In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem function...In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.展开更多
Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions ...Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
Widespread forest fires pose significant challenges to the diverse communities of soil-dwelling organisms and the multiple ecosystem functions they support.However,whether the biodiversity and interactions of various ...Widespread forest fires pose significant challenges to the diverse communities of soil-dwelling organisms and the multiple ecosystem functions they support.However,whether the biodiversity and interactions of various taxonomic groups respond to fire consistently in terms of direction and extent,and their relative role in regulating post-fire soil functioning,remains largely unexplored.In this study,we investigated whether the diversity and co-occurrence networks of soil organisms across various trophic levels(including bacteria,fungi,protists,and invertebrates)in subtropical forests exhibit consistent responses to fire.Furthermore,we investigated their contribution to regulating soil multifunctionality,which is measured by a range of soil extracellular enzyme activities,available nutrients and reduced potential fungal plant pathogens.Our findings revealed that fire led to a decline in the richness of fungi,protists,and invertebrates,without significantly impacting bacterial richness.Fire also simplified the microbial co-occurrence networks while complexifying the invertebrate networks.Interestingly,soil multifunctionality tended to decrease with the richness of lower-trophic communities(i.e.,bacteria),whereas it increased with that of high-trophic communities(i.e.,protists and invertebrates).Moreover,fire indirectly influenced soil multifunctionality by altering biodiversity and network complexity,particularly pronounced in high-trophic communities.Overall,our results underscored the divergent vulnerability of biodiversity and networks to fires across taxa groups,highlighting the crucial role of biodiversity and interactions of higher trophic taxa groups in shaping the recovery and functionality of fire-affected soils.展开更多
Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lackin...Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lacking to support this hypothesis.Methods Based on a transect survey of 78 naturally assembled shrub communities,we caloulated acid deposition flux in Northwest China and evaluated its likely ecological ffets by testing three altemnative hypotheses,namely:.nidche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity hypotheses Rao's quadratic entopy and community-weighted mean traits were employed to represent the complementary aspect of niche complementarity and mass ratio effects,respectively.Resulbs:We observed that in the past four decades,the concentrations of exchangeable base cations in soil in Northwest China have decreased significantly to the extent of having faced the risk of depletion,whereas changes in the calium carbonate content and pH of soil were not significant.Adid deposition primani ly increased the aboweground biomass and shrub density in shrublands but had no sigmificant effect on shrub richness and ecasystem multifunctionality(EMF),indicating that acid deposition had positive but weak ecological effects on dryland ecosystems.Community wd ghted mean of functional traits(representing the mass ratio hypothesis)correlated negatively with EMF,whereas both Rao's quadratic entropy(representing the niche complementarity hypothesis)and aboveground biomass(representing the vegetation quantity hypothesis)correlated positively but insignifcantly with EMF.These biodiversity-EMF relationships highlight the fragility and instability of drylands relative to forest ecasystems.Concuions:The findings from this study serve as important reference points to understand the ris of soil acidification in arid regions and its impacts on biodiversity-EMF relationships.展开更多
The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems a...The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.展开更多
Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosyst...Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality.We selected 171 monospecific and mixed-species plantations from nine regions across subtropical China,and quantified 13 key ecosystem functional properties to investigate how species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality are modulated by functional diversity and identity.We found that ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed tree plantations than in monospecific plantations except the mixed-conifer species plantations.Across all regions,ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed conifer-broadleaf plantations than in monospecific plantations of the corresponding species,but not different between mixed and monospecific coniferous plantations.The magnitude of species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality varied greatly with tree species compositions.Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.as an example,the effects varied from a range of 2.0%–9.6%when mixed with a conifer species to 36%–87%when mixed with a broadleaf species.The functional diversity was the dominate driver shaping ecosystem multifunctionality,while functional identity,as expressed by community-weighted mean of specific leaf area,also had a positive effect on ecosystem multifunctionality through the increased below-ground nitrogen and phosphorus stocks regulated by specific leaf area of the mixing tree species.Our study highlights the important role of functional diversity in shaping ecosystem multifunctionality across region-wide environmental conditions.Mixed conifer-broadleaf tree plantations with distinct functional traits benefit the enhancement of ecosystem multifunctionality,and the magnitude of species mixture effects is modulated by the functional identity of tree species composition;those relationships deserve a special consideration in multifunctional management context of subtropical plantations.展开更多
Owing to the joint effects of ecosystem fragility,anthropogenic disturbance and climate change,alpine grasslands(alpine meadow,alpine steppe and alpine desert)have experienced serious degradation during the past sever...Owing to the joint effects of ecosystem fragility,anthropogenic disturbance and climate change,alpine grasslands(alpine meadow,alpine steppe and alpine desert)have experienced serious degradation during the past several decades.Grasslands degradation has severely affected the delivery of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)and services,and then threatens the livelihood of local herdsmen and ecological security of China.However,we still lack comprehensive insights about the effects of degradation and climatic factors on EMF of alpine grasslands,especially for alpine desert ecosystem.Therefore,we applied a large-scale field investigation to answer this question.Our results suggested grassland degradation significantly decreased the belowground ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)and EMF of alpine grasslands and aboveground ecosystem multifunctionality(AEMF)of alpine meadow,while did not reduce the AEMF of alpine steppe and desert.Except for the insignificant difference between degraded steppe and degraded desert in AEMF,the alpine meadow showed the highest AEMF,BEMF and EMF,alpine steppe ranked the second and alpine desert was the lowest.AEMF,BEMF and EMF of health alpine grasslands were strongly affected by mean annual precipitation(MAP)(19%-51%)and mean annual temperature(MAT)(9%-36%),while those of degraded meadow and degraded desert were not impacted by precipitation and temperature.AEMF and BEMF showed a synergistic relationship in healthy alpine grasslands(12%-28%),but not in degraded grasslands.Our findings emphasized the urgency of implementing the feasible ecological restoration project to mitigate the negative influences of grassland degradation on EMF of alpine ecosystems.展开更多
Background:The importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions has been widely accepted.However,the specific mechanisms affecting biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)relationships...Background:The importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions has been widely accepted.However,the specific mechanisms affecting biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)relationships in forests are largely unknown.This is particularly evident for the macroscale of a large forested landscape.Methods:Based on 412 one-tenth hectare field plots distributed over forested areas across northeastern China,we evaluated three alternative hypotheses explaining the relationships between BEMF,namely:niche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity effect.We used Rao's quadratic entropy and community weighted mean trait values to quantify forest“biodiversity”.These two variables represent two complementary aspects of functional properties,which are in line with niche complementary and mass ratio effects,respectively.Results:Ecosystem multifunctionality was negatively associated with the community weighted mean values of acquisitive traits(a proxy of mass ratio effect).Rao's quadratic entropy(a proxy of niche complementarity)had no relationship with ecosystem multifunctionality.Higher stand biomass greatly increased ecosystem multifunctionality,which is in line with the vegetation quantity effect.Our results confirm that in the temperate forests of northeastern China,the relationship of BEMF was primarily affected by vegetation quantity,followed by mass ratio effects.Conclusions:The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the main drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality in forest ecosystems.The results of this study provide additional evidence to support the vegetation quantity and mass ratio hypotheses in forest ecosystems.展开更多
Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycli...Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycling,soil carbon stocks,decomposition,and wood production)to five selective logging intensities in a Pinus yunnanensisdominated forest.We included a control group with no harvest to evaluate the potential shifts in EMF of the P.yunnanensis forests.We also assessed the relationship between above-and belowground biodiversity and EMF under these different selective logging intensities.Additionally,we evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on EMF using a structural equation modeling(SEM)approach.Results:Individual ecosystem functions(EFs)all had a significant positive correlation with selective logging intensity.Different EFs showed different patterns with the increase of selective logging intensity.We found that EMF tended to increase with logging intensity,and that EMF significantly improved when the stand was harvested at least twice.Both functional diversity and soil moisture had a significant positive correlation with EMF,but soil fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)had a significant negative correlation with EMF.Based on SEM,we found that selective logging improved EMF mainly by increasing functional diversity.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that selective logging is a good management technique from an EMF perspective,and thus provide us with potential guidelines to improve forest management in P.yunnanensis forests in this region.The functional diversity is maximized through reasonable selective logging measures,so as to enhance EMF.展开更多
Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefor...Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefore,studying the spatial variation characteristics in soil multifunctionality(SMF)and investigating the driving factors are critical for elucidating and managing the functions of dryland ecosystems in China.Based on the environmental factors(mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual temperature(MAT),solar radiation(Srad),soil acidity(pH),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and cation exchange capacity(CEC))and aridity from the“dataset of soil properties for land surface modeling over China”,we used non-linear regression,ordinary least square(OLS)regression,structural equation model(SEM),and other analytical methods to investigate the relationships of SMF with environmental factors across different aridity levels in China.SMF in different dryland regions varied significantly and showed a patchy distribution,with SMF index values ranging from–1.21 to 2.42.Regions with SMF index values from–0.20 to 0.51 accounting for 63.0%of dryland area in China.OLS regression results revealed that environmental factors like MAP,MAT,Srad,pH,EVI,and CEC were significantly related to SMF(P<0.05).MAP and MAT were correlated to SMF at the whole aridity level(P<0.05).SEM results showed that the driving factors of SMF differed depending on the aridity level.Soil pH was the strongest driving factor of SMF when the aridity was less than 0.80(P<0.001).Both soil CEC and EVI had a positive effect on SMF when aridity was greater than 0.80(P<0.01),with soil CEC being the strongest driving factor.The importance ranking revealed that the relative importance contribution of soil pH to SMF was greatest when aridity was less than 0.80(66.9%).When aridity was set to greater than 0.80,the relative importance contributions of CEC and EVI to SMF increased(45.1%and 31.9%,respectively).Our findings indicated that SMF had high spatial heterogeneity in drylands of China.The aridity threshold controlled the impact of environmental factors on SMF.展开更多
Rural areas are multifunctional and often have production,living,and ecological functions.The high-quality and balanced development of these three functions is key to sustainable rural development(SRD).Thus,the evalua...Rural areas are multifunctional and often have production,living,and ecological functions.The high-quality and balanced development of these three functions is key to sustainable rural development(SRD).Thus,the evaluation of SRD based on rural multifunctionality is of immense significance.This study clarifies the rela‐tionship between multifunctionality and sustainable rural development.An evaluation index system with six sub-components was established for calculating the SRD.In addition,we included 129 counties from the Sich‐uan Province in our case study,and used this index system to analyze the characteristics of rural multifunc‐tionality for evaluating the SRD.The results showed indisputable evidence of multifunctional development.At the county level,rural multifunctionality faces the challenge of insufficient and uneven development,particu‐larly in production functions.Significant spatial differences existed in rural multifunctional development,and the suburban counties generally performed better.Moreover,a mutually reinforcing relationship between pro‐duction,living,and ecological functions was established;however,there was still a significant gap in realizing SRD.Our results emphasize the necessity of a differentiated SRD strategy that should be formulated and imple‐mented based on rural multifunctionality differentiation rules.Our study offers useful guidance for realizing rural multifunctional and sustainable development.展开更多
Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on th...Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)mode,this study identifies and evaluates the LUMFs in the China-Vietnam border area between 2000 and 2018 from the perspectives of agricultural production,social security,ecological service,landscape recreation,and national security.The results show that:1)The comprehensive land use functions in most counties and cities continued to be improved.2)The comprehensive land use function exhibits remarkable spatial divergence and aggregation characteristics.The high-value area of the agricultural production function and social security function evolves from the east to the west.In addition,the spatial evolution of ecological service function is complicated,without an obvious spatial divergence and aggregation pattern.The landscape recreation function shows different spatial differentiation characteristics in the early and middle stage,and forms a large cluster in the later stage.Finally,the spatial evolution pattern of the national security function is significant.3)Designing differentiated border land policies,improving border land use security,and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological protection and ecological compensation can aid in optimizing the LUMF level in the border area.展开更多
With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shieldin...With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.Meanwhile,the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications.Hitherto,a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed.In this review,we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials,but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for"green EMI shielding"performance.In addition,the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized.Finally,we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future,which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.展开更多
The realization of solution-processed tandem quantum-dot LEDs(QLEDs)remains a technical challenge due to the limitations of inefficient interconnect layer and the damage caused by multiple solution processes.Here,we d...The realization of solution-processed tandem quantum-dot LEDs(QLEDs)remains a technical challenge due to the limitations of inefficient interconnect layer and the damage caused by multiple solution processes.Here,we develop a high performance tandem QLED by face-to-face integrating a top-emitting QLED with a transparent QLED.The top and bottom units can be addressed independently,thereby enabling the tandem QLED to operate in series,parallel,and color-tunable modes for multifunctionality.In series mode,QLEDs demonstrate an ultra-low turn-on voltage of 3.3 V and a record-breaking external quantum efficiency of 60.7%.In parallel mode,QLEDs achieve an impressive brightness of over 4.8×10^(6)cdm^(-2).In color-tunable mode,the color,brightness,and color temperature can all be adjusted with a color tuning range of 114%NSTC.Moreover,both series and parallel connections contribute to an improved stability,resulting in a T95 lifetime of nearly 30,000 h at 1000 cdm^(-2),which is an improvement of approximately 2.8 times over control devices.Our work offers a feasible solution for achieving multifunctional tandem QLEDs with the advantages of solution processed,high efficiency,high brightness,long lifetime and full color tunability for various light source applications.展开更多
Trait-based functional diversity(FD)is an important predictor of tree species ecological multifunctionality(TS-EMF),but its relationship may be mediated by environmental factors.Currently,the study of threshold-depend...Trait-based functional diversity(FD)is an important predictor of tree species ecological multifunctionality(TS-EMF),but its relationship may be mediated by environmental factors.Currently,the study of threshold-dependent relationship between FD and TS-EMF along urban and suburban gradients and their environmental regulatory mechanisms is still quite limited.In this study,12 typical tree species from urban and suburban forests in Shenyang were used to calculate TS-EMF by combining the multithreshold and averaging method,and to assess community FD,aiming to reveal the role of FD on TS-EMF and how environmental factors regulate TS-EMF through FD and community-weighted mean(CWM)traits.The results showed that urban TS-EMF was generally higher than suburban(P<0.05).There were differences in the driving mechanisms of TS-EMF at different threshold levels,with air humidity(total effect:0.435)and CWM Pn(net photosynthetic rate,relative importance:24.42%)being the key drivers at high threshold levels.At low threshold levels,functional evenness(FEve)played a dominant role,but the extent to which influenced TS-EMF depended on the type and number of tree species within the TS-EMF threshold range.Notably,the effects of CWM Pn and FEve on TS-EMF showed threshold dependence,with thresholds of 61.18%and 64.47%,respectively.Additionally,the urban-suburban gradient could significantly influence the driving mechanism:the direct effect of environmental factors and CWM traits prevailed in urban forests,while suburban forests showed a multifactorial cascade effect.The study showed that the formation of TS-EMF in urban forests is the result of multifactorial coupling of traits,FD and environmental factors,and this finding provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the ecosystem service drivers of urban forests.展开更多
Crop rotation is a beneficial and sustainable agricultural practice that facilitates increased opportunities for smallholders.This study investigated the impact of eight commonly used crop rotations in China on soil p...Crop rotation is a beneficial and sustainable agricultural practice that facilitates increased opportunities for smallholders.This study investigated the impact of eight commonly used crop rotations in China on soil properties and microbial communities.The faba bean(Vicia faba)rotation increased soil water content,total carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and organic carbon content by 29.1%,40.9%,55.9%,18.9%,and 61.6%,respectively,compared to other rotations.The faba bean rotation also exhibited increased soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates.The effect sizes of the faba bean rotation on soil properties were larger than those of other rotations.The richness and diversity of the microbial community were significantly higher in the faba bean rotation than in other rotations.Desulfobacterota and Planctomycetota had a positive correlation with soil multifunctionality.The faba bean rotation was potentially beneficial to soil fertility and water-use efficiency,creating a favorable niche for microbial growth.With increased microbial activity and potential for nutrient mineralization,legume-microbe interactions had been improved through crop rotation.This resulted in enhancing nutrient cycling efficiency in the faba bean rotation,potentially improving soil properties.展开更多
Improving rural multifunctionality(RM)is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)target of sustainable consumption and production.This study establishes a clear link between functional composition...Improving rural multifunctionality(RM)is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)target of sustainable consumption and production.This study establishes a clear link between functional composition,interaction and urban-rural integration,constructs a system of indicators for evaluating RM,and ex-amines the interactions between functions using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the dominant function type.The results show that:(1)Villages in most counties in Henan Province are in the polarized or domi-nant development type.Only a few villages dominated by non-agricultural production are able to realize compre-hensive and balanced development.(2)Functional and spatial differentiation exists in rural areas of different types of counties.The non-agricultural production function is more prominent in villages around cities,while villages in mountainous and hilly areas emphasize the ecological conservation function.The development of villages in plains and remote areas focuses on agricultural production function.(3)The relationship between RM is complex and di-verse.Agricultural production often constrains other functions.The development of non-agricultural production functions has a positive effect on the improvement of social security functions.Cultural tourism and ecological conservation functions are mutually reinforcing.This study enhances the understanding of overall pattern and type differences of RM and provides valuable insights for formulating more targeted regional economic development policies in the future.展开更多
Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supp...Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.展开更多
Earthworm gut microbiome can significantly influence soil microbial community and functions.However,how earthworms affect the abundant,intermediate,and rare soil bacterial taxa and subsequently regulate soil multifunc...Earthworm gut microbiome can significantly influence soil microbial community and functions.However,how earthworms affect the abundant,intermediate,and rare soil bacterial taxa and subsequently regulate soil multifunctionality remains poorly understood.In this study,we investigated bacteria composition and functional gene traits with and without earthworm addition in low-nutrient soil.Our results show that earthworm addition enhanced soil multifunctionality,including organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus mineralization.Compared to other groups,abundant taxa in earthworm-treated soil exhibited higher 16S rRNA operon copy numbers,copiotroph/oligotroph ratios,niche width,and network efficiency,suggesting a greater competitive capacity for resource acquisition.We identified a core set of persistent abundant taxa genera(11 genera)in earthworm-treated soil,which persisted throughout the incubation period,and were notably dominant among abundant taxa in the earthworm gut(67.1%−79.2%).Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that gut-associated abundant taxa strongly influenced the composition of soil abundant taxa and persistent core abundant taxa genera,which in turn increased soil r-strategists and enhanced multifunctionality.Overall,our findings provide new insights into the ecological strategies of different soil taxa in response to earthworm addition and highlight the role of earthworm gut microbiome in adapting to nutrient-poor environments.展开更多
Biochar and organic fertilizer are widely supported to maintain crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystems.However,it is unclear how biochar and organic fertilizer alone or in combination regulate s...Biochar and organic fertilizer are widely supported to maintain crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystems.However,it is unclear how biochar and organic fertilizer alone or in combination regulate soil functional microbiomes and their relationships to ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).Herein,a long-term(started in 2013)field experiment,containing five fertilization treatments,was employed to explore the effects of biochar and organic fertilizer applications on the EMF(based on 18 functional indicators of crop productivity,soil nutrient supply,element cycling,and microbial biomass)and the functional microbiomes of bulk soil and rhizosphere soil[normalizing the abundances of 64 genes related to carbon(C),nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and sulphur(S)cycles].Compared with single-chemical fertilization,biochar and organic fertilizer inputs significantly enhanced most ecosystem-single functions and,in particular,the EMF significantly increased by 18.7-30.1%;biochar and organic fertilizer applications significantly increased the abundances of soil microbial functional taxa related to C-N-P-S cycles to varying degree.The combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer showed a better improvement in these indicators compared to using them individually.Most functional microbial populations in the soil,especially the taxa involved in C degradation,nitrification,nitrate-reduction,organic P mineralization,and S cycling showed significantly positive associations with the EMF at different threshold levels,which ultimately was regulated by soil pH and nutrient availability.These results highlight the strong links between soil microbiomes and agroecosystem functions,as well as providing scientific support for inclusion of biochar in agricultural production and services with organic amendments.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Tianshan Programme of Excellence(2022TSYCCX0001)the National Key Program for Basic Research and Development(973 Program)(2012CB417101)。
文摘In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(Nos.CAFYBB2022SY037,CAFYBB2021ZA002 and CAFYBB2022QC002)the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202201AT070264).
文摘Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42377288,32201528)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2021J05040).
文摘Widespread forest fires pose significant challenges to the diverse communities of soil-dwelling organisms and the multiple ecosystem functions they support.However,whether the biodiversity and interactions of various taxonomic groups respond to fire consistently in terms of direction and extent,and their relative role in regulating post-fire soil functioning,remains largely unexplored.In this study,we investigated whether the diversity and co-occurrence networks of soil organisms across various trophic levels(including bacteria,fungi,protists,and invertebrates)in subtropical forests exhibit consistent responses to fire.Furthermore,we investigated their contribution to regulating soil multifunctionality,which is measured by a range of soil extracellular enzyme activities,available nutrients and reduced potential fungal plant pathogens.Our findings revealed that fire led to a decline in the richness of fungi,protists,and invertebrates,without significantly impacting bacterial richness.Fire also simplified the microbial co-occurrence networks while complexifying the invertebrate networks.Interestingly,soil multifunctionality tended to decrease with the richness of lower-trophic communities(i.e.,bacteria),whereas it increased with that of high-trophic communities(i.e.,protists and invertebrates).Moreover,fire indirectly influenced soil multifunctionality by altering biodiversity and network complexity,particularly pronounced in high-trophic communities.Overall,our results underscored the divergent vulnerability of biodiversity and networks to fires across taxa groups,highlighting the crucial role of biodiversity and interactions of higher trophic taxa groups in shaping the recovery and functionality of fire-affected soils.
基金financially supported by the third xinjiang scientific expedition program (grant no.2022xjkk0901)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDA2006030102)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.42171068 and No.42330503)。
文摘Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lacking to support this hypothesis.Methods Based on a transect survey of 78 naturally assembled shrub communities,we caloulated acid deposition flux in Northwest China and evaluated its likely ecological ffets by testing three altemnative hypotheses,namely:.nidche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity hypotheses Rao's quadratic entopy and community-weighted mean traits were employed to represent the complementary aspect of niche complementarity and mass ratio effects,respectively.Resulbs:We observed that in the past four decades,the concentrations of exchangeable base cations in soil in Northwest China have decreased significantly to the extent of having faced the risk of depletion,whereas changes in the calium carbonate content and pH of soil were not significant.Adid deposition primani ly increased the aboweground biomass and shrub density in shrublands but had no sigmificant effect on shrub richness and ecasystem multifunctionality(EMF),indicating that acid deposition had positive but weak ecological effects on dryland ecosystems.Community wd ghted mean of functional traits(representing the mass ratio hypothesis)correlated negatively with EMF,whereas both Rao's quadratic entropy(representing the niche complementarity hypothesis)and aboveground biomass(representing the vegetation quantity hypothesis)correlated positively but insignifcantly with EMF.These biodiversity-EMF relationships highlight the fragility and instability of drylands relative to forest ecasystems.Concuions:The findings from this study serve as important reference points to understand the ris of soil acidification in arid regions and its impacts on biodiversity-EMF relationships.
基金supported by the Tianshan Talent Training Plan of Xinjiang,China(2022TSYCLJ0058,2022TSYCCX0001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022D01D83,42377358).
文摘The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31930078)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFD2200405)
文摘Mixed-species plantations generally exhibit higher ecosystem multifunctionality than monospecific plantations.However,it is unclear how tree species functional composition influences species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality.We selected 171 monospecific and mixed-species plantations from nine regions across subtropical China,and quantified 13 key ecosystem functional properties to investigate how species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality are modulated by functional diversity and identity.We found that ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed tree plantations than in monospecific plantations except the mixed-conifer species plantations.Across all regions,ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly higher(p<0.05)in mixed conifer-broadleaf plantations than in monospecific plantations of the corresponding species,but not different between mixed and monospecific coniferous plantations.The magnitude of species mixture effects on ecosystem multifunctionality varied greatly with tree species compositions.Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.as an example,the effects varied from a range of 2.0%–9.6%when mixed with a conifer species to 36%–87%when mixed with a broadleaf species.The functional diversity was the dominate driver shaping ecosystem multifunctionality,while functional identity,as expressed by community-weighted mean of specific leaf area,also had a positive effect on ecosystem multifunctionality through the increased below-ground nitrogen and phosphorus stocks regulated by specific leaf area of the mixing tree species.Our study highlights the important role of functional diversity in shaping ecosystem multifunctionality across region-wide environmental conditions.Mixed conifer-broadleaf tree plantations with distinct functional traits benefit the enhancement of ecosystem multifunctionality,and the magnitude of species mixture effects is modulated by the functional identity of tree species composition;those relationships deserve a special consideration in multifunctional management context of subtropical plantations.
基金financially supported by the grants from the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0307)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0501906)+1 种基金Key R&D Program of Qinghai Province(2019-SF-145 and 2018-NK-A2)Qinghaiinnovation platform construction project(2017-ZJY20)。
文摘Owing to the joint effects of ecosystem fragility,anthropogenic disturbance and climate change,alpine grasslands(alpine meadow,alpine steppe and alpine desert)have experienced serious degradation during the past several decades.Grasslands degradation has severely affected the delivery of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)and services,and then threatens the livelihood of local herdsmen and ecological security of China.However,we still lack comprehensive insights about the effects of degradation and climatic factors on EMF of alpine grasslands,especially for alpine desert ecosystem.Therefore,we applied a large-scale field investigation to answer this question.Our results suggested grassland degradation significantly decreased the belowground ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)and EMF of alpine grasslands and aboveground ecosystem multifunctionality(AEMF)of alpine meadow,while did not reduce the AEMF of alpine steppe and desert.Except for the insignificant difference between degraded steppe and degraded desert in AEMF,the alpine meadow showed the highest AEMF,BEMF and EMF,alpine steppe ranked the second and alpine desert was the lowest.AEMF,BEMF and EMF of health alpine grasslands were strongly affected by mean annual precipitation(MAP)(19%-51%)and mean annual temperature(MAT)(9%-36%),while those of degraded meadow and degraded desert were not impacted by precipitation and temperature.AEMF and BEMF showed a synergistic relationship in healthy alpine grasslands(12%-28%),but not in degraded grasslands.Our findings emphasized the urgency of implementing the feasible ecological restoration project to mitigate the negative influences of grassland degradation on EMF of alpine ecosystems.
基金supported by the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971650)the Key Project of National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2017YFC0504005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800362).
文摘Background:The importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions has been widely accepted.However,the specific mechanisms affecting biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality(BEMF)relationships in forests are largely unknown.This is particularly evident for the macroscale of a large forested landscape.Methods:Based on 412 one-tenth hectare field plots distributed over forested areas across northeastern China,we evaluated three alternative hypotheses explaining the relationships between BEMF,namely:niche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity effect.We used Rao's quadratic entropy and community weighted mean trait values to quantify forest“biodiversity”.These two variables represent two complementary aspects of functional properties,which are in line with niche complementary and mass ratio effects,respectively.Results:Ecosystem multifunctionality was negatively associated with the community weighted mean values of acquisitive traits(a proxy of mass ratio effect).Rao's quadratic entropy(a proxy of niche complementarity)had no relationship with ecosystem multifunctionality.Higher stand biomass greatly increased ecosystem multifunctionality,which is in line with the vegetation quantity effect.Our results confirm that in the temperate forests of northeastern China,the relationship of BEMF was primarily affected by vegetation quantity,followed by mass ratio effects.Conclusions:The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the main drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality in forest ecosystems.The results of this study provide additional evidence to support the vegetation quantity and mass ratio hypotheses in forest ecosystems.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds of CAF(CAFYBB2017ZX002)Yunnan Basic Research Program(2019FB058).
文摘Background:The impacts of selective logging on ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)remain largely unexplored.In this study,we analyzed the response of nine variables related to four ecosystem functions(i.e.nutrient cycling,soil carbon stocks,decomposition,and wood production)to five selective logging intensities in a Pinus yunnanensisdominated forest.We included a control group with no harvest to evaluate the potential shifts in EMF of the P.yunnanensis forests.We also assessed the relationship between above-and belowground biodiversity and EMF under these different selective logging intensities.Additionally,we evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on EMF using a structural equation modeling(SEM)approach.Results:Individual ecosystem functions(EFs)all had a significant positive correlation with selective logging intensity.Different EFs showed different patterns with the increase of selective logging intensity.We found that EMF tended to increase with logging intensity,and that EMF significantly improved when the stand was harvested at least twice.Both functional diversity and soil moisture had a significant positive correlation with EMF,but soil fungal operational taxonomic units(OTUs)had a significant negative correlation with EMF.Based on SEM,we found that selective logging improved EMF mainly by increasing functional diversity.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that selective logging is a good management technique from an EMF perspective,and thus provide us with potential guidelines to improve forest management in P.yunnanensis forests in this region.The functional diversity is maximized through reasonable selective logging measures,so as to enhance EMF.
基金supported by the Xinjiang Outstanding Youth fund(2021D01E03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2003214 and 41977099).
文摘Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefore,studying the spatial variation characteristics in soil multifunctionality(SMF)and investigating the driving factors are critical for elucidating and managing the functions of dryland ecosystems in China.Based on the environmental factors(mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual temperature(MAT),solar radiation(Srad),soil acidity(pH),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and cation exchange capacity(CEC))and aridity from the“dataset of soil properties for land surface modeling over China”,we used non-linear regression,ordinary least square(OLS)regression,structural equation model(SEM),and other analytical methods to investigate the relationships of SMF with environmental factors across different aridity levels in China.SMF in different dryland regions varied significantly and showed a patchy distribution,with SMF index values ranging from–1.21 to 2.42.Regions with SMF index values from–0.20 to 0.51 accounting for 63.0%of dryland area in China.OLS regression results revealed that environmental factors like MAP,MAT,Srad,pH,EVI,and CEC were significantly related to SMF(P<0.05).MAP and MAT were correlated to SMF at the whole aridity level(P<0.05).SEM results showed that the driving factors of SMF differed depending on the aridity level.Soil pH was the strongest driving factor of SMF when the aridity was less than 0.80(P<0.001).Both soil CEC and EVI had a positive effect on SMF when aridity was greater than 0.80(P<0.01),with soil CEC being the strongest driving factor.The importance ranking revealed that the relative importance contribution of soil pH to SMF was greatest when aridity was less than 0.80(66.9%).When aridity was set to greater than 0.80,the relative importance contributions of CEC and EVI to SMF increased(45.1%and 31.9%,respectively).Our findings indicated that SMF had high spatial heterogeneity in drylands of China.The aridity threshold controlled the impact of environmental factors on SMF.
文摘Rural areas are multifunctional and often have production,living,and ecological functions.The high-quality and balanced development of these three functions is key to sustainable rural development(SRD).Thus,the evaluation of SRD based on rural multifunctionality is of immense significance.This study clarifies the rela‐tionship between multifunctionality and sustainable rural development.An evaluation index system with six sub-components was established for calculating the SRD.In addition,we included 129 counties from the Sich‐uan Province in our case study,and used this index system to analyze the characteristics of rural multifunc‐tionality for evaluating the SRD.The results showed indisputable evidence of multifunctional development.At the county level,rural multifunctionality faces the challenge of insufficient and uneven development,particu‐larly in production functions.Significant spatial differences existed in rural multifunctional development,and the suburban counties generally performed better.Moreover,a mutually reinforcing relationship between pro‐duction,living,and ecological functions was established;however,there was still a significant gap in realizing SRD.Our results emphasize the necessity of a differentiated SRD strategy that should be formulated and imple‐mented based on rural multifunctionality differentiation rules.Our study offers useful guidance for realizing rural multifunctional and sustainable development.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Project(No.42161046)National Social Science Project(No.21CJY075)+2 种基金Guangxi Natural Science Project(No.2021JJB150070)Guangxi Philosophy and Social Science Project(No.20FJY027)Guangxi First-class Discipline Applied Economics Construction Project Fund(Guangxi Education and Scientific Research(No.[2022]No.1))。
文摘Exploring the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the border land use multifunctionality(LUMF)provides insights for taking advantage of border land use and optimizing border land use policies.Based on the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)mode,this study identifies and evaluates the LUMFs in the China-Vietnam border area between 2000 and 2018 from the perspectives of agricultural production,social security,ecological service,landscape recreation,and national security.The results show that:1)The comprehensive land use functions in most counties and cities continued to be improved.2)The comprehensive land use function exhibits remarkable spatial divergence and aggregation characteristics.The high-value area of the agricultural production function and social security function evolves from the east to the west.In addition,the spatial evolution of ecological service function is complicated,without an obvious spatial divergence and aggregation pattern.The landscape recreation function shows different spatial differentiation characteristics in the early and middle stage,and forms a large cluster in the later stage.Finally,the spatial evolution pattern of the national security function is significant.3)Designing differentiated border land policies,improving border land use security,and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological protection and ecological compensation can aid in optimizing the LUMF level in the border area.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51725101,11727807,51672050,61790581,52102368,52101213)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Project No.2018YFA0209102)+6 种基金University Development Fund(UDF0100152)the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(Grant No.2017ZT07C291)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20170810141424366)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M680085)Regional Joint Fund for Basic Research and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(No.2020SA001515110905)Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20210261)Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘With rapid development of 5G communication technologies,electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years,where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role.Meanwhile,the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications.Hitherto,a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed.In this review,we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials,but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for"green EMI shielding"performance.In addition,the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized.Finally,we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future,which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB3612400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62174075)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.JCYJ20220530113809022,JCYJ20230807093604009,and JCYJ20241202125804006).
文摘The realization of solution-processed tandem quantum-dot LEDs(QLEDs)remains a technical challenge due to the limitations of inefficient interconnect layer and the damage caused by multiple solution processes.Here,we develop a high performance tandem QLED by face-to-face integrating a top-emitting QLED with a transparent QLED.The top and bottom units can be addressed independently,thereby enabling the tandem QLED to operate in series,parallel,and color-tunable modes for multifunctionality.In series mode,QLEDs demonstrate an ultra-low turn-on voltage of 3.3 V and a record-breaking external quantum efficiency of 60.7%.In parallel mode,QLEDs achieve an impressive brightness of over 4.8×10^(6)cdm^(-2).In color-tunable mode,the color,brightness,and color temperature can all be adjusted with a color tuning range of 114%NSTC.Moreover,both series and parallel connections contribute to an improved stability,resulting in a T95 lifetime of nearly 30,000 h at 1000 cdm^(-2),which is an improvement of approximately 2.8 times over control devices.Our work offers a feasible solution for achieving multifunctional tandem QLEDs with the advantages of solution processed,high efficiency,high brightness,long lifetime and full color tunability for various light source applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(grant no.32130068,32271634,32071597).
文摘Trait-based functional diversity(FD)is an important predictor of tree species ecological multifunctionality(TS-EMF),but its relationship may be mediated by environmental factors.Currently,the study of threshold-dependent relationship between FD and TS-EMF along urban and suburban gradients and their environmental regulatory mechanisms is still quite limited.In this study,12 typical tree species from urban and suburban forests in Shenyang were used to calculate TS-EMF by combining the multithreshold and averaging method,and to assess community FD,aiming to reveal the role of FD on TS-EMF and how environmental factors regulate TS-EMF through FD and community-weighted mean(CWM)traits.The results showed that urban TS-EMF was generally higher than suburban(P<0.05).There were differences in the driving mechanisms of TS-EMF at different threshold levels,with air humidity(total effect:0.435)and CWM Pn(net photosynthetic rate,relative importance:24.42%)being the key drivers at high threshold levels.At low threshold levels,functional evenness(FEve)played a dominant role,but the extent to which influenced TS-EMF depended on the type and number of tree species within the TS-EMF threshold range.Notably,the effects of CWM Pn and FEve on TS-EMF showed threshold dependence,with thresholds of 61.18%and 64.47%,respectively.Additionally,the urban-suburban gradient could significantly influence the driving mechanism:the direct effect of environmental factors and CWM traits prevailed in urban forests,while suburban forests showed a multifactorial cascade effect.The study showed that the formation of TS-EMF in urban forests is the result of multifactorial coupling of traits,FD and environmental factors,and this finding provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the ecosystem service drivers of urban forests.
基金financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFD1900902)the Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LLSSZ24C030001)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System-Food Legumes(CARS-08-G-09)sponsored by the K.C.Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University。
文摘Crop rotation is a beneficial and sustainable agricultural practice that facilitates increased opportunities for smallholders.This study investigated the impact of eight commonly used crop rotations in China on soil properties and microbial communities.The faba bean(Vicia faba)rotation increased soil water content,total carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and organic carbon content by 29.1%,40.9%,55.9%,18.9%,and 61.6%,respectively,compared to other rotations.The faba bean rotation also exhibited increased soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates.The effect sizes of the faba bean rotation on soil properties were larger than those of other rotations.The richness and diversity of the microbial community were significantly higher in the faba bean rotation than in other rotations.Desulfobacterota and Planctomycetota had a positive correlation with soil multifunctionality.The faba bean rotation was potentially beneficial to soil fertility and water-use efficiency,creating a favorable niche for microbial growth.With increased microbial activity and potential for nutrient mineralization,legume-microbe interactions had been improved through crop rotation.This resulted in enhancing nutrient cycling efficiency in the faba bean rotation,potentially improving soil properties.
基金The 2022 Think Tank Research Project(22SZK06)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(42101313)。
文摘Improving rural multifunctionality(RM)is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)target of sustainable consumption and production.This study establishes a clear link between functional composition,interaction and urban-rural integration,constructs a system of indicators for evaluating RM,and ex-amines the interactions between functions using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the dominant function type.The results show that:(1)Villages in most counties in Henan Province are in the polarized or domi-nant development type.Only a few villages dominated by non-agricultural production are able to realize compre-hensive and balanced development.(2)Functional and spatial differentiation exists in rural areas of different types of counties.The non-agricultural production function is more prominent in villages around cities,while villages in mountainous and hilly areas emphasize the ecological conservation function.The development of villages in plains and remote areas focuses on agricultural production function.(3)The relationship between RM is complex and di-verse.Agricultural production often constrains other functions.The development of non-agricultural production functions has a positive effect on the improvement of social security functions.Cultural tourism and ecological conservation functions are mutually reinforcing.This study enhances the understanding of overall pattern and type differences of RM and provides valuable insights for formulating more targeted regional economic development policies in the future.
基金flnancial support from VLIR-UOS,Belgium through the VLIR-IUC Interuniversity cooperation with Bahir Dar University,Ethiopia(BDU-IUC)
文摘Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42077088,42407447)Zhejiang Province“Agriculture,Rural Areas,Rural People and Nine Institutions”Science and Technology Collaboration Program,China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Certificate Number:2023M743418)the Key Project of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningbo City(Grant No.2022Z169).
文摘Earthworm gut microbiome can significantly influence soil microbial community and functions.However,how earthworms affect the abundant,intermediate,and rare soil bacterial taxa and subsequently regulate soil multifunctionality remains poorly understood.In this study,we investigated bacteria composition and functional gene traits with and without earthworm addition in low-nutrient soil.Our results show that earthworm addition enhanced soil multifunctionality,including organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus mineralization.Compared to other groups,abundant taxa in earthworm-treated soil exhibited higher 16S rRNA operon copy numbers,copiotroph/oligotroph ratios,niche width,and network efficiency,suggesting a greater competitive capacity for resource acquisition.We identified a core set of persistent abundant taxa genera(11 genera)in earthworm-treated soil,which persisted throughout the incubation period,and were notably dominant among abundant taxa in the earthworm gut(67.1%−79.2%).Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that gut-associated abundant taxa strongly influenced the composition of soil abundant taxa and persistent core abundant taxa genera,which in turn increased soil r-strategists and enhanced multifunctionality.Overall,our findings provide new insights into the ecological strategies of different soil taxa in response to earthworm addition and highlight the role of earthworm gut microbiome in adapting to nutrient-poor environments.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107262)Key Field Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2023NK2028).
文摘Biochar and organic fertilizer are widely supported to maintain crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystems.However,it is unclear how biochar and organic fertilizer alone or in combination regulate soil functional microbiomes and their relationships to ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).Herein,a long-term(started in 2013)field experiment,containing five fertilization treatments,was employed to explore the effects of biochar and organic fertilizer applications on the EMF(based on 18 functional indicators of crop productivity,soil nutrient supply,element cycling,and microbial biomass)and the functional microbiomes of bulk soil and rhizosphere soil[normalizing the abundances of 64 genes related to carbon(C),nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and sulphur(S)cycles].Compared with single-chemical fertilization,biochar and organic fertilizer inputs significantly enhanced most ecosystem-single functions and,in particular,the EMF significantly increased by 18.7-30.1%;biochar and organic fertilizer applications significantly increased the abundances of soil microbial functional taxa related to C-N-P-S cycles to varying degree.The combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer showed a better improvement in these indicators compared to using them individually.Most functional microbial populations in the soil,especially the taxa involved in C degradation,nitrification,nitrate-reduction,organic P mineralization,and S cycling showed significantly positive associations with the EMF at different threshold levels,which ultimately was regulated by soil pH and nutrient availability.These results highlight the strong links between soil microbiomes and agroecosystem functions,as well as providing scientific support for inclusion of biochar in agricultural production and services with organic amendments.
