C22 and TED2021-130845A-C32,funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.M.Marín-García,R.González-OlmosC.Gómez-Canela are members of the GESPA group(Grup d’Enginyeria i Simulacióde Processos Ambientals)at IQS-URL,which has been acknowledged as a Consolidated Research Group by the Government of Catalonia(No.2021-SGR-00321)+1 种基金In addition,M.Marín-García has been awarded a public grant for the Investigo Programme,aimed at hiring young job seekers to undertake research and innovation projects under the Recovery,Transformation,and Resilience Plan(PRTR),European Union Next Generation,for the year 2022,through the Government of Catalonia and the Spanish Ministry for Work and Social Economy(No.100045ID16)Ana Belén Cuenca for her support and expertise,which helped to confirm the proposed reaction mechanism involved in the UV photolysis of cloperastine.
文摘The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technolo-gies have been unable to eliminate these pollutants,resulting in their ongoing release into aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on cloperastine(CPS),a cough suppressant and antihistamine medication.The environmental impact of CPS usage has become a concern,mainly due to its increased detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.CPS has been found in wastewater treatment facilities,effluents from senior living residences,river waters,and sewage sludge.However,the photosensitivity of CPS and its photodegradation profile remain largely unknown.This study investigates the photodegradation process of CPS under simulated tertiary treatment conditions using UV photolysis,a method commonly applied in some wastewater treatment plants.Several transformation prod-ucts were identified,evaluating their kinetic profiles using chemometric approaches(i.e.,curve fitting and the hard-soft multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(HS-MCR-ALS)algorithm)and calculating the reaction quantum yield.As a result,three different transformation products have been detected and correctly identified.In addition,a comprehensive description of the kinetic pathway involved in the photodegradation process of the CPS drug has been provided,including observed kinetic rate constants.
基金supported by the National University of Defense Technology(NUDT)Research Initiation Funding for High-Level Scientific and Technological Innovative Talents(202402-YJRC-LJ-001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2142213)+1 种基金the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grants 2025A1515011835,2022A1515011870)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42305167)。
文摘The operational Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System(TRAMS)often underestimates initial typhoon intensity when using the global analysis field as the initial condition.The TRAMS tropical cyclone(TC)initialization scheme,developed based on the incremental analysis updates(IAU)technique,effectively reduces initial bias.However,the original IAU-based TC initialization scheme only adjusts the wind field at the analysis moment,with other variables adjusted implicitly under the model's constraints according to a gradually inserted wind increment(named“univariate adjustment scheme”hereafter).The univariate adjustment scheme requires approximately 3 h to reach a dynamic equilibrium state,which constrains the assimilation of hourly TC observations and causes excessive dissipation of meaningful short-wave information in adjustment increments.To address this limitation,this study develops a multivariate adjustment IAU-based TC initialization scheme that incorporates gradient wind balance and hydrostatic balance as its largescale constraints.Numerical experiments with TC Hato(2017)demonstrate that the multivariate adjustment scheme reduces the IAU relaxation time to 1 h while marginally improving forecast skill.These findings are consistently replicated across 12 additional TC cases.The development of the IAU-based multivariate adjustment initialization scheme establishes a foundation for 4-D initialization using hourly TC observations.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),Grant number 5247052693.
文摘To address the insufficient prediction accuracy of multi-state parameters in electro-hydraulic servo material fatigue testing machines under complex loading and nonlinear coupling conditions,this paper proposes a multivariate sequence-to-sequence prediction model integrating a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)encoder,a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)decoder,and a multi-head attention mechanism.This approach enhances prediction accuracy and robustness across different control modes and load spectra by leveraging multi-channel inputs and cross-variable feature interactions,thereby capturing both short-term high-frequency dynamics and long-term slow drift characteristics.Experiments using long-term data from real test benches demonstrate that the model achieves a stable MSE below 0.01 on the validation set,with MAE and RMSE of approximately 0.018 and 0.052,respectively,and a coefficient of determination reaching 0.98.This significantly outperforms traditional identification methods and single RNN models.Sensitivity analysis indicates that a prediction stride of 10 achieves an optimal balance between accuracy and computational overhead.Ablation experiments validated the contribution of multi-head attention and decoder architecture to enhancing cross-variable coupling modeling capabilities.This model can be applied to residualdriven early warning in health monitoring,and risk assessment with scheme optimization in test design.It enables near-real-time deployment feasibility,providing a practical data-driven technical pathway for reliability assurance in advanced equipment.
基金supported by the Sichuan Provincial Cadre Health Research Project(ZH2024-101)the Key Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2025 ZNSFSC0053)。
文摘BACKGROUND Solid fuel use for cooking and heating is a major environmental risk factor,yet its association with new-onset heart disease(HD)remains unclear.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between solid fuel exposure and new-onset HD in a large cohort.METHODS Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between cooking/heating fuel types(coal,crop residue/wood,liquefied petroleum gas,natural gas,and others)and new-onset HD.Subgroup analyses explored effect modification by age,sex,education,smoking,alcohol use,and region.RESULTS A prospective cohort study included 5915 participants,with 781 participants(13.2%)developing new-onset HD.Coal use for cooking showed an initial association with new-onset HD risk(OR=1.41,95%CI:1.06–1.86,P=0.02),which attenuated after full adjustment(OR=1.28,95%CI:0.96–1.72,P=0.10).Coal use for heating demonstrated robust associations across all models(OR=1.86,95%CI:1.42–2.43,P<0.001).Crop residue/wood burning for heating was also significant(Model 2:OR=1.40,95%CI:1.06–1.86,P=0.02).Subgroup analyses revealed stronger associations among females,non-smokers,non-drinkers,and less-educated participants.Geographic stratification showed significant associations in southern but not northern regions.CONCLUSIONS Solid fuel use,particularly coal for heating,is associated with increased new-onset HD risk.Reducing solid fuel exposure is crucial for HD prevention in low-resource settings.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52177051in part by the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province under Grant SJCX25_2046in part by the Key Research Project of Basic Science(Natural Science)in Jiangsu Province under Grant 24KJA470005.
文摘Owing to the multi-degree-of-freedom characteristics and inherent fault-tolerant capacity,six-phase motors have been widely adopted in high-power applications,such as electric vehicle propulsion and aerospace systems.This paper presents the fault-tolerant control strategy of symmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(SSPMSM)under an isolated neutral point topology and proposes a fault diagnosis scheme based on joint diagnosis of multiple variables.First,two mathematical models of SSPMSM and their relationship are established.Subsequently,the current vectors in the torque subspace and harmonic subspace of the two winding sets under fault conditions are analyzed,and the cause of post-fault torque ripple is explained as resulting from controller conflict.In addition,a multivariate fault diagnosis scheme based on voltage threshold in the x-y subspace and current trajectory characteristics in theα-βsubspace is proposed to enhance the diagnostic accuracy.Finally,the feasibility and stability of the proposed control and diagnosis methods are verified by experiments.
基金National Social Science Fund of China,No.24BTJ037Significant Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China,No.23&ZD102+1 种基金The Key Research Base for Philosophy and Social Sciences in Hangzhou:ESG and Sustainable Development Research Center,No.25JD053Zhejiang Provincial Statistical Scientific Research Project,No.25TJZZ12。
文摘Establishing a Regional Marine Innovation Ecosystem(RMIE)is crucial for advancing China’s maritime power strategy.Concurrently,developing a competitive RMIE serves as a strategic lever to enhance the global competitiveness of China’s marine science sector.However,research on the competitiveness of RMIE is limited.To this end,this study constructs an evaluation index system based on ecological niche theory to assess the competitiveness of RMIE in China from 2008 to 2020.The findings indicate generally fluctuating upward trends in RMIE’s competitiveness,with Shandong,Jiangsu,and Guangdong showing relatively strong positions.Notably,there are significant intra-regional imbalances and inter-regional asynchrony in RMIE’s competitiveness across China’s three major marine economic circles.Recognizing that forecasting RMIE competitiveness can inform policy formulation,this paper proposes a systematic multivariate grey interval prediction model that incorporates spatial proximity effects.This model effectively captures the interval and uncertainty characteristics of RMIE’s competitiveness while considering spatial relationships among regions.Results from comparative analysis,robustness tests,and sensitivity analysis demonstrate its superior applicability and forecasting accuracy.Additionally,interval forecasts and scenario analyses suggest that RMIE competitiveness will maintain stable growth,although unbalanced and unsynchronized development is likely to persist.Overall,the approach developed for evaluating and forecasting RMIE competitiveness offers valuable insights for effective policy formulation.
文摘[Objectives]To study the factors influencing the tourism economy in Henan Province.[Methods]Using tourism-related data from Henan Province covering the period from 2000 to 2020,this study constructs a regression model based on multivariate statistical methods to investigate the determinants of the tourism economy.The dependent variable in the model is the domestic tourism revenue of Henan Province,while the independent variables comprise the number of tourist arrivals,total operational railway mileage,the number of travel agencies,and the per capita disposable income of urban residents.[Results]Both the total railway mileage and the per capita disposable income of urban residents are the primary factors influencing the development of Henan's tourism economy.[Conclusions]It is recommended to reduce uncertainty and liquidity constraints to mitigate residents'precautionary savings behavior,actively expand domestic demand to leverage tourism as an economic driver,and improve infrastructure to support tourism development.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(22406168,W2411031,and 52270201)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733061)the Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund(100000-11320/198).
文摘The One Health concept acknowledges the importance of multiple dimensions in controlling antimicrobial resistance(AMR).However,our understanding of how anthropological,socioeconomic,and environmental factors drive AMR at a national level remains limited.To explore associations between potential contributing factors and AMR,this study analyzed an extensive database comprising 13 major antibioticresistant bacteria and over 30 predictors(e.g.,air pollution,antibiotic usage,economy,husbandry,public services,health services,education,diet,climate,and population)from 2014 to 2020 across China.The multivariate analysis results indicate that fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less(PM_(2.5))is associated with AMR,accounting for 12%of the variation,followed by residents’income(10.3%)and antibiotic usage density(5.1%).A reduction in PM_(2.5)of 1 μg·m^(-3)is linked to a 0.17%decrease in aggregate antibiotic resistance(p<0.001,R^(2)=0.74).Under different scenarios of China’s PM_(2.5)airquality projections,we further estimated the premature death toll and economic burden derived from PM_(2.5)-related antibiotic resistance in China until 2060.PM_(2.5)-derived AMR is estimated to cause approximately 27000(95%confidence interval(CI):646848830)premature deaths and about 0.51(95%CI;0.12-0.92)million years of life lost annually in China,equivalent to an annual welfare loss of 8.4(95%CI;2.0-15.0)billion USD.Implementing the“Ambitious Pollution 1.5℃ Goals”scenario to reduce PM_(2.5)concentrations could prevent roughly 14000(95%CI;3324-26320)premature deaths—with a potential monetary value of 9.8(95%CI;2.2-17.6)billion USD—from AMR by 2060.These results suggest that reducing air pollution may offer co-benefits in the health and economic sectors by mitigating AMR.
文摘The retrospective study by Gan et al evaluated the three-year survival rate and prognostic factors in 100 patients with primary gastric cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgery at a Chinese hospital between 2019 and 2021.The observed three-year survival rate was 73%.Multivariate analysis identified age,tumornodes-metastasis stage,tumor size,depth of invasion,lymph node metastasis,extent of lymph node dissection,postoperative adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy,postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels,surgical duration,extent of gastric resection,and postoperative complications as independent predictors of survival.Older age,advanced disease stage,larger tumors,deeper invasion,lymph node involvement,and elevated carcinoembryonic antigen were associated with poorer outcomes,while thorough lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy improved survival.The study highlights the complex interplay of clinical and pathological factors affecting prognosis after laparoscopic surgery.Strengths include detailed perioperative data and robust analysis,though limitations are noted in its retrospective design and patient selection.The findings emphasize the need for multidisciplinary,individualized treatment planning,considering both disease and patient-related factors,to optimize outcomes in localized gastric cancer.Prospective studies are warranted to validate these results and refine treatment strategies.
基金supported by the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional(SIP-IPN)under grants 20250098,20250168,20251291 and 20254791by Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México+1 种基金Victor G.Sánchez-Meza is a Secretaría de Ciencia,Humanidades,Tecnología e Innovación(Secihti)fellow(CVU 964590)support received.Yair Lozano thanks the support of the Coordinación de Operación y Redes de Investigación y Posgrado of the IPN through the Red de Inteligencia Artificial y Ciencia de Datos and the Red de Expertos en Innovación Automotriz.
文摘In this article,the dynamical model and trajectory tracking problem for a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle is tackled through linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)applied on the tangent linearized system.To apply the ADRC scheme,it is considered the subsystem without the Y-axis component,which is differentially flat and whose flat outputs are obtained using the Kronecker matrix.Numerical assessment using as system parameters the ones of a scale prototype is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposal leading to accurate tracking results using admissible control values for an experimental scenario.
基金supported by the Doctoral Research Start-up Fund,East China University of Technology(DHBK2019313)the Open Research Fund Program of Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring(Central South University),the Ministry of Education(2020YSJS10)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund Program of Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Application and Development of Big Data for Deep Gold Exploration(SDK202224)the Basic Scientific Research Fund of the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(AS2022P03).
文摘Geochemical surveys are essential for understanding the spatial distribution of ore-forming elements.However,these surveys often involve compositional data,the weight concentrations,which do not meet the requirements of statistical methods due to the closure effect.In this study,we applied an integrated approach combining compositional data,multifractal,and multivariate statistical analyses to identify the nonlinear complexity of the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations in the Er’renshan ore field.Initially,the raw concentrations were transformed into log-ratios following the principles of composition data theory to alleviate the impact of the closure effect.Multifractal analysis was then conducted to characterise the nonlinear complexity of the concentration distributions.Furthermore,principal component analysis(PCA)and factor analysis(FA)were applied to identify spurious correlations and the potential factors controlling the distribution patterns.The results demonstrate that:a)the raw data are biased,while the log-ratio data are unbiased and more reliable;b)the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations exhibit nonlinear complexity;and c)the elemental distribution in the study area is largely controlled by structural factors.
文摘Osyris lanceolata is heavily and illegally exploited in East Africa for its essential oils, yet little is known about its population status and ecological requirements. This study examined its population structure and environmental factors influencing its distribution in the semi-arid Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. We surveyed 388 plots (5 m radius) at different altitudes, recording life stages, stem diameters, and regeneration patterns, and analyzed soil samples. Multivariate analyses, including Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), and Multiple Regression Modeling (MRM), identified key environmental factors affecting its distribution. Findings show that O. lanceolata populations in Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Amudat districts are severely degraded due to overexploitation. The species is primarily regenerating through coppicing rather than seedlings, with an exploitation intensity of 56.6%. Population densities are low, distribution is irregular, and sustainable harvesting is not viable. Soil properties, particularly Ca2+, N, P, K+, Na+, and organic matter, significantly influence its abundance. Conservation efforts should focus on identifying suitable provenances for genetic preservation and plantation establishment. Areas with at least 9 trees per hectare in Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Amudat could serve as potential sites for ex-situ plantations. Further research should explore how biotic interactions, genetic diversity, and morphology affect oil yield and quality to support restoration, breeding, and domestication initiatives.
基金supported by Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Plan Special Project(No.BK20231379)Key Project of Jiangsu Provincial Health Commission(No.ZDA2020025)+1 种基金Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Plan Project(No.MS2022023)Excellent Young Doctor Training Program of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine(No.2023QB0126).
文摘The relationship between hyperuricemia(HUA)and erectile dysfunction(ED)remains inadequately understood.Given that HUA is often associated with various metabolic disorders,this study aims to explore the multivariate linear impacts of metabolic parameters on erectile function in ED patients with HUA.A cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving 514 ED patients with HUA in the Department of Andrology,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine(Nanjing,China),aged 18 to 60 years.General demographic information,medical history,and laboratory results were collected to assess metabolic disturbances.Sexual function was evaluated using the 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF-5)questionnaire.Based on univariate analysis,variables associated with IIEF-5 scores were identified,and the correlations between them were evaluated.The effects of these variables on IIEF-5 scores were further explored by multiple linear regression models.Fasting plasma glucose(β=−0.628,P<0.001),uric acid(β=−0.552,P<0.001),triglycerides(β=−0.088,P=0.047),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(β=−0.164,P=0.027),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c;β=−0.562,P=0.012),and smoking history(β=−0.074,P=0.037)exhibited significant negative impacts on erectile function.The coefficient of determination(R²)for the model was 0.239,and the adjusted R²was 0.230,indicating overall statistical significance(F-statistic=26.52,P<0.001).Metabolic parameters play a crucial role in the development of ED.Maintaining normal metabolic indices may aid in the prevention and improvement of erectile function in ED patients with HUA.
基金CSIR for providing financial assistance(09/0420(11800)/2021EMR-I)。
文摘The Kumaun Himalaya is well-known as a geologically and tectonically complex region that amplifies mass wasting processes,particularly landslides.This study attempts to investigate the interplay between landslide distribution and the lithotectonic regime of Darma Valley,Kumaun Himalaya.A landslide inventory comprising 295 landslides in the area has been prepared and several morphotectonic proxies such as valley floor width to height ratio(Vf),stream length gradient index(SL),and hypsometric integral(HI)have been used to infer tectonic regime.Morphometric analysis,including basic,linear,aerial,and relief aspects,of 59 fourth-order sub-basins,has been carried out to estimate erosion potential in the study area.The result demonstrates that 46.77%of the landslides lie in very high,20.32%in high,21.29%in medium,and 11.61%in low erosion potential zones respectively.In order to determine the key parameters controlling erosion potential,two multivariate statistical methods namely Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering(AHC)were utilized.PCA reveals that the Higher Himalayan Zone(HHZ)has the highest erosion potential due to the presence of elongated sub-basins characterized by steep slopes and high relief.The clusters created through AHC exhibit positive PCA values,indicating a robust correlation between PCA and AHC.Furthermore,the landslide density map shows two major landslide hotspots.One of these hotspots lies in the vicinity of highly active Munsiyari Thrust(MT),while the other is in the Pandukeshwar formation within the MT's hanging wall,characterized by a high exhumation rate.High SL and low Vf values along these hotspots further corroborate that the occurrence of landslides in the study area is influenced by tectonic activity.This study,by identifying erosionprone areas and elucidating the implications of tectonic activity on landslide distribution,empowers policymakers and government agencies to develop strategies for hazard assessment and effective landslide risk mitigation,consequently safeguarding lives and communities.
