This paper introduces an innovative Multifunction Integrated Optic Circuit(MIOC)design utilizing thin-film lithium niobate,surpassing traditional bulk waveguide-based MIOCs in terms of size,half-wave voltage requireme...This paper introduces an innovative Multifunction Integrated Optic Circuit(MIOC)design utilizing thin-film lithium niobate,surpassing traditional bulk waveguide-based MIOCs in terms of size,half-wave voltage requirements,and integration capabilities.By implementing a sub-wavelength grating structure,we achieve a Po⁃larization Extinction Ratio(PER)exceeding 29 dB.Furthermore,our electrode design facilitates a voltage-length product(V_(π)L)below 2 V·cm,while a double-tapered coupling structure significantly reduces insertion loss.This advancement provides a pivotal direction for the miniaturization and integration of optical gyroscopes,marking a substantial contribution to the field.展开更多
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient ...Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.展开更多
Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),sal...Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),saline-alkaline(SA),and their combined(DSA)stress influence these ecological components remain poorly understood.This study investigated these mechanisms along natural gradients in a semi-arid grassland of China by analyzing soil physical-chemical properties,microbial communities,and vegetation characteristics.The results showed that as the environmental stress shifted from the D group to the DSA group and then to the SA group,soil electrical conductivity significantly increased,while urease and phosphatase activities significantly decreased.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were lower in the D and SA groups than in the DSA group.Meanwhile,plant biomass showed an increasing trend along the treatment gradient,primarily driven by dominant species,while plant diversity did not exhibit significant differences.Further analysis identified the soil water content and salinity as the key determinants of soil microbial diversity and community complexity.Soil enzyme activities exhibited contrasting relationships with microbial composition,correlating positively with the richness of bacterial amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)but negatively with the richness of fungal ASVs.Notably,microbial biomass,which varied significantly across different groups,emerged as a key predictor of changes in EMF,with its critical role confirmed through structural equation modeling.These findings collectively elucidate the responses of ecological communities to synergistic soil hydro-saline stress in semi-arid ecosystems,while highlighting the critical role of microbial biomass in maintaining EMF.展开更多
Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shr...Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.展开更多
As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika...As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.展开更多
Gel-based flexible wearable sensors have attracted considerable interest in aquatic environments.However,the development of underwater conductive gel sensors with outstanding anti-swelling,mechanical,and sensing capab...Gel-based flexible wearable sensors have attracted considerable interest in aquatic environments.However,the development of underwater conductive gel sensors with outstanding anti-swelling,mechanical,and sensing capabilities faces significant challenges.The aim of this study is to develop anti-swelling and conductive zwitterionic gels and investigate their applications in wireless underwater strain sensing.Multi-functional zwitterionic gels were fabricated by copolymerizing[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide(SBMA)and acrylic acid(AA)in a mixed solution of aluminum chloride(AlCl3)and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)under ultraviolet light(360 nm).PSBMA was switched from a neutral polymer to a positively charged polymer because of the combination of Al^(3+)with the negative groups SO_(3)^(−).The water molecules were eliminated because of electrostatic repulsion.The gels exhibited anti-swelling properties(swelling ratio<11%),high stretchability(600%strain),and toughness(2451 kJ/m^(3)).The PPAS-Al^(3+)gel was integrated with a wireless Bluetooth system to construct underwater wearable strain sensors that could accurately capture the signals caused by human joint movements and speech recognition even in water.Antibacterial activity(>98.9%inhibition)and stable wireless sensing have potential applications in the fields of wearable sensors,underwater communication,and intelligent healthcare.展开更多
Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for d...Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components,leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity.In this work,we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor(FG AFeFET)that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device,enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system.By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy,we achieve tunable device behaviors,including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation,nonvolatile states for synaptic functions,and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations.The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams.Leveraging these insights,we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture,which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6%and 83.4%on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets,respectively.These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient,design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.展开更多
The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)at...The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
The accelerated arriving of 5G era has brought a new round of intelligent transformation which will completely emancipate smart terminal devices.While the subsequent deleterious effect of electromagnetic wave on elect...The accelerated arriving of 5G era has brought a new round of intelligent transformation which will completely emancipate smart terminal devices.While the subsequent deleterious effect of electromagnetic wave on electronic devices is increasingly serious,driving the growth of next-generation electromagnetic wave absorbents.As a tactful combination of components and structures,three-dimensional(3D)macroscopic absorbents with fascinating synergy afford exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption,and tremendous efforts have been devoted to this investigation.However,in terms of macroscopic absorbents and their synergistic effect,few reviews are proposed to comb the latest achievements and detailed synergy.This review article focuses on the synergistic effect of macro-architectured absorbents mainly including structure-induced synergy,structure-components synergy,and multiple-components induced synergy.And then the potential construction principles and strategies of macroscopic absorbents are combed.Significantly,the key information for structures and components manipulation including nano-micro design and components regulation is further dissected by critically selected cutting-edge 3D macroscopic absorbents.Moreover,a brief summary of multifunctional electromagnetic wave absorbents(EWAs)-based macroscopic structures is presented.Finally,the development prospects and challenges of these materials are discussed.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)layered oxides have recently attracted wide attention owing to the strong coupling among charges,spins,lattice,and strain,which allows great flexibility and opportunities in structure designs as wel...Two-dimensional(2D)layered oxides have recently attracted wide attention owing to the strong coupling among charges,spins,lattice,and strain,which allows great flexibility and opportunities in structure designs as well as multifunctionality exploration.In parallel,plasmonic hybrid nanostructures exhibit exotic localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)providing a broad range of applications in nanophotonic devices and sensors.A hybrid material platform combining the unique multifunctional 2D layered oxides and plasmonic nanostructures brings optical tuning into the new level.In this work,a novel self-assembled Bi2MoO6(BMO)2D layered oxide incorporated with plasmonic Au nanoinclusions has been demonstrated via one-step pulsed laser deposition(PLD)technique.Comprehensive microstructural characterizations,including scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),differential phase contrast imaging(DPC),and STEM tomography,have demonstrated the high epitaxial quality and particle-in-matrix morphology of the BMO-Au nanocomposite film.DPC-STEM imaging clarifies the magnetic domain structures of BMO matrix.Three different BMO structures including layered supercell(LSC)and superlattices have been revealed which is attributed to the variable strain states throughout the BMO-Au film.Owing to the combination of plasmonic Au and layered structure of BMO,the nanocomposite film exhibits a typical LSPR in visible wavelength region and strong anisotropy in terms of its optical and ferromagnetic properties.This study opens a new avenue for developing novel 2D layered complex oxides incorporated with plasmonic metal or semiconductor phases showing great potential for applications in multifunctional nanoelectronics devices.展开更多
Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared(IR)fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded,which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR clo...Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared(IR)fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded,which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR cloaking mechanisms and functional integration limitations.Here,we propose a multiscale hierarchical structure design,integrating wrinkled MXene IR shielding layer and flexible Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS microwave absorption layer.The top wrinkled MXene layer induces the intensive diffuse reflection effect,shielding IR radiation signals while allowing microwave to pass through.Meanwhile,the permeable microwaves are assimilated into the bottom Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS layer via strong magneto-electric synergy.Through theoretical and experimental optimization,the assembled stealth devices realize a near-perfect stealth capability in both X-band(8–12 GHz)and long-wave infrared(8–14μm)wavelength ranges.Specifically,it delivers a radar cross-section reduction of−20 dB m^(2),a large apparent temperature modulation range(ΔT=70℃),and a low average IR emissivity of 0.35.Additionally,the optimal device demonstrates exceptional curved surface conformability,self-cleaning capability(contact angle≈129°),and abrasion resistance(recovery time≈5 s).This design strategy promotes the development of multispectral stealth technology and reinforces its applicability and durability in complex and hostile environments.展开更多
Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-basedelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite filmsexhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence,wireless telecommunication,...Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-basedelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite filmsexhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence,wireless telecommunication, and portable/wearable electronic equipment.In this work, a nacre-inspired multifunctional heterocyclic aramid(HA)/MXene@polypyrrole (PPy) (HMP) nanocomposite paper withlarge-scale, high strength, super toughness, and excellent tolerance tocomplex conditions is fabricated through the strategy of HA/MXenehydrogel template-assisted in-situ assembly of PPy. Benefiting from the"brick-and-mortar" layered structure and the strong hydrogen-bondinginteractions among MXene, HA, and PPy, the paper exhibits remarkable mechanical performances, including high tensile strength (309.7 MPa),outstanding toughness (57.6 MJ m−3), exceptional foldability, and structural stability against ultrasonication. By using the template effect ofHA/MXene to guide the assembly of conductive polymers, the synthesized paper obtains excellent electronic conductivity. More importantly,the highly continuous conductive path enables the nanocomposite paper to achieve a splendid EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 54.1 dBat an ultra-thin thickness (25.4 μm) and a high specific EMI SE of 17,204.7 dB cm2g−1. In addition, the papers also have excellent applicationsin electromagnetic protection, electro-/photothermal de-icing, thermal therapy, and fire safety. These findings broaden the ideas for developinghigh-performance and multifunctional MXene-based films with enormous application potential in EMI shielding and thermal management.展开更多
Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions ...Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are emerging as ideal candidates for wearable devices and soft robotics.However,most current hydrogels possess limited physicochemical properties,which hinder their practical applicatio...Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are emerging as ideal candidates for wearable devices and soft robotics.However,most current hydrogels possess limited physicochemical properties,which hinder their practical application in long-term and complex scenarios.Herein,inspired by the unique structure of the barnacle,we design multifunctional poly(DMAPA-co-PHEA)hydrogels(CP hydrogels)by employing multiple physical crosslinks in the presence of Ag nanoparticles and NaCl additives.Owing to the synergistic effect of cation-πinteractions,hydrophobic interactions,and ionic bonds,the CP hydrogels exhibit high stretchability(strain up to 1430%),strong adhesion(22.8 kPa),satisfactory antibacterial activity,stable anti-icing ability(<20 kPa after 20 icing-deicing cycles),and high electrical conductivity(18.5 mS/cm).Additionally,the CP hydrogels show fast and sensitive responsiveness and cycling stability and can attach directly to human skin to accurately detect both human motions and tiny physiological signals as a flexible wearable sensor.Collectively,this work significantly contributes a straightforward and efficient design strategy for the development of multifunctional hydrogels,broadening their application scenarios.展开更多
All maritime industries are plagued by marine biofouling pollution,which causes large economic and environmental costs.Therefore,there is an urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives that can effectively reduce the neg...All maritime industries are plagued by marine biofouling pollution,which causes large economic and environmental costs.Therefore,there is an urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives that can effectively reduce the negative consequences of biofouling pollution.This study aimed to produce novel capsaicin-inspired amide derivatives(CIADs)with multifunctional antifouling features by introducing amide compounds to aromatic compounds via a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.The structure of the CIADs was characterized using FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,and HRMS,and the comprehensive antifouling capacity was determined by thermal stability,anti-ultraviolet,antibacterial,anti-algal,and marine field experiments.CIADs showed good thermal stability and did not show obvious weight loss before 226°C.2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diphenylimidemet-hylbenzophenone(DDB)had an excellent ultraviolet absorption effect,which was even better than that of 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone.The antibacterial and anti-algal rates of N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-chloro-5-benzamide-methyl-6-hydroxybenzyl)benzamide(NDCBHB)were more than 99.5%and 64.0%,respectively,and the surface of antifouling coating with NDCBHB(NDCBHB-AC)was covered with only a small amount of sludge and biofilm,its antifouling effect was better than that of chlorothalonil.The above work provides a reference for preparing green and multifunctional antifouling agents.展开更多
In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem function...In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.展开更多
The proliferation of advanced electronics and devices has led to significant electromagnetic interference and pollution,resulting in heightened interest in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials in recen...The proliferation of advanced electronics and devices has led to significant electromagnetic interference and pollution,resulting in heightened interest in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials in recent years.Carbon foam,as a typical porous carbonaceous material,demonstrates significant potential as an innovative EMI shielding material owing to its lightweight nature,exceptional porosity,flexibility,favorable processability,and environmental sustainability.Nonetheless,the configuration of carbon atoms within the carbon foam is significantly disordered,leading to its intrinsic conductivity being comparatively low.Consequently,its shielding efficacy cannot meet the standards required for commercial EMI materials.Herein,we propose a hierarchical engineering strategy to construct a carbon foam composite with high shielding efficacy.Specifically,the FeCo nanoparticles and carbon layer are concurrently integrated into the carbon foam matrix to modulate its magnetic characteristics and conductivity.The results demonstrate that the carbon-coated FeCo/carbon foam composite achieves a shielding effectiveness(SE)of 24 dB in the X-band,signifying a 240% improvement compared to the pristine carbon foam.Simultaneously,the composite also exhibits superior multifunctionalities involving flexibility,Joule heating,and hydrophobicity.This study provides a facile and effective routine to regulate the shielding efficacy of EMI shielding materials.展开更多
Multifunctional semiconductors play an important role in developing advanced photoelectric technologies.In this work,based on an octahedral replacement strategy in chalcogenides,a new selenide semiconductor NaMn_(3)Ga...Multifunctional semiconductors play an important role in developing advanced photoelectric technologies.In this work,based on an octahedral replacement strategy in chalcogenides,a new selenide semiconductor NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)was rationally designed,and synthesized by the flux method.The compound crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric(NCS)P_(6)space group,and is composed of unique prismatic[NaSe_(6)],octahedral[MnSe_(6)]and tetrahedral[GaSe_(4)]motifs,inheriting the stable three-dimensional framework built by the octahedral and tetrahedral units in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family.NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)shows the largest known secondary nonlinear optical(NLO)response of~2.1×AgGaS_(2)(AGS)in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family,and a high laser-induced damage threshold of~3.0×AGS.Meanwhile,the introduction of Mn2t with unpaired 3d electrons induces a strong red emission band(685–805 nm)under the excitation source of 496 nm,as well as a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic(AFM)transition at 7.3 K.The results confirm that NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)possesses multifunctional features including significant NLO response,fluorescence emission and AFM properties,and illustrate that replacing octahedral units with approaching size and geometry(like[MgSe_(6)]and[MnSe_(6)])could be a feasible way to develop multifunctional chalcogenides.展开更多
基金Supported by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(424206)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2021108).
文摘This paper introduces an innovative Multifunction Integrated Optic Circuit(MIOC)design utilizing thin-film lithium niobate,surpassing traditional bulk waveguide-based MIOCs in terms of size,half-wave voltage requirements,and integration capabilities.By implementing a sub-wavelength grating structure,we achieve a Po⁃larization Extinction Ratio(PER)exceeding 29 dB.Furthermore,our electrode design facilitates a voltage-length product(V_(π)L)below 2 V·cm,while a double-tapered coupling structure significantly reduces insertion loss.This advancement provides a pivotal direction for the miniaturization and integration of optical gyroscopes,marking a substantial contribution to the field.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1300705)the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi,China (Guike AB24010051)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42261011,32271730 and U20A2011)the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (2023020)。
文摘Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element that is critical for plant growth and ecosystem functionality.The soil P cycle plays multiple roles,such as sustaining plant growth and productivity,regulating nutrient balance within ecosystems,and enhancing ecosystem adaptability and resilience.This cycle is influenced by factors such as the restoration approach and microbial community dynamics.However,the extent to which the restoration approach alters the P cycle in karst ecosystems and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain poorly understood.The P-cycle multifunctionality index (P-cycle MFI) serves as a comprehensive indicator for evaluating soil P cycle function,and it provides insights into changes in the P cycle between different restoration approaches.To investigate the shifts in soil P-cycle MFI and microbial mechanisms between different restoration approaches,we analyzed soil available P (AP),total P (TP),microbial biomass P (MBP),and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).These data were used to calculate the P-cycle MFI by averaging the Z-scores between two restoration approaches(artificial restoration of forest (AF) and natural restoration of forest (NF)) and a control (cropland,CP) at six subtropical karst ecosystem sites in China.We also determined the soil organic carbon (SOC),exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg),pH,bulk density (BD),microbial biomass C (MBC),and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),as well as the community structure,relative abundance,diversity indices,and co-occurrence networks of phoD-harboring bacteria.The results showed that the community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria varied significantly among AF,NF,and CP and across different temperature gradients.These bacteria exhibited increasing complexity and tightness in co-occurrence networks from CP to AF and then to NF,along with the ACP and ALP activities,but not the TP and AP contents.The P-cycle MFI values were significantly higher in NF compared to AF and CP,and the variation was significantly explained by restoration approach,temperature,MBC,MBN,SOC,exchangeable Ca,BD,community structure of phoD-harboring bacteria,and exchangeable Mg.Furthermore,natural restoration had a more substantial impact on the P-cycle MFI than temperature by enhancing SOC,microbial biomass,the complexity and co-occurrence network tightness of the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure,and ACP and ALP activities,but it reduced soil BD.The rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria significantly influenced the variation of soil P-cycle MFI compared to the dominant genera.This study highlights the importance of rare genera of phoD-harboring bacteria in driving soil P-cycle multifunctionality in karst ecosystems,with natural restoration being more effective than artificial methods for enhancing soil organic matter and microbial community complexity.
基金supported by the China Central Government-Guided Local Science and Technology Development Project(23ZYQA291)the Innovation Star Project for Excellent Postgraduates in Gansu Province(2025CXZX-169)the Key Science&Technology Project of Gansu Province,China(22ZD6NA007)。
文摘Soil water content and salinity critically regulate soil microbial composition,plant community structure,and ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)in semi-arid grasslands.However,the mechanisms through which drought(D),saline-alkaline(SA),and their combined(DSA)stress influence these ecological components remain poorly understood.This study investigated these mechanisms along natural gradients in a semi-arid grassland of China by analyzing soil physical-chemical properties,microbial communities,and vegetation characteristics.The results showed that as the environmental stress shifted from the D group to the DSA group and then to the SA group,soil electrical conductivity significantly increased,while urease and phosphatase activities significantly decreased.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were lower in the D and SA groups than in the DSA group.Meanwhile,plant biomass showed an increasing trend along the treatment gradient,primarily driven by dominant species,while plant diversity did not exhibit significant differences.Further analysis identified the soil water content and salinity as the key determinants of soil microbial diversity and community complexity.Soil enzyme activities exhibited contrasting relationships with microbial composition,correlating positively with the richness of bacterial amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)but negatively with the richness of fungal ASVs.Notably,microbial biomass,which varied significantly across different groups,emerged as a key predictor of changes in EMF,with its critical role confirmed through structural equation modeling.These findings collectively elucidate the responses of ecological communities to synergistic soil hydro-saline stress in semi-arid ecosystems,while highlighting the critical role of microbial biomass in maintaining EMF.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program of China(No.2019QZKK0307)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42007057)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0106)Key R&D project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFD1601601)the Southwest Minzu University Double World-Class Project(No.CX2023012).
文摘Several ecological restoration projects have been carried out to prevent and restore alpine sandy land,mainly by reestablishing vegetation through planting woody plants and grasses.However,our understanding of how shrub and grass restoration measures affect soil multifunctionality(SMF)in alpine and semi-humid areas remains limited.This study examined the effects of three typical restoration methods—artificial grass plus shrub planting(AGS),artificial grass planting(AG),and artificial shrub planting(AS)-on plant-soil functions and soil multifunctionality,as well as the factors influencing SMF compared to natural grassland(NG).The results showed that vegetation restoration improved aboveground plant characteristics and soil nutrients.Species richness(R),herbaceous plant coverage(Cover),and aboveground biomass(AGB)were higher in AGS than in AS.Soil organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus levels decreased across AGS,AG,and AS,respectively.Additionally,vegetation restoration on sandy land significantly increased soil multifunctionality,with the SMF of AGS reaching 83.92%of that in NG.The structural equation model indicated that plant communities with higher species richness could enhance soil multifunctionality by increasing plant productivity.Compared to NG,soil bulk density negatively affected SMF directly,while soil water content(SWC)directly influenced R and AGB,and indirectly improved SMF through artificial shrub and grass vegetation restoration.Therefore,AGS enhanced SMF more than both AG and AS,and may be a more effective strategy for restoring soil functions in alpine and semi-humid sandy lands.Our findings suggest that combining grasses and shrubs in vegetation restoration offers a more sustainable approach,helping to combat desertification and improve management strategies in the alpine sub-humid region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471603)Science and Technology Commissioner Special Project of Qinghai Province(2025-NK-P42)+2 种基金Central Financial Funds for Forestry and Grassland Reform and Development in 2024(2024-TG16)Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Science and Technology Program Project(2025-KH01-B)the leading Kunlun talents in Qinghai Province.
文摘As a critical global ecosystem,grasslands rely on complex aboveground-belowground interactions that underpin multifunctionality,yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood.Our investigation employed the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae),a small herbivore widely distributed throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,as a model organism to examine the consequences of disturbance on plant diversity,soil properties,microbial diversity,and multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.We found that high pika burrow density significantly reduced plant diversity(Shannon-Wiener and Chao1 indices)and aboveground biomass.It also increased soil pH and reduced ammonium nitrogen content.The soil microbial diversity,encompassing both bacteria and fungi,was markedly decreased in areas characterized by a high concentration of burrows.Microbial interaction networks demonstrated greater complexity in areas with high burrow densities,as revealed by the network analysis.Conversely,in regions characterized by low burrow density,a significant negative correlation was observed between the intricacy of soil bacterial networks and the multifunctionality of grassland ecosystems.Structural equation modelling showed that pika disturbance indirectly affected multifunctionality via changes in plant biomass and soil properties-notably,nitrate nitrogen explained 40%of multifunctionality variation under high disturbance.This investigation advances our understanding of complex aboveground-belowground linkages in grassland ecosystems,revealing novel mechanisms through which biodiversity governs ecosystem multifunctionality.Our findings underscore the critical role of small herbivores in shaping grassland ecosystem functions and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced disturbance regimes to sustain ecosystem multifunctionality.This has immediate implications for global conservation policies on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and analogous ecosystems.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Program of the Shanxi Province(No.202203021211023).
文摘Gel-based flexible wearable sensors have attracted considerable interest in aquatic environments.However,the development of underwater conductive gel sensors with outstanding anti-swelling,mechanical,and sensing capabilities faces significant challenges.The aim of this study is to develop anti-swelling and conductive zwitterionic gels and investigate their applications in wireless underwater strain sensing.Multi-functional zwitterionic gels were fabricated by copolymerizing[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide(SBMA)and acrylic acid(AA)in a mixed solution of aluminum chloride(AlCl3)and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)under ultraviolet light(360 nm).PSBMA was switched from a neutral polymer to a positively charged polymer because of the combination of Al^(3+)with the negative groups SO_(3)^(−).The water molecules were eliminated because of electrostatic repulsion.The gels exhibited anti-swelling properties(swelling ratio<11%),high stretchability(600%strain),and toughness(2451 kJ/m^(3)).The PPAS-Al^(3+)gel was integrated with a wireless Bluetooth system to construct underwater wearable strain sensors that could accurately capture the signals caused by human joint movements and speech recognition even in water.Antibacterial activity(>98.9%inhibition)and stable wireless sensing have potential applications in the fields of wearable sensors,underwater communication,and intelligent healthcare.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation,Prime Minister's Office,Singapore,under its Competitive Research Program(NRF-CRP24-2020-0002)。
文摘Analog reservoir computing(ARC)systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing.However,their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components,leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity.In this work,we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor(FG AFeFET)that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device,enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system.By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy,we achieve tunable device behaviors,including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation,nonvolatile states for synaptic functions,and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations.The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams.Leveraging these insights,we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture,which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6%and 83.4%on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets,respectively.These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient,design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22265021,52231007,and 12327804)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2020Z056056003)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB212004).
文摘The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274362)the Doctorial Foundation of Henan University of Technology(Nos.2021BS030 and 2020BS030)+5 种基金the Key R&D projects of Henan Province(No.221111230800)the Innovative Funds Plan of Henan University of Technology(No.2021ZKCJ05)the Key Scientific and Technological Research Projects in Henan Province(No.222102240091)the Natural Science Foundation from the Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(No.232300420309)the Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)the Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application(Harbin University of Science and Technology),Ministry of Education.
文摘The accelerated arriving of 5G era has brought a new round of intelligent transformation which will completely emancipate smart terminal devices.While the subsequent deleterious effect of electromagnetic wave on electronic devices is increasingly serious,driving the growth of next-generation electromagnetic wave absorbents.As a tactful combination of components and structures,three-dimensional(3D)macroscopic absorbents with fascinating synergy afford exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption,and tremendous efforts have been devoted to this investigation.However,in terms of macroscopic absorbents and their synergistic effect,few reviews are proposed to comb the latest achievements and detailed synergy.This review article focuses on the synergistic effect of macro-architectured absorbents mainly including structure-induced synergy,structure-components synergy,and multiple-components induced synergy.And then the potential construction principles and strategies of macroscopic absorbents are combed.Significantly,the key information for structures and components manipulation including nano-micro design and components regulation is further dissected by critically selected cutting-edge 3D macroscopic absorbents.Moreover,a brief summary of multifunctional electromagnetic wave absorbents(EWAs)-based macroscopic structures is presented.Finally,the development prospects and challenges of these materials are discussed.
基金This work was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Basic Energy Sciences(BES)under Award DESC0020077.D.Z.,J.S.,Z.S.,and H.W.acknowledge the support from the U.S.Office of Naval Research under contract Nos.N00014-20-1-2043 for the TEM work and N00014-20-1-2600 for the thin film growth effort.The work at Los Alamos National Laboratory was supported by the NNSA’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program and was performed,in part,at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies,an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S.Department of Energy Office of Science.Los Alamos National Laboratory,an affirmative action equal opportunity employer,is managed by Triad National Security,LLC for the U.S.Department of Energy’s NNSA,under contract 89233218CNA000001.
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)layered oxides have recently attracted wide attention owing to the strong coupling among charges,spins,lattice,and strain,which allows great flexibility and opportunities in structure designs as well as multifunctionality exploration.In parallel,plasmonic hybrid nanostructures exhibit exotic localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)providing a broad range of applications in nanophotonic devices and sensors.A hybrid material platform combining the unique multifunctional 2D layered oxides and plasmonic nanostructures brings optical tuning into the new level.In this work,a novel self-assembled Bi2MoO6(BMO)2D layered oxide incorporated with plasmonic Au nanoinclusions has been demonstrated via one-step pulsed laser deposition(PLD)technique.Comprehensive microstructural characterizations,including scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),differential phase contrast imaging(DPC),and STEM tomography,have demonstrated the high epitaxial quality and particle-in-matrix morphology of the BMO-Au nanocomposite film.DPC-STEM imaging clarifies the magnetic domain structures of BMO matrix.Three different BMO structures including layered supercell(LSC)and superlattices have been revealed which is attributed to the variable strain states throughout the BMO-Au film.Owing to the combination of plasmonic Au and layered structure of BMO,the nanocomposite film exhibits a typical LSPR in visible wavelength region and strong anisotropy in terms of its optical and ferromagnetic properties.This study opens a new avenue for developing novel 2D layered complex oxides incorporated with plasmonic metal or semiconductor phases showing great potential for applications in multifunctional nanoelectronics devices.
基金financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.52273247)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(J2019-VI-0017-0132).
文摘Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared(IR)fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded,which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR cloaking mechanisms and functional integration limitations.Here,we propose a multiscale hierarchical structure design,integrating wrinkled MXene IR shielding layer and flexible Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS microwave absorption layer.The top wrinkled MXene layer induces the intensive diffuse reflection effect,shielding IR radiation signals while allowing microwave to pass through.Meanwhile,the permeable microwaves are assimilated into the bottom Fe_(3)O_(4)@C/PDMS layer via strong magneto-electric synergy.Through theoretical and experimental optimization,the assembled stealth devices realize a near-perfect stealth capability in both X-band(8–12 GHz)and long-wave infrared(8–14μm)wavelength ranges.Specifically,it delivers a radar cross-section reduction of−20 dB m^(2),a large apparent temperature modulation range(ΔT=70℃),and a low average IR emissivity of 0.35.Additionally,the optimal device demonstrates exceptional curved surface conformability,self-cleaning capability(contact angle≈129°),and abrasion resistance(recovery time≈5 s).This design strategy promotes the development of multispectral stealth technology and reinforces its applicability and durability in complex and hostile environments.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.YQ2020E009).
文摘Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-basedelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite filmsexhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence,wireless telecommunication, and portable/wearable electronic equipment.In this work, a nacre-inspired multifunctional heterocyclic aramid(HA)/MXene@polypyrrole (PPy) (HMP) nanocomposite paper withlarge-scale, high strength, super toughness, and excellent tolerance tocomplex conditions is fabricated through the strategy of HA/MXenehydrogel template-assisted in-situ assembly of PPy. Benefiting from the"brick-and-mortar" layered structure and the strong hydrogen-bondinginteractions among MXene, HA, and PPy, the paper exhibits remarkable mechanical performances, including high tensile strength (309.7 MPa),outstanding toughness (57.6 MJ m−3), exceptional foldability, and structural stability against ultrasonication. By using the template effect ofHA/MXene to guide the assembly of conductive polymers, the synthesized paper obtains excellent electronic conductivity. More importantly,the highly continuous conductive path enables the nanocomposite paper to achieve a splendid EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 54.1 dBat an ultra-thin thickness (25.4 μm) and a high specific EMI SE of 17,204.7 dB cm2g−1. In addition, the papers also have excellent applicationsin electromagnetic protection, electro-/photothermal de-icing, thermal therapy, and fire safety. These findings broaden the ideas for developinghigh-performance and multifunctional MXene-based films with enormous application potential in EMI shielding and thermal management.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(Nos.CAFYBB2022SY037,CAFYBB2021ZA002 and CAFYBB2022QC002)the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202201AT070264).
文摘Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.
基金financial support from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515012218)Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(Nos.FDCT 0009/2020/AMJ,0027/2023/RIB1)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32301104)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(No.23ptpy165).
文摘Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are emerging as ideal candidates for wearable devices and soft robotics.However,most current hydrogels possess limited physicochemical properties,which hinder their practical application in long-term and complex scenarios.Herein,inspired by the unique structure of the barnacle,we design multifunctional poly(DMAPA-co-PHEA)hydrogels(CP hydrogels)by employing multiple physical crosslinks in the presence of Ag nanoparticles and NaCl additives.Owing to the synergistic effect of cation-πinteractions,hydrophobic interactions,and ionic bonds,the CP hydrogels exhibit high stretchability(strain up to 1430%),strong adhesion(22.8 kPa),satisfactory antibacterial activity,stable anti-icing ability(<20 kPa after 20 icing-deicing cycles),and high electrical conductivity(18.5 mS/cm).Additionally,the CP hydrogels show fast and sensitive responsiveness and cycling stability and can attach directly to human skin to accurately detect both human motions and tiny physiological signals as a flexible wearable sensor.Collectively,this work significantly contributes a straightforward and efficient design strategy for the development of multifunctional hydrogels,broadening their application scenarios.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project funded by the Qingdao Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.QDBSH20230102075)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733337)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2141251).
文摘All maritime industries are plagued by marine biofouling pollution,which causes large economic and environmental costs.Therefore,there is an urgent need for ecofriendly alternatives that can effectively reduce the negative consequences of biofouling pollution.This study aimed to produce novel capsaicin-inspired amide derivatives(CIADs)with multifunctional antifouling features by introducing amide compounds to aromatic compounds via a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.The structure of the CIADs was characterized using FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,and HRMS,and the comprehensive antifouling capacity was determined by thermal stability,anti-ultraviolet,antibacterial,anti-algal,and marine field experiments.CIADs showed good thermal stability and did not show obvious weight loss before 226°C.2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diphenylimidemet-hylbenzophenone(DDB)had an excellent ultraviolet absorption effect,which was even better than that of 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone.The antibacterial and anti-algal rates of N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-chloro-5-benzamide-methyl-6-hydroxybenzyl)benzamide(NDCBHB)were more than 99.5%and 64.0%,respectively,and the surface of antifouling coating with NDCBHB(NDCBHB-AC)was covered with only a small amount of sludge and biofilm,its antifouling effect was better than that of chlorothalonil.The above work provides a reference for preparing green and multifunctional antifouling agents.
基金This work was supported by the Tianshan Programme of Excellence(2022TSYCCX0001)the National Key Program for Basic Research and Development(973 Program)(2012CB417101)。
文摘In recent years,soil acidification has been expanding in many areas of Asia due to increasing reactive nitrogen inputs and industrial activities,which may seriously affect the performance of various ecosystem functions.However,the underlying patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF)are largely unknown at different levels of pH,limiting our understanding of how EMF respond to drivers.This study aims to explore threshold of pH on changes in EMF and differences in the drivers for the changes in EMF on either side of each of the determined pH thresholds.We collected nutrient and environmental databases for raster-level sampling data,totaling 4,000 sampling points.Averaging and cluster-multiple-threshold approach were used to calculate EMF,then quadratic and generalized additive models and Mann-Whitney U were used to determine and test the pH thresholds for changes in EMF,structural equation modellings and variance partitioning analysis were used to explore the main drivers on changes in EMF.The pH threshold for EMF changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems is 6.0.When pH<6.0,climate was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables;when pH≥6.0,soil was consistently more important in controlling the variation of EMF than other variables.Specifically,when pH<6.0,mean annual temperature was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation;when pH≥6.0,soil moisture was the main factor in regulating the EMF variation.Our study provides important scientific value for the mechanism of maintaining EMF under global change.For example,with further increases in global nitrogen deposition,leading to increased soil acidification,there are different impacts on EMF in different regions.It may lead to a decrease in EMF in acidic soils and an increase in EMF in alkaline soils.This suggests different management strategies for different regions to maintain EMF stability in the context of future global changes.In the future,more attention should be paid to the biological mechanisms regulating EMF.
基金the financial support from the project funded by the Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government(No.23JP116)the Natural Science Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2024JC-YBMS-396)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171191 and 52371198)the Constructing National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zones(XM2024XTGXQ05).
文摘The proliferation of advanced electronics and devices has led to significant electromagnetic interference and pollution,resulting in heightened interest in electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials in recent years.Carbon foam,as a typical porous carbonaceous material,demonstrates significant potential as an innovative EMI shielding material owing to its lightweight nature,exceptional porosity,flexibility,favorable processability,and environmental sustainability.Nonetheless,the configuration of carbon atoms within the carbon foam is significantly disordered,leading to its intrinsic conductivity being comparatively low.Consequently,its shielding efficacy cannot meet the standards required for commercial EMI materials.Herein,we propose a hierarchical engineering strategy to construct a carbon foam composite with high shielding efficacy.Specifically,the FeCo nanoparticles and carbon layer are concurrently integrated into the carbon foam matrix to modulate its magnetic characteristics and conductivity.The results demonstrate that the carbon-coated FeCo/carbon foam composite achieves a shielding effectiveness(SE)of 24 dB in the X-band,signifying a 240% improvement compared to the pristine carbon foam.Simultaneously,the composite also exhibits superior multifunctionalities involving flexibility,Joule heating,and hydrophobicity.This study provides a facile and effective routine to regulate the shielding efficacy of EMI shielding materials.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024D01E30)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0880000)+1 种基金the Open Fund of the Anhui Key Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices(AHKL2024KF02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22475234,22335007,22193044 and 22361132544).
文摘Multifunctional semiconductors play an important role in developing advanced photoelectric technologies.In this work,based on an octahedral replacement strategy in chalcogenides,a new selenide semiconductor NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)was rationally designed,and synthesized by the flux method.The compound crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric(NCS)P_(6)space group,and is composed of unique prismatic[NaSe_(6)],octahedral[MnSe_(6)]and tetrahedral[GaSe_(4)]motifs,inheriting the stable three-dimensional framework built by the octahedral and tetrahedral units in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family.NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)shows the largest known secondary nonlinear optical(NLO)response of~2.1×AgGaS_(2)(AGS)in the A^(Ⅰ)Mg_(3)^(Ⅱ)C_(3)^(Ⅲ)Q_(8)^(Ⅵ)family,and a high laser-induced damage threshold of~3.0×AGS.Meanwhile,the introduction of Mn2t with unpaired 3d electrons induces a strong red emission band(685–805 nm)under the excitation source of 496 nm,as well as a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic(AFM)transition at 7.3 K.The results confirm that NaMn_(3)Ga_(3)Se_(8)possesses multifunctional features including significant NLO response,fluorescence emission and AFM properties,and illustrate that replacing octahedral units with approaching size and geometry(like[MgSe_(6)]and[MnSe_(6)])could be a feasible way to develop multifunctional chalcogenides.
