This research investigates the design and optimization of a photovoltaic(PV)water pumping system to address seasonal water demands across five locations with varying elevation heads.The systemdraws water froma deep we...This research investigates the design and optimization of a photovoltaic(PV)water pumping system to address seasonal water demands across five locations with varying elevation heads.The systemdraws water froma deep well with a static water level of 30mand a dynamic level of 50m,serving agricultural and livestock needs.The objective of this study is to accurately size a PV system that balances energy generation and demand while minimizing grid dependency.Meanwhile,the study presents a comprehensivemethodology to calculate flowrates,pumping power,daily energy consumption,and system capacity.Therefore,the PV system rating,energy output,and economic performance were evaluated using metrics such as discounted payback period(DPP),net present value(NPV),and sensitivity analysis.The results show that a 2.74 kWp PV system is optimal,producing 4767 kWh/year to meet the system’s annual energy demand of 4686 kWh.In summer,energy demand peaks at 1532.7 kWh,while in winter,it drops to 692.1 kWh.Meanwhile,flow rates range from 11.71 m^(3)/h at 57 m head to 10.49 m^(3)/h at 70 m head,demonstrating the system’s adaptability to diverse hydraulic conditions.Economic analysis reveals that at a 5%interest rate and an electricity price of$0.15/kWh,the NPV is$6981.82 with a DPP of 3.76 years.However,a 30%increase in electricity prices improves the NPV to$10,005.18 and shortens the DPP to 2.76 years,whereas a 20%interest rate reduces the NPV to$1038.79 and extends the DPP to 6.08 years.Nevertheless,the annual PV energy generation exceeds total energy demand by 81 kWh,reducing grid dependency and lowering electricity costs.Additionally,the PV system avoids approximately 3956.6 kg of CO_(2) emissions annually,underscoring its environmental benefits over traditional pumping systems.As a result,this study highlights the economic and environmental viability of PV-powered water pumping systems,offering actionable insights for sustainable energy solutions in agriculture.展开更多
CoFe bimetallic hydroxides(CoFe BMHs)find wide applications as excellent catalysts in the field of water splitting.However,no study has systematically investigated the influence of the morphologies of CoFe BMHs on cat...CoFe bimetallic hydroxides(CoFe BMHs)find wide applications as excellent catalysts in the field of water splitting.However,no study has systematically investigated the influence of the morphologies of CoFe BMHs on catalyst performance.In this study,CoFe BMH nanoflowers(CoFe BMH NFs),CoFe BMH nanosheets(CoFe BMH NSHs),CoFe BMH nanorods(CoFe BMH NRs),and CoFe BMH nanospheres(CoFe BMH NSPs)were prepared on nickel foam via a hydrothermal method.CoFe BMH NSHs exhibited the most beneficial catalytic activity.At a current density of 100 mA·cm^(-2),its overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)was 282 mV,and the overall water splitting voltage was 2.05 V.The double-layer charging capacitance(Cdl)value of CoFe BMH NSHs was the largest in CoFe BMHs,which proves that CoFe BMH NSHs have the largest active area.Furthermore,the active site in the OER process was metal oxyhydroxide(MOOH)through in situ Raman characterization,and the generation of the active substance was an irreversible process.This work provides important insights into the design of catalyst morphologies and offers valuable guidelines for the enhancement of the performance of other catalysts.展开更多
A high-speed train travelling from the open air into a narrow tunnel will cause the“sonic boom”at tunnel exit.When the maglev train’s speed reaches 600 km/h,the train-tunnel aerodynamic effect is intensified,so a n...A high-speed train travelling from the open air into a narrow tunnel will cause the“sonic boom”at tunnel exit.When the maglev train’s speed reaches 600 km/h,the train-tunnel aerodynamic effect is intensified,so a new mitigation method is urgently expected to be explored.This study proposed a novel asymptotic linear method(ALM)for micro pressure wave(MPW)mitigation to achieve a constant gradient of initial c ompression waves(ICWs),via a study with various open ratios on hoods.The properties of ICWs and MPWs under various open ratios of hoods were analyzed.The results show that as the open ratio increases,the MPW amplitude at the tunnel exit initially decreases before rising.At the open ratio of 2.28%,the slope of the ICW curve is linearly coincident with a supposed straight line in the ALM,which further reduces the MPW amplitude by 26.9%at 20 m and 20.0%at 50 m from the exit,as compared to the unvented hood.Therefore,the proposed method effectively mitigates MPW and quickly determines the upper limit of alleviation for the MPW amplitude at a fixed train-tunnel operation condition.All achievements provide a ne w potential measure for the adaptive design of tunnel hoods.展开更多
Out-of-plane microneedle structures are widely used in various applications such as transcutaneous drug delivery and neural signal recording for brain machine interface.This work presents a novel but simple method to ...Out-of-plane microneedle structures are widely used in various applications such as transcutaneous drug delivery and neural signal recording for brain machine interface.This work presents a novel but simple method to fabricate high-density silicon(Si)microneedle arrays with various heights and diverse cross-sectional shapes depending on photomask pattern designs.The proposed fabrication method is composed of a single photolithography and two subsequent deep reactive ion etching(DRIE)steps.First,a photoresist layer was patterned on a Si substrate to define areas to be etched,which will eventually determine the final location and shape of each individual microneedle.Then,the 1st DRIE step created deep trenches with a highly anisotropic etching of the Si substrate.Subsequently,the photoresist was removed for more isotropic etching;the 2nd DRIE isolated and sharpened microneedles from the predefined trench structures.Depending on diverse photomask designs,the 2nd DRIE formed arrays of microneedles that have various height distributions,as well as diverse cross-sectional shapes across the substrate.With these simple steps,high-aspect ratio microneedles were created in the high density of up to 625 microneedles mm^(-2)on a Si wafer.Insertion tests showed a small force as low as~172μN/microneedle is required for microneedle arrays to penetrate the dura mater of a mouse brain.To demonstrate a feasibility of drug delivery application,we also implemented silk microneedle arrays using molding processes.The fabrication method of the present study is expected to be broadly applicable to create microneedle structures for drug delivery,neuroprosthetic devices,and so on.展开更多
Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al ...Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.展开更多
The gastrointestinal tract is essential for food digestion,nutrient absorption,waste elimination,and microbial defense.Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the intestinal tract has greatly enriched our understanding...The gastrointestinal tract is essential for food digestion,nutrient absorption,waste elimination,and microbial defense.Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the intestinal tract has greatly enriched our understanding of cellular diversity,functional heterogeneity,and their importance in intestinal tract development and disease.Although such profiling has been extensively conducted in humans and mice,the single-cell gene expression landscape of the pig cecum remains unexplored.Here,single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 45572 cells obtained from seven cecal samples in pigs at four different developmental stages(days(D)30,42,150,and 730).Analysis revealed 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes,as well as their distinctive genes,transcription factors,and regulons,many of which were conserved in humans.An increase in the relative proportions of CD8^(+)T and Granzyme A(low expression)natural killer T cells(GZMA^(low)NKT)cells and a decrease in the relative proportions of epithelial stem cells,Tregs,RHEX^(+)T cells,and plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)were noted across the developmental stages.Moreover,the post-weaning period exhibited an up-regulation in mitochondrial genes,COX2 and ND2,as well as genes involved in immune activation in multiple cell types.Cell-cell crosstalk analysis indicated that IBP6^(+)fibroblasts were the main signal senders at D30,whereas IBP6^(−)fibroblasts assumed this role at the other stages.NKT cells established interactions with epithelial cells and IBP6^(+)fibroblasts in the D730 cecum through mediation of GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs.This study provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity and function in the pig cecum at different development stages.展开更多
In this paper, the singlet and triplet state electron transfer processes between hypocrellin A(HA) and aromatic amines in solvents of various polarity have been studied by fluorescence and time-resolved transient abso...In this paper, the singlet and triplet state electron transfer processes between hypocrellin A(HA) and aromatic amines in solvents of various polarity have been studied by fluorescence and time-resolved transient absorption spectra. The results show,in.polar solvent, the quenching of HA fluorescence by aromatic amines results in Stern-Volmer plot, the investigation of transient absorption indicated that triplet-state electron transfer process from 3HA to the ground-state of amines occured, and the wines of the singlet and triplet state electron transfer rate constant were calculated, however in weak polar solvent, only the triplet-triplet absorption of HA was observed.展开更多
With the popularity and widespread applications of electronics,higher demands are being placed on the performance of battery materials.Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and carbon atoms...With the popularity and widespread applications of electronics,higher demands are being placed on the performance of battery materials.Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and carbon atoms,doping fluorine atoms in nanocarbon-based materials is considered an effective way to improve the performance of used battery.However,there is still a blank in the systematic review of the mechanism and research progress of fluorine-doped nanostructured carbon materials in various batteries.In this review,the synthetic routes of fluorinated/fluorine-doped nanocarbon-based(CF_x)materials under different fluorine sources and the function mechanism of CF_x in various batteries are reviewed in detail.Subsequently,judging from the dependence between the structure and electrochemical performance of nanocarbon sources,the progress of CF_x based on different dimensions(0D–3D)for primary battery applications is reviewed and the balance between energy density and power density is critically discussed.In addition,the roles of CF_x materials in secondary batteries and their current applications in recent years are summarized in detail to illustrate the effect of introducing F atoms.Finally,we envisage the prospect of CF_x materials and offer some insights and recommendations to facilitate the further exploration of CF_x materials for various high-performance battery applications.展开更多
Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from a local mariculture site and placed in pre-cleaned sea water tanks containing 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.3 μg/ml CdCl2. The level of Cd in the gill, viscera and gonad w...Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from a local mariculture site and placed in pre-cleaned sea water tanks containing 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.3 μg/ml CdCl2. The level of Cd in the gill, viscera and gonad was measured. The concentration of Cd in the 3 tissues increased linearly over 4 days' of exposure. The rate of uptake depends on the concentration of Cd in the water. In the 3 tissues studied, the maximum rate of uptake (Vmax) was highest in the gill (500μg/g dry weight/day), followed by viscera (100μg/g dry weight/day) and gonad (56.8 μg/g dry weight/day). The majority of the Cd taken up was bound to a fraction of the heat-stable proteins similar to metallothioneins. The rate of Cd depuration from the tissues was poor. There was no change in Cd concentration over 8 days' depuration in clean water展开更多
Sliding is one of the principal failure types of caisson breakwaters and is an essential content of stability examination in caisson breakwater design. Herein, the mass-spring-dashpot model of caisson-base system is u...Sliding is one of the principal failure types of caisson breakwaters and is an essential content of stability examination in caisson breakwater design. Herein, the mass-spring-dashpot model of caisson-base system is used to simulate the vibrating-sliding motion of the caisson under various types of breaking wave impact forces, i.e., single peak impact force, double peak impact force, and shock-damping oscillation impact force. The effects of various breaking wave impacts and the sliding motion on the dynamic response behaviors of caisson breakwaters are investigated and the calculation of relevant system parameters is discussed. It is shown that the dynamic responses of the caisson are significantly different under different types of breaking wave impact forces even when the amplitudes of impact forces are equal. The amplitude of dynamic response of the caisson is lower under single peak impact excitation than that under double peak impact or shock-damping oscillation impact excitation. Though the displacement of the caisson is large due to sliding, the rotation, the sliding force and the overturning moment of the caisson are significantly reduced.展开更多
The motion of intervariant intedeces under the action of applied stress in the internally faulted 18R martensite in a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy has been studied. Transmission electron microscopy in situ observations...The motion of intervariant intedeces under the action of applied stress in the internally faulted 18R martensite in a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy has been studied. Transmission electron microscopy in situ observations show that the interfaces between 24 martensite variants have different reaction to applied stress. The A/C type and A/B type interfaces have good mobil-ity, the A/D type interface has bad mobiIity, and the different-group-intervariant interfaces are basically immobile.展开更多
Since 1957, selenium has found extensive use in livestock production to maintain an adequate selenium status in animals in areas of soil and feed/forage deficiency. Selenium may be given directly to livestock, or appl...Since 1957, selenium has found extensive use in livestock production to maintain an adequate selenium status in animals in areas of soil and feed/forage deficiency. Selenium may be given directly to livestock, or applied as a fertilizer amendment to increase selenium content of their feeds. This paper addresses the area of direct supplementation, which includes oral and parenteral supplementation, and with ruminant animals the use of slow-release boluses. Various chemical forms of selenium have been examined as supplemental sources, with sodium selenite being the earliest compound of choice. Comnbination of selenium supplementation with other livestock managernent practices led to use of selenium dioxide, which avoided solubility problems with selenite but produced effective responses. Barium salts have been used with some success as supplemental selenium sources. Experience with ruminal boluses has shown that high pressure pelleting of increased grain size selenium, in hollow pellets, has prolonged their useful life. Attention has been paid recently to residual selenium returned to the soil from livestock supplementation practices and the resulting opinion is that currently approved practices are acceptable from the point of view of environmental quality展开更多
BACKGROUND： Glutathione, as an in vivo free radical scavenger, plays an important role in the anti-oxidation defense mechanism in patients with acute cerebral infarction. OBJECTIVE： To observe the relationship betwe...BACKGROUND： Glutathione, as an in vivo free radical scavenger, plays an important role in the anti-oxidation defense mechanism in patients with acute cerebral infarction. OBJECTIVE： To observe the relationship between the levels of glutathione （GSH） and malonaldehyde （MDA）, the metabolite of lipid peroxidation, in erythrocyte and deformation index of erythrocyte in patients at various periods following acute cerebral infarction. DESIGN： Controlled observation.SETTING： Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease of Qingdao Medical College. PARTICIPANTS： We chose 98 inpatients with acute cerebral infarction from Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January to December 2000 , serving as cerebral infarction group, including 50 male and 48 female, with mean age of （62±7）years. There were 23 cases found on the 1^st day after onset; 25 cases on the 3^rd day after onset; 25 cases on the 7^th day after onset; 25 cases on the 14th days after onset, and they were all confirmed by craniocerebral CT or MRI. Another 30 homeochronous inpatients with neurosis, cervical syndrome, lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and motor neuron disease were chosen as control group, including 20 male and 10 female, with mean age of （52±8）years . There was no significant difference in age and gender distribution between two groups （P 〉 0.05）. Patients in the two groups were informed of detected index.METHODS：①Ulnar venous blood was chosen from the patients who were fasted on the 1^st, 3^rd,7^th and 14^th days after onset. Deformation index of erythrocyte was measured with BL88-CKX laser diffraction erythrocyte deformeter and photographing was performed. GSH level in erythrocyte was measured with DTNB assay introduced by Beu-tler. MDA level in erythrocyte was measured with modified thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method.②At each sample collecting , according to the criteria accepted by the Fourth National Conference of Cerebrovascular Disease, intergrant of neurologic impairment 〈 15 points was regarded as mild （n=46）, 15 to 30 points as moderate （n=40）and, 〉 30 points as severe （n=12）. ③ t test was used to compare data between two groups , and linear correlation analysis was used in relationship analysis among indexes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ：① Comparison of erythrocyte GSH and MDA levels and deformation index of erythrocyte at various periods between patients with acute cerebral infarction and controls. ②Correlation of erythrocyte GSH level with erythrocyte MDA level and with deformation index of erythrocyte in patients with cerebral infarction . ③ Relationship between erythrocyte GSH level and severity of disease in patients with acute cerebral infarction. RESULTS： Totally 98 patients with acute cerebral infarction and 30 controls all entered the stage of result analysis. ① Erythrocyte GSH level and deformation index of erythrocyte were lower on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days after onset in cerebral infarction group than in control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）, and erythrocyte MDA level was significantly higher in cerebral infarction group than in control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The three indexes changed most significantly on day 3 after onset in patients, and began to recover or decrease on day 7 after onset and inclined to be normal on day 14 after onset. ② Erythrocyte GSH level was significantly negatively correlated with erythrocyte MDA level in patients with acute cerebral infarction on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days after onset （r=-0.534, -0.713, -0.645, -0.656, respectively, P 〈 0.05-0.01 ） ,and significantly positively correlated with erythrocyte deformation index （t-=0.502, 0.560, 0.455, 0.504, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. ③Erythrocyte GSH level was significantly lower in moderate or severe patients with acute cerebral infarction than in mild patients[（0.215±0.088）,（0.192±0.102）, （0.281±0.090） g/L, P〈 0.05]. CONCLUSION：①Erythrocyte GSH and MDA levels and deformation index of erythrocyte change significantly on the 3^rd day following acute cerebral infarction. Index detection results gradually tended to be normal on from the 7^th day to 14^th days day after onset. ② Change of erythrocyte GSH level can reflect the severity of disease of patients with acute cerebral infarction.③Decrease of erythrocyte GSH level in patients with acute cerebral infarction is one of reasons that result in the decrease of deformation ability of erythrocyte.展开更多
The use of antibiotics to maintain animal health has widely been practiced,for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.Along with the identification of serious adverse effects of some antibiotics on human and domes...The use of antibiotics to maintain animal health has widely been practiced,for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.Along with the identification of serious adverse effects of some antibiotics on human and domestic animals[1],chloramphenicol.展开更多
A Ru(Ⅲ)-catalyzed annulation reaction of 2-aminoaromatic aldehydes(ketones)and isoxazoles to afford diverse 3-cyanoquinolines has been developed.Notably,isoxazole acted as a cyclization reagent and nontoxic cyano sou...A Ru(Ⅲ)-catalyzed annulation reaction of 2-aminoaromatic aldehydes(ketones)and isoxazoles to afford diverse 3-cyanoquinolines has been developed.Notably,isoxazole acted as a cyclization reagent and nontoxic cyano source via N-O bond cleavage and fragmentation.Variously substituted(especially 6-or 7-substituted)quinolines could be easily afforded.This procedure features wide functional group compatibility,efficiency and avoiding toxic cyano source.Meanwhile,this protocol could be successfully applied to scale-up synthesis.Further chemical transformations of 3-cyanoquinoline could give some valuable skeletons,demonstrating its potential in synthetic application.展开更多
The composition ratio of donor and acceptor materials in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) is one of the key parameters to govern the performance in organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, high-performance non-fulleren...The composition ratio of donor and acceptor materials in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) is one of the key parameters to govern the performance in organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, high-performance non-fullerene organic bulk heterojunction consisting of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b' ]dithiophene))-co-(1,3-di(5-thiophene-2-yl)–5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PBDB-T) and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))–5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2' ,3'-d' ]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b' ]-dithio-phene (ITIC) are used to investigate the correlation among various donor: acceptor (D:A) ratios, photophysical properties and photovoltaic performance. Interestingly, the function of short-circuit current (Jsc) and D:A ratios demonstrates an axisymmetric trend. When the blending ratio of D:A deviates from the optimal ratio, the symmetrically decreased Jsc is derived from a reduction in the D:A interface or amorphous region. Research on the steady-state photoluminescence (PL), the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy measurements, atomic force microscopic (AFM) and grazing-incidence small angle X-rays scattering (GIWAXS) indicates no significant variation in energy loss in the process of changing D:A ratios in BHJs. With high donor or acceptor content, the domain size improves significantly, but the distance of π-π stacking corresponding to molecular packing has not changed significantly, and the bi-continuous percolation pathways were not obviously influenced.展开更多
The corrosion properties of pure zirconium(Zr)with different grain sizes in acid,alkali,and salt environments were studied.The microstructures of pure Zr were observed by optical microscope,X-ray diffractometer,and el...The corrosion properties of pure zirconium(Zr)with different grain sizes in acid,alkali,and salt environments were studied.The microstructures of pure Zr were observed by optical microscope,X-ray diffractometer,and electron backscattered diffraction probe.The corrosion resistance of pure Zr was analyzed by electrochemical corrosion test and immersion test.Results show that pure Zr with grain size of 4–32μm can be obtained after annealing at 800°C for different durations,and the relationship between grain size and annealing duration is D^(3)−D_(0)^(3)=3.35t.The electrochemical corrosion and immersion corrosion test results show that the pure Zr with grain size of about 24μm(annealing at 800°C for 20 h)possesses the optimal corrosion resistance.展开更多
Phosphorus （P） is an essential nutrient utilized by all organisms for energy transport and growth. Both the conventional molybdenum-blue method and the magnesium-induced coprecipitation （MAGIC） procedures were app...Phosphorus （P） is an essential nutrient utilized by all organisms for energy transport and growth. Both the conventional molybdenum-blue method and the magnesium-induced coprecipitation （MAGIC） procedures were applied for the measurement of dissolved inorganic phosphorus （DIP） and total dissolved phosphorus （TDP） in more than 840 water samples collected between 2003 and 2005, including seawater （the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea, and the northern South China Sea）, water from rivers and estuaries （the Changjiang, the Huanghe, and the major rivers emptying into the Jiaozhou Bay）, groundwater （in the drainage basin surrounding the Jiaozhou Bay）, rain-water, and aquaculture water samples. The MAGIC method allows the investigation of phosphorus distributions and cycling for systems in which DIP is below the detection limits of conventional methods. Comparison between the two methods demonstrated that the concentrations obtained with both methods were significantly correlated. The differences of DIP and TDP concentrations measured with the two methods were higher when the concentrations of DIP and TDP were lower, implying the lower reproducibility at low concentrations. The concentration differences increase with the increase in the proportion of DOP in TDP, which indicates that the discrepancy of DIP concentrations measured with the two methods increases when the DOP concentration is high. The discrepancies indicated that the composition of P compounds differs depending on sample sources and water type; it would be useful to infer the presence of different phosphorus compound pools from differences between the two methods. This study indicates the potential presence of a pool of alkaline-labile compounds for samples from rainwater and rivers and estuaries surrounding the Jiaozhou Bay; the potential presence of acid-labile compounds that were adsorbed by Mg（OH）2 for samples from the Changjiang Estuary, Huanghai Sea, East China Sea, and groundwater; the potential presence of a substantial pool of acid-labile compounds that were not adsorbed by Mg（OH）2 for samples from the Huanghe Estuary, aquaculture water, the East China Sea algal bloom water, and the northern South China Sea.展开更多
文摘This research investigates the design and optimization of a photovoltaic(PV)water pumping system to address seasonal water demands across five locations with varying elevation heads.The systemdraws water froma deep well with a static water level of 30mand a dynamic level of 50m,serving agricultural and livestock needs.The objective of this study is to accurately size a PV system that balances energy generation and demand while minimizing grid dependency.Meanwhile,the study presents a comprehensivemethodology to calculate flowrates,pumping power,daily energy consumption,and system capacity.Therefore,the PV system rating,energy output,and economic performance were evaluated using metrics such as discounted payback period(DPP),net present value(NPV),and sensitivity analysis.The results show that a 2.74 kWp PV system is optimal,producing 4767 kWh/year to meet the system’s annual energy demand of 4686 kWh.In summer,energy demand peaks at 1532.7 kWh,while in winter,it drops to 692.1 kWh.Meanwhile,flow rates range from 11.71 m^(3)/h at 57 m head to 10.49 m^(3)/h at 70 m head,demonstrating the system’s adaptability to diverse hydraulic conditions.Economic analysis reveals that at a 5%interest rate and an electricity price of$0.15/kWh,the NPV is$6981.82 with a DPP of 3.76 years.However,a 30%increase in electricity prices improves the NPV to$10,005.18 and shortens the DPP to 2.76 years,whereas a 20%interest rate reduces the NPV to$1038.79 and extends the DPP to 6.08 years.Nevertheless,the annual PV energy generation exceeds total energy demand by 81 kWh,reducing grid dependency and lowering electricity costs.Additionally,the PV system avoids approximately 3956.6 kg of CO_(2) emissions annually,underscoring its environmental benefits over traditional pumping systems.As a result,this study highlights the economic and environmental viability of PV-powered water pumping systems,offering actionable insights for sustainable energy solutions in agriculture.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.52025041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52474319,52250091,U2341267,and 52450003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-TP-20-02C2)supported by the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB,China(Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities)(No.FRF-IDRY-GD23-003).
文摘CoFe bimetallic hydroxides(CoFe BMHs)find wide applications as excellent catalysts in the field of water splitting.However,no study has systematically investigated the influence of the morphologies of CoFe BMHs on catalyst performance.In this study,CoFe BMH nanoflowers(CoFe BMH NFs),CoFe BMH nanosheets(CoFe BMH NSHs),CoFe BMH nanorods(CoFe BMH NRs),and CoFe BMH nanospheres(CoFe BMH NSPs)were prepared on nickel foam via a hydrothermal method.CoFe BMH NSHs exhibited the most beneficial catalytic activity.At a current density of 100 mA·cm^(-2),its overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)was 282 mV,and the overall water splitting voltage was 2.05 V.The double-layer charging capacitance(Cdl)value of CoFe BMH NSHs was the largest in CoFe BMHs,which proves that CoFe BMH NSHs have the largest active area.Furthermore,the active site in the OER process was metal oxyhydroxide(MOOH)through in situ Raman characterization,and the generation of the active substance was an irreversible process.This work provides important insights into the design of catalyst morphologies and offers valuable guidelines for the enhancement of the performance of other catalysts.
基金Project(24A0006)supported by the Key Project of Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Department of Education,ChinaProject(2024JJ5430)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,ChinaProjects(2024JK2045,2023RC3061)supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China。
文摘A high-speed train travelling from the open air into a narrow tunnel will cause the“sonic boom”at tunnel exit.When the maglev train’s speed reaches 600 km/h,the train-tunnel aerodynamic effect is intensified,so a new mitigation method is urgently expected to be explored.This study proposed a novel asymptotic linear method(ALM)for micro pressure wave(MPW)mitigation to achieve a constant gradient of initial c ompression waves(ICWs),via a study with various open ratios on hoods.The properties of ICWs and MPWs under various open ratios of hoods were analyzed.The results show that as the open ratio increases,the MPW amplitude at the tunnel exit initially decreases before rising.At the open ratio of 2.28%,the slope of the ICW curve is linearly coincident with a supposed straight line in the ALM,which further reduces the MPW amplitude by 26.9%at 20 m and 20.0%at 50 m from the exit,as compared to the unvented hood.Therefore,the proposed method effectively mitigates MPW and quickly determines the upper limit of alleviation for the MPW amplitude at a fixed train-tunnel operation condition.All achievements provide a ne w potential measure for the adaptive design of tunnel hoods.
基金This work was supported by KIST(Korea Institute of Science and Technology)institutional grants(2E30965,and 2V07360)the National R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(Nos.2020R1C1C1006065,2021M3F3A2A01037366)+1 种基金This work was also supported by the Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government(the Ministry of Science and ICT,the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy,the Ministry of Health&Welfarethe Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)(Project Number:9991006818,KMDF_PR_20200901_0145-2021).
文摘Out-of-plane microneedle structures are widely used in various applications such as transcutaneous drug delivery and neural signal recording for brain machine interface.This work presents a novel but simple method to fabricate high-density silicon(Si)microneedle arrays with various heights and diverse cross-sectional shapes depending on photomask pattern designs.The proposed fabrication method is composed of a single photolithography and two subsequent deep reactive ion etching(DRIE)steps.First,a photoresist layer was patterned on a Si substrate to define areas to be etched,which will eventually determine the final location and shape of each individual microneedle.Then,the 1st DRIE step created deep trenches with a highly anisotropic etching of the Si substrate.Subsequently,the photoresist was removed for more isotropic etching;the 2nd DRIE isolated and sharpened microneedles from the predefined trench structures.Depending on diverse photomask designs,the 2nd DRIE formed arrays of microneedles that have various height distributions,as well as diverse cross-sectional shapes across the substrate.With these simple steps,high-aspect ratio microneedles were created in the high density of up to 625 microneedles mm^(-2)on a Si wafer.Insertion tests showed a small force as low as~172μN/microneedle is required for microneedle arrays to penetrate the dura mater of a mouse brain.To demonstrate a feasibility of drug delivery application,we also implemented silk microneedle arrays using molding processes.The fabrication method of the present study is expected to be broadly applicable to create microneedle structures for drug delivery,neuroprosthetic devices,and so on.
基金Supported by Central Instrument Laboratory,College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences,Sultan Qaboos University,Sultanate of Oma(Grant No.507/SOP/OB/1/2013)
文摘Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31790410,32160781)。
文摘The gastrointestinal tract is essential for food digestion,nutrient absorption,waste elimination,and microbial defense.Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the intestinal tract has greatly enriched our understanding of cellular diversity,functional heterogeneity,and their importance in intestinal tract development and disease.Although such profiling has been extensively conducted in humans and mice,the single-cell gene expression landscape of the pig cecum remains unexplored.Here,single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 45572 cells obtained from seven cecal samples in pigs at four different developmental stages(days(D)30,42,150,and 730).Analysis revealed 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes,as well as their distinctive genes,transcription factors,and regulons,many of which were conserved in humans.An increase in the relative proportions of CD8^(+)T and Granzyme A(low expression)natural killer T cells(GZMA^(low)NKT)cells and a decrease in the relative proportions of epithelial stem cells,Tregs,RHEX^(+)T cells,and plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)were noted across the developmental stages.Moreover,the post-weaning period exhibited an up-regulation in mitochondrial genes,COX2 and ND2,as well as genes involved in immune activation in multiple cell types.Cell-cell crosstalk analysis indicated that IBP6^(+)fibroblasts were the main signal senders at D30,whereas IBP6^(−)fibroblasts assumed this role at the other stages.NKT cells established interactions with epithelial cells and IBP6^(+)fibroblasts in the D730 cecum through mediation of GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs.This study provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity and function in the pig cecum at different development stages.
文摘In this paper, the singlet and triplet state electron transfer processes between hypocrellin A(HA) and aromatic amines in solvents of various polarity have been studied by fluorescence and time-resolved transient absorption spectra. The results show,in.polar solvent, the quenching of HA fluorescence by aromatic amines results in Stern-Volmer plot, the investigation of transient absorption indicated that triplet-state electron transfer process from 3HA to the ground-state of amines occured, and the wines of the singlet and triplet state electron transfer rate constant were calculated, however in weak polar solvent, only the triplet-triplet absorption of HA was observed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973157,61904123,52103061,52203066)the Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education(2018KJ196)+3 种基金the project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021T140419)Tianjin Municipal College Student’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202110058052)the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202110058017)the State Key Laboratory of Membrane and Membrane Separation,Tiangong University。
文摘With the popularity and widespread applications of electronics,higher demands are being placed on the performance of battery materials.Due to the large difference in electronegativity between fluorine and carbon atoms,doping fluorine atoms in nanocarbon-based materials is considered an effective way to improve the performance of used battery.However,there is still a blank in the systematic review of the mechanism and research progress of fluorine-doped nanostructured carbon materials in various batteries.In this review,the synthetic routes of fluorinated/fluorine-doped nanocarbon-based(CF_x)materials under different fluorine sources and the function mechanism of CF_x in various batteries are reviewed in detail.Subsequently,judging from the dependence between the structure and electrochemical performance of nanocarbon sources,the progress of CF_x based on different dimensions(0D–3D)for primary battery applications is reviewed and the balance between energy density and power density is critically discussed.In addition,the roles of CF_x materials in secondary batteries and their current applications in recent years are summarized in detail to illustrate the effect of introducing F atoms.Finally,we envisage the prospect of CF_x materials and offer some insights and recommendations to facilitate the further exploration of CF_x materials for various high-performance battery applications.
文摘Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from a local mariculture site and placed in pre-cleaned sea water tanks containing 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.3 μg/ml CdCl2. The level of Cd in the gill, viscera and gonad was measured. The concentration of Cd in the 3 tissues increased linearly over 4 days' of exposure. The rate of uptake depends on the concentration of Cd in the water. In the 3 tissues studied, the maximum rate of uptake (Vmax) was highest in the gill (500μg/g dry weight/day), followed by viscera (100μg/g dry weight/day) and gonad (56.8 μg/g dry weight/day). The majority of the Cd taken up was bound to a fraction of the heat-stable proteins similar to metallothioneins. The rate of Cd depuration from the tissues was poor. There was no change in Cd concentration over 8 days' depuration in clean water
基金This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50279027)
文摘Sliding is one of the principal failure types of caisson breakwaters and is an essential content of stability examination in caisson breakwater design. Herein, the mass-spring-dashpot model of caisson-base system is used to simulate the vibrating-sliding motion of the caisson under various types of breaking wave impact forces, i.e., single peak impact force, double peak impact force, and shock-damping oscillation impact force. The effects of various breaking wave impacts and the sliding motion on the dynamic response behaviors of caisson breakwaters are investigated and the calculation of relevant system parameters is discussed. It is shown that the dynamic responses of the caisson are significantly different under different types of breaking wave impact forces even when the amplitudes of impact forces are equal. The amplitude of dynamic response of the caisson is lower under single peak impact excitation than that under double peak impact or shock-damping oscillation impact excitation. Though the displacement of the caisson is large due to sliding, the rotation, the sliding force and the overturning moment of the caisson are significantly reduced.
文摘The motion of intervariant intedeces under the action of applied stress in the internally faulted 18R martensite in a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy has been studied. Transmission electron microscopy in situ observations show that the interfaces between 24 martensite variants have different reaction to applied stress. The A/C type and A/B type interfaces have good mobil-ity, the A/D type interface has bad mobiIity, and the different-group-intervariant interfaces are basically immobile.
文摘Since 1957, selenium has found extensive use in livestock production to maintain an adequate selenium status in animals in areas of soil and feed/forage deficiency. Selenium may be given directly to livestock, or applied as a fertilizer amendment to increase selenium content of their feeds. This paper addresses the area of direct supplementation, which includes oral and parenteral supplementation, and with ruminant animals the use of slow-release boluses. Various chemical forms of selenium have been examined as supplemental sources, with sodium selenite being the earliest compound of choice. Comnbination of selenium supplementation with other livestock managernent practices led to use of selenium dioxide, which avoided solubility problems with selenite but produced effective responses. Barium salts have been used with some success as supplemental selenium sources. Experience with ruminal boluses has shown that high pressure pelleting of increased grain size selenium, in hollow pellets, has prolonged their useful life. Attention has been paid recently to residual selenium returned to the soil from livestock supplementation practices and the resulting opinion is that currently approved practices are acceptable from the point of view of environmental quality
文摘BACKGROUND： Glutathione, as an in vivo free radical scavenger, plays an important role in the anti-oxidation defense mechanism in patients with acute cerebral infarction. OBJECTIVE： To observe the relationship between the levels of glutathione （GSH） and malonaldehyde （MDA）, the metabolite of lipid peroxidation, in erythrocyte and deformation index of erythrocyte in patients at various periods following acute cerebral infarction. DESIGN： Controlled observation.SETTING： Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease of Qingdao Medical College. PARTICIPANTS： We chose 98 inpatients with acute cerebral infarction from Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January to December 2000 , serving as cerebral infarction group, including 50 male and 48 female, with mean age of （62±7）years. There were 23 cases found on the 1^st day after onset; 25 cases on the 3^rd day after onset; 25 cases on the 7^th day after onset; 25 cases on the 14th days after onset, and they were all confirmed by craniocerebral CT or MRI. Another 30 homeochronous inpatients with neurosis, cervical syndrome, lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and motor neuron disease were chosen as control group, including 20 male and 10 female, with mean age of （52±8）years . There was no significant difference in age and gender distribution between two groups （P 〉 0.05）. Patients in the two groups were informed of detected index.METHODS：①Ulnar venous blood was chosen from the patients who were fasted on the 1^st, 3^rd,7^th and 14^th days after onset. Deformation index of erythrocyte was measured with BL88-CKX laser diffraction erythrocyte deformeter and photographing was performed. GSH level in erythrocyte was measured with DTNB assay introduced by Beu-tler. MDA level in erythrocyte was measured with modified thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method.②At each sample collecting , according to the criteria accepted by the Fourth National Conference of Cerebrovascular Disease, intergrant of neurologic impairment 〈 15 points was regarded as mild （n=46）, 15 to 30 points as moderate （n=40）and, 〉 30 points as severe （n=12）. ③ t test was used to compare data between two groups , and linear correlation analysis was used in relationship analysis among indexes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ：① Comparison of erythrocyte GSH and MDA levels and deformation index of erythrocyte at various periods between patients with acute cerebral infarction and controls. ②Correlation of erythrocyte GSH level with erythrocyte MDA level and with deformation index of erythrocyte in patients with cerebral infarction . ③ Relationship between erythrocyte GSH level and severity of disease in patients with acute cerebral infarction. RESULTS： Totally 98 patients with acute cerebral infarction and 30 controls all entered the stage of result analysis. ① Erythrocyte GSH level and deformation index of erythrocyte were lower on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days after onset in cerebral infarction group than in control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）, and erythrocyte MDA level was significantly higher in cerebral infarction group than in control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. The three indexes changed most significantly on day 3 after onset in patients, and began to recover or decrease on day 7 after onset and inclined to be normal on day 14 after onset. ② Erythrocyte GSH level was significantly negatively correlated with erythrocyte MDA level in patients with acute cerebral infarction on the 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th and 14^th days after onset （r=-0.534, -0.713, -0.645, -0.656, respectively, P 〈 0.05-0.01 ） ,and significantly positively correlated with erythrocyte deformation index （t-=0.502, 0.560, 0.455, 0.504, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. ③Erythrocyte GSH level was significantly lower in moderate or severe patients with acute cerebral infarction than in mild patients[（0.215±0.088）,（0.192±0.102）, （0.281±0.090） g/L, P〈 0.05]. CONCLUSION：①Erythrocyte GSH and MDA levels and deformation index of erythrocyte change significantly on the 3^rd day following acute cerebral infarction. Index detection results gradually tended to be normal on from the 7^th day to 14^th days day after onset. ② Change of erythrocyte GSH level can reflect the severity of disease of patients with acute cerebral infarction.③Decrease of erythrocyte GSH level in patients with acute cerebral infarction is one of reasons that result in the decrease of deformation ability of erythrocyte.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China[No.2015A030313272].
文摘The use of antibiotics to maintain animal health has widely been practiced,for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.Along with the identification of serious adverse effects of some antibiotics on human and domestic animals[1],chloramphenicol.
基金partial financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFE0132600)Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists(No.GZS2020001)Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(No.212102311068)。
文摘A Ru(Ⅲ)-catalyzed annulation reaction of 2-aminoaromatic aldehydes(ketones)and isoxazoles to afford diverse 3-cyanoquinolines has been developed.Notably,isoxazole acted as a cyclization reagent and nontoxic cyano source via N-O bond cleavage and fragmentation.Variously substituted(especially 6-or 7-substituted)quinolines could be easily afforded.This procedure features wide functional group compatibility,efficiency and avoiding toxic cyano source.Meanwhile,this protocol could be successfully applied to scale-up synthesis.Further chemical transformations of 3-cyanoquinoline could give some valuable skeletons,demonstrating its potential in synthetic application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61631166001,11574181,11774204)Key R&D Programs of Shandong Province,China(No.2018GGX103004)support from the ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science(No.CE170100026)
文摘The composition ratio of donor and acceptor materials in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) is one of the key parameters to govern the performance in organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, high-performance non-fullerene organic bulk heterojunction consisting of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b' ]dithiophene))-co-(1,3-di(5-thiophene-2-yl)–5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PBDB-T) and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))–5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2' ,3'-d' ]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b' ]-dithio-phene (ITIC) are used to investigate the correlation among various donor: acceptor (D:A) ratios, photophysical properties and photovoltaic performance. Interestingly, the function of short-circuit current (Jsc) and D:A ratios demonstrates an axisymmetric trend. When the blending ratio of D:A deviates from the optimal ratio, the symmetrically decreased Jsc is derived from a reduction in the D:A interface or amorphous region. Research on the steady-state photoluminescence (PL), the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy measurements, atomic force microscopic (AFM) and grazing-incidence small angle X-rays scattering (GIWAXS) indicates no significant variation in energy loss in the process of changing D:A ratios in BHJs. With high donor or acceptor content, the domain size improves significantly, but the distance of π-π stacking corresponding to molecular packing has not changed significantly, and the bi-continuous percolation pathways were not obviously influenced.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071126)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City,China(22JCQNJC01240)+2 种基金Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Hebei Province(226Z1009G)Special Funds for Science and Technology Innovation in Hebei(2022X19)Foundation Strengthening Program(2019-JCJQ-00)。
文摘The corrosion properties of pure zirconium(Zr)with different grain sizes in acid,alkali,and salt environments were studied.The microstructures of pure Zr were observed by optical microscope,X-ray diffractometer,and electron backscattered diffraction probe.The corrosion resistance of pure Zr was analyzed by electrochemical corrosion test and immersion test.Results show that pure Zr with grain size of 4–32μm can be obtained after annealing at 800°C for different durations,and the relationship between grain size and annealing duration is D^(3)−D_(0)^(3)=3.35t.The electrochemical corrosion and immersion corrosion test results show that the pure Zr with grain size of about 24μm(annealing at 800°C for 20 h)possesses the optimal corrosion resistance.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40876054 and 40925017the Science and Technology Key Program of the Ministry of Education under contract Nos NCET-05-0593 and 108081the Special Funds from National Key Basic Research Program under contract Nos 2006CB400602 and 2007DFB20380
文摘Phosphorus （P） is an essential nutrient utilized by all organisms for energy transport and growth. Both the conventional molybdenum-blue method and the magnesium-induced coprecipitation （MAGIC） procedures were applied for the measurement of dissolved inorganic phosphorus （DIP） and total dissolved phosphorus （TDP） in more than 840 water samples collected between 2003 and 2005, including seawater （the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea, and the northern South China Sea）, water from rivers and estuaries （the Changjiang, the Huanghe, and the major rivers emptying into the Jiaozhou Bay）, groundwater （in the drainage basin surrounding the Jiaozhou Bay）, rain-water, and aquaculture water samples. The MAGIC method allows the investigation of phosphorus distributions and cycling for systems in which DIP is below the detection limits of conventional methods. Comparison between the two methods demonstrated that the concentrations obtained with both methods were significantly correlated. The differences of DIP and TDP concentrations measured with the two methods were higher when the concentrations of DIP and TDP were lower, implying the lower reproducibility at low concentrations. The concentration differences increase with the increase in the proportion of DOP in TDP, which indicates that the discrepancy of DIP concentrations measured with the two methods increases when the DOP concentration is high. The discrepancies indicated that the composition of P compounds differs depending on sample sources and water type; it would be useful to infer the presence of different phosphorus compound pools from differences between the two methods. This study indicates the potential presence of a pool of alkaline-labile compounds for samples from rainwater and rivers and estuaries surrounding the Jiaozhou Bay; the potential presence of acid-labile compounds that were adsorbed by Mg（OH）2 for samples from the Changjiang Estuary, Huanghai Sea, East China Sea, and groundwater; the potential presence of a substantial pool of acid-labile compounds that were not adsorbed by Mg（OH）2 for samples from the Huanghe Estuary, aquaculture water, the East China Sea algal bloom water, and the northern South China Sea.
