This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial prob...This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial probit(MNP)and multivariate probit(MVP).Data were collected from 382 farmers sampled from four districts in KhyberPakhtunkhwa(KP)province of Pakistan via a multistage sampling technique.This study utilizes the MNP model,considering the assumption of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives(IIA)and incorporating correlated error terms.The objective is to understand farmers'behavior in risky situations and determine if there is heterogeneity.Results are compared with the MVP model to assess robustness and gain deeper understanding of farmers'decisionmaking processes.The research findings reveal that our results are robust,and farmers behave homogeneously in various RMS scenarios.Farmers adopt RMS individually or in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of natural calamities on their livelihood.The risk-averse farmers,who perceive weather-related risks as a threat,access credits and information,and have farms close to a river are more likely to adopt RMS,irrespective of the format of the strategies available.Moreover,the predicted probabilities and correlation of the RMS and RM categories have strengthened our model estimation.These findings provide insights into the behavior of farmers in adopting RMS which are helpful for policymakers and stakeholders in developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of natural calamities on farmers.展开更多
基于ICLV(Integrated Choice and Latent Variable)模型,结合2013年绍兴市居民出行调查数据,研究通勤者的方式选择行为,包括小汽车、公交车、摩托车和电动车等4种当地居民在日常生活中较常用的交通方式。模型不仅分析了可观测的个人及...基于ICLV(Integrated Choice and Latent Variable)模型,结合2013年绍兴市居民出行调查数据,研究通勤者的方式选择行为,包括小汽车、公交车、摩托车和电动车等4种当地居民在日常生活中较常用的交通方式。模型不仅分析了可观测的个人及家庭的社会经济属性对通勤方式的影响,而且通过潜变量模型构建通勤者个人对各类出行方式的态度等不可见因素,并将其纳入选择模型。结果表明,潜在的心理因素同样对方式选择行为有重要影响,并能够揭示选择行为的内在原因。该研究可为交通需求管理策略制定者以及交通规划者提供指导意见,从而促进交通系统的可持续发展。展开更多
文摘This study investigates the factors that impact farmers'adoption of risk management strategies(RMS)in Pakistan during times of uncertainty.The study examines farmers'adoption of RMS using both multinomial probit(MNP)and multivariate probit(MVP).Data were collected from 382 farmers sampled from four districts in KhyberPakhtunkhwa(KP)province of Pakistan via a multistage sampling technique.This study utilizes the MNP model,considering the assumption of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives(IIA)and incorporating correlated error terms.The objective is to understand farmers'behavior in risky situations and determine if there is heterogeneity.Results are compared with the MVP model to assess robustness and gain deeper understanding of farmers'decisionmaking processes.The research findings reveal that our results are robust,and farmers behave homogeneously in various RMS scenarios.Farmers adopt RMS individually or in combination to mitigate the adverse effects of natural calamities on their livelihood.The risk-averse farmers,who perceive weather-related risks as a threat,access credits and information,and have farms close to a river are more likely to adopt RMS,irrespective of the format of the strategies available.Moreover,the predicted probabilities and correlation of the RMS and RM categories have strengthened our model estimation.These findings provide insights into the behavior of farmers in adopting RMS which are helpful for policymakers and stakeholders in developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of natural calamities on farmers.
文摘基于ICLV(Integrated Choice and Latent Variable)模型,结合2013年绍兴市居民出行调查数据,研究通勤者的方式选择行为,包括小汽车、公交车、摩托车和电动车等4种当地居民在日常生活中较常用的交通方式。模型不仅分析了可观测的个人及家庭的社会经济属性对通勤方式的影响,而且通过潜变量模型构建通勤者个人对各类出行方式的态度等不可见因素,并将其纳入选择模型。结果表明,潜在的心理因素同样对方式选择行为有重要影响,并能够揭示选择行为的内在原因。该研究可为交通需求管理策略制定者以及交通规划者提供指导意见,从而促进交通系统的可持续发展。
